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Zhu J, Yang Z, Chen Y, Chen M, Liu Z, Cao Y, Zhang J, Qian G, Zhou X, Duan X. Mechanistic insights into the active intermediates of 2,6-diaminopyridine dinitration. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Patra S, Mosiagin I, Katayev D, Giri R. Organic Nitrating Reagents. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNitro compounds are vital raw chemicals that are widely used in academic laboratories and industries for the preparation of various drugs, agrochemicals, and materials. Thus, nitrating reactions are of great importance for chemists and are even taught in schools as one of the fundamental transformations in organic synthesis. Since the discovery of the first nitrating reactions in the 19th century, progress in this field has been constant. Yet, for many years the classical electrophilic nitration approach using a mixture of strong mineral acids dominated the field. However, in recent decades, the attention of researchers has focused on new reactivity and new reagents that can provide access to nitro compounds in a practical and straightforward way under mild reaction conditions. Organic nitrating reagents have played a special role in this field since they have enhanced reactivity. They also allow nitration to be carried out in an ecofriendly and sustainable manner. This review examines the development and application of organic nitrating reagents.1 Introduction2 Organic Nitrating Reagents2.1 Alkyl Nitrites2.2 Nitroalkanes2.3 Alkyl Nitrates2.4 N-Nitroamides2.5 N-Nitropyrazole2.6 N-Nitropyridinium Salts3 Organic Nitrating Reagents Generated In Situ3.1 Acyl Nitrates3.2 Trimethylsilyl Nitrate3.3 Nitro Onium Salts4 Organic Nitronium Salts5 Organic Nitrates and Nitrites5.1 Ammonium Nitrates5.2 Heteroarylium Nitrates5.3 Other Organic Nitrates5.4 Organic Nitrites6 Conclusion and Outlook
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3
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Xia R, Chen LS, Xu SH, Xia C, Sun LP. Synthesis of 2'-deoxyguanosine from 2'-deoxyadenosine via C2 nitration. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 41:593-604. [PMID: 35389298 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2022.2055060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthetic method has been developed for the synthesis of 2'-deoxyguanosine from the more commercially available 2'-deoxyadenosine via late-stage C2 nitration in 48.7% total yield by a 5-step synthetic procedure. Crucially, 2'-deoxyadenosine was fully protected by bennzoyl groups and then nitrated at C2 by tetrabutylammonium nitrate/trifluoroacetic anhydride. The resulting 2-NO2 moiety was converted into 2-NH2 by Ni-catalyzed hydrogenolysis. Finally, 2'-deoxyguanosine was obtained from the diaminopurine intermediate by deaminase-catalyzed reaction. Furthermore, the 2-NO2 moiety also appeared to be a versatile handle to introduce a variety of functional groups, resulting in a divergent access to 2-substituted 2'-deoxyadenosine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang City, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei-Shan Chen
- School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang City, Henan Province, China
| | - Shao-Hong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang City, Henan Province, China
| | - Chao Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang City, Henan Province, China
| | - Li-Ping Sun
- School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang City, Henan Province, China
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Huang J, Ding F, Rojsitthisak P, He FS, Wu J. Recent advances in nitro-involved radical reactions. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00563k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress in the chemistry of nitro radicals has been witnessed in the past decades, providing efficient and rapid access to nitro-containing compounds. This review describes recent advances in nitro-involved radical reactions, and summarizes various transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapian Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- China
| | - Feng Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- China
| | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chulalongkorn University
- Bangkok 10330
- Thailand
| | - Fu-Sheng He
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
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5
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Deev SL, Khalymbadzha IA, Shestakova TS, Charushin VN, Chupakhin ON. 15N labeling and analysis of 13C–15N and 1H–15N couplings in studies of the structures and chemical transformations of nitrogen heterocycles. RSC Adv 2019; 9:26856-26879. [PMID: 35528595 PMCID: PMC9070671 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04825a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a generalization of effective examples of 15N labeling followed by an analysis of JCN and JHN couplings in solution as a tool to study the structural aspects and pathways of chemical transformations in nitrogen heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey L. Deev
- Ural Federal University
- 620002 Yekaterinburg
- Russian Federation
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis
- 620219 Yekaterinburg
| | | | | | - Valery N. Charushin
- Ural Federal University
- 620002 Yekaterinburg
- Russian Federation
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis
- 620219 Yekaterinburg
| | - Oleg N. Chupakhin
- Ural Federal University
- 620002 Yekaterinburg
- Russian Federation
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis
- 620219 Yekaterinburg
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6
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Kroflič A, Huš M, Grilc M, Grgić I. Underappreciated and Complex Role of Nitrous Acid in Aromatic Nitration under Mild Environmental Conditions: The Case of Activated Methoxyphenols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13756-13765. [PMID: 30388370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many ambiguities surround the possible mechanisms of colored and toxic nitrophenols formation in natural systems. Nitration of a biologically and environmentally relevant aromatic compound, guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol), under mild aqueous-phase conditions (ambient temperatures, pH 4.5) was investigated by a temperature-dependent experimental modeling coupled to extensive ab initio calculations to obtain the activation energies of the modeled reaction pathways. The importance of dark nonradical reactions is emphasized, involving nitrous (HNO2) and peroxynitrous (HOONO) acids. Oxidation by HOONO is shown to proceed via a nonradical pathway, possibly involving the nitronium ion (NO2+) formation. Using quantum chemical calculations at the MP2/6-31++g(d,p) level, NO2• is shown capable of abstracting a hydrogen atom from the phenolic group on the aromatic ring. In a protic solvent, the corresponding aryl radical can combine with HNO2 to yield OH• and, after a subsequent oxidation step, nitrated aromatic products. The demonstrated chemistry is especially important for understanding the aging of nighttime atmospheric deliquesced aerosol. The relevance should be further investigated in the atmospheric gaseous phase. The results of this study have direct implications for accurate modeling of the burden of toxic nitroaromatic pollutants, and the formation of atmospheric brown carbon and its associated influence on Earth's albedo and climate forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Matej Huš
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , Fysikgränd 3 , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Miha Grilc
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
- Institute of Chemical Technology , Leipzig University , Linnéstraße 3 , DE-04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Irena Grgić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
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Dharuman S, Gupta P, Kancharla PK, Vankar YD. Synthesis of 2-Nitroglycals from Glycals Using the Tetrabutylammonium Nitrate–Trifluoroacetic Anhydride–Triethylamine Reagent System and Base-Catalyzed Ferrier Rearrangement of Acetylated 2-Nitroglycals. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8442-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401165y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Dharuman
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208 016, India
| | - Preeti Gupta
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208 016, India
| | - Pavan K. Kancharla
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208 016, India
| | - Yashwant D. Vankar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208 016, India
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Peng Y. A Practical Synthesis of 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine (Cladribine) from 2′-deoxyadenosine. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.3184/174751913x13618878756705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A practical synthesis of 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine (Cladribine) from 2′-deoxyadenosine is reported. Treatment of fully protected 2′-deoxyadenosine with 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic anhydride and tetrabutylammonium nitrate gave protected 2-nitro-2′-deoxyadenosine with high yield. 2-Chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine was synthesised in four steps and 44.8% yield after substitution by chloride and deprotection steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, P. R. China
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Nitration of tert-butyloxycarbonylated aniline and 1,3,5-triaminobenzene by acetyl nitrate. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.05.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Chi WJ, Li LL, Li BT, Wu HS. Density functional study on the derivatives of purine. J Mol Model 2012; 18:3501-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zatloukal M, Gemrotová M, Dolezal K, Havlícek L, Spíchal L, Strnad M. Novel potent inhibitors of A. thaliana cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9268-75. [PMID: 18818088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new group of 2-X-6-anilinopurines, including compounds with potential cytokinin-like activities, with various substitutions (X=H, halogen, amino, methylthio or nitro) on the phenyl ring is described. The prepared compounds have been characterized using standard physico-chemical methods, and the influence of individual substituents on biological activity has been compared in three different bioassays, based on the stimulation of tobacco callus growth, retention of chlorophyll in excised wheat leaves and the dark induction of betacyanin synthesis in Amaranthus cotyledons. The biological activity of the prepared compounds was also assessed in receptor assays, in which the ability of the compounds to activate the cytokinin receptors AHK3 and AHK4/CRE1 was studied. Finally, the interactions of the compounds with the Arabidopsis cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase AtCKX2 (heterologously expressed) were investigated. Systematic testing led to the identification of two very potent inhibitors of AtCKX2: 2-chloro-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)aminopurine and 2-fluoro-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)aminopurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Zatloukal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, IEB AS CR & Palacký University Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Rodenko B, Detz RJ, Pinas VA, Lambertucci C, Brun R, Wanner MJ, Koomen GJ. Solid phase synthesis and antiprotozoal evaluation of di- and trisubstituted 5′-carboxamidoadenosine analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:1618-29. [PMID: 16249090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The rapid increase of resistance to drugs commonly used in the treatment of tropical diseases such as malaria and African sleeping sickness calls for the prompt development of new safe and efficacious drugs. The pathogenic protozoan parasites lack the capability of synthesising purines de novo and they take up preformed purines from their host through various transmembrane transporters. Adenosine derivatives constitute a class of potential therapeutics due to their selective internalisation by these transporters. Automated solid-phase synthesis can speed up the process of lead finding and we pursued the solid-phase synthesis of di- and trisubstituted 5'-carboxamidoadenosine derivatives by using a safety-catch approach. While efforts with Kenner's sulfonamide linker remained fruitless, successful application of the hydrazide safety-catch linker allowed the construction of two representative combinatorial libraries. Their antiprotozoal evaluation identified two compounds with promising activity: N(6)-benzyl-5'-N-phenylcarboxamidoadenosine with an IC(50) value of 0.91 microM against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and N(6)-diphenylethyl-5'-phenylcarboxamidoadenosine with an IC(50) value of 1.8 microM against chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Rodenko
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Tanko JM. Reaction mechanisms : Part (i) Radical and radical ion reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b518094p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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