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Jangra A, Chaturvedi S, Sihag S, Sharma G, Tiwari S, Chhokar V. Identification and functional characterization of a novel aldo-keto reductase from Aloe vera. PLANTA 2023; 258:107. [PMID: 37897513 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The present investigation profoundly asserted the catalytic potential of plant-based aldo-ketoreductase, postulating its role in polyketide biosynthesis and providing new insights for tailored biosynthesis of vital plant polyketides for therapeutics. Plants hold great potential as a future source of innovative biocatalysts, expanding the possibilities within chemical reactions and generating a variety of benefits. The aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily includes a huge collection of NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases that carry out a variety of redox reactions essential for biosynthesis, detoxification, and intermediary metabolism. The present study involved the isolation, cloning, and purification of a novel aldo-ketoreductase (AvAKR) from the leaves of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) by heterologous gene expression in Escherichia coli based on the unigene sequences of putative ketoreductase and cDNA library screening by oligonucleotide hybridization. The in-silico structural analysis, phylogenetic relationship, and molecular modeling were outranged to approach the novelty of the sequence. Additionally, agroinfiltration of the candidate gene tagged with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) was employed for transient expression in the Nicotiana benthamiana to evaluate the sub-cellular localization of the candidate gene. The AvAKR preferred cytoplasmic localization and shared similarities with the known plant AKRs, keeping the majority of the conserved active-site residues in the AKR superfamily enzymes. The enzyme facilitated the NADPH-dependent reduction of various carbonyl substrates, including benzaldehyde and sugars, proclaiming a broad spectrum range. Our study successfully isolated and characterized a novel aldo-ketoreductase (AvAKR) from Aloe vera, highlighting its versatile NADPH-dependent carbonyl reduction proficiency therewith showcasing its potential as a versatile biocatalyst in diverse redox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Jangra
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Siddhant Chaturvedi
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
- Goswami Tulsidas Government Post Graduate College (Bundelkhand University, Jhansi), Karwi, Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, 210205, India
| | - Sonia Sihag
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Garima Sharma
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Siddharth Tiwari
- Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of India), National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, Knowledge City, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Vinod Chhokar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
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2
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Li Y, Wang Z, Zhu M, Niu Z, Li M, Zheng Z, Hu H, Lu Z, Zhang J, Wan D, Chen Q, Yang Y. A chromosome-scale Rhubarb (Rheum tanguticum) genome assembly provides insights into the evolution of anthraquinone biosynthesis. Commun Biol 2023; 6:867. [PMID: 37612424 PMCID: PMC10447539 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhubarb is the collective name for various perennial plants from the genus Rheum L. and the Polygonaceae family. They are one of the most ancient, commonly used, and important herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. Rhubarb is a major source of anthraquinones, but how they are synthesized remains largely unknown. Here, we generate a genome sequence assembly of one important medicinal rhubarb R. tanguticum at the chromosome level, with 2.76 Gb assembled into 11 chromosomes. The genome is shaped by two recent whole-genome duplication events and recent bursts of retrotransposons. Metabolic analyses show that the major anthraquinones are mainly synthesized in its roots. Transcriptomic analysis reveals a co-expression module with a high correlation to anthraquinone biosynthesis that includes key chalcone synthase genes. One CHS, four CYP450 and two BGL genes involved in secondary metabolism show significantly upregulated expression levels in roots compared with other tissues and clustered in the co-expression module, which implies that they may also act as candidate genes for anthraquinone biosynthesis. This study provides valuable insights into the genetic bases of anthraquinone biosynthesis that will facilitate improved breeding practices and agronomic properties for rhubarb in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhenyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mingjia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhimin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Minjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zeyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hongyin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dongshi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yongzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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3
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Yang D, Eun H, Prabowo CPS. Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology Approaches for the Heterologous Production of Aromatic Polyketides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108923. [PMID: 37240269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyketides are a diverse set of natural products with versatile applications as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics, to name a few. Of several types of polyketides, aromatic polyketides comprising type II and III polyketides contain many chemicals important for human health such as antibiotics and anticancer agents. Most aromatic polyketides are produced from soil bacteria or plants, which are difficult to engineer and grow slowly in industrial settings. To this end, metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have been employed to efficiently engineer heterologous model microorganisms for enhanced production of important aromatic polyketides. In this review, we discuss the recent advancement in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies for the production of type II and type III polyketides in model microorganisms. Future challenges and prospects of aromatic polyketide biosynthesis by synthetic biology and enzyme engineering approaches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsoo Yang
- Synthetic Biology and Enzyme Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (BK21 Four), Korea University, Seoul 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmin Eun
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Cindy Pricilia Surya Prabowo
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Four), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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4
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Cai Z, Zhao X, Zhou C, Fang T, Liu G, Luo J. Genome-Wide Mining of the Tandem Duplicated Type III Polyketide Synthases and Their Expression, Structure Analysis of Senna tora. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054837. [PMID: 36902267 PMCID: PMC10003783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Senna tora is one of the homologous crops used as a medicinal food containing an abundance of anthraquinones. Type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) are key enzymes that catalyze polyketide formation; in particular, the chalcone synthase-like (CHS-L) genes are involved in anthraquinone production. Tandem duplication is a fundamental mechanism for gene family expansion. However, the analysis of the tandem duplicated genes (TDGs) and the identification and characterization of PKSs have not been reported for S. tora. Herein, we identified 3087 TDGs in the S. tora genome; the synonymous substitution rates (Ks) analysis indicated that the TDGs had recently undergone duplication. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that the type III PKSs were the most enriched TDGs involved in the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite pathways, as evidenced by 14 tandem duplicated CHS-L genes. Subsequently, we identified 30 type III PKSs with complete sequences in the S. tora genome. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the type III PKSs were classified into three groups. The protein conserved motifs and key active residues showed similar patterns in the same group. The transcriptome analysis showed that the chalcone synthase (CHS) genes were more highly expressed in the leaves than in the seeds in S. tora. The transcriptome and qRT-PCR analysis showed that the CHS-L genes had a higher expression in the seeds than in other tissues, particularly seven tandem duplicated CHS-L2/3/5/6/9/10/13 genes. The key active-site residues and three-dimensional models of the CHS-L2/3/5/6/9/10/13 proteins showed slight variation. These results indicated that the rich anthraquinones in S. tora seeds might be ascribed to the PKSs' expansion from tandem duplication, and the seven key CHS-L2/3/5/6/9/10/13 genes provide candidate genes for further research. Our study provides an important basis for further research on the regulation of anthraquinones' biosynthesis in S. tora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeping Cai
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xingkun Zhao
- College of Tropical Crops & College of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chaoye Zhou
- College of Tropical Crops & College of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ting Fang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Guodao Liu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiajia Luo
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (J.L.)
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5
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Löhr NA, Urban MC, Eisen F, Platz L, Hüttel W, Gressler M, Müller M, Hoffmeister D. The Ketosynthase Domain Controls Chain Length in Mushroom Oligocyclic Polyketide Synthases. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200649. [PMID: 36507600 PMCID: PMC10108026 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The nonreducing iterative type I polyketide synthases (NR-PKSs) CoPKS1 and CoPKS4 of the webcap mushroom Cortinarius odorifer share 88 % identical amino acids. CoPKS1 almost exclusively produces a tricyclic octaketide product, atrochrysone carboxylic acid, whereas CoPKS4 shows simultaneous hepta- and octaketide synthase activity and also produces the bicyclic heptaketide 6-hydroxymusizin. To identify the region(s) controlling chain length, four chimeric enzyme variants were constructed and assayed for activity in Aspergillus niger as heterologous expression platform. We provide evidence that the β-ketoacyl synthase (KS) domain determines chain length in these mushroom NR-PKSs, even though their KS domains differ in only ten amino acids. A unique proline-rich linker connecting the acyl carrier protein with the thioesterase domain varies most between these two enzymes but is not involved in chain length control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai A Löhr
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Maximilian C Urban
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Frederic Eisen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Platz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hüttel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Gressler
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
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6
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Zhou Y, Mirts EN, Yook S, Waugh M, Martini R, Jin YS, Lu Y. Reshaping the 2-Pyrone Synthase Active Site for Chemoselective Biosynthesis of Polyketides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212440. [PMID: 36398563 PMCID: PMC10107152 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Engineering enzymes with novel reactivity and applying them in metabolic pathways to produce valuable products are quite challenging due to the intrinsic complexity of metabolic networks and the need for high in vivo catalytic efficiency. Triacetic acid lactone (TAL), naturally generated by 2-pyrone synthase (2PS), is a platform molecule that can be produced via microbial fermentation and further converted into value-added products. However, these conversions require extra synthetic steps under harsh conditions. We herein report a biocatalytic system for direct generation of TAL derivatives under mild conditions with controlled chemoselectivity by rationally engineering the 2PS active site and then rewiring the biocatalytic pathway in the metabolic network of E. coli to produce high-value products, such as kavalactone precursors, with yields up to 17 mg/L culture. Computer modeling indicates sterics and hydrogen-bond interactions play key roles in tuning the selectivity, efficiency and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Evan N Mirts
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sangdo Yook
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Matthew Waugh
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rachel Martini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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7
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Zhuang Z, Zhong X, Li Q, Liu T, Yang Q, Lin GQ, He QL, Zhao Q, Liu W. Production of the antifungal biopesticide physcion through the combination of microbial fermentation and chemical post-treatment. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:2. [PMID: 38647644 PMCID: PMC10991666 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physcion is an anthraquinone compound observed dominantly in medicinal herbs. This anthraquinone possesses a variety of pharmaceutically important activities and has been developed to be a widely used antifungal biopesticide. Herein, we report on the effective preparation of 3R-torosachrysone (4), a tetrahydroanthracene precursor of physcion, in Aspergillus oryzae NSAR1 by heterologous expression of related genes mined from the phlegmacins-producing ascomycete Talaromyces sp. F08Z-0631. Conditions for converting 4 into physcion were studied and optimized, leading to the development of a concise approach for extracting high-purity physcion from the alkali-treated fermentation broth of the 4-producing A. oryzae strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhuang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xueqing Zhong
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tian Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qing-Li He
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qunfei Zhao
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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8
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Uppal J, Mir PA, Chawla A, Kumar N, Kaur G, Bedi PMS, Bhandari DD. Pyranoquinolone derivatives: A potent multi‐targeted pharmacological scaffold. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasreen Uppal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University Gharuan, Mohali India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Khalsa College of Pharmacy Amritsar India
| | - Prince Ahad Mir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Khalsa College of Pharmacy Amritsar India
| | - Apporva Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Khalsa College of Pharmacy Amritsar India
| | - Nishant Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Khalsa College of Pharmacy Amritsar India
| | - Gurinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University Gharuan, Mohali India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences GNDU Amritsar India
| | | | - Divya Dhawal Bhandari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University Gharuan, Mohali India
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9
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Liang W, Zhang W, Chen Y, Guo F, Sun J, Zhang X, Li X, Gao W. Accumulation of functional metabolites and transcriptomics in postharvest fume-drying and air-drying process in rhubarb. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:5628-5641. [PMID: 35373362 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The active component content is an important factor affecting quality of traditional Chinese medicines. The fume-drying process can effectively improve the content of active components in rhubarb, but the accumulation dynamics and molecular mechanisms are not known. In this study, variations in the active components of rhubarb during the drying process were determined, and the most intense changes in the active components were preferred for transcriptome inquiry. RESULTS The results showed that the accumulation of active ingredients could be significantly promoted in the early stage of fume-drying and air-drying. In particular, the active ingredients increased by 61.57% (from 44.58 to 72.02 mg g-1 ) on the fourth day of fume-drying. A total of 4191 DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were identified by transcriptome analysis when the active components changed significantly. Transcriptome data of different dried rhubarb samples revealed, that the fume-drying process could significantly improve the expression of genes relevant to respiration, phenolic acid, and anthraquinone synthesis pathways in rhubarb, which was more conducive to the synthesis and accumulation of the active components. CONCLUSION Fume-drying stimulated respiration and secondary metabolite synthesis in rhubarb cells by exerting strong external stress on freshly harvested rhubarb. This study revealed the variations and molecular mechanism of active component accumulation in the rhubarb drying process and might serve as a guide for the development of alternative methods for rhubarb fumigation and drying process. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weimei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fengxia Guo
- College of Agronomy, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiachen Sun
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Resources Research Enterprises, Tianjin, China
| | - Xia Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- College of Pharmacy, Qinghai Minzu University, Qinhai, China
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10
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Catalytic innovation underlies independent recruitment of polyketide synthases in cocaine and hyoscyamine biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4994. [PMID: 36008484 PMCID: PMC9411544 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids such as hyoscyamine and cocaine are of importance in medicinal uses. Only recently has the hyoscyamine biosynthetic machinery become complete. However, the cocaine biosynthesis pathway remains only partially elucidated. Here we characterize polyketide synthases required for generating 3-oxo-glutaric acid from malonyl-CoA in cocaine biosynthetic route. Structural analysis shows that these two polyketide synthases adopt distinctly different active site architecture to catalyze the same reaction as pyrrolidine ketide synthase in hyoscyamine biosynthesis, revealing an unusual parallel/convergent evolution of biochemical function in homologous enzymes. Further phylogenetic analysis suggests lineage-specific acquisition of polyketide synthases required for tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in Erythroxylaceae and Solanaceae species, respectively. Overall, our work elucidates not only a key unknown step in cocaine biosynthesis pathway but also, more importantly, structural and biochemical basis for independent recruitment of polyketide synthases in tropane alkaloid biosynthesis, thus broadening the understanding of conservation and innovation of biosynthetic catalysts. Cocaine is a tropane alkaloid produced by Erythroxylum novogranatense. Here the authors identify two polyketide synthases involved in cocaine biosynthesis and provide insight into the parallel evolution of these enzymes in tropane alkaloids-producing plants.
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11
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Biosynthesis of Fungal Natural Products Involving Two Separate Pathway Crosstalk. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030320. [PMID: 35330322 PMCID: PMC8948627 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal natural products (NPs) usually possess complicated structures, exhibit satisfactory bioactivities, and are an outstanding source of drug leads, such as the cholesterol-lowering drug lovastatin and the immunosuppressive drug mycophenolic acid. The fungal NPs biosynthetic genes are always arranged within one single biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC). However, a rare but fascinating phenomenon that a crosstalk between two separate BGCs is indispensable to some fungal dimeric NPs biosynthesis has attracted increasing attention. The hybridization of two separate BGCs not only increases the structural complexity and chemical diversity of fungal NPs, but also expands the scope of bioactivities. More importantly, the underlying mechanism for this hybridization process is poorly understood and needs further exploration, especially the determination of BGCs for each building block construction and the identification of enzyme(s) catalyzing the two biosynthetic precursors coupling processes such as Diels–Alder cycloaddition and Michael addition. In this review, we summarized the fungal NPs produced by functional crosstalk of two discrete BGCs, and highlighted their biosynthetic processes, which might shed new light on genome mining for fungal NPs with unprecedented frameworks, and provide valuable insights into the investigation of mysterious biosynthetic mechanisms of fungal dimeric NPs which are constructed by collaboration of two separate BGCs.
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12
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Lee YE, Nakashima Y, Kodama T, Chen X, Morita H. Dual Engineering of Olivetolic Acid Cyclase and Tetraketide Synthase to Generate Longer Alkyl-Chain Olivetolic Acid Analogs. Org Lett 2022; 24:410-414. [PMID: 34939812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) can be enhanced by modifications of the pentyl moiety at C-3. The engineering of Cannabis sativa olivetolic acid cyclase and tetraketide synthase with F24I and L190G substitutions, respectively, in the biosynthesis of Δ9-THC serves as a platform for the generation of resorcylic acids up to 6-undecylresorcylic acid. These results provide insights into the development of THC analogs with chemically distinct acyl moieties at C-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-E Lee
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyoma 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yu Nakashima
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyoma 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kodama
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyoma 930-0194, Japan
| | - Xinrui Chen
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyoma 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyoma 930-0194, Japan
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13
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Abd El‐Ghani GE, El‐Sayed MA, El‐Desoky EI. Synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel hetroaryl quinolinone derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdy A. El‐Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Mansours University Mansoura Egypt
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14
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Abstract
Enzymes are represented across a vast space of protein sequences and structural forms and have activities that far exceed the best chemical catalysts; however, engineering them to have novel or enhanced activity is limited by technologies for sensing product formation. Here, we describe a general and scalable approach for characterizing enzyme activity that uses the metabolism of the host cell as a biosensor by which to infer product formation. Since different products consume different molecules in their synthesis, they perturb host metabolism in unique ways that can be measured by mass spectrometry. This provides a general way by which to sense product formation, to discover unexpected products and map the effects of mutagenesis. The testing of engineered enzymes represents a bottleneck. Here the authors report a screening method combining microfluidics and mass spectrometry, to map the catalysis of a mutated enzyme, characterise the range of products generated and recover the sequences of variants with desired activities.
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15
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Koduri RG, Pagadala R, Boodida S, Varala R. Ultrasound Promoted Synthesis of 2-Amino-4-H-Pyranoquinolines Using Sulphated Tin Oxide as a Catalyst. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1992456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Goud Koduri
- Chemistry Division, H&S Department, CVR College of Engineering, Ibrahimpatnam, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramakanth Pagadala
- Chemistry Division, H&S Department, CVR College of Engineering, Ibrahimpatnam, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Ravi Varala
- Scrips Pharma, Mallapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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16
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Guo Y, Nassar S, Ma L, Feng G, Li X, Chen M, Chai T, Abdel-Rahman IAM, Beuerle T, Beerhues L, Wang H, Liu B. Octaketide Synthase from Polygonum cuspidatum Implements Emodin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:424-435. [PMID: 33537755 PMCID: PMC8286135 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant anthranoids are medicinally used for their purgative properties. Their scaffold was believed to be formed by octaketide synthase (OKS), a member of the superfamily of type III polyketide synthase (PKS) enzymes. Here, a cDNA encoding OKS of Polygonum cuspidatum was isolated using a homology-based cloning strategy. When produced in Escherichia coli, P. cuspidatum octaketide synthase (PcOKS) catalyzed the condensation of eight molecules of malonyl-CoA to yield a mixture of unphysiologically folded aromatic octaketides. However, when the ORF for PcOKS was expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, the anthranoid emodin was detected in the roots of transgenic lines. No emodin was found in the roots of wild-type A. thaliana. This result indicated that OKS is the key enzyme of plant anthranoids biosynthesis. In addition, the root growth of the transgenic A. thaliana lines was inhibited to an extent that resembled the inhibitory effect of exogenous emodin on the root growth of wild-type A. thaliana. Immunochemical studies of P. cuspidatum plants detected PcOKS mainly in roots and rhizome, in which anthranoids accumulate. Co-incubation of E. coli - produced PcOKS and cell-free extract of wild-type A. thaliana roots did not form a new product, suggesting an alternative, physiological folding of PcOKS and its possible interaction with additional factors needed for anthranoids assembling in transgenic A. thaliana. Thus, transgenic A. thaliana plants producing PcOKS provide an interesting system for elucidating the route of plant anthranoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwu Guo
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Sara Nassar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Lanqing Ma
- Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Guanping Feng
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xing Li
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Mo Chen
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tuanyao Chai
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Iman A M Abdel-Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Ludger Beerhues
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Benye Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, Braunschweig 38106, Germany
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17
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Abouelela ME, Assaf HK, Abdelhamid RA, Elkhyat ES, Sayed AM, Oszako T, Belbahri L, El Zowalaty AE, Abdelkader MSA. Identification of Potential SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease and Spike Protein Inhibitors from the Genus Aloe: An In Silico Study for Drug Development. Molecules 2021; 26:1767. [PMID: 33801151 PMCID: PMC8004122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease is a global rapidly spreading virus showing very high rates of complications and mortality. Till now, there is no effective specific treatment for the disease. Aloe is a rich source of isolated phytoconstituents that have an enormous range of biological activities. Since there are no available experimental techniques to examine these compounds for antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, we employed an in silico approach involving molecular docking, dynamics simulation, and binding free energy calculation using SARS-CoV-2 essential proteins as main protease and spike protein to identify lead compounds from Aloe that may help in novel drug discovery. Results retrieved from docking and molecular dynamics simulation suggested a number of promising inhibitors from Aloe. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) calculations indicated that compounds 132, 134, and 159 were the best scoring compounds against main protease, while compounds 115, 120, and 131 were the best scoring ones against spike glycoprotein. Compounds 120 and 131 were able to achieve significant stability and binding free energies during molecular dynamics simulation. In addition, the highest scoring compounds were investigated for their pharmacokinetic properties and drug-likeness. The Aloe compounds are promising active phytoconstituents for drug development for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E. Abouelela
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut-Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt; (M.E.A.); (H.K.A.); (R.A.A.); (E.S.E.)
| | - Hamdy K. Assaf
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut-Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt; (M.E.A.); (H.K.A.); (R.A.A.); (E.S.E.)
| | - Reda A. Abdelhamid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut-Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt; (M.E.A.); (H.K.A.); (R.A.A.); (E.S.E.)
| | - Ehab S. Elkhyat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut-Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt; (M.E.A.); (H.K.A.); (R.A.A.); (E.S.E.)
| | - Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt;
| | - Tomasz Oszako
- Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, 05-090 Sekocin Stary, Poland;
| | - Lassaad Belbahri
- Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchatel, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed E. El Zowalaty
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Kang SH, Pandey RP, Lee CM, Sim JS, Jeong JT, Choi BS, Jung M, Ginzburg D, Zhao K, Won SY, Oh TJ, Yu Y, Kim NH, Lee OR, Lee TH, Bashyal P, Kim TS, Lee WH, Hawkins C, Kim CK, Kim JS, Ahn BO, Rhee SY, Sohng JK. Genome-enabled discovery of anthraquinone biosynthesis in Senna tora. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5875. [PMID: 33208749 PMCID: PMC7674472 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Senna tora is a widely used medicinal plant. Its health benefits have been attributed to the large quantity of anthraquinones, but how they are made in plants remains a mystery. To identify the genes responsible for plant anthraquinone biosynthesis, we reveal the genome sequence of S. tora at the chromosome level with 526 Mb (96%) assembled into 13 chromosomes. Comparison among related plant species shows that a chalcone synthase-like (CHS-L) gene family has lineage-specifically and rapidly expanded in S. tora. Combining genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and biochemistry, we identify a CHS-L gene contributing to the biosynthesis of anthraquinones. The S. tora reference genome will accelerate the discovery of biologically active anthraquinone biosynthesis pathways in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Kang
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chang-Muk Lee
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Soo Sim
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Tae Jeong
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Soon Choi
- Phyzen Genomics Institute, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghee Jung
- Department of Forest Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Ginzburg
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kangmei Zhao
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - So Youn Won
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeisoo Yu
- Phyzen Genomics Institute, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
- DNACARE Co. Ltd, Seoul, 06730, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hoon Kim
- Phyzen Genomics Institute, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Ran Lee
- Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Lee
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Puspalata Bashyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Su Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Haeng Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Charles Hawkins
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Chang-Kug Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sun Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Ohg Ahn
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yon Rhee
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Kang SH, Pandey RP, Lee CM, Sim JS, Jeong JT, Choi BS, Jung M, Ginzburg D, Zhao K, Won SY, Oh TJ, Yu Y, Kim NH, Lee OR, Lee TH, Bashyal P, Kim TS, Lee WH, Hawkins C, Kim CK, Kim JS, Ahn BO, Rhee SY, Sohng JK. Genome-enabled discovery of anthraquinone biosynthesis in Senna tora. Nat Commun 2020. [PMID: 33208749 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.27.063495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Senna tora is a widely used medicinal plant. Its health benefits have been attributed to the large quantity of anthraquinones, but how they are made in plants remains a mystery. To identify the genes responsible for plant anthraquinone biosynthesis, we reveal the genome sequence of S. tora at the chromosome level with 526 Mb (96%) assembled into 13 chromosomes. Comparison among related plant species shows that a chalcone synthase-like (CHS-L) gene family has lineage-specifically and rapidly expanded in S. tora. Combining genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and biochemistry, we identify a CHS-L gene contributing to the biosynthesis of anthraquinones. The S. tora reference genome will accelerate the discovery of biologically active anthraquinone biosynthesis pathways in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Kang
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chang-Muk Lee
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Soo Sim
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Tae Jeong
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Soon Choi
- Phyzen Genomics Institute, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghee Jung
- Department of Forest Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Ginzburg
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kangmei Zhao
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - So Youn Won
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeisoo Yu
- Phyzen Genomics Institute, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
- DNACARE Co. Ltd, Seoul, 06730, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hoon Kim
- Phyzen Genomics Institute, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Ran Lee
- Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Lee
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Puspalata Bashyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Su Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Haeng Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Charles Hawkins
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Chang-Kug Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sun Kim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Ohg Ahn
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yon Rhee
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Rizzo P, Altschmied L, Ravindran BM, Rutten T, D’Auria JC. The Biochemical and Genetic Basis for the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Compounds in Hypericum Perforatum L., One of the Largest Medicinal Crops in Europe. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1210. [PMID: 33081197 PMCID: PMC7602838 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L. commonly known as Saint John's Wort (SJW), is an important medicinal plant that has been used for more than 2000 years. Although H. perforatum produces several bioactive compounds, its importance is mainly linked to two molecules highly relevant for the pharmaceutical industry: the prenylated phloroglucinol hyperforin and the naphtodianthrone hypericin. The first functions as a natural antidepressant while the second is regarded as a powerful anticancer drug and as a useful compound for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. While the antidepressant activity of SJW extracts motivate a multi-billion dollar industry around the world, the scientific interest centers around the biosynthetic pathways of hyperforin and hypericin and their medical applications. Here, we focus on what is known about these processes and evaluate the possibilities of combining state of the art omics, genome editing, and synthetic biology to unlock applications that would be of great value for the pharmaceutical and medical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John C. D’Auria
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (P.R.); (L.A.); (B.M.R.); (T.R.)
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21
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Ghasemian Dazmiri M, Alinezhad H, Hossaini Z, Bekhradnia AR. Green synthesis of Fe
3
O
4
/ZnO magnetic core‐shell nanoparticles by
Petasites hybridus
rhizome water extract and their application for the synthesis of pyran derivatives: Investigation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ahmad R. Bekhradnia
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Medicinal ChemistryMazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMontana State University Bozeman MT 59717 USA
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22
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Shafaei F, Najar AH. Green Synthesis of 4H-pyran Derivatives Using Fe3O4-MNPs as Efficient Nanocatalyst: Study of Antioxidant Activity. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 23:446-454. [DOI: 10.2174/1386207322666191022130235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims & Objective:
In this work, pyran derivatives were synthesized via a multicomponent
reaction of ninhydrin, α-haloketones, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate, and triphenylphosphine in the
presence of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4-MNPs) as efficient nanocatalyst in ethanol at
room temperature.
Materials & Methods:
The biosynthesis of Fe3O4-MNPs was performed by Clover Leaf water
extract. In addition, antioxidant activity was examined for the prepared compounds employing
DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reduction activity potential (FRAP) experiment and comparing
results with synthetic antioxidants (TBHQ and BHT).
Results:
Compound 5b showed excellent radical trapping activity and good reducing activity
relative to standards (BHT and TBHQ).
Conclusion:
Some advantages of this procedure are: the workup of reaction is easy and the
products can be separated easily by filtration. Fe3O4-MNPs display a good improvement in the
yield of the product and showed significant reusable activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Shafaei
- Department of Chemistry, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asef H. Najar
- Department of Chemistry, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
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23
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Adhikari K, Lo IW, Chen CL, Wang YL, Lin KH, Zadeh SM, Rattinam R, Li YS, Wu CJ, Li TL. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and Biological Evaluation for Bioactive Molecules Derived from Bacterial Benzoyl Coenzyme A Ligase and Plant Type III Polyketide Synthase. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050738. [PMID: 32397467 PMCID: PMC7277991 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant type III polyketide synthases produce diverse bioactive molecules with a great medicinal significance to human diseases. Here, we demonstrated versatility of a stilbene synthase (STS) from Pinus Sylvestris, which can accept various non-physiological substrates to form unnatural polyketide products. Three enzymes (4-coumarate CoA ligase, malonyl-CoA synthetase and engineered benzoate CoA ligase) along with synthetic chemistry was practiced to synthesize starter and extender substrates for STS. Of these, the crystal structures of benzoate CoA ligase (BadA) from Rhodopseudomonas palustris in an apo form or in complex with a 2-chloro-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxyl-AMP or 2-methylthiazole-5-carboxyl-AMP intermediate were determined at resolutions of 1.57 Å, 1.7 Å, and 2.13 Å, respectively, which reinforces its capacity in production of unusual CoA starters. STS exhibits broad substrate promiscuity effectively affording structurally diverse polyketide products. Seven novel products showed desired cytotoxicity against a panel of cancer cell lines (A549, HCT116, Cal27). With the treatment of two selected compounds, the cancer cells underwent cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The precursor-directed biosynthesis alongside structure-guided enzyme engineering greatly expands the pharmaceutical repertoire of lead compounds with promising/enhanced biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Adhikari
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.A.); (I-W.L.); (C.-L.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (K.-H.L.); (S.M.Z.); (R.R.); (Y.-S.L.)
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Lo
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.A.); (I-W.L.); (C.-L.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (K.-H.L.); (S.M.Z.); (R.R.); (Y.-S.L.)
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.A.); (I-W.L.); (C.-L.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (K.-H.L.); (S.M.Z.); (R.R.); (Y.-S.L.)
| | - Yung-Lin Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.A.); (I-W.L.); (C.-L.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (K.-H.L.); (S.M.Z.); (R.R.); (Y.-S.L.)
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.A.); (I-W.L.); (C.-L.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (K.-H.L.); (S.M.Z.); (R.R.); (Y.-S.L.)
| | - Saeid Malek Zadeh
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.A.); (I-W.L.); (C.-L.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (K.-H.L.); (S.M.Z.); (R.R.); (Y.-S.L.)
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Rajesh Rattinam
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.A.); (I-W.L.); (C.-L.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (K.-H.L.); (S.M.Z.); (R.R.); (Y.-S.L.)
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.A.); (I-W.L.); (C.-L.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (K.-H.L.); (S.M.Z.); (R.R.); (Y.-S.L.)
| | - Chang-Jer Wu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
| | - Tsung-Lin Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.A.); (I-W.L.); (C.-L.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (K.-H.L.); (S.M.Z.); (R.R.); (Y.-S.L.)
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-22787-1235
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24
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Liu AJ, Xie KB, Liu YY, Sui SY, Chen RD, Chen DW, Liu JM, Yang L, Dai JG. Biosynthesis of polyketides by two type III polyketide synthases from Aloe barbadensis. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2020; 22:434-443. [PMID: 31791147 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2019.1674287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Various bioactive polyketides have been found in Aloe barbadensis. However, the polyketide synthases (PKSs), which participate in biosynthesis of polyketides in A. barbadensis remain unknown. In this study, two type III PKSs (AbPKS1 and AbPKS2) were identified from A. barbadensis. AbPKS1 and AbPKS2 were able to utilize malonyl-CoA to yield heptaketides (TW93a and aloesone) and octaketides (SEK4 and SEK4b), respectively. AbPKS1 also exhibited catalytic promiscuity in recognizing CoA thioesters of aromatics to produce unusual polyketides. What Is more, a whole cell biocatalysis system with the capability of producing 26.4 mg/L of SEK4/SEK4b and 2.1 mg/L of aloesone was successfully established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Jing Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ke-Bo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Song-Yang Sui
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ri-Dao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Da-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ji-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun-Gui Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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25
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Jakočiūnas T, Klitgaard AK, Kontou EE, Nielsen JB, Thomsen E, Romero-Suarez D, Blin K, Petzold CJ, Gin JW, Tong Y, Gotfredsen CH, Charusanti P, Frandsen RJN, Weber T, Lee SY, Jensen MK, Keasling JD. Programmable polyketide biosynthesis platform for production of aromatic compounds in yeast. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:11-18. [PMID: 32021916 PMCID: PMC6992897 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To accelerate the shift to bio-based production and overcome complicated functional implementation of natural and artificial biosynthetic pathways to industry relevant organisms, development of new, versatile, bio-based production platforms is required. Here we present a novel yeast-based platform for biosynthesis of bacterial aromatic polyketides. The platform is based on a synthetic polyketide synthase system enabling a first demonstration of bacterial aromatic polyketide biosynthesis in a eukaryotic host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadas Jakočiūnas
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andreas K Klitgaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Eftychia Eva Kontou
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Julie Bang Nielsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Emil Thomsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David Romero-Suarez
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kai Blin
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Yaojun Tong
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Pep Charusanti
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus J N Frandsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tilmann Weber
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Plus Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael K Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jay D Keasling
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA.,Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Department of Bioengineering University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China
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26
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Transcriptional heterologous expression of two type III PKS from the lichen Cladonia uncialis. Mycol Prog 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-019-01539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Huang JP, Fang C, Ma X, Wang L, Yang J, Luo J, Yan Y, Zhang Y, Huang SX. Tropane alkaloids biosynthesis involves an unusual type III polyketide synthase and non-enzymatic condensation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4036. [PMID: 31492848 PMCID: PMC6731253 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton of tropane alkaloids is derived from ornithine-derived N-methylpyrrolinium and two malonyl-CoA units. The enzymatic mechanism that connects N-methylpyrrolinium and malonyl-CoA units remains unknown. Here, we report the characterization of three pyrrolidine ketide synthases (PYKS), AaPYKS, DsPYKS, and AbPYKS, from three different hyoscyamine- and scopolamine-producing plants. By examining the crystal structure and biochemical activity of AaPYKS, we show that the reaction mechanism involves PYKS-mediated malonyl-CoA condensation to generate a 3-oxo-glutaric acid intermediate that can undergo non-enzymatic Mannich-like condensation with N-methylpyrrolinium to yield the racemic 4-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoic acid. This study therefore provides a long sought-after biosynthetic mechanism to explain condensation between N-methylpyrrolinium and acetate units and, more importantly, identifies an unusual plant type III polyketide synthase that can only catalyze one round of malonyl-CoA condensation. Tropane alkaloids are medicinally significant plant metabolites generated by an unusual condensation of ornithine-derived and malonyl-CoA precursors. Here, Huang et al. show that pyrrolidine ketide synthase catalyzes a single round of condensation, which is followed by a non-enzymatic Mannich-like condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Chengli Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jianying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yijun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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28
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Morita H, Wong CP, Abe I. How structural subtleties lead to molecular diversity for the type III polyketide synthases. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15121-15136. [PMID: 31471316 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.006129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) produce an incredibly diverse group of plant specialized metabolites with medical importance despite their structural simplicity compared with the modular type I and II PKS systems. The type III PKSs use homodimeric proteins to construct the molecular scaffolds of plant polyketides by iterative condensations of starter and extender CoA thioesters. Ever since the structure of chalcone synthase (CHS) was disclosed in 1999, crystallographic and mutational studies of the type III PKSs have explored the intimate structural features of these enzyme reactions, revealing that seemingly minor alterations in the active site can drastically change the catalytic functions and product profiles. New structures described in this review further build on this knowledge, elucidating the detailed catalytic mechanism of enzymes that make curcuminoids, use extender substrates without the canonical CoA activator, and use noncanonical starter substrates, among others. These insights have been critical in identifying structural features that can serve as a platform for enzyme engineering via structure-guided and precursor-directed engineered biosynthesis of plant polyketides. In addition, we describe the unique properties of the recently discovered "second-generation" type III PKSs that catalyzes the one-pot formation of complex molecular scaffolds from three distinct CoA thioesters or from "CoA-free" substrates, which are also providing exciting new opportunities for synthetic biology approaches. Finally, we consider post-type III PKS tailoring enzymes, which can also serve as useful tools for combinatorial biosynthesis of further unnatural novel molecules. Recent progress in the field has led to an exciting time of understanding and manipulating these fascinating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Chin Piow Wong
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan .,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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29
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Thangaraj M, Ranjan B, Muthusamy R, Murugesan A, Gengan RM. Microwave Synthesis of Fused Pyrans by Humic Acid Supported Ionic Liquid Catalyst and Their Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Toxicity Assessment, and Molecular Docking Studies. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Thangaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences; Durban University of Technology; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Bibhuti Ranjan
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences; Durban University of Technology; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Ramesh Muthusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance; Omega College of Pharmacy; Edulabad, Ghatkesar Telangana 501 301 India
| | - Arul Murugesan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences; Durban University of Technology; Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Robert Moonsamy Gengan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences; Durban University of Technology; Durban 4001 South Africa
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30
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Repurposing type III polyketide synthase as a malonyl-CoA biosensor for metabolic engineering in bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9835-9844. [PMID: 30232266 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808567115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malonyl-CoA is an important central metabolite for the production of diverse valuable chemicals including natural products, but its intracellular availability is often limited due to the competition with essential cellular metabolism. Several malonyl-CoA biosensors have been developed for high-throughput screening of targets increasing the malonyl-CoA pool. However, they are limited for use only in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and require multiple signal transduction steps. Here we report development of a colorimetric malonyl-CoA biosensor applicable in three industrially important bacteria: E. coli, Pseudomonas putida, and Corynebacterium glutamicum RppA, a type III polyketide synthase producing red-colored flaviolin, was repurposed as a malonyl-CoA biosensor in E. coli Strains with enhanced malonyl-CoA accumulation were identifiable by the colorimetric screening of cells showing increased red color. Other type III polyketide synthases could also be repurposed as malonyl-CoA biosensors. For target screening, a 1,858 synthetic small regulatory RNA library was constructed and applied to find 14 knockdown gene targets that generally enhanced malonyl-CoA level in E. coli These knockdown targets were applied to produce two polyketide (6-methylsalicylic acid and aloesone) and two phenylpropanoid (resveratrol and naringenin) compounds. Knocking down these genes alone or in combination, and also in multiple different E. coli strains for two polyketide cases, allowed rapid development of engineered strains capable of enhanced production of 6-methylsalicylic acid, aloesone, resveratrol, and naringenin to 440.3, 30.9, 51.8, and 103.8 mg/L, respectively. The malonyl-CoA biosensor developed here is a simple tool generally applicable to metabolic engineering of microorganisms to achieve enhanced production of malonyl-CoA-derived chemicals.
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31
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Frandsen RJN, Khorsand-Jamal P, Kongstad KT, Nafisi M, Kannangara RM, Staerk D, Okkels FT, Binderup K, Madsen B, Møller BL, Thrane U, Mortensen UH. Heterologous production of the widely used natural food colorant carminic acid in Aspergillus nidulans. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12853. [PMID: 30150747 PMCID: PMC6110711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural red food colorants carmine (E120) and carminic acid are currently produced from scale insects. The access to raw material is limited and current production is sensitive to fluctuation in weather conditions. A cheaper and more stable supply is therefore desirable. Here we present the first proof-of-concept of heterologous microbial production of carminic acid in Aspergillus nidulans by developing a semi-natural biosynthetic pathway. Formation of the tricyclic core of carminic acid is achieved via a two-step process wherein a plant type III polyketide synthase (PKS) forms a non-reduced linear octaketide, which subsequently is folded into the desired flavokermesic acid anthrone (FKA) structure by a cyclase and a aromatase from a bacterial type II PKS system. The formed FKA is oxidized to flavokermesic acid and kermesic acid, catalyzed by endogenous A. nidulans monooxygenases, and further converted to dcII and carminic acid by the Dactylopius coccus C-glucosyltransferase DcUGT2. The establishment of a functional biosynthetic carminic acid pathway in A. nidulans serves as an important step towards industrial-scale production of carminic acid via liquid-state fermentation using a microbial cell factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus J N Frandsen
- Section for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, The Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Paiman Khorsand-Jamal
- Section for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, The Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Chr. Hansen Natural Colors A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Kenneth T Kongstad
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Majse Nafisi
- Chr. Hansen Natural Colors A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark.,Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rubini M Kannangara
- Chr. Hansen Natural Colors A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark.,Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,River Stone Biotech ApS, København Ø, Fruebjergvej 3, 2100, Denmark
| | - Dan Staerk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn T Okkels
- Chr. Hansen Natural Colors A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark.,Actabio ApS, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kim Binderup
- Chr. Hansen Natural Colors A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark.,DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Bjørn Madsen
- Chr. Hansen Natural Colors A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ulf Thrane
- Section for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, The Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Energy Performance, Indoor Environment and Sustainability, Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Uffe H Mortensen
- Section for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, The Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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32
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Aghbash KO, Pesyan NN, Notash B. The clean synthesis and confirmatory structural characterization of new 2-amino-4,8-dihydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran-3-cyano based on Kojic acid. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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33
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Choudhri P, Rani M, Sangwan RS, Kumar R, Kumar A, Chhokar V. De novo sequencing, assembly and characterisation of Aloe vera transcriptome and analysis of expression profiles of genes related to saponin and anthraquinone metabolism. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:427. [PMID: 29859051 PMCID: PMC5984767 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aloe vera is a perennial, succulent, drought-resistant plant that exhibits many pharmacological characteristics such as wound healing ability against skin burns, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-asthmatic and much more. Despite great medicinal worth, little genomic information is available on Aloe vera. This study is an initiative to explore the full-scale functional genomics of Aloe vera by generating whole transcriptome sequence database, using Illumina HiSeq technology and its progressive annotation specifically with respect to the metabolic specificity of the plant. RESULTS Transcriptome sequencing of root and leaf tissue of Aloe vera was performed using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. De novo assembly of high quality paired-end reads, resulted into 1,61,733 and 2,21,792 transcripts with mean length of 709 and 714 nucleotides for root and leaf respectively. The non-redundant transcripts were clustered using CD-HIT-EST, yielding a total of 1,13,063 and 1,41,310 unigenes for root and leaf respectively. A total of 6114 and 6527 CDS for root and leaf tissue were enriched into 24 different biological pathway categories using KEGG pathway database. DGE profile prepared by calculating FPKM values was analyzed for differential expression of specific gene encoding enzymes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Sixteen putative genes related to saponin, lignin, anthraquinone, and carotenoid biosynthesis were selected for quantitative expression by real-time PCR. DGE as well as qRT PCR expression analysis represented up-regulation of secondary metabolic genes in root as compared to leaf. Furthermore maximum number of genes was found to be up-regulated after the induction of methyl jasmonate, which stipulates the association of secondary metabolite synthesis with the plant's defense mechanism during stress. Various transcription factors including bHLH, NAC, MYB were identified by searching predicted CDS against PlantTFdb. CONCLUSIONS This is the first transcriptome database of Aloe vera and can be potentially utilized to characterize the genes involved in the biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites, metabolic regulation, signal transduction mechanism, understanding function of a particular gene in the biology and physiology of plant of this species as well as other species of Aloe genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Choudhri
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Muniya Rani
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Rajender S. Sangwan
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), (A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Manauli P.O., S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Vinod Chhokar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
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Andersen-Ranberg J, Kongstad KT, Nafisi M, Staerk D, Okkels FT, Mortensen UH, Lindberg Møller B, Frandsen RJN, Kannangara R. Synthesis of C-Glucosylated Octaketide Anthraquinones in Nicotiana benthamiana by Using a Multispecies-Based Biosynthetic Pathway. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1893-1897. [PMID: 28719729 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carminic acid is a C-glucosylated octaketide anthraquinone and the main constituent of the natural dye carmine (E120), possessing unique coloring, stability, and solubility properties. Despite being used since ancient times, longstanding efforts to elucidate its route of biosynthesis have been unsuccessful. Herein, a novel combination of enzymes derived from a plant (Aloe arborescens, Aa), a bacterium (Streptomyces sp. R1128, St), and an insect (Dactylopius coccus, Dc) that allows for the biosynthesis of the C-glucosylated anthraquinone, dcII, a precursor for carminic acid, is reported. The pathway, which consists of AaOKS, StZhuI, StZhuJ, and DcUGT2, presents an alternative biosynthetic approach for the production of polyketides by using a type III polyketide synthase (PKS) and tailoring enzymes originating from a type II PKS system. The current study showcases the power of using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana for efficient and rapid identification of functional biosynthetic pathways, including both soluble and membrane-bound enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Andersen-Ranberg
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Present address: Department of Plant Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, 441 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA
| | - Kenneth Thermann Kongstad
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Majse Nafisi
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Dan Staerk
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Thyge Okkels
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Present address: ActaBio ApS, Kongemarken 11, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Uffe Hasbro Mortensen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221 and 223, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rasmus John Normand Frandsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221 and 223, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rubini Kannangara
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Bøge Alle 10-12, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
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Fischer M, Grininger M. Strategies in megasynthase engineering - fatty acid synthases (FAS) as model proteins. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1204-1211. [PMID: 28694866 PMCID: PMC5496573 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Megasynthases are large multienzyme proteins that produce a plethora of important natural compounds by catalyzing the successive condensation and modification of precursor units. Within the class of megasynthases, polyketide synthases (PKS) are responsible for the production of a large spectrum of bioactive polyketides (PK), which have frequently found their way into therapeutic applications. Rational engineering approaches have been performed during the last 25 years that seek to employ the "assembly-line synthetic concept" of megasynthases in order to deliver new bioactive compounds. Here, we highlight PKS engineering strategies in the light of the newly emerging structural information on megasynthases, and argue that fatty acid synthases (FAS) are and will be valuable objects for further developing this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Fischer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Cluster of Excellence for Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Grininger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Cluster of Excellence for Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Matsui T, Kodama T, Mori T, Tadakoshi T, Noguchi H, Abe I, Morita H. 2-Alkylquinolone alkaloid biosynthesis in the medicinal plant Evodia rutaecarpa involves collaboration of two novel type III polyketide synthases. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9117-9135. [PMID: 28411241 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.778977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Alkylquinolone (2AQ) alkaloids are pharmaceutically and biologically important natural products produced by both bacteria and plants, with a wide range of biological effects, including antibacterial, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, and quorum-sensing signaling activities. These diverse activities and 2AQ occurrence in vastly different phyla have raised much interest in the biosynthesis pathways leading to their production. Previous studies in plants have suggested that type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) might be involved in 2AQ biosynthesis, but this hypothesis is untested. To this end, we cloned two novel type III PKSs, alkyldiketide-CoA synthase (ADS) and alkylquinolone synthase (AQS), from the 2AQ-producing medicinal plant, Evodia rutaecarpa (Rutaceae). Functional analyses revealed that collaboration of ADS and AQS produces 2AQ via condensations of N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA, a fatty acyl-CoA, with malonyl-CoA. We show that ADS efficiently catalyzes the decarboxylative condensation of malonyl-CoA with a fatty acyl-CoA to produce an alkyldiketide-CoA, whereas AQS specifically catalyzes the decarboxylative condensation of an alkyldiketide acid with N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA to generate the 2AQ scaffold via C-C/C-N bond formations. Remarkably, the ADS and AQS crystal structures at 1.80 and 2.20 Å resolutions, respectively, indicated that the unique active-site architecture with Trp-332 and Cys-191 and the novel CoA-binding tunnel with Tyr-215 principally control the substrate and product specificities of ADS and AQS, respectively. These results provide additional insights into the catalytic versatility of the type III PKSs and their functional and evolutionary implications for 2AQ biosynthesis in plants and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsui
- From the Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194
| | - Takeshi Kodama
- From the Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194
| | - Takahiro Mori
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, and
| | - Tetsuhiro Tadakoshi
- From the Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194
| | - Hiroshi Noguchi
- the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, and
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- From the Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630-Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194,
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Shimizu Y, Ogata H, Goto S. Type III Polyketide Synthases: Functional Classification and Phylogenomics. Chembiochem 2016; 18:50-65. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Shimizu
- Bioinformatics Center; Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Gokasho Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogata
- Bioinformatics Center; Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Gokasho Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Susumu Goto
- Bioinformatics Center; Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Gokasho Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
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Aiswarya G, Mallika V, Mur LAJ, Soniya EV. Ectopic expression and functional characterization of type III polyketide synthase mutants from Emblica officinalis Gaertn. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:2077-90. [PMID: 27406087 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Functional characterization and ectopic expression studies of chalcone synthase mutants implicate the role of phenylalanine in tailoring the substrate specificity of type III polyketide synthase. Chalcone synthase (CHS) is a plant-specific type III polyketide synthase that catalyzes the synthesis of flavonoids. Native CHS enzyme does not possess any functional activity on N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA, which is the substrate for acridione/quinolone alkaloid biosynthesis. Here, we report the functional transformation of chalcone synthase protein from Emblica officinalis (EoCHS) to quinolone and acridone synthase (ACS) with single amino acid substitutions. A cDNA of 1173 bp encoding chalcone synthase was isolated from E. officinalis and mutants (F215S and F265V) were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. Molecular modeling studies of EoCHS did not show any active binding with N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA, but the mutants of EoCHS showed strong affinity to the same. As revealed by the modeling studies, functional analysis of CHS mutants showed that they could utilize p-coumaroyl-CoA as well as N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA as substrates and yield active products such as naringenin, 4-hydroxy 1-methyl 2(H) quinolone and 1,3-dihydroxy-n-methyl acridone. Exchange of a single amino acid in EoCHS (F215S and F265V) resulted in functionally active mutants that preferred N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA over p-coumaroyl-CoA. This can be attributed to the increase in the relative volume of active sites in mutants by mutation. Moreover, metabolomic and MS analyses of tobacco leaves transiently expressing mutant genes showed high levels of naringenin, acridones and quinolone derivatives compared to wild-type CHS. This is the first report demonstrating the functional activity of EoCHS mutants with N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA and these results indicate the role of phenylalanine in altering the substrate specificity and in the evolution of type III PKSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girija Aiswarya
- Plant Molecular Biology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Vijayanathan Mallika
- Plant Molecular Biology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK.
| | - Eppurathu Vasudevan Soniya
- Plant Molecular Biology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695014, India.
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Pietiäinen M, Kontturi J, Paasela T, Deng X, Ainasoja M, Nyberg P, Hotti H, Teeri TH. Two polyketide synthases are necessary for 4-hydroxy-5-methylcoumarin biosynthesis in Gerbera hybrida. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:548-58. [PMID: 27227340 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gerbera (Gerbera hybrida) is an economically important ornamental species and a model plant of the Asteraceae family for flower development and secondary metabolism. Gerberin and parasorboside, two bitter tasting glucosidic lactones, are produced in high amounts in nearly all gerbera tissues. Gerbera and its close relatives also produce a rare coumarin, 4-hydroxy-5-methylcoumarin (HMC). Unlike most coumarins, 5-methylcoumarins have been suggested to be derived through the acetate-malonate pathway. All of these polyketide-derived glucosylated molecules are considered to have a role in defense against herbivores and phytopathogens in gerbera. Gerbera expresses three genes encoding 2-pyrone synthases (G2PS1-3). The enzymes are chalcone synthase-like polyketide synthases with altered starter substrate specificity. We have shown previously that G2PS1 is responsible for the synthesis of 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone (triacetolactone), a putative precursor of gerberin and parasorboside. Here we show that polyketide synthases G2PS2 and G2PS3 are necessary for the biosynthesis of HMC in gerbera, and that a reductase enzyme is likely required to complete the pathway to HMC. G2PS2 is expressed in the leaf blade and inflorescences of gerbera, while G2PS3 is strictly root specific. Heterologous expression of G2PS2 or G2PS3 in tobacco leads to the formation of 4,7-dihydroxy-5-methylcoumarin, apparently an unreduced precursor of HMC, while ectopic expression in gerbera leads to HMC formation in tissues where nontransgenic tissue does not express the genes and does not accumulate the compound. Using protein modelling and site-directed mutagenesis we identified the residues I203 and T344 in G2PS2 and G2PS3 to be critical for pentaketide synthase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla Pietiäinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Juha Kontturi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Tanja Paasela
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Xianbao Deng
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Miia Ainasoja
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Paulina Nyberg
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Hannu Hotti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Teemu H Teeri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.
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Üçüncü M, Cantürk C, Karakuş E, Zeybek H, Bozkaya U, Soydaş E, Şahin E, Emrullahoğlu M. A rare γ-pyranopyrazole skeleton: design, one-pot synthesis and computational study. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:7490-4. [PMID: 27405663 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01099g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Drawing upon a consecutive amide coupling and intramolecular cyclisation pathway, a one-pot, straightforward synthetic route has been developed for a range of pyrazole fused γ-pyrone derivatives. The reaction mechanism proposed for the chemoselective formation of γ-pyranopyrazole is furthermore fully supported by experimental and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Üçüncü
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla 35430, Izmir, Turkey.
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42
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Shen Y, Li X, Chai T, Wang H. Outer-sphere residues influence the catalytic activity of a chalcone synthase from Polygonum cuspidatum. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:610-8. [PMID: 27419064 PMCID: PMC4887977 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously cloned a chalcone synthase (PcCHS1) from Polygonum cuspidatum and biochemically identified its enzymatic dynamic properties. Here, we found that the outer sphere residues, Q82 and R105, could affect the catalytic activity and product profile of PcCHS1. Both Q82P and R105Q mutations of PcCHS1 could also change the pH dependence activity as well as the product profile of PcCHS1. Moreover, the Q82P/C198F double mutant could rescue the complete loss of enzyme activity caused by the C198F single mutation. Our study demonstrated that these outer‐sphere residues of PcCHS1 play important roles both in structural maintenance and enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Shen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xing Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Tuanyao Chai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hong Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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43
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Wang J, Wang XH, Liu X, Li J, Shi XP, Song YL, Zeng KW, Zhang L, Tu PF, Shi SP. Synthesis of Unnatural 2-Substituted Quinolones and 1,3-Diketones by a Member of Type III Polyketide Synthases from Huperzia serrata. Org Lett 2016; 18:3550-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Wang
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Shi
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yue-Lin Song
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ke-Wu Zeng
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - She-Po Shi
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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Exploiting the Biosynthetic Potential of Type III Polyketide Synthases. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060806. [PMID: 27338328 PMCID: PMC6274091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyketides are structurally and functionally diverse secondary metabolites that are biosynthesized by polyketide synthases (PKSs) using acyl-CoA precursors. Recent studies in the engineering and structural characterization of PKSs have facilitated the use of target enzymes as biocatalysts to produce novel functionally optimized polyketides. These compounds may serve as potential drug leads. This review summarizes the insights gained from research on type III PKSs, from the discovery of chalcone synthase in plants to novel PKSs in bacteria and fungi. To date, at least 15 families of type III PKSs have been characterized, highlighting the utility of PKSs in the development of natural product libraries for therapeutic development.
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45
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Yang X, Matsui T, Kodama T, Mori T, Zhou X, Taura F, Noguchi H, Abe I, Morita H. Structural basis for olivetolic acid formation by a polyketide cyclase from Cannabis sativa. FEBS J 2016; 283:1088-106. [PMID: 26783002 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In polyketide biosynthesis, ring formation is one of the key diversification steps. Olivetolic acid cyclase (OAC) from Cannabis sativa, involved in cannabinoid biosynthesis, is the only known plant polyketide cyclase. In addition, it is the only functionally characterized plant α+β barrel (DABB) protein that catalyzes the C2-C7 aldol cyclization of the linear pentyl tetra-β-ketide CoA as the substrate, to generate olivetolic acid (OA). Herein, we solved the OAC apo and OAC-OA complex binary crystal structures at 1.32 and 1.70 Å resolutions, respectively. The crystal structures revealed that the enzyme indeed belongs to the DABB superfamily, as previously proposed, and possesses a unique active-site cavity containing the pentyl-binding hydrophobic pocket and the polyketide binding site, which have never been observed among the functionally and structurally characterized bacterial polyketide cyclases. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis studies indicated that Tyr72 and His78 function as acid/base catalysts at the catalytic center. Structural and/or functional studies of OAC suggested that the enzyme lacks thioesterase and aromatase activities. These observations demonstrated that OAC employs unique catalytic machinery utilizing acid/base catalytic chemistry for the formation of the precursor of OA. The structural and functional insights obtained in this work thus provide the foundation for analyses of the plant polyketide cyclases that will be discovered in the future. DATA DEPOSITION Structural data reported in this paper are available in the Protein Data Bank under the accession numbers 5B08 for the OAC apo, 5B09 for the OAC-OA binary complex and 5B0A, 5B0B, 5B0C, 5B0D, 5B0E, 5B0F and 5B0G for the OAC His5Q, Ile7F, Tyr27F, Tyr27W, Val59M, Tyr72F and His78S mutant enzymes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Yang
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsui
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kodama
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Futoshi Taura
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Noguchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Belkheir AK, Gaid M, Liu B, Hänsch R, Beerhues L. Benzophenone Synthase and Chalcone Synthase Accumulate in the Mesophyll of Hypericum perforatum Leaves at Different Developmental Stages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:921. [PMID: 27446151 PMCID: PMC4926534 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The active medicinal constituents in Hypericum perforatum, used to treat depression and skin irritation, include flavonoids and xanthones. The carbon skeletons of these compounds are formed by chalcone synthase (CHS) and benzophenone synthase (BPS), respectively. Polyclonal antisera were raised against the polyketide synthases from Hypericum androsaemum and their IgG fractions were isolated. Immunoblotting and immunotitration were used to test the IgGs for crossreactivity and monospecificity in H. perforatum leaf protein extract. Immunofluorescence localization revealed that both CHS and BPS are located in the mesophyll. The maximum fluorescence levels were observed in approx. 0.5 and 1 cm long leaves, respectively. The fluorescence intensity observed for CHS significantly exceeded that for BPS. Using histochemical staining, flavonoids were detected in the mesophyll, indicating that the sites of biosynthesis and accumulation coincide. Our results help understand the biosynthesis and underlying regulation of active H. perforatum constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma K. Belkheir
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Mariam Gaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Benye Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Ludger Beerhues
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ludger Beerhues,
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47
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Taura F, Iijima M, Yamanaka E, Takahashi H, Kenmoku H, Saeki H, Morimoto S, Asakawa Y, Kurosaki F, Morita H. A Novel Class of Plant Type III Polyketide Synthase Involved in Orsellinic Acid Biosynthesis from Rhododendron dauricum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1452. [PMID: 27729920 PMCID: PMC5037138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rhododendron dauricum L. produces daurichromenic acid, the anti-HIV meroterpenoid consisting of sesquiterpene and orsellinic acid (OSA) moieties. To characterize the enzyme responsible for OSA biosynthesis, a cDNA encoding a novel polyketide synthase (PKS), orcinol synthase (ORS), was cloned from young leaves of R. dauricum. The primary structure of ORS shared relatively low identities to those of PKSs from other plants, and the active site of ORS had a unique amino acid composition. The bacterially expressed, recombinant ORS accepted acetyl-CoA as the preferable starter substrate, and produced orcinol as the major reaction product, along with four minor products including OSA. The ORS identified in this study is the first plant PKS that generates acetate-derived aromatic tetraketides, such as orcinol and OSA. Interestingly, OSA production was clearly enhanced in the presence of Cannabis sativa olivetolic acid cyclase, suggesting that the ORS is involved in OSA biosynthesis together with an unidentified cyclase in R. dauricum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Taura
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Futoshi Taura, Hiroyuki Morita,
| | - Miu Iijima
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Eriko Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Hiromichi Kenmoku
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Tokushima Bunri UniversityTokushima, Japan
| | - Haruna Saeki
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Asakawa
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Tokushima Bunri UniversityTokushima, Japan
| | - Fumiya Kurosaki
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Futoshi Taura, Hiroyuki Morita,
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48
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Yang X, Matsui T, Mori T, Taura F, Noguchi H, Abe I, Morita H. Expression, purification and crystallization of a plant polyketide cyclase from Cannabis sativa. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:1470-4. [PMID: 26625288 PMCID: PMC4666474 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant polyketides are a structurally diverse family of natural products. In the biosynthesis of plant polyketides, the construction of the carbocyclic scaffold is a key step in diversifying the polyketide structure. Olivetolic acid cyclase (OAC) from Cannabis sativa L. is the only known plant polyketide cyclase that catalyzes the C2-C7 intramolecular aldol cyclization of linear pentyl tetra-β-ketide-CoA to generate olivetolic acid in the biosynthesis of cannabinoids. The enzyme is also thought to belong to the dimeric α+β barrel (DABB) protein family. However, because of a lack of functional analysis of other plant DABB proteins and low sequence identity with the functionally distinct bacterial DABB proteins, the catalytic mechanism of OAC has remained unclear. To clarify the intimate catalytic mechanism of OAC, the enzyme was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and crystallized using the vapour-diffusion method. The crystals diffracted X-rays to 1.40 Å resolution and belonged to space group P3121 or P3221, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 47.3, c = 176.0 Å. Further crystallographic analysis will provide valuable insights into the structure-function relationship and catalytic mechanism of OAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Yang
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsui
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Futoshi Taura
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Noguchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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49
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Pillai PP, Nair AR. Hypericin biosynthesis in Hypericum hookerianum Wight and Arn: investigation on biochemical pathways using metabolite inhibitors and suppression subtractive hybridization. C R Biol 2014; 337:571-80. [PMID: 25282172 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical pathway to hypericin biosynthesis is presumed to be polyketide synthase (PKS) mediated, but it has not been experimentally validated, and no alternate route (chorismate/o-succinylbenzoate pathway) has been analyzed. We report here our earlier developed auxin inducible culture systems of Hypericum hookerianum as a model, to study the metabolic pathway to hypericin synthesis. Inhibitors of the alternate pathway at varying concentrations showed steady synthesis of total hypericins with means of 2.80±0.22, 18.75±0.01; 16.39±3.75, 29.60±1.90 (mevinolin) 2.53±0.10, 18.12±0.56; 0.14±0.01, 14.28±1.11 (fosmidomycin) and 2.7±0.35, 18.75±0.61; 0.14±0.01, 12.80±1.09 mg g(-1) DW (glyphosate) in the control and auxin-induced shoot and shoot-forming callus cultures, respectively. SSH analysis classified the differentially expressed sequences into protein synthesis (38%), modification (20%), electron transport (9%) and remaining as unclassified (11%) and unknown proteins (22%). Functional annotation of sequences indicates the presence of additional protein components besides PKS activity. Our results demonstrate direct biochemical and molecular evidence of PKS hypothesis of hypericin biosynthesis for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmesh P Pillai
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram 695 562, India.
| | - Aswati R Nair
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut 673 601, India
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50
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Newman AG, Vagstad AL, Storm P, Townsend CA. Systematic domain swaps of iterative, nonreducing polyketide synthases provide a mechanistic understanding and rationale for catalytic reprogramming. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7348-62. [PMID: 24815013 PMCID: PMC4046768 DOI: 10.1021/ja5007299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Iterative, nonreducing polyketide synthases (NR-PKSs) are multidomain enzymes responsible for the construction of the core architecture of aromatic polyketide natural products in fungi. Engineering these enzymes for the production of non-native metabolites has been a long-standing goal. We conducted a systematic survey of in vitro "domain swapped" NR-PKSs using an enzyme deconstruction approach. The NR-PKSs were dissected into mono- to multidomain fragments and recombined as noncognate pairs in vitro, reconstituting enzymatic activity. The enzymes used in this study produce aromatic polyketides that are representative of the four main chemical features set by the individual NR-PKS: starter unit selection, chain-length control, cyclization register control, and product release mechanism. We found that boundary conditions limit successful chemistry, which are dependent on a set of underlying enzymatic mechanisms. Crucial for successful redirection of catalysis, the rate of productive chemistry must outpace the rate of spontaneous derailment and thioesterase-mediated editing. Additionally, all of the domains in a noncognate system must interact efficiently if chemical redirection is to proceed. These observations refine and further substantiate current understanding of the mechanisms governing NR-PKS catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Newman
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins
University, 3400 N. Charles
Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | | | - Philip
A. Storm
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins
University, 3400 N. Charles
Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Craig A. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins
University, 3400 N. Charles
Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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