1
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Lee S, Song G, Jeong KS. Stimuli-Responsive Molecular Duplexes Displaying Duplex-to-Duplex Switching. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202410884. [PMID: 38937392 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic duplexes with high stabilities have promising potential for mimicking biomolecular functions and developing supramolecular smart materials. Herein, we describe the synthesis and stimuli-responsive properties of molecular duplexes derived from indolocarbazole-pyridine (I-P) oligomers. These duplexes adopt nonclassical helical structures, stabilized by I-P hydrogen-bonding pairs in anhydrous chlorinated solvents. Notably, the longest duplex 62 (11-mer)2 displays remarkable stability, forming twenty hydrogen bonds; its exchange energy barrier was determined to be ΔG≠=22.0 kcal ⋅ mol-1 at 75 °C in anhydrous (CDCl2)2. Upon the addition of water, a hydrated duplex 62 (11-mer)2⊃10H2O was formed, with one water molecule inserted between each I-P hydrogen-bonding pair. The Hill coefficient (n) for this process is 6.1, demonstrating extremely positive cooperativity. Conversely, the hydrated duplex 62 (11-mer)2⊃10H2O was completely converted into the original anhydrous duplex 62 (11-mer)2 when the temperature was increased. Interconversion between these two distinct duplexes can be repeatedly carried out by varying the temperature. Furthermore, reversible switching between hetero-duplexes and homo-duplexes was also demonstrated by controlling the temperature, with concomitant changes in the characteristic emission signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunmoo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sung Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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2
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Debnath S, Flood AH, Raghavachari K. Solvent-Dependent Folding Behavior of a Helix-Forming Aryl-Triazole Foldamer. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1586-1594. [PMID: 38324342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Aromatic foldamers make up a novel class of bioinspired molecules that display helical conformations and have functions that rely on control over their coil-helix folding preferences. While the folding has been extensively examined by experiment, it has rarely been paired with the types of atomic level insights offered by theory. We present the results of all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to examine the role of solvent polarity on driving the helical folding behavior of the aryl-triazole foldamer. The temperature-dependent enhanced sampling technique, replica-exchange MD simulations, was employed to understand the folding phenomena. The simulation results show that in a low polarity solvent (dichloromethane), the foldamer prefers to stay in the unfolded state. The unfolded state has four dipolar triazoles (5 D) in their favored all-anti geometries and favoring anti-parallel geometries. However, an increase in solvent polarity using acetonitrile resulted in solvophobic collapse, yielding the helically folded form as the predominant state. The folded helix has an all-syn geometry, with triazoles in parallel arrangements. Intermediate conformations with a mixture of syn and anti arrangements of the triazoles are of lower abundance in both the DCM and MeCN solvents. The chiral handedness of the helix observed experimentally is assigned as left-handed by correlation with computed electronic circular dichroism spectra using time-dependent density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibali Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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3
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Li TP, Li RS, Hu W, Xie JX, Xu M, Feng C, Ni HL, Yu WH, Hu P, Wang BQ, Cao P. Modular Synthesis of Enantioenriched α-Chiral Homoallylic Amidines Enabled by Relay Ir/Cu Catalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:6783-6788. [PMID: 36074995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cascade of Ir-catalyzed enantioselective allylic amination and Cu-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition was designed for the asymmetric synthesis of homoallylic amidines. The nucleophilic addition of an in situ-generated enantioenriched tertiary allylamine to a ketenimine intermediate triggers a rapid and stereospecific zwitterionic aza-Claisen rearrangement in a 1,3-chiral transfer manner. The approach allows modular access to enantioenriched α-chiral homoallylic amidines in high yields with a high level of enantiomeric purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Peng Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Ren-Sha Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Jia-Xin Xie
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Minghui Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Chun Feng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Hai-Liang Ni
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Wen-Hao Yu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China.,College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Bi-Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
| | - Peng Cao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, China
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4
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Wang Y, Liu L, Sang K, Wang Y, Zhang C, Dong H, Bai J. An efficient chiral porous catalyst support – Hypercrosslinked amino acid polymer. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Thiele M, Octa-Smolin F, Thölke S, Wölper C, Linders J, Mayer C, Haberhauer G, Niemeyer J. A supramolecular double-helix based on complementary phosphate-guanidinium pairing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9842-9845. [PMID: 34487128 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04644f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A double-helical supramolecular structure was formed by self-assembly of 1,1'-binaphthyl-based bisguanidines and bisphosphoric acids. Interestingly the homochiral (S,S) + (S,S)-pair forms a left-handed double-helix, while the heterochiral (S,S) + (R,R)-pair forms a non-helical dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Thiele
- Faculty of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Frescilia Octa-Smolin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Simon Thölke
- Faculty of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Linders
- Faculty of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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6
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Li D, Ma C, Xiang J, Zhang K, Yang L, Gan Q. A Disulfide Switch Providing Absolute Handedness Control in Double Helices via Conversion from the Antiparallel to Parallel Helical Pattern. Chemistry 2021; 27:11663-11669. [PMID: 34014575 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A strategy to reversibly switch the parallel/antiparallel helical conformation of aromatic double helices through the formation/breakage of a disulfide bond is presented. Single-crystal X-ray structures, NMR, and circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrate that the double helices with terminal thiol groups favor an antiparallel helical arrangement both in the solid state and in solution, while the P/M bias of helicity induced by chiral segments from another extremity of the sequence is weak in this structural motif. The antiparallel helices can be rearranged to parallel helices through the disulfide connection of the sequences. This change enhances the bias of helical handedness and results in absolute chirality control of the double helices. The handedness-mediated process can be governed by the oxidation-reduction cycle, thereby switching the structural arrangement and the enhancement of chiral bias. In addition, we find that the sequences can dimerize into an intermolecular double helix with the disulfide connection. And the helical handedness is also fully controlled due to the head-to-head structural motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chunmiao Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Xiang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Quan Gan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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7
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Furusho Y, Endo T. Supramolecular polymer gels formed from polyamidine and random copolymer of
n‐butyl
acrylate and acrylic acid. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Furusho
- Department of Chemistry Shiga University of Medical Science Otsu Shiga Japan
- Molecular Engineering Institute Kyushu Institute of Technology Kitakyushu Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Molecular Engineering Institute Kyushu Institute of Technology Kitakyushu Japan
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8
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Kim KM, Song G, Lee S, Jeon H, Chae W, Jeong K. Template‐Directed Quantitative One‐Pot Synthesis of Homochiral Helical Receptors Enabling Enantioselective Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22475-22479. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Mog Kim
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Geunmoo Song
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae‐Geun Jeon
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Woojeong Chae
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu‐Sung Jeong
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
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9
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Kim KM, Song G, Lee S, Jeon H, Chae W, Jeong K. Template‐Directed Quantitative One‐Pot Synthesis of Homochiral Helical Receptors Enabling Enantioselective Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Mog Kim
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Geunmoo Song
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae‐Geun Jeon
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Woojeong Chae
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu‐Sung Jeong
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
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10
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Urushima A, Taura D, Tanaka M, Horimoto N, Tanabe J, Ousaka N, Mori T, Yashima E. Enantiodifferentiating Photodimerization of a 2,6‐Disubstituted Anthracene Assisted by Supramolecular Double‐Helix Formation with Chiral Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Urushima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Makoto Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Naomichi Horimoto
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Junki Tanabe
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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11
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Urushima A, Taura D, Tanaka M, Horimoto N, Tanabe J, Ousaka N, Mori T, Yashima E. Enantiodifferentiating Photodimerization of a 2,6‐Disubstituted Anthracene Assisted by Supramolecular Double‐Helix Formation with Chiral Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7478-7486. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Urushima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Makoto Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Naomichi Horimoto
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Junki Tanabe
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Department of Molecular Design and EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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12
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Kretschmer R. Ligands with Two Monoanionic N,N-Binding Sites: Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry. Chemistry 2020; 26:2099-2119. [PMID: 31755598 PMCID: PMC7064907 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polytopic ligands have become ubiquitous in coordination chemistry because they grant access to a variety of mono- and polynuclear complexes of transition metals as well as rare-earth and main-group elements. Nitrogen-based ditopic ligands, in which two monoanionic N,N-binding sites are framed within one molecule, are of particular importance and are therefore the primary focus of this review. In detail, bis(amidine)s, bis(guanidine)s, bis(β-diimine)s, bis(aminotroponimine)s, bis(pyrrolimine)s, and miscellaneous bis(N,N-chelating) ligands are reviewed. In addition to the general synthetic protocols, the application of these ligands is discussed along with their coordination chemistry, the multifarious binding modes, and the ability of these ligands to bridge two (or more) metal(loids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kretschmer
- Junior Professorship Inorganic Chemistry of Catalysis, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstrasse 807743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
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13
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Liu B, Ning Y, Virelli M, Zanoni G, Anderson EA, Bi X. Direct Transformation of Terminal Alkynes into Amidines by a Silver-Catalyzed Four-Component Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1593-1598. [PMID: 30667220 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented conversion of terminal alkynes into N-sulfonimidamides (amidines) is reported by a silver-catalyzed, one-pot, four-component reaction with TMSN3, sodium sulfinate, and sulfonyl azide. The reaction scope includes both aromatic and aliphatic alkynes. A possible cascade reaction mechanism, consisting of alkyne hydroazidation, sulfonyl radical addition, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition by TMSN3, and retro-1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, is proposed. TMSN3 is found to play an essential role in each step of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024 , China
| | - Yongquan Ning
- Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024 , China
| | - Matteo Virelli
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli 12 , 27100 , Pavia , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli 12 , 27100 , Pavia , Italy
| | - Edward A Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130024 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
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14
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Liu Y, Parks FC, Zhao W, Flood AH. Sequence-Controlled Stimuli-Responsive Single–Double Helix Conversion between 1:1 and 2:2 Chloride-Foldamer Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15477-15486. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Fred C. Parks
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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15
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Toya M, Ito H, Itami K. Recent advances in acetylene-based helical oligomers and polymers: Synthesis, structures, and properties. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Fujiwara S, Nonaka K, Yamaguchi M, Hashimoto T, Hayashita T. Structural effects of ditopic azoprobe–cyclodextrin complexes on the selectivity of guest-induced supramolecular chirality. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12690-12693. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02242a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Guest-induced supramolecular chirality: the guest ion selectivity was dramatically altered by a slight change in the spacer length of (15C5-Azo-n-dpa)2–γ-CyD complexes in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Fujiwara
- Department of Current Legal Studies
- Faculty of Law
- Meiji Gakuin University
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Kentaro Nonaka
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Sophia University
- Tokyo 102-8554
- Japan
| | - Mai Yamaguchi
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Sophia University
- Tokyo 102-8554
- Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Sophia University
- Tokyo 102-8554
- Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashita
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Sophia University
- Tokyo 102-8554
- Japan
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17
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Tanabe J, Taura D, Ousaka N, Yashima E. Chiral Template-Directed Regio-, Diastereo-, and Enantioselective Photodimerization of an Anthracene Derivative Assisted by Complementary Amidinium-Carboxylate Salt Bridge Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7388-7398. [PMID: 28485968 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of optically active amidine dimers composed of m-terphenyl backbones joined by a variety of linkers, such as achiral and chiral p-phenylene and chiral amide linkers, were synthesized and used as templates for the regio- (head-to-tail (HT) or head-to-head (HH)), diastereo- (anti or syn), and enantioselective [4 + 4] photocyclodimerization of an achiral m-terphenyl-based carboxylic acid monomer bearing a prochiral 2-substituted anthracene at one end (1) through complementary amidinium-carboxylate salt bridges. The amidine dimers linked by p-phenylene linkages almost exclusively afforded the chiral syn-HT and anti-HH dimers at 25 °C, while those joined by amide linkers produced all four dimers. The p-phenylene-linked templates tended to enhance the syn-HT-photodimer formation at high temperatures with no significant changes in the product enantiomeric excess (ee), while the anti-HH-photodimer formation remarkably increased with the decreasing temperature accompanied by a significant enhancement of the product ee up to -86% at -50 °C. Temperature-dependent inversion of the chirality of the anti-HH dimer was observed when the chiral phenylene-linked amidine dimer was used and the product ee was changed from 22% at 50 °C to -86% at -50 °C. A similar enhancement of the enantioselectivity of the anti-HH dimer was also observed for the chiral amide-linked template, producing the anti-HH dimer with up to -88% ee at -50 °C. The observed difference in the regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivities due to the difference in the linker structures of the amidine dimers during the template-directed photodimerization of 1 was discussed on the basis of a reversible conformational change in the amidine dimers complexed with 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Tanabe
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Yashima E, Ousaka N, Taura D, Shimomura K, Ikai T, Maeda K. Supramolecular Helical Systems: Helical Assemblies of Small Molecules, Foldamers, and Polymers with Chiral Amplification and Their Functions. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13752-13990. [PMID: 27754649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1230] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the recent advances in supramolecular helical assemblies formed from chiral and achiral small molecules, oligomers (foldamers), and helical and nonhelical polymers from the viewpoints of their formations with unique chiral phenomena, such as amplification of chirality during the dynamic helically assembled processes, properties, and specific functionalities, some of which have not been observed in or achieved by biological systems. In addition, a brief historical overview of the helical assemblies of small molecules and remarkable progress in the synthesis of single-stranded and multistranded helical foldamers and polymers, their properties, structures, and functions, mainly since 2009, will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kouhei Shimomura
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ikai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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19
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Tanabe J, Taura D, Ousaka N, Yashima E. Remarkable acceleration of template-directed photodimerisation of 9-phenylethynylanthracene derivatives assisted by complementary salt bridge formation. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10822-10832. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The photodimerisation of 9-phenylethynylanthracene-bound carboxylic acid monomers was remarkably accelerated in the presence of the complementary amidine dimer template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Tanabe
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
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20
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Nonaka K, Yamaguchi M, Yasui M, Fujiwara S, Hashimoto T, Hayashita T. Guest-induced supramolecular chirality in a ditopic azoprobe-cyclodextrin complex in water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:10059-61. [PMID: 25036024 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel supramolecular chirality induced by the twisted structural change of two ditopic azoprobes (15C5-Azo-dpa) inside the chiral cavity of γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CyD) due to multi-point recognition of guest ions by 15C5-Azo-dpa molecules in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Nonaka
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan.
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21
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Makiguchi W, Tanabe J, Yamada H, Iida H, Taura D, Ousaka N, Yashima E. Chirality- and sequence-selective successive self-sorting via specific homo- and complementary-duplex formations. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7236. [PMID: 26051291 PMCID: PMC4468858 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-recognition and self-discrimination within complex mixtures are of fundamental importance in biological systems, which entirely rely on the preprogrammed monomer sequences and homochirality of biological macromolecules. Here we report artificial chirality- and sequence-selective successive self-sorting of chiral dimeric strands bearing carboxylic acid or amidine groups joined by chiral amide linkers with different sequences through homo- and complementary-duplex formations. A mixture of carboxylic acid dimers linked by racemic-1,2-cyclohexane bis-amides with different amide sequences (NHCO or CONH) self-associate to form homoduplexes in a completely sequence-selective way, the structures of which are different from each other depending on the linker amide sequences. The further addition of an enantiopure amide-linked amidine dimer to a mixture of the racemic carboxylic acid dimers resulted in the formation of a single optically pure complementary duplex with a 100% diastereoselectivity and complete sequence specificity stabilized by the amidinium–carboxylate salt bridges, leading to the perfect chirality- and sequence-selective duplex formation. The recognition and self-sorting of chiral molecules is a vital feature of many biomolecules. Here, the authors report chirality- and sequence-specific self-sorting of organic strands containing carboxylic acid or amidine groups, leading to selective duplex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Makiguchi
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Junki Tanabe
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Yamada
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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22
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Saito N, Kanie K, Matsubara M, Muramatsu A, Yamaguchi M. Dynamic and Reversible Polymorphism of Self-Assembled Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Systems Derived from Cyclic Bis(ethynylhelicene) Oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6594-601. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Saito
- Frontier
Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University , 6-3 Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kanie
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1,
Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsubara
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1,
Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Muramatsu
- Institute
of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1,
Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yamaguchi
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Horie M, Ousaka N, Taura D, Yashima E. Chiral tether-mediated stabilization and helix-sense control of complementary metallo-double helices. Chem Sci 2015; 6:714-723. [PMID: 28706634 PMCID: PMC5494540 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02275k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel PtII-linked double helices were prepared by inter- or intrastrand ligand-exchange reactions of the complementary duplexes composed of chiral or achiral amidine dimer and achiral carboxylic acid dimer strands joined by trans-PtII-acetylide complexes with PPh3 ligands using chiral and achiral chelating diphosphines. The structure and stability of the PtII-linked double helices were highly dependent on the diphosphine structures. An interstrand ligand exchange took place with chiral and achiral 1,3-diphosphine-based ligands, resulting in trans-PtII-bridged double helices, whose helical structures were quite stable even in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) due to the interstrand cross-link, whereas a 1,2-diphosphine-based ligand produced non-cross-linked cis-PtII-linked duplexes, resulting from an intrastrand ligand-exchange that readily dissociated into single strands in DMSO. When enantiopure 1,3-diphosphine-based ligands were used, the resulting trans-PtII-bridged double helices adopted a preferred-handed helical sense biased by the chirality of the bridged diphosphines. Interestingly, the interstrand ligand exchange with racemic 1,3-diphosphine toward an optically-active PtII-linked duplex, composed of chiral amidine and achiral carboxylic acid strands, was found to proceed in a diastereoselective manner, thus forming complete homochiral trans-PtII-bridged double helices via a unique chiral self-sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Horie
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan .
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Venture Business Laboratory , Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Daisuke Taura
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan .
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan .
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25
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Gillissen MAJ, Koenigs MME, Spiering JJH, Vekemans JAJM, Palmans ARA, Voets IK, Meijer EW. Triple helix formation in amphiphilic discotics: demystifying solvent effects in supramolecular self-assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 136:336-43. [PMID: 24313787 DOI: 10.1021/ja4104183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A set of chiral, amphiphilic, self-assembling discotic molecules based on the 3,3'-bis(acylamino)-2,2'-bipyridine-substituted benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide motif (BiPy-BTA) was prepared. Amphiphilicity was induced into the discotic molecules by an asymmetrical distribution of alkyl and oligo(ethylene oxide) groups in the periphery of the molecules. Small-angle X-ray scattering, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy measurements were performed on the discotic amphiphiles in mixtures of water and alcohol at temperatures between 0 °C an 90 °C. The combined results show that these amphiphilic discotic molecules self-assemble into supramolecular fibers consisting of either one or three discotic molecules in the fiber cross-section and that the presence of water induces the bundling of the supramolecular fibers. The rich phase behavior observed for these molecules proves to be intimately connected to the mixing thermodynamics of the water-alcohol mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn A J Gillissen
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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26
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Banno M, Wu ZQ, Makiguchi W, Furusho Y, Yashima E. Supramolecular Organogels Formed through Complementary Double-Helix Formation. Chempluschem 2013; 79:35-44. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
A polymeric ladderphane is a step-like structure comprising multiple layers of linkers covalently connected to two or more polymeric backbones. The linkers can be planar aromatic, macrocyclic metal complexes, or three-dimensional organic or organometallic moieties. Structurally, a DNA molecule is a special kind of ladderphane, where the cofacially aligned base-pair pendants are linked through hydrogen bonding. A greater understanding of this class of molecules could help researchers develop new synthetic molecules capable of a similar transfer of chemical information. In this Account, we summarize our studies of the strategy, design, synthesis, characterization, replications, chemical and photophysical properties, and assembly of a range of double-stranded ladderphanes with many fascinating structures. We employed two norbornene moieties fused with N-arylpyrrolidine to connect covalently with a range of relatively rigid linkers. Ring opening metathesis polymerizations (ROMP) of these bis-norbornenes using the first-generation Grubbs ruthenium-benzylidene catalyst produced the corresponding symmetrical double-stranded ladderphanes. The N-arylpyrrolidene moiety in the linker controls the isotactic selectivity and the trans configuration for all double bonds in both single- and double-stranded polynorbornenes. The π-π interactions between these aryl pendants may contribute to the high stereoselectivity in the ROMP of these substrates. We synthesized chiral helical ladderphanes by incorporating asymmetric center(s) in the linkers. Replication protocols and sequential polymerization of a monomer that includes two different polymerizable groups offer methods for producing unsymmetical ladderphanes. These routes furnish template synthesis of daughter polymers with well-controlled chain lengths and polydispersities. The linkers in these ladderphanes are well aligned in the center along the longitudinal axis of the polymer. Fluorescence quenching, excimer formation, or Soret band splitting experiments suggest that strong interactions take place between the linkers. The antiferromagnetism of the oxidized ferrocene-based ladderphanes further indicates strong coupling between linkers in these ladderphanes. These polynorbornene-based ladderphanes can easily aggregate to form a two-dimensional, highly ordered array on the graphite surface with areas that can reach the submicrometer range. These morphological patterns result from interactions between vinyl and styryl end groups via π-π stacking along the longitudinal axis of the polymer and van der Waals interaction between backbones of polymers. Such assembly orients planar arene moieties cofacially, and polynorbornene backbones insulate each linear array of arenes from the adjacent arrays. Dihydroxylation converts the double bonds in polynorbornene backbones of ladderphanes into more hydrophilic polyols. Hydrogen bonding between these polyol molecules leads to self-assembly and produces structures with longitudinally staggered morphologies on the graphite surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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28
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Suárez JR, Kwiczak J, Grenda K, Jimeno ML, Chiara JL. Synthesis ofN,N′-Disulfonylamidines from Sulfonamides and Alkynes by a Two-Step, One-Pot Reaction with Nonafluorobutanesulfonyl Azide. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201201001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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29
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Tanabe J, Taura D, Yamada H, Furusho Y, Yashima E. Photocontrolled template-directed synthesis of complementary double helices assisted by amidinium–carboxylate salt bridge formation. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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30
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Saha ML, De S, Pramanik S, Schmittel M. Orthogonality in discrete self-assembly – survey of current concepts. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:6860-909. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60098j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Nakatani Y, Furusho Y, Yashima E. Synthesis of helically twisted [1 + 1]macrocycles assisted by amidinium–carboxylate salt bridges and control of their chiroptical properties. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:1614-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob27054d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Yamada H, Wu ZQ, Furusho Y, Yashima E. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stabilities of Complementary Double Helices Utilizing Amidinium–Carboxylate Salt Bridges. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9506-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303701d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Yamada
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshio Furusho
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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