1
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Wilmore JT, Beer PD. Exploiting the Mechanical Bond Effect for Enhanced Molecular Recognition and Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309098. [PMID: 38174657 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquity of charged species in biological and industrial processes has resulted in ever-increasing interest in their selective recognition, detection, and environmental remediation. Building on the established coordination chemistry principles of the chelate and macrocyclic effects, and host preorganization, supramolecular chemists seek to construct specific 3D binding cavities reminiscent of biotic systems to enhance host-guest binding affinity and selectivity. Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) present a wholly unique platform for synthetic host design, wherein topologies afforded by the mechanical bond enable the decoration of 3D cavities for non-covalent interactions with a range of target guest geometries. Notably, MIM host systems exhibit mechanical bond effect augmented affinities and selectivities for a variety of charged guest species, compared to non-interlocked acyclic and macrocycle host analogs. Furthermore, the modular nature of MIM synthesis facilitates incorporation of optical and electrochemical reporter groups, enabling fabrication of highly sensitive and specific molecular sensors. This review discusses the development of recognition and sensing MIMs, from the first reports in the late 20th century through to the present day, delineating how their topologically preorganized and dynamic host cavities enhance charged guest recognition and sensing, demonstrating the mechanical bond effect as a potent tool in future chemosensing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie T Wilmore
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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2
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Wu P, Dharmadhikari B, Patra P, Xiong X. Rotaxane nanomachines in future molecular electronics. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3418-3461. [PMID: 36134345 PMCID: PMC9400518 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00057a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As the electronics industry is integrating more and more new molecules to utilize them in logic circuits and memories to achieve ultra-high efficiency and device density, many organic structures emerged as promising candidates either in conjunction with or as an alternative to conventional semiconducting materials such as but not limited to silicon. Owing to rotaxane's mechanically interlocked molecular structure consisting of a dumbbell-shaped molecule threaded through a macrocycle, they could be excellent nanomachines in molecular switches and memory applications. As a nanomachine, the macrocycle of rotaxane can move reversibly between two stations along its axis under external stimuli, resulting in two stable molecular configurations known as "ON" and "OFF" states of the controllable switch with distinct resistance. There are excellent reports on rotaxane's structure, properties, and function relationship and its application to molecular electronics (Ogino, et al., 1984; Wu, et al., 1991; Bissell, et al., 1994; Collier, et al., 1999; Pease, et al., 2001; Chen, et al., 2003; Green, et al., 2007; Jia, et al., 2016). This comprehensive review summarizes [2]rotaxane and its application to molecular electronics. This review sorts the major research work into a multi-level pyramid structure and presents the challenges of [2]rotaxane's application to molecular electronics at three levels in developing molecular circuits and systems. First, we investigate [2]rotaxane's electrical characteristics with different driving methods and discuss the design considerations and roles based on voltage-driven [2]rotaxane switches that promise the best performance and compatibility with existing solid-state circuits. Second, we examine the solutions for integrating [2]rotaxane molecules into circuits and the limitations learned from these devices keep [2]rotaxane active as a molecular switch. Finally, applying a sandwiched crossbar structure and architecture to [2]rotaxane circuits reduces the fabrication difficulty and extends the possibility of reprogrammable [2]rotaxane arrays, especially at a system level, which eventually promotes the further realization of [2]rotaxane circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiao Wu
- Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University of Bridgeport Bridgeport CT USA
| | - Bhushan Dharmadhikari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Technology, Minnesota State University Mankato MN USA
| | - Prabir Patra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of Bridgeport Bridgeport CT USA
| | - Xingguo Xiong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Bridgeport Bridgeport CT USA
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3
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Da Silva Rodrigues R, Luis ET, Marshall DL, McMurtrie JC, Mullen KM. Hydrazone exchange: a viable route for the solid-tethered synthesis of [2]rotaxanes. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00388g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Using a hydrazone exchange methodology, resin beads were functionalised with [2]rotaxanes at up to 80% efficiency—higher than using other dynamic or irreversible synthetic approaches to form self-assembled structures on solid supports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ena T. Luis
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - David L. Marshall
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility
| | - John C. McMurtrie
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - Kathleen M. Mullen
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
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4
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Moulin E, Faour L, Carmona‐Vargas CC, Giuseppone N. From Molecular Machines to Stimuli‐Responsive Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1906036. [PMID: 31833132 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS‐UPR 22University of Strasbourg 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 Strasbourg 67034 Cedex 2 France
| | - Lara Faour
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS‐UPR 22University of Strasbourg 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 Strasbourg 67034 Cedex 2 France
| | - Christian C. Carmona‐Vargas
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS‐UPR 22University of Strasbourg 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 Strasbourg 67034 Cedex 2 France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS‐UPR 22University of Strasbourg 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047 Strasbourg 67034 Cedex 2 France
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Da Silva Rodrigues R, Marshall DL, McMurtrie JC, Mullen KM. Dynamic covalent synthesis of [2]- and [3]rotaxanes both in solution and on solid supports. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02137g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate the application of a dynamic covalent chemistry methodology for the synthesis of [2]- and [3]-rotaxanes not only in solution, but also on solid supports with 65% rotaxane functionalisation of the polymer resins observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David L. Marshall
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility
| | - John C. McMurtrie
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - Kathleen M. Mullen
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
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6
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Fukino T, Yamagishi H, Aida T. Redox-Responsive Molecular Systems and Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603888. [PMID: 27990693 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Redox reactions can alter the electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of molecules and their ensembles by adding or removing electrons. Here, the developments made over the past 10 years using molecular events are discussed, such as assembly/disassembly, transformation of ensembles, geometric changes, and molecular motions that are designed to be redox-responsive. Considerable progress has occurred in the application of these events to the realization of electronic memory, color displays, actuators, adhesives, and drug delivery. In these cases, systems behave in either a highly or a poorly correlated manner depending on the number of redox-active units involved, based on the method of integration. One of the great advantages of redox-responsive devices and materials is that they have the potential to be readily integrated into existing electronic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Fukino
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamagishi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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7
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Ueda M, Terazawa S, Deguchi Y, Kimura M, Matsubara N, Miyagawa S, Kawasaki T, Tokunaga Y. Five-State Molecular Shuttling of a Pair of [2]Rotaxanes: Distinct Outputs in Response to Acid and Base Stimuli. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2291-300. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ueda
- University of Fukui; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Shoya Terazawa
- University of Fukui; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Yasuaki Deguchi
- University of Fukui; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Masaki Kimura
- University of Fukui; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Naoki Matsubara
- University of Fukui; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Shinobu Miyagawa
- University of Fukui; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Tsuneomi Kawasaki
- University of Fukui; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
| | - Yuji Tokunaga
- University of Fukui; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Bunkyo Fukui 910-8507 Japan
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Erbas-Cakmak
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie T. McTernan
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alina
L. Nussbaumer
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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9
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Le Poul N, Colasson B. Electrochemically and Chemically Induced Redox Processes in Molecular Machines. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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10
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Yu G, Suzaki Y, Maekawa Y, Abe T, Osakada K, Yokoi T. Silica Nanospheres Functionalized by Ferrocene-containing [2]Rotaxane. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Yu
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Yuji Suzaki
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Yujin Maekawa
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Tomoko Abe
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Kohtaro Osakada
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Toshiyuki Yokoi
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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11
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Zhang L, Cole JM. TiO2-assisted photoisomerization of azo dyes using self-assembled monolayers: case study on para-methyl red towards solar-cell applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:3742-3749. [PMID: 24524429 DOI: 10.1021/am500308d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The optical and electronic properties of a TiO2 nanoparticle-assisted photo-isomerizable surface, prepared by an azo dye/TiO2 nanocomposite film, are examined experimentally and computationally. The azo dye, para-methyl red, undergoes photoisomerization at room temperature, catalyzed by the TiO2 nanoparticle supports, while it exhibits negligible photoisomerization in solvents under otherwise identical conditions. Density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory are employed to explain the origin of this photoisomerization in these dye···TiO2 nanoparticle self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The device performance of these SAMs when embedded into dye-sensitized solar cells is used to further elucidate the nature of this azo dye photoisomerization and relate it to the ensuing optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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12
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Pozun ZD, Su X, Jordan KD. Establishing the Ground State of the Disjoint Diradical Tetramethyleneethane with Quantum Monte Carlo. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13862-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja406002n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D. Pozun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Xiaoge Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kenneth D. Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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13
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Caballero A, Zapata F, Beer PD. Interlocked host molecules for anion recognition and sensing. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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14
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Becuwe M, Rouge P, Gervais C, Courty M, Dassonville-Klimpt A, Sonnet P, Baudrin E. A new sensitive organic/inorganic hybrid material based on titanium oxide for the potentiometric detection of iron(III). J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 388:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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15
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Freitag M, Gundlach L, Piotrowiak P, Galoppini E. Fluorescence Enhancement of Di-p-tolyl Viologen by Complexation in Cucurbit[7]uril. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3358-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ja206833z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Freitag
- Chemistry Department, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey
07102, United States
| | - Lars Gundlach
- Chemistry Department, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey
07102, United States
| | - Piotr Piotrowiak
- Chemistry Department, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey
07102, United States
| | - Elena Galoppini
- Chemistry Department, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey
07102, United States
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16
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Lestini E, Nikitin K, Stolarczyk JK, Fitzmaurice D. Electron Transfer and Switching in Rigid [2]Rotaxanes Adsorbed on TiO2 Nanoparticles. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:797-810. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Coskun A, Spruell JM, Barin G, Dichtel WR, Flood AH, Botros YY, Stoddart JF. High hopes: can molecular electronics realise its potential? Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:4827-59. [PMID: 22648395 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35053j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Coskun
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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18
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Mann JA, Rodríguez-López J, Abruña HD, Dichtel WR. Multivalent Binding Motifs for the Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17614-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja208239v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Mann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Héctor D. Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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19
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Lee C, Maeng G, Kim HW, Sohlberg K. Quantum mechanical modeling of a tripodal [2]rotaxane and its binding to TiO2. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Dey SK, Coskun A, Fahrenbach AC, Barin G, Basuray AN, Trabolsi A, Botros YY, Stoddart JF. A redox-active reverse donor–acceptor bistable [2]rotaxane. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00586j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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21
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Tokunaga Y, Kawabata M, Matsubara N. Three-state molecular shuttles operated using acid/base stimuli with distinct outputs. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:4948-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05236e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Tokunaga Y, Wakamatsu N, Ohiwa N, Kimizuka O, Ohbayashi A, Akasaka K, Saeki S, Hisada K, Goda T, Shimomura Y. Effect of Pressure on [2]Pseudorotaxane Formation and Decomplexation and Their Corresponding Activation Volumes. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4950-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1003955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tokunaga
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Nanae Wakamatsu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Norihiro Ohiwa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Osamu Kimizuka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohbayashi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Koichiro Akasaka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Susumu Saeki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Kenji Hisada
- Department of Fiber Amenity Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Goda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Youji Shimomura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
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23
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Lee CH, Zhang Y, Romayanantakit A, Galoppini E. Modular synthesis of ruthenium tripodal system with variable anchoring groups positions for semiconductor sensitization. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Späth A, König B. Molecular recognition of organic ammonium ions in solution using synthetic receptors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2010; 6:32. [PMID: 20502608 PMCID: PMC2874414 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.6.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonium ions are ubiquitous in chemistry and molecular biology. Considerable efforts have been undertaken to develop synthetic receptors for their selective molecular recognition. The type of host compounds for organic ammonium ion binding span a wide range from crown ethers to calixarenes to metal complexes. Typical intermolecular interactions are hydrogen bonds, electrostatic and cation-π interactions, hydrophobic interactions or reversible covalent bond formation. In this review we discuss the different classes of synthetic receptors for organic ammonium ion recognition and illustrate the scope and limitations of each class with selected examples from the recent literature. The molecular recognition of ammonium ions in amino acids is included and the enantioselective binding of chiral ammonium ions by synthetic receptors is also covered. In our conclusion we compare the strengths and weaknesses of the different types of ammonium ion receptors which may help to select the best approach for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Späth
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany, Phone: +49-943-941-4576, Fax: +49-943-941-1717
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany, Phone: +49-943-941-4576, Fax: +49-943-941-1717
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25
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Jiang Y, Cao J, Zhao JM, Xiang JF, Chen CF. Synthesis of a Triptycene-Derived Bisparaphenylene-34-crown-10 and Its Complexation with Both Paraquat and Cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene). J Org Chem 2010; 75:1767-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902571n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Feng Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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26
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Klajn R, Stoddart JF, Grzybowski BA. Nanoparticles functionalised with reversible molecular and supramolecular switches. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:2203-37. [DOI: 10.1039/b920377j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Davis JJ, Orlowski GA, Rahman H, Beer PD. Mechanically interlocked and switchable molecules at surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:54-63. [DOI: 10.1039/b915122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Wang F, Zhou Q, Zhu K, Li S, Wang C, Liu M, Li N, Fronczek FR, Huang F. Efficient syntheses of bis(m-phenylene)-26-crown-8-based cryptand/paraquat derivative [2]rotaxanes by immediate solvent evaporation method. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Coronado E, Gaviña P, Tatay S. Catenanes and threaded systems: from solution to surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:1674-89. [DOI: 10.1039/b807441k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mullen KM, Johnstone KD, Nath D, Bampos N, Sanders JKM, Gunter MJ. Crown-ether- and porphyrin-attached gel-phase resins in thermodynamically controlled rotaxane assembly. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:293-303. [DOI: 10.1039/b816115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhao L, Mullen KM, Chmielewski MJ, Brown A, Bampos N, Beer PD, Davis JJ. Anion templated assembly of an indolocarbazole containing pseudorotaxane on beads and silica nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b818854h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Marois JS, Morin JF. Synthesis and surface self-assembly of [3]rotaxane-porphyrin conjugates: toward the development of a supramolecular surface tweezer for C60. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:10865-10873. [PMID: 18774831 DOI: 10.1021/la802076f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Surface immobilization of pristine C60 by supramolecular interactions is an attractive way to introduce C60 on surfaces since the pi-electron network and the electronic properties of C60 remain intact. Several hosts have been developed for surface complexation of C60. With few exceptions, the hosts reported to date are "electronically inert", limiting the potential applications of pristine C60-based devices. In this study, we present the synthesis and self-assembly of a potential tweezer-like host for C60 having a light-harvesting moiety and an electron-donating unit. More precisely, an azide-containing [3]rotaxane scaffold having ferrocene moieties as blocking group and thioctic acid as anchoring group for a gold surface has been synthesized. This [3]rotaxane has been self-assembled on gold in its protonated (NH2+) (1p) and neutral (NH) (1n) forms and characterized using electrochemistry, XPS, and contact angle measurements. The SAMs were functionalized with free-base and zinc porphyrin using copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition in optimized conditions. In combination with C60, this new host is expected to form a triad that could potentially be used as active building block in the preparation of nanostructured electrodes for photoelectrochemical application.
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Zhao JM, Zong QS, Han T, Xiang JF, Chen CF. Guest-Dependent Complexation of Triptycene-Based Macrotricyclic Host with Paraquat Derivatives and Secondary Ammonium Salts: A Chemically Controlled Complexation Process. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6800-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801170t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qian-Shou Zong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tao Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun-Feng Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Balzani V, Credi A, Venturi M. Molecular Machines Working on Surfaces and at Interfaces. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:202-20. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Nikitin K, Lestini E, Stolarczyk J, Müller-Bunz H, Fitzmaurice D. Quantitative Conformational Study of Redox-Active [2]Rotaxanes, Part 2: Switching in Flexible and Rigid Bistable [2]Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2008; 14:1117-28. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Altobello S, Nikitin K, Stolarczyk J, Lestini E, Fitzmaurice D. Quantitative Conformational Study of Redox-Active [2]Rotaxanes, Part 1: Methodology and Application to a Model [2]Rotaxane. Chemistry 2008; 14:1107-16. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lestini E, Nikitin K, Müller-Bunz H, Fitzmaurice D. Introducing Negative Charges into Bis-p-phenylene Crown Ethers: A Study of Bipyridinium-Based [2]Pseudorotaxanes and [2]Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2008; 14:1095-106. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Wan P, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhang X. Tuning surface wettability through photocontrolled reversible molecular shuttle. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:5710-2. [DOI: 10.1039/b811729b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Kay ER, Leigh DA, Zerbetto F. Synthetic molecular motors and mechanical machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:72-191. [PMID: 17133632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2050] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of controlled molecular-level motion in key natural processes suggests that great rewards could come from bridging the gap between the present generation of synthetic molecular systems, which by and large rely upon electronic and chemical effects to carry out their functions, and the machines of the macroscopic world, which utilize the synchronized movements of smaller parts to perform specific tasks. This is a scientific area of great contemporary interest and extraordinary recent growth, yet the notion of molecular-level machines dates back to a time when the ideas surrounding the statistical nature of matter and the laws of thermodynamics were first being formulated. Here we outline the exciting successes in taming molecular-level movement thus far, the underlying principles that all experimental designs must follow, and the early progress made towards utilizing synthetic molecular structures to perform tasks using mechanical motion. We also highlight some of the issues and challenges that still need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan R Kay
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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Bayly SR, Gray TM, Chmielewski MJ, Davis JJ, Beer PD. Anion templated surface assembly of a redox-active sensory rotaxane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:2234-6. [PMID: 17534501 DOI: 10.1039/b701796k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anion templation is used to assemble novel redox-active bis-ferrocene functionalised rotaxane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on to gold electrode surfaces; after template removal, the unique SAM rotaxane binding domain is capable of selectively sensing chloride ions electrochemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Bayly
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UKOX1 3TA
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Abstract
In this critical review, we discuss switching of the light-powered bistable rotaxanes and catenanes and highlight the practical applications of some of these systems. Photoactive molecular and supramolecular machines are comprised of two parts-1) a switching element, based on noncovalent interactions within the recognition units, which is responsible for executing mechanical movement, and 2) a light-harvesting unit which utilizes light to control the competitive interactions between the recognition sites. We also survey another class of molecular devices, namely molecular rotary motors--i.e., those that behave like their macroscopic counterparts--in which photochemically and thermally induced mechanical movement relies on isomerizations of a pivotal C=C bond, leading to a rotation of the top propeller part with respect to the stationary bottom part of the helical shaped chiral molecule. (146 references.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Nikitin K, Müller-Bunz H, Ortin Y, McGlinchey MJ. Joining the rings: the preparation of 2- and 3-indenyl-triptycenes, and curious related processes. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:1952-60. [PMID: 17551645 DOI: 10.1039/b703437g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The indenyltriptycenes, and , where the 3- or 2-indenyl, respectively, is attached at the 9-position of the triptycene, are attractive prototypes of molecular gearing systems that can also incorporate a brake. These molecules have been prepared from their respective indenylanthracenes, and , by the [4 + 2] cycloaddition of benzyne to the anthracene fragment, and the rotational barriers about the indenyl-triptycenyl single bonds in (12 kcal mol(-1)) and (<9 kcal mol(-1)) have been measured. The precursor anthracenes, and , were prepared by using palladium-catalysed coupling reactions. Unexpectedly, the Heck-type reaction of 9-bromoanthracene, , with indene leads to the formation of 3-indenylanthracene ; moreover, this process is accompanied by a novel palladium-catalysed carbocyclisation reaction leading to the indenophenanthrylene . The addition of benzyne to 9-(3-indenyl)anthracene, , yields the corresponding indenyltriptycene, , and, surprisingly, the anthracenyl methano-bridged phenanthrene . It has been demonstrated that 2-arylindenes can act as 1,3-dienes in the [4 + 2] cycloadditions of benzyne. The products , , and have been characterised by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Nikitin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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45
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Kay E, Leigh D, Zerbetto F. Synthetische molekulare Motoren und mechanische Maschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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Saha S, Johansson E, Flood AH, Tseng HR, Zink JI, Stoddart JF. A photoactive molecular triad as a nanoscale power supply for a supramolecular machine. Chemistry 2006; 11:6846-58. [PMID: 16086339 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A tetrathiafulvalene-porphyrin-fullerene (TTF-P-C(60)) molecular triad, which generates electrical current by harnessing light energy when self-assembled onto gold electrodes, has been developed. The triad, composed of three unique electroactive components, namely, 1) an electron-donating TTF unit, 2) a chromophoric porphyrin unit, and 3) an electron-accepting C(60) unit, has been synthesized in a modular fashion. A disulfide-based anchoring group was tagged to the TTF end of the molecule in order to allow its self-assembly on gold surfaces. The surface coverage by the triad in a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) was estimated to be 1.4 nm(2) per molecule, a density which is consistent with hexagonal close-packing of the spherical C(60) component (diameter approximately 1 nm). In a closed electronic circuit, a triad-SAM functionalized working-electrode generates a switchable photocurrent of approximately 1.5 microA cm(-2) when irradiated with a 413 nm Kr-ion laser, a wavelength which is close to the porphyrin chromophore's absorption maximum peak at 420 nm. The electrical energy generated by the triad at the expense of the light energy is ultimately exploited to drive a supramolecular machine in the form of a [2]pseudorotaxane comprised of a pi-electron-deficient tetracationic cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT(4+)) cyclophane and a pi-electron-rich 1,5-bis[(2-hydroxyethoxy) ethoxy]naphthalene (BHEEN) thread. The redox-induced dethreading of the CBPQT(4+) cyclophane from the BHEEN thread can be monitored by measuring the increase in the fluorescence intensity of the BHEEN unit. A gradual increase in the fluorescence intensity of the BHEEN unit concomitant with the photocurrent generation, even at a potential (0 V) much lower than that required (-300 mV) for the direct reduction of the CBPQT(4+) unit, confirms that the dethreading process is driven by the photocurrent generated by the triad-SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Saha
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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Whelan CM, Gatti F, Leigh DA, Rapino S, Zerbetto F, Rudolf P. Adsorption of Fumaramide [2]Rotaxane and Its Components on a Solid Substrate: A Coverage-Dependent Study. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:17076-81. [PMID: 16928002 DOI: 10.1021/jp061836c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The coverage-dependent adsorption on Au(111) of a fumaramide [2]rotaxane and its components, a benzylic amide macrocycle and a fumaramide thread, is studied using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Up to monolayer coverage, the relative intensity of out-of-plane to in-plane phenyl ring vibrational modes indicates that the macrocycle adopts an orientation with the phenyl rings largely parallel to the surface. The formation of a chemisorption bond is evidenced by the presence of a Au-O stretching vibration. In contrast, the thread shows no evidence of chemisorption or a preferential orientation. The introduction of the thread into the macrocycle partly disrupts the film order so that the resulting chemisorbed rotaxane shows intermediate behavior with a preferential orientation up to 0.5 ML coverage. A decrease in film order and the absence of a preferred molecular orientation is observed for all three molecules at multilayer coverages. The spectral differences are addressed by molecular dynamics simulations in terms of the mobility of the phenyls of the three molecules on Au(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Whelan
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Spectroscopie Electronique, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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Braunschweig AB, Ronconi CM, Han JY, Aricó F, Cantrill SJ, Stoddart JF, Khan SI, White AJP, Williams DJ. Pseudorotaxanes and Rotaxanes Formed by Viologen Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Beckman R, Beverly K, Boukai A, Bunimovich Y, Choi JW, DeIonno E, Green J, Johnston-Halperin E, Luo Y, Sheriff B, Stoddart F, Heath JR. Spiers Memorial Lecture : Molecular mechanics and molecular electronics. Faraday Discuss 2006; 131:9-22; discussion 91-109. [PMID: 16512361 DOI: 10.1039/b513148k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe our research into building integrated molecular electronics circuitry for a diverse set of functions, and with a focus on the fundamental scientific issues that surround this project. In particular, we discuss experiments aimed at understanding the function of bistable rotaxane molecular electronic switches by correlating the switching kinetics and ground state thermodynamic properties of those switches in various environments, ranging from the solution phase to a Langmuir monolayer of the switching molecules sandwiched between two electrodes. We discuss various devices, low bit-density memory circuits, and ultra-high density memory circuits that utilize the electrochemical switching characteristics of these molecules in conjunction with novel patterning methods. We also discuss interconnect schemes that are capable of bridging the micrometre to submicrometre length scales of conventional patterning approaches to the near-molecular length scales of the ultra-dense memory circuits. Finally, we discuss some of the challenges associated with fabricated ultra-dense molecular electronic integrated circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Beckman
- Caltech Chemistry, MC 127-72, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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