1
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Zupanc A, Install J, Weckman T, Melander MM, Heikkilä MJ, Kemell M, Honkala K, Repo T. Sequential Selective Dissolution of Coinage Metals in Recyclable Ionic Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407147. [PMID: 38742485 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Coinage metals Cu, Ag, and Au are essential for modern electronics and their recycling from waste materials is becoming increasingly important to guarantee the security of their supply. Designing new sustainable and selective procedures that would substitute currently used processes is crucial. Here, we describe an unprecedented approach for the sequential dissolution of single metals from Cu, Ag, and Au mixtures using biomass-derived ionic solvents and green oxidants. First, Cu can be selectively dissolved in the presence of Ag and Au with a choline chloride/urea/H2O2 mixture, followed by the dissolution of Ag in lactic acid/H2O2. Finally, the metallic Au, which is not soluble in either solution above, is dissolved in choline chloride/urea/Oxone. Subsequently, the metals were simply and quantitatively recovered from dissolutions, and the solvents were recycled and reused. The applicability of the developed approach was demonstrated by recovering metals from electronic waste substrates such as printed circuit boards, gold fingers, and solar panels. The dissolution reactions and selectivity were explored with different analytical techniques and DFT calculations. We anticipate our approach will pave a new way for the contemporary and sustainable recycling of multi-metal waste substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anže Zupanc
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph Install
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Weckman
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marko M Melander
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mikko J Heikkilä
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Kemell
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karoliina Honkala
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Repo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Yadav P, Thakur P, Maity D, Narayanan TN. High Rate, Dendrite Free Lithium Metal Batteries of Extended Cyclability via a Scalable Separator Modification Approach. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308344. [PMID: 38085138 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Owing to their great promise of high energy density, the development of safer lithium metal batteries (LMBs) has become the necessity of the hour. Herein, a scalable method based on conventional Celgard membrane (CM) separator modification is adopted to develop high-rate (10 mA cm‒2) dendrite-free LMBs of extended cyclability (>1000 hours, >1500 cycles with 3 mA cm‒2, the bare fails within 50 cycles) with low over potential losses. The CM modification method entails the deposition of thin coatings of (≈6.6 µm) graphitic fluorocarbon (FG) via a large area electrophoretic deposition, where it helps for the formation of a stable LiF and carbon rich solid electrolyte interface (SEI) aiding a uniform lithium deposition even in higher fluxes. The FG@CM delivers a high transport number for Li ion (0.74) in comparison to the bare CM (0.31), indicating a facile Li ion transport through the membrane. A mechanistic insight into the role of artificial SEI formation with such membrane modification is provided here with a series of electrochemical as well as spectroscopic in situ/ex situ and postmortem analyses. The simplicity and scalability of the technique make this approach unique among other reported ones towards the advancement of safer LMBs of high energy and power density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Yadav
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Pallavi Thakur
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Dipak Maity
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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3
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Yu H, Zhang L, Wang W, Yang K, Zhang Z, Liang X, Chen S, Yang S, Li J, Liu X. Lithium-ion battery multi-scale modeling coupled with simplified electrochemical model and kinetic Monte Carlo model. iScience 2023; 26:107661. [PMID: 37680483 PMCID: PMC10481351 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The multi-scale modeling of lithium-ion battery (LIB) is difficult and necessary due to its complexity. However, it is difficult to capture the aging behavior of batteries, and the coupling mechanism between multiple scales is still incomplete. In this paper, a simplified electrochemical model (SEM) and a kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC)-based solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film growth model are used to study the multi-scale characteristics of LIBs. The single-particle SEM (SP-SEM) is described for macro scale, and a simple and self-consistent multi-particle SEM (MP-SEM) is developed. Then, the KMC-based SEI model is established for micro-scale molecular evolution. And, the two models are coupled to construct the full-cycle multi-scale model. After modeling, validation is performed by using a commercial 18650-type LIB. Finally, the effect of parameters on the SEI model is studied, including qualitative trend analysis and quantitative sensitivity analysis. The growth of SEI film with different particle sizes is studied by MP-SEM coupling simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Yu
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kaiyi Yang
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhengjie Zhang
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiang Liang
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Siyan Chen
- College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shichun Yang
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Junfu Li
- School of Automotive Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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4
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Li L, Fang C, He G, Huang Y. Surface Chemistry -Controlled SEI Layer on Silicon Electrodes by Regulating Electrolyte Decomposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37481746 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layers induced by significant volume changes and subsequent side reactions at the interface have prevented Si anodes from practical application in lithium-ion batteries. The interface stability plays an important role in the electrochemical performance of Si electrodes. Here, we modify the interface of a Si electrode with ion-conductive poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE), which controls the electrolyte decomposition route and stabilizes the SEI layer. It enables the Si electrode to achieve a capacity of more than 1800 mAh g-1 at a current density of 2 A g-1, with a capacity retention of 77.25% after 300 cycles. The PEGDE-decorated Si electrode also shows greatly improved rate capability, with specific capacity up to 777 mAh g-1 even at 20 A g-1. We demonstrate that PEGDE decoration greatly increases the Li2CO3 ratio in the SEI layer, which improves the interface stability and Li+ conductivity and hence suppresses continuous electrolyte decomposition. As a result, the structural integrity of the Si particles is maintained and capacity fading is retarded. This work reveals that surface design can effectively regulate the SEI layer composition and improve interface stability, which is a promising strategy for Si-electrode manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Gang He
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yunhui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China
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5
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Wu Q, McDowell MT, Qi Y. Effect of the Electric Double Layer (EDL) in Multicomponent Electrolyte Reduction and Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) Formation in Lithium Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2473-2484. [PMID: 36689617 PMCID: PMC9896563 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrolytes, consisting of salts, solvents, and additives, must form a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) to ensure the performance and durability of lithium(Li)-ion batteries. However, the electric double layer (EDL) structure near charged surfaces is still unsolved, despite its importance in dictating the species being reduced for SEI formation near a negative electrode. In this work, a newly developed model was used to illustrate the effect of EDL on SEI formation in two essential electrolytes, the carbonate-based electrolyte for Li-ion batteries and the ether-based electrolyte for batteries with Li-metal anodes. Both electrolytes have fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) as a common additive to form the beneficial F-containing SEI component (e.g., LiF). However, the role of FEC drastically differs in these electrolytes. FEC is an effective SEI modifier for the carbonate-based electrolyte by being the only F-containing species entering the EDL and being reduced, as the anion (PF6-) will not enter the EDL. For the ether-based electrolyte, both the anion (TFSI-) and FEC can enter the EDL and be reduced. The competition of the two species within the EDL due to the surface charge and temperature leads to a unique temperature effect observed in prior experiments: the FEC additive is more effective in modulating SEI components at a low temperature (-40 °C) than at room temperature (20 °C) in the ether-based electrolyte. These collective quantitative agreements with experiments emphasize the importance of incorporating the effect of the EDL in multicomponent electrolyte reduction reactions in simulations/experiments to predict/control the formation of the SEI layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Wu
- School
of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Matthew T. McDowell
- G.
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yue Qi
- School
of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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6
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Batzinger K, Smeu M. Electron passivation in CaF 2 on calcium metal anodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:29579-29585. [PMID: 36448563 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02274e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Current electrolytes in calcium-ion batteries suffer from a lack of stability and degradation caused by reduction from the anode. The solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) that forms on the anodes during operation stems the flow of electrons from the anode to the electrolyte. CaF2 is a common inorganic compound found in the SEI, and is derived from electrolyte salts such as Ca(PF6)2. CaF2 can exist in crystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous phases in the SEI, and as recent work has shown, different phases of the same compound can have vastly different electronic conductivities. Using the non-equilibrium Green's function technique with density functional theory (NEGF-DFT), we find that amorphous phase systems enhance electron tunneling in thin CaF2 films by 1-2 orders of magnitude when compared to crystalline and polycrystalline CaF2 systems. Transport through several amorphous structures was considered showing that, despite their random structures, their conductance properties are similar. Through analysis of the decay constant β and the low-bias conductance of each system, we show that crystalline and polycrystalline CaF2 offer greater protection of the electrolyte than amorphous CaF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Batzinger
- Department of Physics, Binghamton University - SUNY, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
| | - Manuel Smeu
- Department of Physics, Binghamton University - SUNY, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
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7
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Wang F, Cheng J. Unraveling the origin of reductive stability of super-concentrated electrolytes from first principles and unsupervised machine learning. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11570-11576. [PMID: 36320382 PMCID: PMC9557245 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04025e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing electrolytes with excellent electrochemical stability is critical for next-generation rechargeable batteries. Super-concentrated electrolytes (SCEs) have attracted great interest due to their high electrochemical performances and stability. Previous studies have revealed changes in solvation structures and shifts in lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals from solvents to anions, promoting the formation of an anion-derived solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) in SCE. However, a direct connection at the atomic level to electrochemical properties is still missing, hindering the rational optimization of electrolytes. Herein, we combine ab initio molecular dynamics with the free energy calculation method to compute redox potentials of propylene carbonate electrolytes at a range of LiTFSI concentrations, and moreover employ an unsupervised machine learning model with a local structure descriptor to establish the structure-property relations. Our calculation indicates that the network of TFSI- in SCE not only helps stabilize the added electron and renders the anion more prone to reductive decomposition, but also impedes the solvation of F- and favors LiF precipitation, together leading to effective formation of protective SEI layers. Our work provides new insights into the solvation structures and electrochemistry of concentrated electrolytes which are essential to electrolyte design in batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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8
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Wang Z, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Ouyang J, Xu S, Wei L. Miniaturized lithium-ion batteries for on-chip energy storage. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4237-4257. [PMID: 36321148 PMCID: PMC9552904 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00566b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of microelectronic products increases the demand for on-chip miniaturized electrochemical energy storage devices as integrated power sources. Such electrochemical energy storage devices need to be micro-scaled, integrable and designable in certain aspects, such as size, shape, mechanical properties and environmental adaptability. Lithium-ion batteries with relatively high energy and power densities, are considered to be favorable on-chip energy sources for microelectronic devices. This review describes the state-of-the-art of miniaturized lithium-ion batteries for on-chip electrochemical energy storage, with a focus on cell micro/nano-structures, fabrication techniques and corresponding material selections. The relationship between battery architecture and form-factors of the cell concerning their mechanical and electrochemical properties is discussed. A series of on-chip functional microsystems created by integrating micro-lithium-ion batteries are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of miniaturized lithium-ion batteries are elaborated with respect to their potential application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangci Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Yuyu Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Shuo Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Lu Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
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9
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Insight mechanism of nano iron difluoride cathode material for high-energy lithium-ion batteries: a review. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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10
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Liu G, Cao Z, Wang P, Ma Z, Zou Y, Sun Q, Cheng H, Cavallo L, Li S, Li Q, Ming J. Switching Electrolyte Interfacial Model to Engineer Solid Electrolyte Interface for Fast Charging and Wide-Temperature Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201893. [PMID: 35843866 PMCID: PMC9475531 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that forms on the electrode is crucial for achieving high performance in metal-ion batteries. However, the mechanism of SEI formation resulting from electrolyte decomposition is not fully understood at the molecular scale. Herein, a new strategy of switching electrolyte to tune SEI properties is presented, by which a unique and thinner SEI can be pre-formed on the graphite electrode first in an ether-based electrolyte, and then the as-designed graphite electrode can demonstrate extremely high-rate capabilities in a carbonate-based electrolyte, enabling the design of fast-charging and wide-temperature lithium-ion batteries (e.g., graphite | LiNi0.6 Co0.2 Mn0.2 O2 (NCM622)). A molecular interfacial model involving the conformations and electrochemical stabilities of the Li+ -solvent-anion complex is presented to elucidate the differences in SEI formation between ether-based and carbonate-based electrolytes, then interpreting the reason for the obtained higher rate performances. This innovative concept combines the advantages of different electrolytes into one battery system. It is believed that the switching strategy and understanding of the SEI formation mechanism opens a new avenue to design SEI, which is universal for pursuing more versatile battery systems with greater stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Petrochemical TechnologyLanzhou University of TechnologyLanzhou730050P. R. China
| | - Zheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Yeguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Qujiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Haoran Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Shiyou Li
- School of Petrochemical TechnologyLanzhou University of TechnologyLanzhou730050P. R. China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Jun Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
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11
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Zhou Z, Tao Z, Zhang L, Zheng X, Xiao X, Liu Z, Li X, Liu G, Zhao P, Zhang P. Scalable Manufacturing of Solid Polymer Electrolytes with Superior Room-Temperature Ionic Conductivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32994-33003. [PMID: 35819178 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A scalable manufacturing protocol is developed to prepare polymer-based solvent-free all-solid flexible energy storage devices based on a two-roll mill and adapted rubber mixing technology. The as-prepared solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) consisting of commercial poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted natural rubber (MG30) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide achieve a superior ionic conductivity of 2.7 × 10-3 S cm-1 at 30 °C. The superior ionic conductivity is attributed to the formation of an ionic cluster network in the composite as proved by small-angle X-ray scattering and infrared spectroscopy measurements. Moreover, the as-prepared SPEs show good mechanical stability over a broad temperature range, that is , a storage modulus above 1 × 104 Pa from 30 to 120 °C as indicated by the rheology data. Furthermore, the SPEs were assembled with the carbon black-filled MG30 (i.e., MG30C) electrode into a flexible supercapacitor cell, which had a wide voltage window of 3.5 V, good energy density of 28.4 μW h·cm-2 at 160 °C, and good temperature tolerance up to 160 °C. This scaling-up manufacture strategy shows tremendous potential to the advancing of SPEs in applications of flexible energy storage device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zengren Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Linyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- School of Materials Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xueying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xieyi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guangfeng Liu
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Agricultural Product Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524001, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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12
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Zhang F, Zhang W, Wexler D, Guo Z. Recent Progress and Future Advances on Aqueous Monovalent-Ion Batteries towards Safe and High-Power Energy Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107965. [PMID: 35338665 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous monovalent-ion batteries have been rapidly developed recently as promising energy storage devices in large-scale energy storage systems owing to their fast charging capability and high power densities. In recent years, Prussian blue analogues, polyanion-type compounds, and layered oxides have been widely developed as cathodes for aqueous monovalent-ion batteries because of their low cost and high theoretical capacity. Furthermore, many design strategies have been proposed to expand their electrochemical stability window by reducing the amount of free water molecules and introducing an electrolyte addictive. This review highlights the advantages and drawbacks of cathode and anode materials, and summarizes the correlations between the various strategies and the electrochemical performance in terms of structural engineering, morphology control, elemental compositions, and interfacial design. Finally, this review can offer rational principles and potential future directions in the design of aqueous monovalent-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Zhang
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, innovation Campus, North Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - David Wexler
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Science, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Zaiping Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
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13
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Liu Y, Wu Y, Sun Q, Ma B, Yu P, Xu L, Xie M, Yang H, Cheng T. Formation of Linear Oligomers in Solid Electrolyte Interphase via Two‐Electron Reduction of Ethylene Carbonate. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yu Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Qintao Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Bingyun Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Peiping Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Miao Xie
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Hao Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Tao Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
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14
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Bouibes A, Takenaka N, Kubota K, Komaba S, Nagaoka M. Development of advanced electrolytes in Na-ion batteries: application of the Red Moon method for molecular structure design of the SEI layer. RSC Adv 2021; 12:971-984. [PMID: 35425108 PMCID: PMC8978880 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07333h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to overview state-of-the-art progress in the collaborative work between theoretical and experimental scientists to develop advanced electrolytes for Na-ion batteries (NIBs). Recent investigations were summarized on NaPF6 salt and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additives in propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolyte solution, as one of the best electrolytes to effectively passivate the hard-carbon electrode with higher cycling performance for next-generation NIBs. The FEC additive showed high efficiency to significantly enhance the capacity and cyclability of NIBs, with an optimal performance that is sensitive at low concentration. Computationally, both microscopic effects, positive and negative, were revealed at low and high concentrations of FEC, respectively. In addition to the role of FEC decomposition to form a NaF-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film, intact FECs play a role in suppressing the dissolution to form a compact and stable SEI film. However, the increase in FEC concentration suppressed the organic dimer formation by reducing the collision frequency between the monomer products during the SEI film formation processes. In addition, this review introduces the Red Moon (RM) methodology, recent computational battery technology, which has shown a high efficiency to bridge the gap between the conventional theoretical results and experimental ones through a number of successful applications in NIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bouibes
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
- ESICB, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8245 Japan
| | - Norio Takenaka
- ESICB, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8245 Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kei Kubota
- ESICB, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8245 Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Shinichi Komaba
- ESICB, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8245 Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Masataka Nagaoka
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
- ESICB, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8245 Japan
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15
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Gibson LD, Pfaendtner J, Mundy CJ. Probing the thermodynamics and kinetics of ethylene carbonate reduction at the electrode-electrolyte interface with molecular simulations. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:204703. [PMID: 34852482 DOI: 10.1063/5.0067687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the formation of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) in lithium-ion batteries is an ongoing area of research due to its high degree of complexity and the difficulties encountered by experimental studies. Herein, we investigate the initial stage of SEI growth, the reduction reaction of ethylene carbonate (EC), from both a thermodynamic and a kinetic approach with theory and molecular simulations. We employed both the potential distribution theorem and the Solvation Method based on Density (SMD) to EC solvation for the estimation of reduction potentials of Li+, EC, and Li+-solvating EC (s-EC) as well as reduction rate constants of EC and s-EC. We find that solvation effects greatly influence these quantities of interest, particularly the Li+/Li reference electrode potential in EC solvent. Furthermore, we also compute the inner- and outer-sphere reorganization energies for both EC and s-EC at the interface of liquid EC and a hydroxyl-terminated graphite surface, where total reorganization energies are predicted to be 76.6 and 88.9 kcal/mol, respectively. With the computed reorganization energies, we estimate reduction rate constants across a range of overpotentials and show that EC has a larger electron transfer rate constant than s-EC at equilibrium, despite s-EC being more thermodynamically favorable. Overall, this manuscript demonstrates how ion solvation effects largely govern the prediction of reduction potentials and electron transfer rate constants at the electrode-electrolyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Gibson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jim Pfaendtner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Christopher J Mundy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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16
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Takenaka N, Bouibes A, Yamada Y, Nagaoka M, Yamada A. Frontiers in Theoretical Analysis of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation Mechanism. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100574. [PMID: 34338349 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is an ion conductive yet electron-insulating layer on battery electrodes, which is formed by the reductive decomposition of electrolytes during the initial charge. The nature of the SEI significantly impacts the safety, power, and lifetime of the batteries. Hence, elucidating the formation mechanism of the SEI layer has become a top priority. Conventional theoretical calculations reveal initial elementary steps of electrolyte reductive decomposition, whereas experimental approaches mainly focus on the characterization of the formed SEI in the final form. Moreover, both theoretical and experimental methodologies could not approach intermediate or transient steps of SEI growth. A major breakthrough has recently been achieved through a novel multiscale simulation method, which has enriched the understanding of how the reduction products are aggregated near the electrode and influence the SEI morphologies. This review highlights recent theoretical achievements to reveal the growth mechanism and provides a clear guideline for designing a stable SEI layer for advanced batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Takenaka
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- ESICB, Kyoto University, Kyodai Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8520, Japan
| | - Amine Bouibes
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- ESICB, Kyoto University, Kyodai Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8520, Japan
| | - Masataka Nagaoka
- ESICB, Kyoto University, Kyodai Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8520, Japan
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Atsuo Yamada
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- ESICB, Kyoto University, Kyodai Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8520, Japan
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17
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Xie X, Clark Spotte-Smith EW, Wen M, Patel HD, Blau SM, Persson KA. Data-Driven Prediction of Formation Mechanisms of Lithium Ethylene Monocarbonate with an Automated Reaction Network. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13245-13258. [PMID: 34379977 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interfacial reactions are notoriously difficult to characterize, and robust prediction of the chemical evolution and associated functionality of the resulting surface film is one of the grand challenges of materials chemistry. The solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), critical to Li-ion batteries (LIBs), exemplifies such a surface film, and despite decades of work, considerable controversy remains regarding the major components of the SEI as well as their formation mechanisms. Here we use a reaction network to investigate whether lithium ethylene monocarbonate (LEMC) or lithium ethylene dicarbonate (LEDC) is the major organic component of the LIB SEI. Our data-driven, automated methodology is based on a systematic generation of relevant species using a general fragmentation/recombination procedure which provides the basis for a vast thermodynamic reaction landscape, calculated with density functional theory. The shortest pathfinding algorithms are employed to explore the reaction landscape and obtain previously proposed formation mechanisms of LEMC as well as several new reaction pathways and intermediates. For example, we identify two novel LEMC formation mechanisms: one which involves LiH generation and another that involves breaking the (CH2)O-C(═O)OLi bond in LEDC. Most importantly, we find that all identified paths, which are also kinetically favorable under the explored conditions, require water as a reactant. This condition severely limits the amount of LEMC that can form, as compared with LEDC, a conclusion that has direct impact on the SEI formation in Li-ion energy storage systems. Finally, the data-driven framework presented here is generally applicable to any electrochemical system and expected to improve our understanding of surface passivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Evan Walter Clark Spotte-Smith
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mingjian Wen
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hetal D Patel
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Samuel M Blau
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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18
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Surface enrichment and diffusion enabling gradient-doping and coating of Ni-rich cathode toward Li-ion batteries. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4564. [PMID: 34315905 PMCID: PMC8316340 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical barriers to layered Ni-rich cathode commercialisation include their rapid capacity fading and thermal runaway from crystal disintegration and their interfacial instability. Structure combines surface modification is the ultimate choice to overcome these. Here, a synchronous gradient Al-doped and LiAlO2-coated LiNi0.9Co0.1O2 cathode is designed and prepared by using an oxalate-assisted deposition and subsequent thermally driven diffusion method. Theoretical calculations, in situ X-ray diffraction results and finite-element simulation verify that Al3+ moves to the tetrahedral interstices prior to Ni2+ that eliminates the Li/Ni disorder and internal structure stress. The Li+-conductive LiAlO2 skin prevents electrolyte penetration of the boundaries and reduces side reactions. These help the Ni-rich cathode maintain a 97.4% cycle performance after 100 cycles, and a rapid charging ability of 127.7 mAh g−1 at 20 C. A 3.5-Ah pouch cell with the cathode and graphite anode showed more than a 500-long cycle life with only a 5.6% capacity loss. The commercialisation of promising Ni-rich cathodes is limited by capacity fading and thermal runaway. Here, the authors design a gradient Al-doped and LiAlO2-coated LiNi0.9Co0.1O2 cathode, which addresses the crystal degradation and interfacial instability and thus improves the cycle and thermal stabilities.
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19
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Young J, Smeu M. Preventing Electrolyte Decomposition on a Ca Metal Electrode Interface Using an Artificial Solid‐Electrolyte Interphase. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Young
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology 138 Warren Street Newark NJ 07105 USA
| | - Manuel Smeu
- Department of Physics Binghamton University ‐ SUNY 4400 Vestal Parkway East Binghamton NY 13902 USA
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20
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Hagopian A, Falcone A, Ben Yahia M, Filhol JS. Ab initiomodelling of interfacial electrochemical properties: beyond implicit solvation limitations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:304001. [PMID: 34108293 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
First-principles calculations are an important tool to investigate the complex processes occurring at solid/liquid interfaces which are at the heart of modern technologies. Currently, capturing the whole electrochemical environment at an interface, including the applied potential and solvation, still remains challenging as it necessitates to couple different approaches whose interactions are not fully understood. In this work, a grand canonical density functional theory approach is coupled with solvation models to investigate the electrochemical interfaces under applied potential. We show that a parametrized polarizable continuum model (PCM) which represent solvation in a mean field approach by a continuous polarizable media, possesses catastrophic limitations for the modelling of ionic and charged interfaces. We reveal the origin of PCM instabilities under chemical or electrochemical strong oxidation to be the consequence of a phase transition in the surface Li electronic structure. Thus, PCM undergoes an unphysical response to this phase transition by penetrating within the atomic radius of surface Li atoms. To recover a physical response, an explicit first solvation shell has to be included in addition to the PCM in order to properly describe the electrochemistry of the interface. The Fukui functions show that the first solvation shell becomes involved in the redox process as solvent electron doublet is transferred to the acidic Li+. If another explicit solvent layer is added, the interface electrochemical properties become independent of the PCM parameters: in particular capacitance can then be computed from a parameter-free electrochemical approach. This is an important conclusion as the experimental electrochemical capacitance are not easily found and thus the parametrization of the PCM for electrochemical interface can be difficult. This approach can easily be applied to investigate electrochemical properties at the atomic scale and generalized to any electrochemical device for which interfaces play a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Hagopian
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
- RS2E French network on Electrochemical Energy Storage, FR5439, Amiens, France
| | - Aurélie Falcone
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
- RS2E French network on Electrochemical Energy Storage, FR5439, Amiens, France
| | - Mouna Ben Yahia
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
- RS2E French network on Electrochemical Energy Storage, FR5439, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Filhol
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
- RS2E French network on Electrochemical Energy Storage, FR5439, Amiens, France
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21
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Alumina thin coat on pre-charged soft carbon anode reduces electrolyte breakdown and maintains sodiation sites active in Na-ion battery – Insights from NMR measurements. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Smeu M, Leung K. Electron leakage through heterogeneous LiF on lithium-metal battery anodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3214-3218. [PMID: 33533339 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06310j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) that forms on lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes prevents degradation-causing transfer of electrons to the electrolyte. Grain boundaries (GBs) between different SEI components, like LiF, have been suggested to accelerate Li+ transport. However, using the non-equilibrium Green's function technique with density functional theory (NEGF-DFT), we find that GBs enhance electron tunneling in thin LiF films by 1-2 orders of magnitude, depending on the bias. Extrapolating to thicker films using the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) method emphasizes that safer batteries require passivation of GBs in the SEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Smeu
- Department of Physics, Binghamton University - SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
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23
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Zhao Y, Zhang L, Liu J, Adair K, Zhao F, Sun Y, Wu T, Bi X, Amine K, Lu J, Sun X. Atomic/molecular layer deposition for energy storage and conversion. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:3889-3956. [PMID: 33523063 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00156b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Energy storage and conversion systems, including batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, solar cells, and photoelectrochemical water splitting, have played vital roles in the reduction of fossil fuel usage, addressing environmental issues and the development of electric vehicles. The fabrication and surface/interface engineering of electrode materials with refined structures are indispensable for achieving optimal performances for the different energy-related devices. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD) techniques, the gas-phase thin film deposition processes with self-limiting and saturated surface reactions, have emerged as powerful techniques for surface and interface engineering in energy-related devices due to their exceptional capability of precise thickness control, excellent uniformity and conformity, tunable composition and relatively low deposition temperature. In the past few decades, ALD and MLD have been intensively studied for energy storage and conversion applications with remarkable progress. In this review, we give a comprehensive summary of the development and achievements of ALD and MLD and their applications for energy storage and conversion, including batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, solar cells, and photoelectrochemical water splitting. Moreover, the fundamental understanding of the mechanisms involved in different devices will be deeply reviewed. Furthermore, the large-scale potential of ALD and MLD techniques is discussed and predicted. Finally, we will provide insightful perspectives on future directions for new material design by ALD and MLD and untapped opportunities in energy storage and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
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24
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Zhang Y, Viswanathan V. Not All Fluorination Is the Same: Unique Effects of Fluorine Functionalization of Ethylene Carbonate for Tuning Solid-Electrolyte Interphase in Li Metal Batteries. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11450-11466. [PMID: 32914986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Li metal batteries (LMBs) are crucial for electrifying transportation and aviation. Engineering electrolytes to form desired solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) is one of the most promising approaches to enable stable long-lasting LMBs. Among the liquid electrolytes explored, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) has seen great success in leading to desirable SEI properties for enabling stable cycling of LMBs. Given the many facets to desirable SEI properties, numerous descriptors and mechanisms have been proposed. To build a detailed mechanistic understanding, we analyze varying degrees of fluorination of the same prototype molecule, chosen to be ethylene carbonate (EC) to tease out the interfacial reactivity at the Li metal/electrolyte. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we study the effect of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-fluorine substitutions of EC on its reactivity with Li surface facets in the presence and absence of Li salt. We find that the formation of LiF at the early stage of SEI formation, posited as a desirable SEI component, depends on the F-abstraction mechanism rather than the number of fluorine substitution. The best illustrations of this are cis- and trans-difluoro ECs, where F-abstraction is spontaneous with the trans case, while the cis case needs to overcome a nonzero energy barrier. Using a Pearson correlation map, we find that the extent of initial chemical decomposition quantified by the associated reaction free energy is linearly correlated with the charge transferred from the Li surface and the number of covalent-like bonds formed at the surface. The effect of salt and the surface facet have a much weaker role in determining the decompositions at the immediate electrolyte/electrode interfaces. Putting all of this together, we find that tetra-FEC could act as a high-performing SEI modifier as it leads to a more homogeneous, denser LiF-containing SEI. Using this methodology, future investigations will explore -CF3 functionalization and other backbone molecules (linear carbonates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3815, United States
| | - Venkatasubramanian Viswanathan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3815, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3815, United States
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25
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Zhang S, Liu Y, Liu H. Understanding lithium transport in SEI films: a nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2020.1746304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honglai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Heo S, Dahlman CJ, Staller CM, Jiang T, Dolocan A, Korgel BA, Milliron DJ. Enhanced Coloration Efficiency of Electrochromic Tungsten Oxide Nanorods by Site Selective Occupation of Sodium Ions. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2072-2079. [PMID: 32081013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coloration efficiency is an important figure of merit in electrochromic windows. Though it is thought to be an intrinsic material property, we tune optical modulation by effective utilization of ion intercalation sites. Specifically, we enhance the coloration efficiency of m-WO2.72 nanocrystal films by selectively intercalating sodium ions into optically active hexagonal sites. To accurately measure coloration efficiencies, significant degradation during cycling is mitigated by introducing atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3 layers. Galvanostatic spectroscopic measurement shows that the site-selective intercalation of sodium ions in hexagonal tunnels enhances the coloration efficiency compared to a nonselective lithium ion-based electrolyte. Electrochemical rate analysis shows insertion of sodium ions to be capacitive-like, another indication of occupying hexagonal sites. Our results emphasize the importance of different site occupation on spectroelectrochemical properties, which can be used for designing materials and selecting electrolytes for enhanced electrochromic performance. In this context, we suggest sodium ion-based electrolytes hold unrealized potential for tungsten oxide electrochromic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyeon Heo
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Clayton J Dahlman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Corey M Staller
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Taizhi Jiang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Andrei Dolocan
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Brian A Korgel
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Delia J Milliron
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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27
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Baba T, Sodeyama K, Kawamura Y, Tateyama Y. Li-ion transport at the interface between a graphite anode and Li 2CO 3 solid electrolyte interphase: ab initio molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:10764-10774. [PMID: 32159181 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06608j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and the control of Li-ion (Li+) transport across the interface between the anode and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film or electrolyte is a key issue in battery electrochemistry and interface science. In this study, we investigated the structural, electronic and free energy properties of Li+ migration between a Li-intercalated graphite anode LiCx and Li2CO3 SEI film, by using ab initio molecular dynamics and free energy calculations. We compared three types of graphite edges: H-, OH- and mixed (H, OH, COOH)-terminations, and three cases of transferred Li-ions: Li+ constructing the SEI, excess Li+ and excess Li0 (excess Li+ + e- in anode). After validation of our calculations with Li2CO3 and LiCx bulk systems, we sampled the interfacial structures under thermodynamic equilibrium and demonstrated that the OH- and mixed-terminations had larger binding energies. The calculated free energy profiles of Li+ intercalation from the Li2CO3 SEI to LiC24 showed barriers larger than 1.2 eV irrespective of the terminations and Li+ cases. We also clarified that the charges of Li ions did not change much upon the intercalation. Based on these results and the calculated Li chemical potential, we constructed the probable free energy profile of Li+ between the anode and cathode under charging and discharging. This profile model suggest a possible electric field approximation for the charging stage, and the resultant free energy profiles with such fields gave a ca. 0.5 eV barrier under charging, which was consistent with the experimental values. The present picture will give a crucial insight into Li-ion transport at the battery interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Baba
- Frontier Research Center, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1200, Mishuku, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1193, Japan
| | - Keitaro Sodeyama
- Center for Materials Research by Information Integration (cMI2), Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan and Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
| | - Yoshiumi Kawamura
- Frontier Research Center, Toyota Motor Corporation, 1200, Mishuku, Susono, Shizuoka, 410-1193, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tateyama
- Center for Materials Research by Information Integration (cMI2), Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan and Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan and Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN) and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), NIMS, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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28
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Bublil S, Sharabani T, Turgeman M, Grinblat J, Elias Y, Noked M, Greenstein MF, Aurbach D. Improving Amorphous Carbon Anodes for Na Ion Batteries by Surface Treatment of a Presodiated Electrode with Al 2O 3. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:11670-11678. [PMID: 31436993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Disordered carbons are promising anode materials for sodium ion batteries. However, a major drawback of these materials is their low coulombic efficiency in the first cycles, which indicates parasitic reactions. Such reactions can be suppressed by alumina coating on the surface of the anodic materials; more ions are then available for electrochemical activity, and less electrolyte solution is lost. On the other hand, some pores and surface edge sites are passivated by the coating and are no longer available for reversible reaction with sodium ions; hence, their contribution is eliminated, leading to reduction in specific capacity. We show herein that electrochemical insertion of sodium ions into carbon anodes prior to alumina coating has a double positive effect on anode perfomances, meaning preventing passivation and maintaining high specific capacity. We show that the artificial layer still prevented parasitic reactions, while the pores and surface edge sites retained electrochemical activity. The capacity values were thus restored and even became higher as a result of preventing the development of a surface layer. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements assessed the energetic states of the electrodes and confirmed that the alumina coating forms a barrier for interfacial electron transfer from the electrode to the solution at any polarization stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaul Bublil
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Tali Sharabani
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Meital Turgeman
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Judith Grinblat
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Yuval Elias
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Malachi Noked
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Miryam Fayena Greenstein
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Chemistry Department, Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel
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29
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Ghazi ZA, Sun Z, Sun C, Qi F, An B, Li F, Cheng HM. Key Aspects of Lithium Metal Anodes for Lithium Metal Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900687. [PMID: 30972975 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable batteries are considered promising replacements for environmentally hazardous fossil fuel-based energy technologies. High-energy lithium-metal batteries have received tremendous attention for use in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. However, the low Coulombic efficiency, short life cycle, huge volume expansion, uncontrolled dendrite growth, and endless interfacial reactions of the metallic lithium anode are major obstacles in their commercialization. Extensive research efforts have been devoted to address these issues and significant progress has been made by tuning electrolyte chemistry, designing electrode frameworks, discovering nanotechnology-based solutions, etc. This Review aims to provide a conceptual understanding of the current issues involved in using a lithium metal anode and to unveil its electrochemistry. The most recent advancements in lithium metal battery technology are outlined and suggestions for future research to develop a safe and stable lithium anode are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Ali Ghazi
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Zhenhua Sun
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Chengguo Sun
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, China
| | - Fulai Qi
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Baigang An
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, China
| | - Feng Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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30
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Franco AA, Rucci A, Brandell D, Frayret C, Gaberscek M, Jankowski P, Johansson P. Boosting Rechargeable Batteries R&D by Multiscale Modeling: Myth or Reality? Chem Rev 2019; 119:4569-4627. [PMID: 30859816 PMCID: PMC6460402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses concepts, approaches, tools, and outcomes of multiscale modeling used to design and optimize the current and next generation rechargeable battery cells. Different kinds of multiscale models are discussed and demystified with a particular emphasis on methodological aspects. The outcome is compared both to results of other modeling strategies as well as to the vast pool of experimental data available. Finally, the main challenges remaining and future developments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A. Franco
- Laboratoire
de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), CNRS UMR
7314, Université de Picardie Jules
Verne, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France, 103 boulevard Saint Michel, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Rucci
- Laboratoire
de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), CNRS UMR
7314, Université de Picardie Jules
Verne, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
| | - Daniel Brandell
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström
Laboratory, Box 538, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christine Frayret
- Laboratoire
de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), CNRS UMR
7314, Université de Picardie Jules
Verne, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459, Hub de l’Energie,
15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
| | - Miran Gaberscek
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Department
for Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Piotr Jankowski
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrik Johansson
- ALISTORE-European
Research Institute, CNRS
FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, 15 Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens Cedex 1, France
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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31
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Makeev MA, Rajput NN. Computational screening of electrolyte materials: status quo and open problems. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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32
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Young J, Smeu M. Ethylene Carbonate-Based Electrolyte Decomposition and Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Ca Metal Anodes. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3295-3300. [PMID: 29856630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) in multivalent ion batteries, resulting from the decomposition of organic solvents at the anode interface, is a major bottleneck to their development as it prevents ionic diffusion and reversible stripping and plating. To gain insight into SEI formation in these systems, we investigate the decomposition of pure ethylene carbonate (EC) and an EC/Ca(ClO4)2 electrolyte on a Ca metal surface using density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics calculations. We first find that CaCO3, CaO, and Ca(OH)2 are all primary inorganic SEI components. We then investigate the reaction mechanisms of this decomposition, finding that although a fast two-electron reduction producing CO32- and C2H4 is thermodynamically and kinetically favorable, a reaction producing C2H4O22- and CO dominates when multiple EC molecules are considered. Finally, we find similar results upon the inclusion of Ca(ClO4)2 salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Young
- Department of Physics , Binghamton University , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Manuel Smeu
- Department of Physics , Binghamton University , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
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33
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Lin CF, Qi Y, Gregorczyk K, Lee SB, Rubloff GW. Nanoscale Protection Layers To Mitigate Degradation in High-Energy Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:97-106. [PMID: 29293316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the pursuit of energy storage devices with higher energy and power, new ion storage materials and high-voltage battery chemistries are of paramount importance. However, they invite-and often enhance-degradation mechanisms, which are reflected in capacity loss with charge/discharge cycling and sometimes in safety problems. Degradation mechanisms are often driven by fundamentals such as chemical and electrochemical reactions at electrode-electrolyte interfaces, volume expansion and stress associated with ion insertion and extraction, and profound inhomogeneity of electrochemical behavior. While it is important to identify and understand these mechanisms at some reasonable level, it is even more critical to design strategies to mitigate these degradation pathways and to develop means to implement and validate the strategies. A growing set of research highlights the mitigation benefits achievable by forming thin protection layers (PLs) intentionally created as artificial interphase regions at the electrode-electrolyte interface. These advances illustrate a promising-perhaps even generic-pathway for enabling higher-energy and higher-voltage battery configurations. In this Account, we summarize examples of such PLs that serve as mitigation strategies to avoid degradation in lithium metal anodes, conversion-type electrode materials, and alloy-type electrodes. Examples are chosen from a larger body of electrochemical degradation research carried out in Nanostructures for Electrical Energy Storage (NEES), our DOE Energy Frontier Research Center. Overall, we argue on the basis of experimental and theoretical evidence that PLs effectively stabilize the electrochemical interfaces to prevent parasitic chemical and electrochemical reactions and mitigate the structural, mechanical, and compositional degradation of the electrode materials at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces. The evidenced improvement in performance metrics is accomplished by (1) establishing a homogeneous interface for ion insertion and extraction, (2) providing mechanical constraints to maintain structural integrity and robust electronic and ionic conduction pathways, and (3) introducing spatial confinements on the electrode material matrix to alter the phase transformation (delaying the occurrence of the conversion reaction) upon Li insertion, which results in superior electrode performance, excellent capacity retention, and improved reversibility. Taken together, these examples portray a valuable role for thin protection layers synthesized over electrode surfaces, both for their benefit to cycle stability and for revealing insights into degradation and mitigation mechanisms. Furthermore, they underscore the impact of complex electrochemical behavior at nanoscale materials and nanostructure interfaces in modulating the behavior of energy storage devices at the mesoscale and macroscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Fu Lin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute
for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yue Qi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Keith Gregorczyk
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute
for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gary W. Rubloff
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute
for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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34
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Sarkar S, Patel RL, Liang X, Park J. Unveiling the Role of CeO 2 Atomic Layer Deposition Coatings on LiMn 2O 4 Cathode Materials: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:30599-30607. [PMID: 28849637 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An atomic layer deposition (ALD) coating on active materials of a lithium ion battery is a more effective strategy for improving battery performance than other coating technologies. However, substantial uncertainty still remains about the underlying physics and role of the ALD coating in improving battery performance. Although improvement in the stability and capacity of CeO2 thin film coated particles for batteries has been reported, a detailed and accurate description of the mechanism has not been provided. We have developed a multiphysics-based model that takes into consideration stress mechanics, diffusion of lithium ion, and dissolution of transition-metal ions of spinel LiMn2O4 cathode. The model analyzes how different coating thicknesses affect diffusion-induced stress generation and, ultimately, crack propagation. Experimentally measured diffusivity and dissolution rates were incorporated into the model to account for a trade-off between delayed transport and prevention of side reactions. Along with experimental results, density functional theory results are used to explain how a change in volume, due to dissolution of active material, can affect battery performance. The predicted behavior from the model is well-matched with experimental results obtained on coated and uncoated LiMn2O4-Li foil cells. The proposed approach and explanations will serve as important guidelines for thin film coating strategies for various battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Rajankumar L Patel
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Xinhua Liang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Jonghyun Park
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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35
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Kumar R, Lu P, Xiao X, Huang Z, Sheldon BW. Strain-Induced Lithium Losses in the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Silicon Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:28406-28417. [PMID: 28770982 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The chemical and mechanical stability of SEI layers are particularly important for high capacity anode materials such as silicon, which undergoes large volume changes (∼300%) during cycling. In this work, we present a novel approach for applying controlled strains to SEI films with patterned Si electrodes to systematically investigate the impact of large volume changes on SEI formation and evolution. Comparisons between patterned silicon islands and continuous silicon thin films make it possible to correlate the irreversible capacity losses due to expansion and contraction of underlying silicon. The current work demonstrates that strain in the SEI layer leads to more lithium consumption. The combination of in situ AFM and electrochemical lithium loss measurements provides further information on SEI layer growth. These experiments indicate that in-plane strains in the SEI layer lead to substantial increases in the amount of inorganic phase formation, without significantly affecting the overall SEI thickness. These observations are further supported with EIS and TOF-SIMS results. A map of irreversible capacity evolution with strain in the SEI is obtained from the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- School of Engineering, Brown University , 182 Hope Street, Box D, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Peng Lu
- General Motors Global R&D Center , 30500 Mound Road, Warren, Michigan 48090, United States
| | - Xingcheng Xiao
- General Motors Global R&D Center , 30500 Mound Road, Warren, Michigan 48090, United States
| | - Zhuangqun Huang
- Bruker Nano Surfaces , 112 Robin Hill Road, Goleta, California 93117, United States
| | - Brian W Sheldon
- School of Engineering, Brown University , 182 Hope Street, Box D, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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36
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Cheng XB, Zhang R, Zhao CZ, Zhang Q. Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10403-10473. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3219] [Impact Index Per Article: 459.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Bing Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen-Zi Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of
Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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37
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Gomez-Ballesteros JL, Balbuena PB. Reduction of Electrolyte Components on a Coated Si Anode of Lithium-Ion Batteries. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3404-3408. [PMID: 28686447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of Si anodes in Li-ion batteries by deposition of a thin alucone coating has demonstrated an effective way to help maintain a stable anode/electrolyte interface and good battery performance. In this work, we investigate the interactions and reactivity of the film with electrolyte components using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Adsorption of solvent molecules (ethylene carbonate, EC) and salt (LiPF6) and reduction by two mechanisms depending on the Li content of the film (yielding open EC adsorbed on the film or C2H4 + CO32-) take place near the film/electrolyte and film/anode interfaces. Reaction products incorporate into the structure of the film and create a new kind of solid-electrolyte interphase layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Gomez-Ballesteros
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Perla B Balbuena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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38
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Yun KS, Pai SJ, Yeo BC, Lee KR, Kim SJ, Han SS. Simulation Protocol for Prediction of a Solid-Electrolyte Interphase on the Silicon-based Anodes of a Lithium-Ion Battery: ReaxFF Reactive Force Field. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:2812-2818. [PMID: 28593754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose the ReaxFF reactive force field as a simulation protocol for predicting the evolution of solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) components such as gases (C2H4, CO, CO2, CH4, and C2H6), and inorganic (Li2CO3, Li2O, and LiF) and organic (ROLi and ROCO2Li: R = -CH3 or -C2H5) products that are generated by the chemical reactions between the anodes and liquid electrolytes. ReaxFF was developed from ab initio results, and a molecular dynamics simulation with ReaxFF realized the prediction of SEI formation under real experimental conditions and with a reasonable computational cost. We report the effects on SEI formation of different kinds of Si anodes (pristine Si and SiOx), of the different types and compositions of various carbonate electrolytes, and of the additives. From the results, we expect that ReaxFF will be very useful for the development of novel electrolytes or additives and for further advances in Li-ion battery technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Seop Yun
- Computational Science Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 136-791, South Korea
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University , Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Sung Jin Pai
- Computational Science Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Byung Chul Yeo
- Computational Science Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Ryeol Lee
- Computational Science Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 136-791, South Korea
| | - Sun-Jae Kim
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University , Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Sang Soo Han
- Computational Science Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 136-791, South Korea
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39
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Brennan MD, Breedon M, Best AS, Morishita T, Spencer MJ. Surface Reactions of Ethylene Carbonate and Propylene Carbonate on the Li(001) Surface. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Sopha H, Salian GD, Zazpe R, Prikryl J, Hromadko L, Djenizian T, Macak JM. ALD Al 2O 3-Coated TiO 2 Nanotube Layers as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:2749-2756. [PMID: 28691112 PMCID: PMC5494640 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of the anodic TiO2 nanotube layers, with uniform Al2O3 coatings of different thicknesses (prepared by atomic layer deposition, ALD), as the new electrode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), is reported herein. Electrodes with very thin Al2O3 coatings (∼1 nm) show a superior electrochemical performance for use in LIBs compared to that of the uncoated TiO2 nanotube layers. A more than 2 times higher areal capacity is received on these coated TiO2 nanotube layers (∼75 vs 200 μAh/cm2) as well as higher rate capability and coulombic efficiency of the charging and discharging reactions. Reasons for this can be attributed to an increased mechanical stability of the TiO2 nanotube layers upon Al2O3 coating, as well as to an enhanced diffusion of the Li+ ions within the coated nanotube layers. In contrast, thicker ALD Al2O3 coatings result in a blocking of the electrode surface and therefore an areal capacity decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Sopha
- Center
of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Girish D. Salian
- Aix
Marseille Université, CNRS, Electrochemistry of Materials Research
Group, MADIREL UMR 7246, F-13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Raul Zazpe
- Center
of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prikryl
- Center
of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Hromadko
- Center
of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Thierry Djenizian
- IMT
Mines Saint-Etienne, Center of Microelectronics in Provence, Department of Flexible Electronics, F-13541 Gardanne, France
- E-mail: (T.D.)
| | - Jan M. Macak
- Center
of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
- E-mail: (J.M.M.)
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41
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Xu S, Luo G, Jacobs R, Fang S, Mahanthappa MK, Hamers RJ, Morgan D. Ab Initio Modeling of Electrolyte Molecule Ethylene Carbonate Decomposition Reaction on Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O 2 Cathode Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:20545-20553. [PMID: 28557415 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrolyte decomposition reactions on Li-ion battery electrodes contribute to the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers. These SEI layers are one of the known causes for the loss in battery voltage and capacity over repeated charge/discharge cycles. In this work, density functional theory (DFT)-based ab initio calculations are applied to study the initial steps of the decomposition of the organic electrolyte component ethylene carbonate (EC) on the (101̅4) surface of a layered Li(Nix,Mny,Co1-x-y)O2 (NMC) cathode crystal, which is commonly used in commercial Li-ion batteries. The effects on the EC reaction pathway due to dissolved Li+ ions in the electrolyte solution and different NMC cathode surface terminations containing adsorbed hydroxyl -OH or fluorine -F species are explicitly considered. We predict a very fast chemical reaction consisting of an EC ring-opening process on the bare cathode surface, the rate of which is independent of the battery operation voltage. This EC ring-opening reaction is unavoidable once the cathode material contacts with the electrolyte because this process is purely chemical rather than electrochemical in nature. The -OH and -F adsorbed species display a passivation effect on the surface against the reaction with EC, but the extent is limited except for the case of -OH bonded to a surface transition metal atom. Our work implies that the possible rate-limiting steps of the electrolyte molecule decomposition are the reactions on the decomposed organic products on the cathode surface rather than on the bare cathode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mahesh K Mahanthappa
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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42
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Wu F, Borodin O, Yushin G. In situ surface protection for enhancing stability and performance of conversion-type cathodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1557/mre.2017.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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Kasahara K, Nakano H, Sato H. Theoretical Study of the Solvation Effect on the Reductive Reaction of Vinylene Carbonate in the Electrolyte Solution of Lithium Ion Batteries. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5293-5299. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kento Kasahara
- Department
of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakano
- Department
of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Elements
Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department
of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Elements
Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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Gaboriau D, Boniface M, Valero A, Aldakov D, Brousse T, Gentile P, Sadki S. Atomic Layer Deposition Alumina-Passivated Silicon Nanowires: Probing the Transition from Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor to Electrolytic Capacitor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:13761-13769. [PMID: 28333432 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanowires were coated by a 1-5 nm thin alumina layer by atomic layer deposition (ALD) in order to replace poorly reproducible and unstable native silicon oxide by a highly conformal passivating alumina layer. The surface coating enabled probing the behavior of symmetric devices using such electrodes in the EMI-TFSI electrolyte, allowing us to attain a large cell voltage up to 6 V in ionic liquid, together with very high cyclability with less than 4% capacitance fade after 106 charge/discharge cycles. These results yielded fruitful insights into the transition between an electrochemical double-layer capacitor behavior and an electrolytic capacitor behavior. Ultimately, thin ALD dielectric coatings can be used to obtain hybrid devices exhibiting large cell voltage and excellent cycle life of dielectric capacitors, while retaining energy and power densities close to the ones displayed by supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Gaboriau
- University Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNR INAC-SyMMES UMR 5819, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNR INAC-SyMMES UMR 5819, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Maxime Boniface
- University Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNR INAC-SyMMES UMR 5819, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anthony Valero
- University Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNR INAC-SyMMES UMR 5819, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNR INAC-SyMMES UMR 5819, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dmitry Aldakov
- University Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNR INAC-SyMMES UMR 5819, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Brousse
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, Université de Nantes - CNRS , 2 rue de la Houssinière, Nantes 44322 Cedex 3, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) , FR CNRS 3459, Amiens 80039 Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Gentile
- University Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNR INAC-SyMMES UMR 5819, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Said Sadki
- University Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNR INAC-SyMMES UMR 5819, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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45
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Nakano H, Sato H. Introducing the mean field approximation to CDFT/MMpol method: Statistically converged equilibrium and nonequilibrium free energy calculation for electron transfer reactions in condensed phases. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:154101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4979895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakano
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries, Kyoto University, Japan
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46
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Ebadi M, Brandell D, Araujo CM. Electrolyte decomposition on Li-metal surfaces from first-principles theory. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:204701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4967810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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47
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Noked M, Liu C, Hu J, Gregorczyk K, Rubloff GW, Lee SB. Electrochemical Thin Layers in Nanostructures for Energy Storage. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2336-2346. [PMID: 27636834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Conventional electrical energy storage (EES) electrodes, such as rechargeable batteries, are mostly based on composites of monolithic micrometer sized particles bound together with polymeric and conductive carbon additives and binders. The kinetic limitations of these monolithic chunks of material are inherently linked to their electrical properties, the kinetics of ion insertion through their interface and ion migration in and through the composite phase. Redox chemistry of nanostructured materials in EES systems offer vast gains in power and energy. Furthermore, due to their thin nature, ion and electron transport is dramatically increased, especially when thin heterogeneous conducting layers are employed synergistically. However, since the stability of the electrode material is dictated by the nature of the electrochemical reaction and the accompanying volumetric and interfacial changes from the perspective of overall system lifetime, research with nanostructured materials has shown often indefinite conclusions: in some cases, an increase in unwanted side-reactions due to the high surface area (bad). In other cases, results have shown significantly better handling of mechanical stress that results from lithiation/delithiation (good). Despite these mixed results, scientifically informed design of thin electrode materials, with carefully chosen architectures, is considered a promising route to address many limitations witnessed in EES systems by reducing and protecting electrodes from parasitic reactions, accommodating mechanical stress due to volumetric changes from electrochemical reactions, and optimizing charge carrier mobilities from both the "ionic" and "electronic" points of view. Furthermore, precise nanoscale control over the electrode structure can enable accurate measurement through advanced spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. This Account summarizes recent findings related to thin electrode materials synthesized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and electrochemical deposition (ECD), including nanowires, nanotubes, and thin films. Throughout the Account, we will show how these techniques enabled us to synthesize electrodes of interest with precise control over the structure and composition of the material. We will illustrate and discuss how the electrochemical response of thin electrodes made by these techniques can facilitate new mechanisms for ion storage, mediate the interfacial electrochemical response of the electrode, and address issues related to electrode degradation over time. The effects of nanosizing materials and their electrochemical response will be mechanistically reviewed through two categories of ion storage: (1) pseudocapacitance and (2) ion insertion. Additionally, we will show how electrochemical processes that are more complicated because of accompanying volumetric changes and electrode degradation pathways can be mediated and controlled by application of thin functional materials on the electrochemically active interface; examples include conversion electrodes, reactive lithium metal anodes, and complex reactions in a Li/O2 cathode system. The goal of this Account is to illustrate how careful design of thin materials either as active electrodes or as mediating layers can facilitate desirable interfacial electrochemical activity and resolve or shed light on mechanistic limitations of electrochemical processes related to micrometer size particles currently used in energy storage electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malachi Noked
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chanyuan Liu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Junkai Hu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Keith Gregorczyk
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Gary W Rubloff
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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48
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Tebbe JL, Fuerst TF, Musgrave CB. Degradation of Ethylene Carbonate Electrolytes of Lithium Ion Batteries via Ring Opening Activated by LiCoO 2 Cathode Surfaces and Electrolyte Species. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:26664-26674. [PMID: 27610630 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High-performance lithium-ion batteries require electrolytes that are stable over wide operating voltages. We used density functional theory to investigate the degradation of ethylene carbonate (EC) electrolytes activated by interactions with LiCoO2 cathode surfaces and PF5 species in the electrolyte. We report detailed mechanisms for the activation of EC ring-opening reactions by Lewis acids to form CO2, organics, or organofluorines. We find that Lewis acid-base complexation between EC and either PF5 or LiCoO2 weakens the C-O bonds of the EC ring and consequently lowers the barrier to and energy of EC ring-opening reactions. Our results predict that ring opening activated by the LiCoO2 cathode surface forms a cathode-electrolyte interphase primarily composed of an organic and organofluorine film. Simultaneous degradation of an EC molecule and PF6- forms PF5 and a surface organofluorine with an activation barrier of 1.28 eV and reaction energy of -0.26 eV. Ring opening of EC activated by the cathode to form short organic oligomers results from sequential ring-opening reactions at the surface with an activation barrier of 1.04 eV and an overall reaction enthalpy of -1.15 eV for the case of EC dimer formation. Complexation of EC with PF5 lowers the barrier to EC ring opening to form CO2 from 1.96 to 1.68 eV and the reaction energy from 0.02 eV to -1.38 eV relative to unactivated CO2 formation. We expect that EC electrolyte degradation at the cathode surface will be dominated by EC dimer formation reactions activated by PF5 because of their low reaction barriers relative to CO2 formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon L Tebbe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Thomas F Fuerst
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
| | - Charles B Musgrave
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0596, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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49
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Biserni E, Scarpellini A, Bassi AL, Bruno P, Zhou Y, Xie M. High-performance flexible nanoporous Si-carbon nanotube paper anodes for micro-battery applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:245401. [PMID: 27172170 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/24/245401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous Si has been grown by pulsed laser deposition on a free-standing carbon nanotube (CNT) paper sheet for micro-battery anodes. The Si deposition shows conformal coverage on the CNT paper, and the Si-CNT paper anodes demonstrate high areal capacity of ∼1000 μAh cm(-2) at a current density of 54 μA cm(-2), while 69% of its initial capacity is preserved when the current density is increased by a factor 10. Excellent stability without capacity decay up to 1000 cycles at a current density of 1080 μA cm(-2) is also demonstrated. After bending along the diameter of the circular paper disc many times, the Si-CNT paper anodes preserve the same morphology and show promising electrochemical performance, indicating that nanoporous Si-CNT paper anodes can find application for flexible micro-batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Biserni
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy. Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Ponzio 34/3, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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50
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Pan J, Zhang Q, Xiao X, Cheng YT, Qi Y. Design of Nanostructured Heterogeneous Solid Ionic Coatings through a Multiscale Defect Model. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:5687-5693. [PMID: 26852871 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the electrical conduction, that is, ionic and electronic conduction, through the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is critical to the design of durable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high rate capability and long life. It is believed that an ideal SEI should not only be an ionic conductor, but also an electronic insulator. In this study, we present a theoretical design of an artificial SEI consisting of lithium fluoride (LiF) and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) on a LIB anode based on a newly developed density functional theory (DFT) informed space charge model. We demonstrate that the migration of lattice Li ions from LiF phase to form Li interstitials in Li2CO3 is energetically favorable near the LiF/Li2CO3 interface. At equilibrium, this interfacial defect reaction establishes a space charge potential across the interface, which causes the accumulation of ionic carriers but the depletion of electronic carriers near the LiF/Li2CO3 interface. To utilize this space charge effect, we propose a computationally designed, nanostructured artificial SEI structure with high density of interfaces of LiF and Li2CO3 perpendicular to the electrode. On the basis of this structure, the influences of grain size and volume ratio of the two phases were studied. Our results reveal that reducing the grain size of Li2CO3 in the nanostructured composite can promote ionic carriers and increase the ionic conductivity through the composite SEI by orders of magnitude. At the same time, the electronic conductivity is reduced due to electron depletion near the LiF/Li2CO3 interface. Furthermore, an optimal volume fraction that ensures high ionic and low electronic conduction was predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046, United States
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046, United States
| | - Xingcheng Xiao
- Chemical Sciences and Materials Systems Laboratory, General Motors Global Research and Development Center , Warren, Michigan 48090-9055, United States
| | - Yang-Tse Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046, United States
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1226, United States
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