1
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Hawkey A, Dash A, Rodríguez-Martínez X, Zhao Z, Champ A, Lindenthal S, Zharnikov M, Kemerink M, Zaumseil J. Ion-Exchange Doping of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404554. [PMID: 39104286 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are a promising thermoelectric material with high power factors after chemical p- or n-doping. Understanding the impact of dopant counterions on charge transport and thermoelectric properties of nanotube networks is essential to further optimize doping methods and to develop better dopants. This work utilizes ion-exchange doping to systematically vary the size of counterions in thin films of small and large diameter, polymer-sorted semiconducting SWCNTs with AuCl3 as the initial p-dopant and investigates the impact of ion size on conductivity, Seebeck coefficients, and power factors. Larger anions are found to correlate with higher electrical conductivities and improved doping stability, while no significant effect on the power factors is found. Importantly, the effect of counterion size on the thermoelectric properties of dense SWCNT networks is not obscured by morphological changes upon doping. The observed trends of carrier mobilities and Seebeck coefficients can be explained by a random resistor model for the nanotube network that accounts for overlapping Coulomb potentials leading to the formation of an impurity band whose depth depends on the carrier density and counterion size. These insights can be applied more broadly to understand the thermoelectric properties of doped percolating disordered systems, including semiconducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Hawkey
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aditya Dash
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Zhiyong Zhao
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Champ
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Ke Z, Azam M, Ali S, Zubair M, Cao Y, Khan AA, Hassan A, Xue W. Role of Functional Groups in Tuning Luminescence Signature of Solution-Processed Graphene Quantum Dots: Experimental and Theoretical Insights. Molecules 2024; 29:2790. [PMID: 38930855 PMCID: PMC11206256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Zero-dimensional graphene quantum dots (GQDs) present unique optoelectronic properties in the large-spectrum range from UV to visible. However, the origin of luminescence in GQDs is still a debatable question. Therefore, the present work investigates the features of trap-mediated and edge-state-functionalized group-associated luminescence enhancement of GQDs. The attached functional groups' involvement in the upsurge of photoluminescence has been discussed theoretically as well as experimentally. In addition, the role of the aromatic ring, the functional group attached, and their positions of attachment to the aromatic ring to tune the emission wavelength and Raman modes have been elucidated theoretically as well as experimentally. We found that in the case of the -OH group attached outside of the aromatic ring, the long-range π hybridization dominates, which suggests that the emission from this model can be dictated by long-range π hybridization. In particular, we found that oxygen-containing functional groups attached outside of the aromatic ring are the main source of the luminescence signature in GQDs. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) indicates that the -OH functional group attached outside of the aromatic ring perfectly matched with our experimental results, as the experimental bandgap (2.407 eV) is comparable with the theoretical simulated bandgap (2.399 eV) of the -OH group attached outside of the aromatic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Ke
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Muhammad Azam
- National Key Laboratory of Electronic Films and Integrated Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Shujat Ali
- College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1), 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Yu Cao
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | | | - Ali Hassan
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Processing Robotics, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wei Xue
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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3
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Zhang Y, Jia MR, Liu XY, Fang WH, Cui G. Photoinduced Dynamics of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube with a sp 3 Defect: The Importance of Excitonic Effects. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3311-3320. [PMID: 38654690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we employed linear-response time-dependent functional theory nonadiabatic dynamic simulations to explore the photoinduced exciton dynamics of a chiral single-walled carbon nanotube CNT(6,5) covalently doped with a 4-nitrobenzyl group (CNT65-NO2). The results indicate that the introduction of a sp3 defect leads to the splitting of the degenerate VBM/VBM-1 and CBM/CBM+1 states. Both the VBM upshift and the CBM downshift are responsible for the experimentally observed redshifted E11* trapping state. The simulations reveal that the photoinduced exciton relaxation dynamics completes within 500 fs, which is consistent with the experimental work. On the other hand, we also conducted the nonadiabatic carrier (electron and hole) dynamic simulations, which completely ignore the excitonic effects. The comparison demonstrates that excitonic effects are indispensable. Deep analyses show that such effects induce several dark states, which play an important role in regulating the photoinduced dynamics of CNT65-NO2. The present work demonstrates the importance of including excitonic effects in simulating photoinduced processes of carbon nanotubes. In addition, it not only rationalizes previous experiments but also provides valuable insights that will help in the future rational design of novel covalently doped carbon nanotubes with superior photoluminescent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Meng-Ru Jia
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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4
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Lindenthal S, Fazzi D, Zorn NF, El Yumin AA, Settele S, Weidinger B, Blasco E, Zaumseil J. Understanding the Optical Properties of Doped and Undoped 9-Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons in Dispersion. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18240-18252. [PMID: 37695780 PMCID: PMC10540269 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons are one-dimensional stripes of graphene with width- and edge-structure-dependent electronic properties. They can be synthesized bottom-up in solution to obtain precise ribbon geometries. Here we investigate the optical properties of solution-synthesized 9-armchair graphene nanoribbons (9-aGNRs) that are stabilized as dispersions in organic solvents and further fractionated by liquid cascade centrifugation (LCC). Absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy reveal two near-infrared absorption and emission peaks whose ratios depend on the LCC fraction. Low-temperature single-nanoribbon photoluminescence spectra suggest the presence of two different nanoribbon species. Based on density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations, the lowest energy transition can be assigned to pristine 9-aGNRs, while 9-aGNRs with edge-defects, caused by incomplete graphitization, result in more blue-shifted transitions and higher Raman D/G-mode ratios. Hole doping of 9-aGNR dispersions with the electron acceptor F4TCNQ leads to concentration dependent bleaching and quenching of the main absorption and emission bands and the appearance of red-shifted, charge-induced absorption features but no additional emission peaks, thus indicating the formation of polarons instead of the predicted trions (charged excitons) in doped 9-aGNRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lindenthal
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicolas F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Simon Settele
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Weidinger
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials and Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute
for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials and Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Kumar R, Mishra V, Dixit T, Barman PK, Nayak PK, Rao MSR. Observation of positive trions in α-MoO 3/MoS 2 van der Waals heterostructures. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37449882 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01480k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Mono-layer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have emerged as an ideal platform for the study of many-body physics. As a result of their low dimensionality, these materials show a strong Coulomb interaction primarily due to reduced dielectric screening that leads to the formation of stable excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) and higher order excitons, including trions, and bi-excitons even at room temperature. van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures (HSs) of TMDCs provide an additional degree of freedom for altering the properties of 2D materials because charge carriers (electrons) in the different atomically thin layers are exposed to interlayer coupling and charge transfer takes place between the layers of vdW HSs. Astoundingly, it leads to the formation of different types of quasi-particles. In the present work, we report the synthesis of vdW HSs, i.e., α-MoO3/MoS2, on a 300 nm SiO2/Si substrate and investigate their temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Interestingly, an additional PL peak is observed in the case of the HS, along with A and B excitonic peaks. The emergence of a new PL peak in the low-energy regime has been assigned to the formation of a positive trion. The formation of positive trions in the HS is due to the high work function of α-MoO3, which enables the spontaneous transit of electrons from MoS2 to α-MoO3 and injection of holes into the MoS2 layer. In order to confirm charge transfer in the α-MoO3/MoS2 HS, systematic power and wavelength-dependent Raman and PL studies, as well as first-principle calculations using Bader charge analysis, have been carried out, which clearly validate our mechanism. We believe that this study will provide a platform towards the integration of vdW HSs for next-generation excitonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Kumar
- Department of Physics, Quantum Centre of Excellence for Diamond and Emergent Materials (QuCenDiEM), Nano Functional Materials Technology Centre and Materials Science Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
- Department of Physics, 2D Materials Research and Innovation Group, and Micro-Nano and Bio-Fluidics Group, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Vikash Mishra
- Department of Physics, Quantum Centre of Excellence for Diamond and Emergent Materials (QuCenDiEM), Nano Functional Materials Technology Centre and Materials Science Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - Tejendra Dixit
- Optoelectronics and Quantum Devices Group, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram, Chennai, 600127, India
| | - Prahalad Kanti Barman
- Department of Physics, 2D Materials Research and Innovation Group, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Pramoda K Nayak
- Department of Physics, 2D Materials Research and Innovation Group, and Micro-Nano and Bio-Fluidics Group, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India.
| | - M S Ramachandra Rao
- Department of Physics, Quantum Centre of Excellence for Diamond and Emergent Materials (QuCenDiEM), Nano Functional Materials Technology Centre and Materials Science Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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6
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Wieland S, El Yumin AA, Gotthardt JM, Zaumseil J. Impact of Dielectric Environment on Trion Emission from Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:3112-3122. [PMID: 36824583 PMCID: PMC9940213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c08338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Trions are charged excitons that form upon optical or electrical excitation of low-dimensional semiconductors in the presence of charge carriers (holes or electrons). Trion emission from semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) occurs in the near-infrared and at lower energies compared to the respective exciton. It can be used as an indicator for the presence of excess charge carriers in SWCNT samples and devices. Both excitons and trions are highly sensitive to the surrounding dielectric medium of the nanotubes, having an impact on their application in optoelectronic devices. Here, the influence of different dielectric materials on exciton and trion emission from electrostatically doped networks of polymer-sorted (6,5) SWCNTs in top-gate field-effect transistors is investigated. The observed differences of trion and exciton emission energies and intensities for hole and electron accumulation cannot be explained with the polarizability or screening characteristics of the different dielectric materials, but they show a clear dependence on the charge trapping properties of the dielectrics. Charge localization (trapping of holes or electrons by the dielectric) reduces exciton quenching, emission blue-shift and trion formation. Based on the observed carrier type and dielectric material dependent variations, the ratio of trion to exciton emission and the exciton blue-shift are not suitable as quantitative metrics for doping levels of carbon nanotubes.
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7
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Shiraki T, Miyauchi Y, Matsuda K, Nakashima N. Carbon Nanotube Photoluminescence Modulation by Local Chemical and Supramolecular Chemical Functionalization. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1846-1859. [PMID: 32791829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been central materials in nanoscience and nanotechnologies. Single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) consisting of a cylindrical graphene show a metallic (met) or semiconducting (sc) property depending on their rolling up manner (chirality). The sc-SWCNTs show characteristic chirality-dependent optical properties of their absorption and photoluminescence (PL) in the near-infrared (NIR) region. These are derived from their highly π-conjugated structures having semiconducting crystalline sp2 carbon networks with defined nanoarchitectures that afford a strong quantum confinement and weak dielectric screening. Consequently, photoirradiation of the SWCNTs produces a stable and mobile exciton (excited electron-hole pair) even at room temperature, and the exciton properties dominate such optical phenomena in the SWCNTs. However, the mobile excitons decrease the PL efficiency due to nonradiative relaxation including collision with tube edges and relaxation to lower-lying dark states. A breakthrough regarding the efficient use of the mobile exciton for PL has recently been achieved by local chemical functionalization of the SWCNTs, in which the chemical reactions introduce local defects of oxygen and sp3 carbon atoms in the tube structures. The defect doping creates new emissive doped sites that have narrower band gaps and trap the mobile excitons, which provides locally functionalized SWCNTs (lf-SWCNTs). As a result, the localized exciton produces E11* PL with red-shifted wavelengths and enhanced PL quantum yields compared to the original E11 PL of the nonmodified SWCNTs.In this Account, we describe recently revealed fundamental properties of the lf-SWCNTs based on the analyses by photophysics, theoretical calculations, and electrochemistry combined with in situ PL spectroscopy. The new insight allows us to expand the wavelength regions of the NIR E11* PL derived from the localized exciton, in which upconversion generates a higher energy PL through thermal activation and proximal doped site formation using bis-aryldiazonium modifiers provides a much lower energy PL than typical E11* PL. Moreover, owing to the chemical reaction-dominant doping process, the molecular structure design of modifiers succeeds in producing functionalized lf-SWCNTs; namely, molecular functions are incorporated into the doped sites for their PL modulation. The wavelength changes/switching in the E11* PL selectively occurs by a supramolecular approach using molecular recognition and imine chemistry. Therefore, the local chemical functionalization of the SWCNTs is a key to designing the properties and creating their new functions of the lf-SWCNTs. Fundamental understanding of the doped site properties of the lf-SWCNTs and molecularly driven approaches for exciton and defect engineering would unveil the intrinsic natures of these materials, which is crucial for elevating the SWCNT-based nanotechnologies to the next stage. The resulting materials are of interest in the fields of high performance NIR-II imaging and sensing for bio/medical analyses and single-photon emitters in quantum information technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuhei Miyauchi
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazunari Matsuda
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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8
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Nakashima N, Fukuzawa M, Nishimura K, Fujigaya T, Kato Y, Staykov A. Supramolecular Chemistry-Based One-Pot High-Efficiency Separation of Solubilizer-Free Pure Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Molecular Strategy and Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11847-11856. [PMID: 32539417 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have the potential to revolutionize nanoscale electronics and power sources; however, their low purity and high separation cost limit their use in practical applications. Here we present a supramolecular chemistry-based one-pot, less expensive, scalable, and highly efficient separation of a solubilizer/adsorbent-free pure semiconducting SWCNT (sc-SWCNT) using flavin/isoalloxazine analogues with different substituents. On the basis of both experimental and computational simulations (DFT study), we have revealed the molecular requirements of the solubilizers as well as provided a possible mechanism for such a highly efficient selective sc-SWCNT separation. The present sorting method is very simple (one-pot) and gives a promising sc-SWCNT separation methodology. Thus, the study provides insight for the molecular design of an sc-SWCNT solubilizer with a high (n,m)-chiral selectivity, which benefits many areas including semiconducting nanoelectronics, thermoelectric, bio and energy materials, and devices using solubilizer-free very pure sc-SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Nakashima
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukuzawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kanako Nishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tsuyohiko Fujigaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Aleksandar Staykov
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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9
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Gaulke M, Janissek A, Peyyety NA, Alamgir I, Riaz A, Dehm S, Li H, Lemmer U, Flavel BS, Kappes MM, Hennrich F, Wei L, Chen Y, Pyatkov F, Krupke R. Low-Temperature Electroluminescence Excitation Mapping of Excitons and Trions in Short-Channel Monochiral Carbon Nanotube Devices. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2709-2717. [PMID: 31920075 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes as emerging quantum-light sources may fill a technological gap in silicon photonics due to their potential use as near-infrared, electrically driven, classical or nonclassical emitters. Unlike in photoluminescence, where nanotubes are excited with light, electrical excitation of single tubes is challenging and heavily influenced by device fabrication, architecture, and biasing conditions. Here we present electroluminescence spectroscopy data of ultra-short-channel devices made from (9,8) carbon nanotubes emitting in the telecom band. Emissions are stable under current biasing, and no enhanced suppression is observed down to 10 nm gap size. Low-temperature electroluminescence spectroscopy data also reported exhibit cold emission and line widths down to 2 meV at 4 K. Electroluminescence excitation maps give evidence that carrier recombination is the mechanism for light generation in short channels. Excitonic and trionic emissions can be switched on and off by gate voltage, and corresponding emission efficiency maps were compiled. Insights are gained into the influence of acoustic phonons on the line width, absence of intensity saturation and exciton-exciton annihilation, environmental effects such as dielectric screening and strain on the emission wavelength, and conditions to suppress hysteresis and establish optimum operation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gaulke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexander Janissek
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Naga Anirudh Peyyety
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Imtiaz Alamgir
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Adnan Riaz
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uli Lemmer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Li Wei
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Felix Pyatkov
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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10
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Zorn N, Scuratti F, Berger FJ, Perinot A, Heimfarth D, Caironi M, Zaumseil J. Probing Mobile Charge Carriers in Semiconducting Carbon Nanotube Networks by Charge Modulation Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2412-2423. [PMID: 31999430 PMCID: PMC7045696 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed networks of semiconducting, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have attracted considerable attention as materials for next-generation electronic devices and circuits. However, the impact of the SWCNT network composition on charge transport on a microscopic level remains an open and complex question. Here, we use charge-modulated absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy to probe exclusively the mobile charge carriers in monochiral (6,5) and mixed SWCNT network field-effect transistors. Ground-state bleaching and charge-induced trion absorption features as well as exciton quenching are observed depending on applied voltage and modulation frequency. Through correlation of the modulated mobile carrier density and the optical response of the nanotubes, we find that charge transport in mixed SWCNT networks depends strongly on the diameter and thus bandgap of the individual species. Mobile charges are preferentially transported by small bandgap SWCNTs especially at low gate voltages, whereas large bandgap species only start to participate at higher carrier concentrations. Our results demonstrate the excellent suitability of modulation spectroscopy to investigate charge transport in nanotube network transistors and highlight the importance of SWCNT network composition for their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas
F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Scuratti
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Felix J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Perinot
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniel Heimfarth
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Kwon H, Kim M, Nutz M, Hartmann NF, Perrin V, Meany B, Hofmann MS, Clark CW, Htoon H, Doorn SK, Högele A, Wang Y. Probing Trions at Chemically Tailored Trapping Defects. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1786-1794. [PMID: 31807680 PMCID: PMC6891859 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Trions, charged excitons that are reminiscent of hydrogen and positronium ions, have been intensively studied for energy harvesting, light-emitting diodes, lasing, and quantum computing applications because of their inherent connection with electron spin and dark excitons. However, these quasi-particles are typically present as a minority species at room temperature making it difficult for quantitative experimental measurements. Here, we show that by chemically engineering the well depth of sp3 quantum defects through a series of alkyl functional groups covalently attached to semiconducting carbon nanotube hosts, trions can be efficiently generated and localized at the trapping chemical defects. The exciton-electron binding energy of the trapped trion approaches 119 meV, which more than doubles that of "free" trions in the same host material (54 meV) and other nanoscale systems (2-45 meV). Magnetoluminescence spectroscopy suggests the absence of dark states in the energetic vicinity of trapped trions. Unexpectedly, the trapped trions are approximately 7.3-fold brighter than the brightest previously reported and 16 times as bright as native nanotube excitons, with a photoluminescence lifetime that is more than 100 times larger than that of free trions. These intriguing observations are understood by an efficient conversion of dark excitons to bright trions at the defect sites. This work makes trions synthetically accessible and uncovers the rich photophysics of these tricarrier quasi-particles, which may find broad implications in bioimaging, chemical sensing, energy harvesting, and light emitting in the short-wave infrared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
| | - Manuel Nutz
- Fakultat
für Physik, Center for NanoScience and Munich Quantum Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Nicolai F. Hartmann
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Vivien Perrin
- Fakultat
für Physik, Center for NanoScience and Munich Quantum Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Brendan Meany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
| | - Matthias S. Hofmann
- Fakultat
für Physik, Center for NanoScience and Munich Quantum Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Charles W. Clark
- Joint
Quantum Institute, National Institute of
Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20902, United States
| | - Han Htoon
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Stephen K. Doorn
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Alexander Högele
- Fakultat
für Physik, Center for NanoScience and Munich Quantum Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
- Maryland
NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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12
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Jannat A, Haque F, Xu K, Zhou C, Zhang BY, Syed N, Mohiuddin M, Messalea KA, Li X, Gras SL, Wen X, Fei Z, Haque E, Walia S, Daeneke T, Zavabeti A, Ou JZ. Exciton-Driven Chemical Sensors Based on Excitation-Dependent Photoluminescent Two-Dimensional SnS. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:42462-42468. [PMID: 31622081 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Excitation wavelength-dependent photoluminescence (PL) in two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal chalcogenides enables a strong excitonic interaction for high-performance chemical and biological sensing applications. In this work, we explore the possible candidates in the domain of post-transition-metal chalcogenides. Few-layered 2D p-type tin monosulfide (SnS) nanoflakes with submicrometer lateral dimensions are synthesized from the liquid phase exfoliation of bulk crystals. Excitation wavelength-dependent PL is found, and the excitonic radiative lifetime is more than one order enhanced compared to that of the bulk counterpart because of the quantum confinement effect. Paramagnetic NO2 gas is selected as a representative to investigate the exciton-driven chemical-sensing properties of 2D SnS. Physisorption of NO2 results in the formation of dipoles on the surface of 2D SnS, causing the redistribution of photoexcited charges in the body and therefore modifying PL properties. For practical sensing applications, 2D SnS is integrated into a resistive transducing platform. Under light irradiation, the sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity and selectivity to NO2 at a relatively low operating temperature of 60 °C. The limit of detection is 17 parts per billion (ppb), which is significantly improved over other previously reported 2D p-type semiconductor-based NO2 sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmira Jannat
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Farjana Haque
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Kai Xu
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology , Swinburne University of Technology , Melbourne , Victoria 3122 , Australia
| | - Bao Yue Zhang
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Nitu Syed
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Md Mohiuddin
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Kibret A Messalea
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Xu Li
- The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Sally L Gras
- The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Xiaoming Wen
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology , Swinburne University of Technology , Melbourne , Victoria 3122 , Australia
| | - Zhengdong Fei
- College of Material Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310014 , China
| | - Enamul Haque
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Sumeet Walia
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
| | - Jian Zhen Ou
- School of Engineering , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3000 , Australia
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13
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Eremin TV, Obraztsov PA, Velikanov VA, Shubina TV, Obraztsova ED. Many-particle excitations in non-covalently doped single-walled carbon nanotubes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14985. [PMID: 31628351 PMCID: PMC6802218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Doping of single-walled carbon nanotubes leads to the formation of new energy levels which are able to participate in optical processes. Here, we investigate (6,5)-single walled carbon nanotubes doped in a solution of hydrochloric acid using optical absorption, photoluminescence, and pump-probe transient absorption techniques. We find that, beyond a certain level of doping, the optical spectra of such nanotubes exhibit the spectral features related to two doping-induced levels, which we assign to a localized exciton [Formula: see text] and a trion T, appearing in addition to an ordinary exciton [Formula: see text]. We evaluate the formation and relaxation kinetics of respective states and demonstrate that the kinetics difference between E1 and X energy levels perfectly matches the kinetics of the state T. This original finding evidences the formation of trions through nonradiative relaxation via the [Formula: see text] level, rather than via a direct optical excitation from the ground energy state of nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofei V Eremin
- Faculty of Physics of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory str. 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of RAS, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.
| | - Petr A Obraztsov
- A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of RAS, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, Joensuu, 80101, Finland
| | - Vladimir A Velikanov
- A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of RAS, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, 31 Kashirskoe Highway, Moscow, 115409, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Shubina
- Ioffe Institute of RAS, Politechnicheskaya str. 26, St Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| | - Elena D Obraztsova
- A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of RAS, Vavilov str. 38, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
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14
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Wang J, Lin F, Verzhbitskiy I, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Martin J, Eda G. Polarity Tunable Trionic Electroluminescence in Monolayer WSe 2. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7470-7475. [PMID: 31517494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer WSe2 exhibits luminescence arising from various types of exciton complexes due to strong many-body effects. Here, we demonstrate selective electrical excitation of positive and negative trions in van der Waals metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) heterostructure consisting of few-layer graphene (FLG), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and monolayer WSe2. Intentional unbalanced injection of electrons and holes is achieved via field-emission tunneling and electrostatic accumulation. The device exhibits planar electroluminescence from either positive trion X+ or negative trion X- depending on the bias conditions. We show that hBN serves as a tunneling barrier material allowing selective injection of electron or holes into WSe2 from FLG layer. Our observation offers prospects for hot carrier injection, trion manipulation, and on-chip excitonic devices based on two-dimensional semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyong Wang
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 2 Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117542
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials , National University of Singapore , 6 Science Drive 2 , Singapore 117546
| | - Fanrong Lin
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 2 Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117542
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials , National University of Singapore , 6 Science Drive 2 , Singapore 117546
| | - Ivan Verzhbitskiy
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 2 Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117542
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials , National University of Singapore , 6 Science Drive 2 , Singapore 117546
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Material Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Material Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Jens Martin
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 2 Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117542
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials , National University of Singapore , 6 Science Drive 2 , Singapore 117546
| | - Goki Eda
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 2 Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117542
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials , National University of Singapore , 6 Science Drive 2 , Singapore 117546
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117543
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15
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Gladush Y, Mkrtchyan AA, Kopylova DS, Ivanenko A, Nyushkov B, Kobtsev S, Kokhanovskiy A, Khegai A, Melkumov M, Burdanova M, Staniforth M, Lloyd-Hughes J, Nasibulin AG. Ionic Liquid Gated Carbon Nanotube Saturable Absorber for Switchable Pulse Generation. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:5836-5843. [PMID: 31343179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Materials with electrically tunable optical properties offer a wide range of opportunities for photonic applications. The optical properties of the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can be significantly altered in the near-infrared region by means of electrochemical doping. The states' filling, which is responsible for the optical absorption suppression under doping, also alters the nonlinear optical response of the material. Here, for the first time we report that the electrochemical doping can tailor the nonlinear optical absorption of SWCNT films and demonstrate its application to control pulsed fiber laser generation. With a pump-probe technique, we show that under an applied voltage below 2 V the photobleaching of the material can be gradually reduced and even turned to photoinduced absorption. Furthermore, we integrated a carbon nanotube electrochemical cell on a side-polished fiber to tune the absorption saturation and implemented it into the fully polarization-maintaining fiber laser. We show that the pulse generation regime can be reversibly switched between femtosecond mode-locking and microsecond Q-switching using different gate voltages. This approach paves the road toward carbon nanotube optical devices with tunable nonlinearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Gladush
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Moscow 121205 , Russia
| | - Aram A Mkrtchyan
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Moscow 121205 , Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , Moscow region, Dolgoprudny 141700 , Russia
| | - Daria S Kopylova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Moscow 121205 , Russia
| | | | - Boris Nyushkov
- Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
- Novosibirsk State Technical University , Novosibirsk 630073 , Russia
| | - Sergey Kobtsev
- Novosibirsk State University , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | | | | | | | - Maria Burdanova
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Staniforth
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - James Lloyd-Hughes
- Department of Physics , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Albert G Nasibulin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Moscow 121205 , Russia
- Department of Applied Physics and Department of Chemistry and Materials Science , Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
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16
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Möhl C, Graf A, Berger FJ, Lüttgens J, Zakharko Y, Lumsargis V, Gather MC, Zaumseil J. Trion-Polariton Formation in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Microcavities. ACS PHOTONICS 2018; 5:2074-2080. [PMID: 29963582 PMCID: PMC6019025 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the formation and tuning of charged trion-polaritons in polymer-sorted (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes in a planar metal-clad microcavity at room temperature. The positively charged trion-polaritons were induced by electrochemical doping and characterized by angle-resolved reflectance and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The doping level of the nanotubes within the microcavity was controlled by the applied bias and thus enabled tuning from mainly excitonic to a mixture of exciton and trion transitions. Mode splitting of more than 70 meV around the trion energy and emission from the new lower polariton branch corroborate a transition from exciton-polaritons (neutral) to trion-polaritons (charged). The estimated charge-to-mass ratio of these trion-polaritons is 200 times higher than that of electrons or holes in carbon nanotubes, which has exciting implications for the realization of polaritonic charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Möhl
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arko Graf
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Lüttgens
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuriy Zakharko
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Victoria Lumsargis
- Department
of Chemistry, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Malte C. Gather
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Berger F, Higgins TM, Rother M, Graf A, Zakharko Y, Allard S, Matthiesen M, Gotthardt JM, Scherf U, Zaumseil J. From Broadband to Electrochromic Notch Filters with Printed Monochiral Carbon Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11135-11142. [PMID: 29521086 PMCID: PMC5887085 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dense layers of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) serve as electrochromic (EC) materials in the near-infrared with high optical density and high conductivity. EC cells with tunable notch filter properties instead of broadband absorption are created via highly selective dispersion of specific semiconducting SWNTs through polymer-wrapping followed by deposition of thick films by aerosol-jet printing. A simple planar geometry with spray-coated mixed SWNTs as the counter electrode renders transparent metal oxides redundant and facilitates complete bleaching within a few seconds through iongel electrolytes with high ionic conductivities. Monochiral (6,5) SWNT films as working electrodes exhibit a narrow absorption band at 997 nm (full width at half-maximum of 55-73 nm) with voltage-dependent optical densities between 0.2 and 4.5 and a modulation depth of up to 43 dB. These (6,5) SWNT notch filters can retain more than 95% of maximum bleaching for several hours under open-circuit conditions. In addition, different levels of transmission can be set by applying constant low voltage (1.5 V) pulses with modulated width or by a given number of fixed short pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix
J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Higgins
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Rother
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arko Graf
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuriy Zakharko
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sybille Allard
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Maik Matthiesen
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan M. Gotthardt
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Dynamics of charged excitons in electronically and morphologically homogeneous single-walled carbon nanotubes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:674-679. [PMID: 29311334 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712971115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The trion, a three-body charge-exciton bound state, offers unique opportunities to simultaneously manipulate charge, spin, and excitation in one-dimensional single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) at room temperature. Effective exploitation of trion quasi-particles requires fundamental insight into their creation and decay dynamics. Such knowledge, however, remains elusive for SWNT trion states, due to the electronic and morphological heterogeneity of commonly interrogated SWNT samples, and the fact that transient spectroscopic signals uniquely associated with the trion state have not been identified. Here, we prepare length-sorted SWNTs and precisely control charge-carrier-doping densities to determine trion dynamics using femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. Identification of the trion transient absorptive hallmark enables us to demonstrate that trions (i) derive from a precursor excitonic state, (ii) are produced via migration of excitons to stationary hole-polaron sites, and (iii) decay in a first-order manner. Importantly, under appropriate carrier-doping densities, exciton-to-trion conversion in SWNTs can approach 100% at ambient temperature. Our findings open up possibilities for exploiting trions in SWNT optoelectronics, ranging from photovoltaics and photodetectors to spintronics.
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19
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Kahmann S, Salazar Rios JM, Zink M, Allard S, Scherf U, dos Santos MC, Brabec CJ, Loi MA. Excited-State Interaction of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Their Wrapping Polymers. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5666-5672. [PMID: 29099192 PMCID: PMC5694966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We employ photoluminescence and pump-probe spectroscopy on films of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of different chirality wrapped with either a wide band gap polyfluorene derivative (PF12) or a polythiophene with narrower gap (P3DDT) to elucidate the excited states' interplay between the two materials. Excitation above the polymer band gap gives way to an ultrafast electron transfer from both polymers toward the CNTs. By monitoring the hole polaron on the polymer via its mid infrared signature, we show that also illumination below the polymer band gap leads to the formation of this fingerprint and infer that holes are also transferred toward the polymer. As this contradicts the standard way of discussing the involved energy levels, we propose that polymer-wrapped CNTs should be considered as a single hybrid system, exhibiting states shared between the two components. This proposition is validated through quantum chemical calculations that show hybridization of the first excited states, especially for the thiophene-CNT sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kahmann
- Photophysics
and Opto Electronics Group, Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Materials in Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jorge M. Salazar Rios
- Photophysics
and Opto Electronics Group, Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Zink
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Wuppertal University, Gauss-Strae 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sybille Allard
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Wuppertal University, Gauss-Strae 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Wuppertal University, Gauss-Strae 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Maria C. dos Santos
- Photophysics
and Opto Electronics Group, Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Institute
for Materials in Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian
Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE-Bayern), Immerwahrstraße 2, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria A. Loi
- Photophysics
and Opto Electronics Group, Zernike Institute of Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Shiraishi T, Shiraki T, Nakashima N. Substituent effects on the redox states of locally functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes revealed by in situ photoluminescence spectroelectrochemistry. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:16900-16907. [PMID: 29077106 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05480g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with local chemical modification have been recognized as a novel near infrared (NIR) photoluminescent nanomaterial due to the emergence of a new red-shifted photoluminescence (PL) with enhanced quantum yields. As a characteristic feature of the locally functionalized SWNTs (lf-SWNTs), PL wavelength changes occur with the structural dependence of the substituent structures in the modified aryl groups, showing up to a 60 nm peak shift according to an electronic property difference of the aryl groups. Up to now, however, the structural effect on the electronic states of the lf-SWNTs has been discussed only on the basis of theoretical calculations due to the very limited amount of modifications. Herein, we describe the successfully-determined electronic states of the aryl-modified lf-SWNTs with different substituents (Ar-X SWNTs) using an in situ PL spectroelectrochemical method based on electrochemical quenching of the PL intensities analyzed by the Nernst equation. In particular, we reveal that the local functionalization of (6,5)SWNTs induced potential changes in the energy levels of the HOMO and the LUMO by -23 to -38 meV and +20 to +22 meV, respectively, compared to those of the pristine SWNTs, which generates exciton trapping sites with narrower band gaps. Moreover, the HOMO levels of the Ar-X SWNTs specifically shift in a negative potential direction by 15 meV according to an enhancement of the electron-accepting property of the substituents in the aryl groups that corresponds to an increase in the Hammet substituent constants, suggesting the importance of the dipole effect from the aryl groups on the lf-SWNTs to the level shift of the frontier orbitals. Our method is a promising way to characterize the electronic features of the lf-SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Shiraishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Abstract
One- and two-dimensional materials are being intensively investigated due to their interesting properties for next-generation optoelectronic devices. Among these, armchair-edged graphene nanoribbons are very promising candidates with optical properties that are dominated by excitons. In the presence of additional charges, trions (i.e., charged excitons) can occur in the optical spectrum. With our recently developed first-principle many-body approach (Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 196804), we predict strongly bound trions in free-standing nanoribbons with large binding energies of 140-660 meV for widths of 14.6-3.6 Å. Both for the trions and for the excitons, we observe an almost linear dependency of their binding energies on the band gap. We observe several trion states with different character derived from the corresponding excitons. Because of the large bindings energies, this opens a route to applications by which optical properties are easily manipulated, for example, by electrical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Deilmann
- Center for Atomic-Scale Materials Design (CAMD), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Rohlfing
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , 48149 Münster, Germany
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22
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Eckstein KH, Hartleb H, Achsnich MM, Schöppler F, Hertel T. Localized Charges Control Exciton Energetics and Energy Dissipation in Doped Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10401-10408. [PMID: 28881133 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Doping by chemical or physical means is key for the development of future semiconductor technologies. Ideally, charge carriers should be able to move freely in a homogeneous environment. Here, we report on evidence suggesting that excess carriers in electrochemically p-doped semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs) become localized, most likely due to poorly screened Coulomb interactions with counterions in the Helmholtz layer. A quantitative analysis of blue-shift, broadening, and asymmetry of the first exciton absorption band also reveals that doping leads to hard segmentation of s-SWNTs with intrinsic undoped segments being separated by randomly distributed charge puddles approximately 4 nm in width. Light absorption in these doped segments is associated with the formation of trions, spatially separated from neutral excitons. Acceleration of exciton decay in doped samples is governed by diffusive exciton transport to, and nonradiative decay at charge puddles within 3.2 ps in moderately doped s-SWNTs. The results suggest that conventional band-filling in s-SWNTs breaks down due to inhomogeneous electrochemical doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus H Eckstein
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg , Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Holger Hartleb
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg , Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Melanie M Achsnich
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg , Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Friedrich Schöppler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg , Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Tobias Hertel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg , Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg , Würzburg 97074, Germany
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23
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Dowgiallo AM, Mistry KS, Johnson JC, Reid OG, Blackburn JL. Probing Exciton Diffusion and Dissociation in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-C(60) Heterojunctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1794-1799. [PMID: 27127916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of thin-film organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices relies heavily upon the transport of excitons to type-II heterojunction interfaces, where there is sufficient driving force for exciton dissociation and ultimately the formation of charge carriers. Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are strong near-infrared absorbers that form type-II heterojunctions with fullerenes such as C60. Although the efficiencies of SWCNT-fullerene OPV devices have climbed over the past few years, questions remain regarding the fundamental factors that currently limit their performance. In this study, we determine the exciton diffusion length in the C60 layer of SWCNT-C60 bilayer active layers using femtosecond transient absorption measurements. We demonstrate that hole transfer from photoexcited C60 molecules to SWCNTs can be tracked by the growth of narrow spectroscopic signatures of holes in the SWCNT "reporter layer". In bilayers with thick C60 layers, the SWCNT charge-related signatures display a slow rise over hundreds of picoseconds, reflecting exciton diffusion through the C60 layer to the interface. A model based on exciton diffusion with a Beer-Lambert excitation profile, as well as Monte Carlo simulations, gives the best fit to the data as a function of C60 layer thickness using an exciton diffusion length of approximately 5 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin S Mistry
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Justin C Johnson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Obadiah G Reid
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Blackburn
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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24
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Deilmann T, Drüppel M, Rohlfing M. Three-particle correlation from a Many-Body Perspective: Trions in a Carbon Nanotube. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:196804. [PMID: 27232034 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.196804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Trion states of three correlated particles (e.g., two electrons and one hole) are essential to understand the optical spectra of doped or gated nanostructures, like carbon nanotubes or transition-metal dichalcogenides. We develop a theoretical many-body description for such correlated states using an ab initio approach. It can be regarded as an extension of the widely used GW method and Bethe-Salpeter equation, thus allowing for a direct comparison with excitons. We apply this method to a semiconducting (8,0) carbon nanotube, and find that the lowest optically active trions are redshifted by ∼130 meV compared to the excitons, confirming experimental findings for similar tubes. Moreover, our method provides detailed insights in the physical nature of trion states. In the prototypical carbon nanotube we find a variety of different excitations, discuss the spectra, energy compositions, and correlated wave functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Deilmann
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Drüppel
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Rohlfing
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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25
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Rother M, Schießl SP, Zakharko Y, Gannott F, Zaumseil J. Understanding Charge Transport in Mixed Networks of Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:5571-9. [PMID: 26867006 PMCID: PMC4778158 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability to select and enrich semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) with high purity has led to a fast rise of solution-processed nanotube network field-effect transistors (FETs) with high carrier mobilities and on/off current ratios. However, it remains an open question whether it is best to use a network of only one nanotube species (monochiral) or whether a mix of purely semiconducting nanotubes but with different bandgaps is sufficient for high performance FETs. For a range of different polymer-sorted semiconducting SWNT networks, we demonstrate that a very small amount of narrow bandgap nanotubes within a dense network of large bandgap nanotubes can dominate the transport and thus severely limit on-currents and effective carrier mobility. Using gate-voltage-dependent electroluminescence, we spatially and spectrally reveal preferential charge transport that does not depend on nominal network density but on the energy level distribution within the network and carrier density. On the basis of these results, we outline rational guidelines for the use of mixed SWNT networks to obtain high performance FETs while reducing the cost for purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Rother
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan P. Schießl
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuriy Zakharko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florentina Gannott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Xu R, Zhang S, Wang F, Yang J, Wang Z, Pei J, Myint YW, Xing B, Yu Z, Fu L, Qin Q, Lu Y. Extraordinarily Bound Quasi-One-Dimensional Trions in Two-Dimensional Phosphorene Atomic Semiconductors. ACS NANO 2016; 10:2046-2053. [PMID: 26713882 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a trion (charged exciton) binding energy of ∼162 meV in few-layer phosphorene at room temperature, which is nearly 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than those in two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors (20-30 meV) and quasi-2D quantum wells (∼1-5 meV). Such a large binding energy has only been observed in truly one-dimensional (1D) materials such as carbon nanotubes, whose optoelectronic applications have been severely hindered by their intrinsically small optical cross sections. Phosphorene offers an elegant way to overcome this hurdle by enabling quasi-1D excitonic and trionic behaviors in a large 2D area, allowing optoelectronic integration. We experimentally validated the quasi-1D nature of excitonic and trionic dynamics in phospherene by demonstrating completely linearly polarized light emission from excitons and trions in few-layer phosphorene. The implications of the extraordinarily large trion binding energy in a higher-than-one-dimensional material are far-reaching. It provides a room-temperature 2D platform to observe the fundamental many-body interactions in the quasi-1D region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhu Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | | | | | - Zongfu Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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27
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Tsarfati Y, Strauss V, Kuhri S, Krieg E, Weissman H, Shimoni E, Baram J, Guldi DM, Rybtchinski B. Dispersing Perylene Diimide/SWCNT Hybrids: Structural Insights at the Molecular Level and Fabricating Advanced Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7429-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kuhri
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Fujigaya T, Nakashima N. Non-covalent polymer wrapping of carbon nanotubes and the role of wrapped polymers as functional dispersants. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2015; 16:024802. [PMID: 27877763 PMCID: PMC5036478 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/16/2/024802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been recognized as a promising material in a wide range of applications from biotechnology to energy-related devices. However, the poor solubility in aqueous and organic solvents hindered the applications of CNTs. As studies have progressed, the methodology for CNT dispersion was established. In this methodology, the key issue is to covalently or non-covalently functionalize the surfaces of the CNTs with a dispersant. Among the various types of dispersions, polymer wrapping through non-covalent interactions is attractive in terms of the stability and homogeneity of the functionalization. Recently, by taking advantage of their stability, the wrapped-polymers have been utilized to support and/or reinforce the unique functionality of the CNTs, leading to the development of high-performance devices. In this review, various polymer wrapping approaches, together with the applications of the polymer-wrapped CNTs, are summarized.
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29
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Iwamura M, Akizuki N, Miyauchi Y, Mouri S, Shaver J, Gao Z, Cognet L, Lounis B, Matsuda K. Nonlinear photoluminescence spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes with localized exciton states. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11254-60. [PMID: 25331628 DOI: 10.1021/nn503803b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report distinctive nonlinear behavior of photoluminescence (PL) intensities from localized exciton states embedded in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) at room temperature. We found that PL from the local states exhibits strong nonlinear behavior with increasing continuous-wave excitation power density, whereas free exciton PL shows only weak sublinear behavior. The strong nonlinear behavior was observed regardless of the origin of the local states and found to be nearly independent of the local state density. These results indicate that the strong PL nonlinearity arises from a universal mechanism to SWNTs with sparse local states. The significant nonlinear PL is attributed to rapid ground-state depletion of the local states caused by an efficient accumulation of photogenerated free excitons into the sparse local states through one-dimensional diffusional migration of excitons along the nanotube axis; this mechanism is verified by Monte Carlo simulations of exciton diffusion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munechiyo Iwamura
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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30
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Ma X, Adamska L, Yamaguchi H, Yalcin SE, Tretiak S, Doorn SK, Htoon H. Electronic structure and chemical nature of oxygen dopant states in carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10782-9. [PMID: 25265272 DOI: 10.1021/nn504553y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We performed low temperature photoluminescence (PL) studies on individual oxygen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and correlated our observations to electronic structure simulations. Our experiment reveals multiple sharp asymmetric emission peaks at energies 50-300 meV red-shifted from that of the E11 bright exciton peak. Our simulation suggests an association of these peaks with deep trap states tied to different specific chemical adducts. In addition, oxygen doping is also observed to split the E11 exciton into two or more states with an energy splitting <40 meV. We attribute these states to dark states that are brightened through defect-induced symmetry breaking. While the wave functions of these brightened states are delocalized, those of the deep-trap states are strongly localized and pinned to the dopants. These findings are consistent with our experimental observation of asymmetric broadening of the deep trap emission peaks, which can result from interaction between pinned excitons and one-dimensional phonons. Exciton pinning also increases the sensitivity of the deep traps to the local dielectric environment, leading to a large inhomogeneous broadening. Observations of multiple spectral features on single nanotubes indicate the possibility of different chemical adducts coexisting on a given nanotube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Ma
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, ‡Theory Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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31
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Toshimitsu F, Nakashima N. Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes sorting with a removable solubilizer based on dynamic supramolecular coordination chemistry. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5041. [PMID: 25277810 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pure semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are essential for the next generation of electronic devices, such as field-effect transistors and photovoltaic applications; however, contamination by metallic SWNTs reduces the efficiency of their associated devices. Here we report a simple and efficient method for the separation of semiconducting- and metallic SWNTs based on supramolecular complex chemistry. We here describe the synthesis of metal-coordination polymers (CP-Ms) composed of a fluorene-bridged bis-phenanthroline ligand and metal ions. On the basis of a difference in the 'solubility product' of CP-M-solubilized semiconducting SWNTs and metallic SWNTs, we readily separated semiconducting SWNTs. Furthermore, the CP-M polymers on the SWNTs were simply removed by adding a protic acid and inducing depolymerization to the monomer components. We also describe molecular mechanics calculations to reveal the difference of binding and wrapping mode between CP-M/semiconducting SWNTs and CP-M/metallic SWNTs. This study opens a new stage for the use of such highly pure semiconducting SWNTs in many possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyuki Toshimitsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Nakashima
- 1] Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan [2] World Premier International Research Center Initiative-International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan [3] Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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32
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Jakubka F, Grimm SB, Zakharko Y, Gannott F, Zaumseil J. Trion electroluminescence from semiconducting carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8477-86. [PMID: 25029479 DOI: 10.1021/nn503046y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared emission from semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) usually results from radiative relaxation of excitons. By binding an additional electron or hole through chemical or electrochemical doping, charged three-body excitons, so-called trions, are created that emit light at lower energies. The energy difference is large enough to observe weak trion photoluminescence from doped SWNTs even at room temperature. Here, we demonstrate strong trion electroluminescence from electrolyte-gated, light-emitting SWNT transistors with three different polymer-sorted carbon nanotube species, namely, (6,5), (7,5) and (10,5). The red-shifted trion emission is equal to or even stronger than the exciton emission, which is attributed to the high charge carrier density in the transistor channel. The possibility of trions as a radiative relaxation pathway for triplets and dark excitons that are formed in large numbers by electron-hole recombination is discussed. The ratio of trion to exciton emission can be tuned by the applied voltages, enabling voltage-controlled near-infrared light sources with narrow line widths that are solution-processable and operate at low voltages (<3 V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Jakubka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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33
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Dowgiallo AM, Mistry KS, Johnson JC, Blackburn JL. Ultrafast spectroscopic signature of charge transfer between single-walled carbon nanotubes and C60. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8573-81. [PMID: 25019648 DOI: 10.1021/nn503271k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The time scales for interfacial charge separation and recombination play crucial roles in determining efficiencies of excitonic photovoltaics. Near-infrared photons are harvested efficiently by semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) paired with appropriate electron acceptors, such as fullerenes (e.g., C60). However, little is known about crucial photochemical events that occur on femtosecond to nanosecond time scales at such heterojunctions. Here, we present transient absorbance measurements that utilize a distinct spectroscopic signature of charges within SWCNTs, the absorbance of a trion quasiparticle, to measure both the ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer time (τpet) and yield (ϕpet) in photoexcited SWCNT–C60 bilayer films. The rise time of the trion-induced absorbance enables the determination of the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) time of τpet ≤ 120 fs, while an experimentally determined trion absorbance cross section reveals the yield of charge transfer (ϕpet ≈ 38 ± 3%). The extremely fast electron transfer times observed here are on par with some of the best donor:acceptor pairs in excitonic photovoltaics and underscore the potential for efficient energy harvesting in SWCNT-based devices.
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34
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Schäfer S, Cogan NMB, Krauss TD. Spectroscopic investigation of electrochemically charged individual (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:3138-3144. [PMID: 24797608 DOI: 10.1021/nl5003729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) of (6,5) chirality were investigated by means of optical spectroscopy while their charge state was controlled electrochemically. The photoluminescence of the SWNTs was found to be quenched at positive and negative potentials, where the onset and offset varied for each individual SWNT. We propose that differences in the local environment of the individual SWNT lead to a shift of the Fermi energy, resulting in a distribution of the oxidation and reduction potentials. The exciton emission energy was found to correlate with the oxidation and reduction potential. Further proof of a correlation was found by deliberately doping individual SWNTs and monitoring their photoluminescence spectral shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Institute of Optics, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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35
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Brozena AH, Leeds JD, Zhang Y, Fourkas JT, Wang Y. Controlled defects in semiconducting carbon nanotubes promote efficient generation and luminescence of trions. ACS NANO 2014; 8:4239-4247. [PMID: 24669843 DOI: 10.1021/nn500894p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate efficient creation of defect-bound trions through chemical doping of controlled sp(3) defect sites in semiconducting, single-walled carbon nanotubes. These tricarrier quasi-particles luminesce almost as brightly as their parent excitons, indicating a remarkably efficient conversion of excitons into trions. Substantial populations of trions can be generated at low excitation intensities, even months after a sample has been prepared. Photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals a trion binding energy as high as 262 meV, which is substantially larger than any previously reported values. This discovery may have important ramifications not only for studying the basic physics of trions but also for the application of these species in fields such as photonics, electronics, and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Brozena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Institute for Physical Science and Technology, §Maryland NanoCenter, and ∥Center for Nanophysics and Applied Materials, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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36
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Hof F, Bosch S, Eigler S, Hauke F, Hirsch A. New Basic Insight into Reductive Functionalization Sequences of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs). J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18385-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4063713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Hof
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bosch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Eigler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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37
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Zhang D, Yang J, Li Y. Spectroscopic characterization of the chiral structure of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes and the edge structure of isolated graphene nanoribbons. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1284-1304. [PMID: 23529997 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The chiral structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and the edge structure of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) play an important role in determining their electronic and phonon structures. Spectroscopic methods, which require simple sample preparation and cause minimal sample damage, are the most commonly utilized techniques for determining the structures of SWNTs and graphene. In this review the current status of various spectroscopic methods are presented in detail, including resonance Raman, photoluminescence (PL), and Rayleigh scattering spectroscopies, for determination of the chiral structure of individual SWNTs and the edge structure of isolated graphene, especially of graphene nanoribbons. The different photophysical processes involved in each spectroscopic method are reviewed to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the electronic and phonon properties of SWNTs and graphene. The advantages and limitations of each spectroscopic method as well as the challenges in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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Fujigaya T, Nakashima N. Fuel cell electrocatalyst using polybenzimidazole-modified carbon nanotubes as support materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:1666-81. [PMID: 23423836 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201204461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Toward the next generation fuel cell systems, the development of a novel electrocatalyst for the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is crucial to overcome the drawbacks of the present electrocatalyst. As a conductive supporting material for the catalyst, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as a promising candidate, and many attempts have been carried out to introduce CNT, in place of carbon black. On the other hand, as a polymer electrolyte, polybenzimidazoles (PBIs) have been recognized as a powerful candidate due to the high proton conductivity above 100 °C under non-humid conditions. In 2008, we found that these two materials have a strong physical interaction and form a stable hybrid material, in which the PBIs uniformly wrap the surfaces of the CNTs. Furthermore, PBIs serve as effective binding sites for the formation of platinum (Pt) nanoparticles to fabricate a ternary composite (CNT/PBIs/Pt). In this review article, we summarize the fundamental properties of the CNT/PBIs/Pt and discuss their potential as a new electrocatalyst for the PEFC in comparison with the conventional ones. Furthermore, potential applications of CNT/PBIs including use of the materials for oxygen reduction catalysts and reinforcement of PBI films are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyohiko Fujigaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan.
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Arnold MS, Blackburn JL, Crochet JJ, Doorn SK, Duque JG, Mohite A, Telg H. Recent developments in the photophysics of single-walled carbon nanotubes for their use as active and passive material elements in thin film photovoltaics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:14896-918. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52752b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Mouri S, Miyauchi Y, Matsuda K. Tunable photoluminescence of monolayer MoS₂ via chemical doping. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5944-8. [PMID: 24215567 DOI: 10.1021/nl403036h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the tunability of the photoluminescence (PL) properties of monolayer (1L)-MoS2 via chemical doping. The PL intensity of 1L-MoS2 was drastically enhanced by the adsorption of p-type dopants with high electron affinity but reduced by the adsorption of n-type dopants. This PL modulation results from switching between exciton PL and trion PL depending on carrier density in 1L-MoS2. Achievement of the extraction and injection of carriers in 1L-MoS2 by this solution-based chemical doping method enables convenient control of optical and electrical properties of atomically thin MoS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Mouri
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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