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Xue M, Chakraborty S, Gao R, Wang S, Gu M, Shen N, Wei L, Cao C, Sun X, Cai J. Antimicrobial Guanidinylate Polycarbonates Show Oral In Vivo Efficacy Against Clostridioides Difficile. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303295. [PMID: 38321619 PMCID: PMC11144102 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The emerging antibiotic resistance has been named by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top 10 threats to public health. Notably, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VREF) are designated as serious threats, whereas Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is recognized as one of the most urgent threats to human health and unmet medical need. Herein, they report the design and application of novel biodegradable polymers - the lipidated antimicrobial guanidinylate polycarbonates. These polymers showed potent antimicrobial activity against a panel of bacteria with fast-killing kinetics and low resistance development tendency, mainly due to their bacterial membrane disruption mechanism. More importantly, the optimal polymer showed excellent antibacterial activity against C. difficile infection (CDI) in vivo via oral administration. In addition, compared with vancomycin, the polymer demonstrated a much-prolonged therapeutic effect and virtually diminished recurrence rate of CDI. The convenient synthesis, easy scale-up, low cost, as well as biodegradability of this class of polycarbonates, together with their in vitro broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and orally in vivo efficacy against CDI, suggest the great potential of lipidated guandinylate polycarbonates as a new class of antibacterial biomaterials to treat CDI and combat emerging antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Soumyadeep Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ruixuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Meng Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Lulu Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xingmin Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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2
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Satchanska G, Davidova S, Petrov PD. Natural and Synthetic Polymers for Biomedical and Environmental Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1159. [PMID: 38675078 PMCID: PMC11055061 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural and synthetic polymers are a versatile platform for developing biomaterials in the biomedical and environmental fields. Natural polymers are organic compounds that are found in nature. The most common natural polymers include polysaccharides, such as alginate, hyaluronic acid, and starch, proteins, e.g., collagen, silk, and fibrin, and bacterial polyesters. Natural polymers have already been applied in numerous sectors, such as carriers for drug delivery, tissue engineering, stem cell morphogenesis, wound healing, regenerative medicine, food packaging, etc. Various synthetic polymers, including poly(lactic acid), poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinyl alcohol), polyethylene glycol, etc., are biocompatible and biodegradable; therefore, they are studied and applied in controlled drug release systems, nano-carriers, tissue engineering, dispersion of bacterial biofilms, gene delivery systems, bio-ink in 3D-printing, textiles in medicine, agriculture, heavy metals removal, and food packaging. In the following review, recent advancements in polymer chemistry, which enable the imparting of specific biomedical functions of polymers, will be discussed in detail, including antiviral, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. This work contains the authors' experimental contributions to biomedical and environmental polymer applications. This review is a vast overview of natural and synthetic polymers used in biomedical and environmental fields, polymer synthesis, and isolation methods, critically assessessing their advantages, limitations, and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Satchanska
- BioLaboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, New Bulgarian University, Montevideo Str. 21, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Slavena Davidova
- BioLaboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, New Bulgarian University, Montevideo Str. 21, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Petar D. Petrov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl.103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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3
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Wetzel D, Carter ZA, Monteiro MP, Edwards AN, Scharer CD, McBride SM. The pH-responsive SmrR-SmrT system modulates C. difficile antimicrobial resistance, spore formation, and toxin production. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0046123. [PMID: 38345371 PMCID: PMC10929453 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00461-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is an anaerobic gastrointestinal pathogen that spreads through the environment as dormant spores. To survive, replicate, and sporulate in the host intestine, C. difficile must adapt to a variety of conditions in its environment, including changes in pH, the availability of metabolites, host immune factors, and a diverse array of other species. Prior studies showed that changes in intestinal conditions, such as pH, can affect C. difficile toxin production, spore formation, and cell survival. However, little is understood about the specific genes and pathways that facilitate environmental adaptation and lead to changes in C. difficile cell outcomes. In this study, we investigated two genes, CD2505 and CD2506, that are differentially regulated by pH to determine if they impact C. difficile growth and sporulation. Using deletion mutants, we examined the effects of both genes (herein smrR and smrT) on sporulation frequency, toxin production, and antimicrobial resistance. We determined that SmrR is a repressor of smrRT that responds to pH and suppresses sporulation and toxin production through regulation of the SmrT transporter. Further, we showed that SmrT confers resistance to erythromycin and lincomycin, establishing a connection between the regulation of sporulation and antimicrobial resistance.IMPORTANCEClostridioides difficile is a mammalian pathogen that colonizes the large intestine and produces toxins that lead to severe diarrheal disease. C. difficile is a major threat to public health due to its intrinsic resistance to antimicrobials and its ability to form dormant spores that are easily spread from host to host. In this study, we examined the contribution of two genes, smrR and smrT, on sporulation, toxin production, and antimicrobial resistance. Our results indicate that SmrR represses smrT expression, while production of SmrT increases spore and toxin production, as well as resistance to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Wetzel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zavier A. Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marcos P. Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adrianne N. Edwards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher D. Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shonna M. McBride
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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4
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Wetzel D, Carter ZA, Monteiro MP, Edwards AN, McBride SM. The pH-responsive SmrR-SmrT system modulates C. difficile antimicrobial resistance, spore formation, and toxin production. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.02.565354. [PMID: 37961610 PMCID: PMC10635087 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.02.565354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is an anaerobic gastrointestinal pathogen that spreads through the environment as dormant spores. To survive, replicate, and sporulate in the host intestine, C. difficile must adapt to a variety of conditions in its environment, including changes in pH, the availability of metabolites, host immune factors, and a diverse array of other species. Prior studies showed that changes in intestinal conditions, such as pH, can affect C. difficile toxin production, spore formation, and cell survival. However, little is understood about the specific genes and pathways that facilitate environmental adaptation and lead to changes in C. difficile cell outcomes. In this study, we investigated two genes, CD2505 and CD2506, that are differentially regulated by pH to determine if they impact C. difficile growth and sporulation. Using deletion mutants, we examined the effects of both genes (herein smrR and smrT ) on sporulation frequency, toxin production, and antimicrobial resistance. We determined that SmrR is a repressor of smrRT that responds to pH and suppresses sporulation and toxin production through regulation of the SmrT transporter. Further, we showed that SmrT confers resistance to erythromycin and lincomycin, establishing a connection between the regulation of sporulation and antimicrobial resistance. IMPORTANCE C. difficile is a mammalian pathogen that colonizes the large intestine and produces toxins that lead to severe diarrheal disease. C. difficile is a major threat to public health due to its intrinsic resistance to antimicrobials and its ability to form dormant spores that are easily spread from host to host. In this study, we examined the contribution of two genes, smrR and smrT on sporulation, toxin production, and antimicrobial resistance. Our results indicate that SmrR represses smrT expression, while production of SmrT increases spore and toxin production, as well as resistance to antibiotics.
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5
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Naz F, Petri WA. Host Immunity and Immunization Strategies for Clostridioides difficile Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0015722. [PMID: 37162338 PMCID: PMC10283484 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00157-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) represents a significant challenge to public health. C. difficile-associated mortality and morbidity have led the U.S. CDC to designate it as an urgent threat. Moreover, recurrence or relapses can occur in up to a third of CDI patients, due in part to antibiotics being the primary treatment for CDI and the major cause of the disease. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of innate immune responses, adaptive immune responses, and the link between innate and adaptive immune responses of the host against CDI. The other major determinants of CDI, such as C. difficile toxins, the host microbiota, and related treatments, are also described. Finally, we discuss the known therapeutic approaches and the current status of immunization strategies for CDI, which might help to bridge the knowledge gap in the generation of therapy against CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farha Naz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William A. Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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6
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Salas-Ambrosio P, Vexler S, P S R, Chen IA, Maynard HD. Caffeine and Cationic Copolymers with Antimicrobial Properties. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2023; 3:189-200. [PMID: 37096032 PMCID: PMC10119941 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary global health concerns is the increase in antimicrobial resistance. Polymer chemistry enables the preparation of macromolecules with hydrophobic and cationic side chains that kill bacteria by destabilizing their membranes. In the current study, macromolecules are prepared by radical copolymerization of caffeine methacrylate as the hydrophobic monomer and cationic- or zwitterionic-methacrylate monomers. The synthesized copolymers bearing tert-butyl-protected carboxybetaine as cationic side chains showed antibacterial activity toward Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli). By tuning the hydrophobic content, we prepared copolymers with optimal antibacterial activity against S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant clinical isolates. Moreover, the caffeine-cationic copolymers presented good biocompatibility in a mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line, NIH 3T3, and hemocompatibility with erythrocytes even at high hydrophobic monomer content (30-50%). Therefore, incorporating caffeine and introducing tert-butyl-protected carboxybetaine as a quaternary cation in polymers could be a novel strategy to combat bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Salas-Ambrosio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Shelby Vexler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 508 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Rajalakshmi P S
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Irene A. Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 508 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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7
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Qian Y, Deng S, Cong Z, Zhang H, Lu Z, Shao N, Bhatti SA, Zhou C, Cheng J, Gellman SH, Liu R. Secondary Amine Pendant β-Peptide Polymers Displaying Potent Antibacterial Activity and Promising Therapeutic Potential in Treating MRSA-Induced Wound Infections and Keratitis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1690-1699. [PMID: 35007085 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interest in developing antibacterial polymers as synthetic mimics of host defense peptides (HPDs) has accelerated in recent years to combat antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Positively charged moieties are critical in defining the antibacterial activity and eukaryotic toxicity of HDP mimics. Most examples have utilized primary amines or guanidines as the source of positively charged moieties, inspired by the lysine and arginine residues in HDPs. Here, we explore the impact of amine group variation (primary, secondary, or tertiary amine) on the antibacterial performance of HDP-mimicking β-peptide polymers. Our studies show that a secondary ammonium is superior to either a primary ammonium or a tertiary ammonium as the cationic moiety in antibacterial β-peptide polymers. The optimal polymer, a homopolymer bearing secondary amino groups, displays potent antibacterial activity and the highest selectivity (low hemolysis and cytotoxicity). The optimal polymer displays potent activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and high therapeutic efficacy in treating MRSA-induced wound infections and keratitis as well as low acute dermal toxicity and low corneal epithelial cytotoxicity. This work suggests that secondary amines may be broadly useful in the design of antibacterial polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zihao Cong
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Haodong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ziyi Lu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ning Shao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sonia Abid Bhatti
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiagao Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.,Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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8
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Xu B, Wu X, Gong Y, Cao J. IL-27 induces LL-37/CRAMP expression from intestinal epithelial cells: implications for immunotherapy of Clostridioides difficile infection. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1968258. [PMID: 34432564 PMCID: PMC8405154 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1968258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection is currently the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis worldwide. Cathelicidins, a major group of natural antimicrobial peptides, have antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities in Clostridioides difficile infection. Here, we have shown that cytokine IL-27 induced human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (LL-37) expression in primary human colonic epithelial cells. IL-27 receptor-deficient mice had impaired expression of cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP, mouse homolog for human LL-37) after Clostridioides difficile infection, and restoration of CRAMP improved Clostridium difficile clearance and reduced mortality in IL-27 receptor-deficient mice after Clostridioides difficile challenge. In clinical samples from 119 patients with Clostridioides difficile infection, elevated levels of IL-27 were positively correlated with LL-37 in the sera and stools. These findings suggest that IL-27 may be involved in host immunity against Clostridioides difficile infection via induction of LL-37/CRAMP. Therefore, IL-27-LL-37 axis may be a valuable pathway in the development of immune-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banglao Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ju Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,CONTACT Ju Cao Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Youyi Road 1#, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, China
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9
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Nibbering B, Gerding DN, Kuijper EJ, Zwittink RD, Smits WK. Host Immune Responses to Clostridioides difficile: Toxins and Beyond. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:804949. [PMID: 34992590 PMCID: PMC8724541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.804949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is often resistant to the actions of antibiotics to treat other bacterial infections and the resulting C. difficile infection (CDI) is among the leading causes of nosocomial infectious diarrhea worldwide. The primary virulence mechanism contributing to CDI is the production of toxins. Treatment failures and recurrence of CDI have urged the medical community to search for novel treatment options. Strains that do not produce toxins, so called non-toxigenic C. difficile, have been known to colonize the colon and protect the host against CDI. In this review, a comprehensive description and comparison of the immune responses to toxigenic C. difficile and non-toxigenic adherence, and colonization factors, here called non-toxin proteins, is provided. This revealed a number of similarities between the host immune responses to toxigenic C. difficile and non-toxin proteins, such as the influx of granulocytes and the type of T-cell response. Differences may reflect genuine variation between the responses to toxigenic or non-toxigenic C. difficile or gaps in the current knowledge with respect to the immune response toward non-toxigenic C. difficile. Toxin-based and non-toxin-based immunization studies have been evaluated to further explore the role of B cells and reveal that plasma cells are important in protection against CDI. Since the success of toxin-based interventions in humans to date is limited, it is vital that future research will focus on the immune responses to non-toxin proteins and in particular non-toxigenic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Nibbering
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dale N Gerding
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Ed J Kuijper
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Romy D Zwittink
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wiep Klaas Smits
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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10
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Opportunities for Nanomedicine in Clostridioides difficile Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080948. [PMID: 34438998 PMCID: PMC8388953 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile, a spore-forming bacterium, is a nosocomial infectious pathogen which can be found in animals as well. Although various antibiotics and disinfectants were developed, C. difficile infection (CDI) remains a serious health problem. C. difficile spores have complex structures and dormant characteristics that contribute to their resistance to harsh environments, successful transmission and recurrence. C. difficile spores can germinate quickly after being exposed to bile acid and co-germinant in a suitable environment. The vegetative cells produce endospores, and the mature spores are released from the hosts for dissemination of the pathogen. Therefore, concurrent elimination of C. difficile vegetative cells and inhibition of spore germination is essential for effective control of CDI. This review focused on the molecular pathogenesis of CDI and new trends in targeting both spores and vegetative cells of this pathogen, as well as the potential contribution of nanotechnologies for the effective management of CDI.
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11
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Cationic Peptidomimetic Amphiphiles Having a N-Aryl- or N-Naphthyl-1,2,3-Triazole Core Structure Targeting Clostridioides ( Clostridium) difficile: Synthesis, Antibacterial Evaluation, and an In Vivo C. difficile Infection Model. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080913. [PMID: 34438963 PMCID: PMC8388771 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides (also known as Clostridium) difficile is a Gram-positive anaerobic, spore producing bacterial pathogen that causes severe gastrointestinal infection in humans. The current chemotherapeutic options are inadequate, expensive, and limited, and thus inexpensive drug treatments for C. difficile infection (CDI) with improved efficacy and specificity are urgently needed. To improve the solubility of our cationic amphiphilic 1,1′-binaphthylpeptidomimetics developed earlier that showed promise in an in vivo murine CDI model we have synthesized related compounds with an N-arytriazole or N-naphthyltriazole moiety instead of the 1,1′-biphenyl or 1,1′-binaphthyl moiety. This modification was made to increase the polarity and thus water solubility of the overall peptidomimetics, while maintaining the aromatic character. The dicationic N-naphthyltriazole derivative 40 was identified as a C. difficile-selective antibacterial with MIC values of 8 µg/mL against C. difficile strains ATCC 700057 and 132 (both ribotype 027). This compound displayed increased water solubility and reduced hemolytic activity (32 µg/mL) in an in vitro hemolysis assay and reduced cytotoxicity (CC50 32 µg/mL against HEK293 cells) relative to lead compound 2. Compound 40 exhibited mild efficacy (with 80% survival observed after 24 h compared to the DMSO control of 40%) in an in vivo murine model of C. difficile infection by reducing the severity and slowing the onset of disease.
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12
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Jones JB, Liu L, Rank LA, Wetzel D, Woods EC, Biok N, Anderson SE, Lee MR, Liu R, Huth S, Sandhu BK, Gellman SH, McBride SM. Cationic Homopolymers Inhibit Spore and Vegetative Cell Growth of Clostridioides difficile. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1236-1247. [PMID: 33739823 PMCID: PMC8130196 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of synthetic polymers have been explored for antimicrobial activity. These materials usually contain both cationic and hydrophobic subunits because these two characteristics are prominent among host-defense peptides. Here, we describe a series of nylon-3 polymers containing only cationic subunits and their evaluation against the gastrointestinal, spore-forming pathogen Clostridioides difficile. Despite their highly hydrophilic nature, these homopolymers showed efficacy against both the vegetative and spore forms of the bacterium, including an impact on C. difficile spore germination. The polymer designated P34 demonstrated the greatest efficacy against C. difficile strains, along with low propensities to lyse human red blood cells or intestinal epithelial cells. To gain insight into the mechanism of P34 action, we evaluated several cell-surface mutant strains of C. difficile to determine the impacts on growth, viability, and cell morphology. The results suggest that P34 interacts with the cell wall, resulting in severe cell bending and death in a concentration-dependent manner. The unexpected finding that nylon-3 polymers composed entirely of cationic subunits display significant activities toward C. difficile should expand the range of other polymers considered for antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B. Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Daniela Wetzel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily C. Woods
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Naomi Biok
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Myung-ryul Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Sean Huth
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Brindar K. Sandhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shonna M. McBride
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Salas-Ambrosio P, Tronnet A, Since M, Bourgeade-Delmas S, Stigliani JL, Vax A, Lecommandoux S, Dupuy B, Verhaeghe P, Bonduelle C. Cyclic Poly(α-peptoid)s by Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LiHMDS)-Mediated Ring-Expansion Polymerization: Simple Access to Bioactive Backbones. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3697-3702. [PMID: 33651603 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic polymers display unique physicochemical and biological properties. However, their development is often limited by their challenging preparation. In this work, we present a simple route to cyclic poly(α-peptoids) from N-alkylated-N-carboxyanhydrides (NNCA) using LiHMDS promoted ring-expansion polymerization (REP) in DMF. This new method allows the unprecedented use of lysine-like monomers in REP to design bioactive macrocycles bearing pharmaceutical potential against Clostridioides difficile, a bacterium responsible for nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Salas-Ambrosio
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Antoine Tronnet
- LCC-CNRS, UPR8241, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France.,LPBA, Institut Pasteur, UMR-CNRS 2001, Université de Paris, F-75724 Paris, France
| | - Marc Since
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CERMN, 14000 Caen, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Stigliani
- LCC-CNRS, UPR8241, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Amelie Vax
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | | | - Bruno Dupuy
- LPBA, Institut Pasteur, UMR-CNRS 2001, Université de Paris, F-75724 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Verhaeghe
- LCC-CNRS, UPR8241, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Colin Bonduelle
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
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14
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Jiang Y, Chen Y, Song Z, Tan Z, Cheng J. Recent advances in design of antimicrobial peptides and polypeptides toward clinical translation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:261-280. [PMID: 33400958 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The recent outbreaks of infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens have sounded a piercing alarm for the need of new effective antimicrobial agents to guard public health. Among different types of candidates, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and the synthetic mimics of AMPs (SMAMPs) have attracted significant enthusiasm in the past thirty years, due to their unique membrane-active antimicrobial mechanism and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The extensive research has brought many drug candidates into clinical and pre-clinical development. Despite tremendous progresses have been made, several major challenges inherent to current design strategies have slowed down the clinical translational development of AMPs and SMAMPs. However, these challenges also triggered many efforts to redesign and repurpose AMPs. In this review, we will first give an overview on AMPs and their synthetic mimics, and then discuss the current status of their clinical translation. Finally, the recent advances in redesign and repurposing AMPs and SMAMPs are highlighted.
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15
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16
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Etayash H, Qian Y, Pletzer D, Zhang Q, Xie J, Cui R, Dai C, Ma P, Qi F, Liu R, Hancock REW. Host Defense Peptide-Mimicking Amphiphilic β-Peptide Polymer (Bu:DM) Exhibiting Anti-Biofilm, Immunomodulatory, and in Vivo Anti-Infective Activity. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12921-12928. [PMID: 33126797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic options to treat multidrug resistant bacteria, especially when present in biofilms, are limited due to their high levels of antibiotic resistance. Here, we report the anti-biofilm and immunomodulatory activities of the host defense peptide (HDP)-mimicking β-peptide polymer (20:80 Bu:DM) and investigated its activity in vivo. The polymer outperformed antibiotics in the removal and reduction of the viability of established biofilms, achieving a maximum activity of around 80% reduction in viability. Interestingly the polymer also exhibited HDP-like immunomodulation in inducing chemokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines and suppressing lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory cytokines. When tested in a murine, high-density skin infection model using P. aeruginosa LESB58, the polymer was effective in diminishing abscess size and reducing bacterial load. This study demonstrates the dual functionality of HDP-mimicking β-peptide polymers in inhibiting biofilms and modulating innate immunity, as well as reducing tissue dermonecrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem Etayash
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuxin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Daniel Pletzer
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, 720 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiayang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruxin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chengzhi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.,Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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17
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Qian Y, Deng S, Lu Z, She Y, Xie J, Cong Z, Zhang W, Liu R. Using In Vivo Assessment on Host Defense Peptide Mimicking Polymer-Modified Surfaces for Combating Implant Infections. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 4:3811-3829. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ziyi Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yunrui She
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiayang Xie
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zihao Cong
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology (ECUST) Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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18
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Aryl-alkyl-lysines: Novel agents for treatment of C. difficile infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5624. [PMID: 32221399 PMCID: PMC7101335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) are a growing health concern worldwide. The recalcitrance of C. difficile spores to currently available treatments and concomitant virulence of vegetative cells has made it imperative to develop newer modalities of treatment. Aryl-alkyl-lysines have been earlier reported to possess antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Their broad spectrum of activity is attributed to their ability to infiltrate microbial membranes. Herein, we report the activity of aryl-alkyl-lysines against C. difficile and associated pathogens. The most active compound NCK-10 displayed activity comparable to the clinically-used antibiotic vancomycin. Indeed, against certain C. difficile strains, NCK-10 was more active than vancomycin in vitro. Additionally, NCK-10 exhibited limited permeation across the intestinal tract as assessed via a Caco-2 bidirectional permeability assay. Overall, the findings suggest aryl-alkyl-lysines warrant further investigation as novel agents to treat CDI.
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19
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Regulation and Anaerobic Function of the Clostridioides difficile β-Lactamase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 64:AAC.01496-19. [PMID: 31611350 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01496-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile causes severe antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. C. difficile is an anaerobic, Gram-positive sporeformer that is highly resistant to β-lactams, the most commonly prescribed antibiotics. The resistance of C. difficile to β-lactam antibiotics allows the pathogen to replicate and cause disease in antibiotic-treated patients. However, the mechanisms of β-lactam resistance in C. difficile are not fully understood. Our data reinforce prior evidence that C. difficile produces a β-lactamase, which is a common β-lactam resistance mechanism found in other bacterial species. Here, we characterize the C. difficile bla operon that encodes a lipoprotein of unknown function and a β-lactamase that was greatly induced in response to several classes of β-lactam antibiotics. An in-frame deletion of the operon abolished β-lactamase activity in C. difficile strain 630Δerm and resulted in decreased resistance to the β-lactam ampicillin. We found that the activity of this β-lactamase, BlaCDD, is dependent upon the redox state of the enzyme. In addition, we observed that transport of BlaCDD out of the cytosol and to the cell surface is facilitated by an N-terminal signal sequence. Our data demonstrate that a cotranscribed lipoprotein, BlaX, aids in BlaCDD activity. Further, we identified a conserved BlaRI regulatory system and demonstrated via insertional disruption that BlaRI controls transcription of the blaXCDD genes in response to β-lactams. These results provide support for the function of a β-lactamase in C. difficile antibiotic resistance and reveal the unique roles of a coregulated lipoprotein and reducing environment in C. difficile β-lactamase activity.
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20
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Qi F, Qian Y, Shao N, Zhou R, Zhang S, Lu Z, Zhou M, Xie J, Wei T, Yu Q, Liu R. Practical Preparation of Infection-Resistant Biomedical Surfaces from Antimicrobial β-Peptide Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:18907-18913. [PMID: 31062953 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tackling microbial infection associated with biomaterial surfaces has been an urgent need. Synthetic β-peptide polymers can mimic host defense peptides and have potent antimicrobial activities without driving the bacteria to develop antimicrobial resistance. Herein, we demonstrate a plasma surface activation-based practical β-peptide polymer modification to prepare antimicrobial surfaces for biomedical materials such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl chloride, and polydimethylsiloxane. The β-peptide polymer-modified surfaces demonstrated effective killing on drug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial function retained completely even after the β-peptide polymer-modified surfaces were stored at ambient temperature for at least 2 months. Moreover, the optimum β-peptide polymer (50:50 DM-Hex)-modified surfaces displayed no hemolysis and cytotoxicity. In vivo study using methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-pre-incubated TPU-50:50 DM-Hex surfaces for subcutaneous implantation revealed a 3.4-log reduction of MRSA cells after the implantation for 11 days at the surrounding tissue of implanted TPU sheet and significant suppression of infection, compared to bare TPU control. These results imply promising and practical applications of β-peptide polymer tethering to prepare infection-resistant surfaces for biomedical materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yuxin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Ning Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Ruiyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Si Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Ziyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Jiayang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Ting Wei
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Qian Yu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
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21
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Ding X, Wang A, Tong W, Xu FJ. Biodegradable Antibacterial Polymeric Nanosystems: A New Hope to Cope with Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900999. [PMID: 30957927 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The human society is faced with daunting threats from bacterial infections. Over decades, a variety of antibacterial polymeric nanosystems have exhibited great promise for the eradication of multidrug-resistant bacteria and persistent biofilms by enhancing bacterial recognition and binding capabilities. In this Review, the "state-of-the-art" biodegradable antibacterial polymeric nanosystems, which could respond to bacteria environments (e.g., acidity or bacterial enzymes) for controlled antibiotic release or multimodal antibacterial treatment, are summarized. The current antibacterial polymeric nanosystems can be categorized into antibiotic-containing and intrinsic antibacterial nanosystems. The antibiotic-containing polymeric nanosystems include antibiotic-encapsulated nanocarriers (e.g., polymeric micelles, vesicles, nanogels) and antibiotic-conjugated polymer nanosystems for the delivery of antibiotic drugs. On the other hand, the intrinsic antibacterial polymer nanosystems containing bactericidal moieties such as quaternary ammonium groups, phosphonium groups, polycations, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and their synthetic mimics, are also described. The biodegradability of the nanosystems can be rendered by the incorporation of labile chemical linkages, such as carbonate, ester, amide, and phosphoester bonds. The design and synthesis of the degradable polymeric building blocks and their fabrications into nanosystems are also explicated, together with their plausible action mechanisms and potential biomedical applications. The perspectives of the current research in this field are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Anzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fu-Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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22
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Amso Z, Hayouka Z. Antimicrobial random peptide cocktails: a new approach to fight pathogenic bacteria. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2007-2014. [PMID: 30688322 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09961h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria has become a serious threat to public health, and therefore there is an urgent need to develop new classes of antimicrobial agents. Nowadays, natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their synthetic derivatives are considered as promising alternatives to traditional antibiotics. The broad molecular diversity of AMPs, in terms of sequences and structures, suggests that their activity does not depend on specific features of amino acid sequence or peptide conformation. We therefore selected two common properties of AMPs, (high percentage of hydrophobic and cationic amino acids), to develop a novel approach to synthesize random antimicrobial peptide mixtures (RPMs). Instead of incorporating a single amino acid at each coupling step, a mixture of hydrophobic and cationic amino acids in a defined proportion is coupled. This results in a mixture that contains up to 2n sequences, where n is the number of the coupling step, of random peptides with a defined composition, stereochemistry, and controlled chain length. We have discovered that RPMs of hydrophobic and cationic α-amino acids, such as phenylalanine and lysine, display strong and broad antimicrobial activity towards Gram-negative, Gram-positive, clinically isolated antibiotic resistant "superbugs", and several plant pathogenic bacteria. This review summarizes our efforts to explore the mode of action of RPMs and their potential as bioactive agents for multiple applications, including the prevention of biofilm formation and degradation of mature biofilm (related to human health), reduction of disease severity in plant bacterial disease models (related to crop protection), and inhibition of bacterial growth in milk (related to food preservation). All our findings illustrate the effectiveness of RPMs and their great potential for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Amso
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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23
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Cationic biaryl 1,2,3-triazolyl peptidomimetic amphiphiles targeting Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile: Synthesis, antibacterial evaluation and an in vivo C. difficile infection model. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 170:203-224. [PMID: 30901686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile is a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterial pathogen that causes severe gastrointestinal infection in humans. The current chemotherapeutic options are vastly inadequate, expensive and limited; this results in an exorbitant medical and financial burden. New, inexpensive chemotherapeutic treatments for C. difficile infection with improved efficacy are urgently needed. A streamlined synthetic pathway was developed to allow access to 38 novel mono- and di-cationic biaryl 1,2,3-triazolyl peptidomimetics with increased synthetic efficiency, aqueous solubility and enhanced antibacterial efficacy. The monocationic arginine derivative 28 was identified as a potent, Gram-positive selective antibacterial with MIC values of 4 μg/mL against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and 8 μg/mL against C. difficile. Furthermore, the dicationic bis-triazole analogue 50 was found to exhibit broad-spectrum activity with substantial Gram-negative efficacy against Acinetobacter baumannii (8 μg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8 μg/mL) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (16 μg/mL); additionally, compound 50 displayed reduced haemolytic activity (<13%) in an in vitro haemolysis assay. Membrane-disruption assays were conducted on selected derivatives to confirm the membrane-active mechanism of action inherent to the synthesized amphiphilic compounds. A comparative solubility assay was developed and utilized to optimize the aqueous solubility of the compounds for in vivo studies. The biaryl peptidomimetics 28 and 67 were found to exhibit significant efficacy in an in vivo murine model of C. difficile infection by reducing the severity and slowing the onset of disease.
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24
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Chen L, Yang D, Feng J, Zhang M, Qian Q, Zhou Y. Switchable modulation of bacterial growth and biofilm formation based on supramolecular tripeptide amphiphiles. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6420-6427. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00973f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A minimalistic dual-responsive supramolecular tripeptide system was developed for switchable control of bacterial growth and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry
- Eye Hospital
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
| | - Dan Yang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry
- Eye Hospital
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
| | - Jie Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province
- Wenzhou Institute
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Wenzhou 325000
- P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry
- Eye Hospital
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
| | - Qiuping Qian
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province
- Wenzhou Institute
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Wenzhou 325000
- P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry
- Eye Hospital
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Wenzhou Medical University
- Wenzhou 325000
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25
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Hu J, Zheng Z, Liu C, Hu Q, Cai X, Xiao J, Cheng Y. A pH-responsive hydrogel with potent antibacterial activity against both aerobic and anaerobic pathogens. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:581-584. [PMID: 30460937 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01211c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A pH-responsive hydrogel prepared by oxidized dextran with aminoglycoside and an ornidazole analogue can kill both aerobic and anaerobic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- P.R. China
| | - Zhao Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- P.R. China
| | - Cenxi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- P.R. China
| | - Qianyu Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- P.R. China
| | - Xiaopan Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology
- Changzheng Hospital
- The Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- PR China
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology
- Changzheng Hospital
- The Second Military Medical University
- Shanghai
- PR China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- P.R. China
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Wu Y, Zhang D, Ma P, Zhou R, Hua L, Liu R. Lithium hexamethyldisilazide initiated superfast ring opening polymerization of alpha-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5297. [PMID: 30546065 PMCID: PMC6294000 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypeptides have broad applications and can be prepared via ring-opening polymerization of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs). Conventional initiators, such as primary amines, give slow NCA polymerization, which requires multiple days to reach completion and can result in substantial side reactions, especially for very reactive NCAs. Moreover, current NCA polymerizations are very sensitive to moisture and must typically be conducted in a glove box. Here we show that lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) initiates an extremely rapid NCA polymerization process that is completed within minutes or hours and can be conducted in an open vessel. Polypeptides with variable chain length (DP = 20–1294) and narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.08–1.28) were readily prepared with this approach. Mechanistic studies support an anionic ring opening polymerization mechanism. This living NCA polymerization method allowed rapid synthesis of polypeptide libraries for high-throughput functional screening. Ring-opening polymerizations of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides to form polypeptides are usually sensitive to moisture, slow and can undergo side reactions. Here the authors use lithium hexamethyldisilazide to initiate α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride polymerizations that is very fast and can be conducted in an open vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Hua
- Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China.
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27
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Gide M, Nimmagadda A, Su M, Wang M, Teng P, Li C, Gao R, Xu H, Li Q, Cai J. Nano-Sized Lipidated Dendrimers as Potent and Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Agents. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800622. [PMID: 30408252 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the development of antimicrobial polymers including dendrimers due to the ease of synthesis and low manufacturing cost compared to host defense peptides (HDPs). Herein, a new class of nanomaterials-lipidated amphiphilic dendrimers-is presented that mimic the antibacterial mechanism of HDPs by compromising bacterial cell membranes. Unlike conventional dendrimers that are prepared generation by generation symmetrically with molecular weight distribution, these lipidated dendrimers are prepared on the solid phase with a hanging lipid tail and precisely controlled structure. It is shown through rational design that these lipidated dendrimers display potent and selective antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains. In addition to antibacterial activity against planktonic bacteria, these dendrimers are also shown to inhibit bacterial biofilms effectively. This class of dendrimers as a new class of biomaterials may lead to a useful generation of antibiotic agents with practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussie Gide
- M. Gide, Dr. A. Nimmagadda, M. Su, M. Wang, Dr. P. Teng, C. Li, R. Gao, Dr. J. Cai, Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Alekhya Nimmagadda
- M. Gide, Dr. A. Nimmagadda, M. Su, M. Wang, Dr. P. Teng, C. Li, R. Gao, Dr. J. Cai, Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Ma Su
- M. Gide, Dr. A. Nimmagadda, M. Su, M. Wang, Dr. P. Teng, C. Li, R. Gao, Dr. J. Cai, Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- M. Gide, Dr. A. Nimmagadda, M. Su, M. Wang, Dr. P. Teng, C. Li, R. Gao, Dr. J. Cai, Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Peng Teng
- M. Gide, Dr. A. Nimmagadda, M. Su, M. Wang, Dr. P. Teng, C. Li, R. Gao, Dr. J. Cai, Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Chunpu Li
- M. Gide, Dr. A. Nimmagadda, M. Su, M. Wang, Dr. P. Teng, C. Li, R. Gao, Dr. J. Cai, Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ruixuan Gao
- M. Gide, Dr. A. Nimmagadda, M. Su, M. Wang, Dr. P. Teng, C. Li, R. Gao, Dr. J. Cai, Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Hai Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, South Lushan Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- M. Gide, Dr. A. Nimmagadda, M. Su, M. Wang, Dr. P. Teng, C. Li, R. Gao, Dr. J. Cai, Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
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28
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Antibacterial activity of rhodomyrtone on Clostridium difficile vegetative cells and spores in vitro. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:724-729. [PMID: 30145248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The increasing incidence and severity of diarrhoea and colitis caused by Clostridium difficile, together with a high rate of relapse following treatment with currently recommended antimicrobials, calls for novel interventions for C. difficile infection (CDI). Rhodomyrtone, a bioactive compound derived from the leaves of the rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) has demonstrated antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive bacteria. This study compared the in vitro antimicrobial activity of rhodomyrtone on C. difficile with that of vancomycin, a recommended agent for the treatment of CDI. Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of rhodomyrtone and vancomycin for ten C. difficile isolates showed that the MICs of rhodomyrtone for C. difficile vegetative cells (0.625-2.5 mg/L) were comparable with that of vancomycin (1.25 mg/L), but the MBCs of rhodomyrtone (1.25-5 mg/L) were significantly lower than those for vancomycin (5 mg/L to ˃40 mg/L; P < 0.001). Time-kill assays showed rapid bactericidal activity for rhodomyrtone, with ≥99% killing within 4 h. Rhodomyrtone was also four-fold more potent than vancomycin in inhibiting C. difficile spore outgrowth. Transmission electron microscopy of rhodomyrtone-treated C. difficile revealed cell lysis and evidence of defective cell division and spore formation. These studies indicate that rhodomyrtone should be further investigated as a potential treatment for CDI.
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29
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Woods EC, Edwards AN, Childress KO, Jones JB, McBride SM. The C. difficile clnRAB operon initiates adaptations to the host environment in response to LL-37. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007153. [PMID: 30125334 PMCID: PMC6117091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To cause disease, Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile must resist killing by innate immune effectors in the intestine, including the host antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin (LL-37). The mechanisms that enable C. difficile to adapt to the intestine in the presence of antimicrobial peptides are unknown. Expression analyses revealed an operon, CD630_16170-CD630_16190 (clnRAB), which is highly induced by LL-37 and is not expressed in response to other cell-surface active antimicrobials. This operon encodes a predicted transcriptional regulator (ClnR) and an ABC transporter system (ClnAB), all of which are required for function. Analyses of a clnR mutant indicate that ClnR is a pleiotropic regulator that directly binds to LL-37 and controls expression of numerous genes, including many involved in metabolism, cellular transport, signaling, gene regulation, and pathogenesis. The data suggest that ClnRAB is a novel regulatory mechanism that senses LL-37 as a host signal and regulates gene expression to adapt to the host intestinal environment during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Woods
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory University Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Adrianne N. Edwards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory University Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Kevin O. Childress
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory University Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Joshua B. Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory University Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Shonna M. McBride
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory University Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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30
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Woods EC, Wetzel D, Mukerjee M, McBride SM. Examination of the Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile VanZ ortholog, CD1240. Anaerobe 2018; 53:108-115. [PMID: 29940245 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile causes severe diarrheal disease that is directly associated with antibiotic use and resistance. Although C. difficile demonstrates intrinsic resistance to many antimicrobials, few genetic mechanisms of resistance have been characterized in this pathogen. In this study, we investigated the putative resistance factor, CD1240 (VanZ1), an ortholog of the teicoplanin resistance factor, VanZ, of Enterococcus faecium. In C. difficile, the vanZ1 gene is located within the skin element of the sporulation factor σK, which is excised from the mother cell compartment during sporulation. This unique localization enabled us to create a vanZ1 deletion mutant by inducing excision of the skin element. The Δskin mutant exhibited moderately decreased resistance to teicoplanin and had small effects on growth in some other cell-surface antimicrobials tested. Examination of vanZ1 expression revealed induction of vanZ1 transcription by the antimicrobial peptide LL-37; however, LL-37 resistance was not impacted by VanZ1, and none of the other tested antimicrobials induced vanZ1 expression. Further, expression of vanZ1 via an inducible promoter in the Δskin mutant restored growth in teicoplanin. These results demonstrate that like the E. faecium VanZ, C. difficile VanZ1 contributes to low-level teicoplanin resistance through an undefined mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Woods
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniela Wetzel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monjori Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shonna M McBride
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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31
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Qi R, Zhang P, Liu J, Zhou L, Zhou C, Zhang N, Han Y, Wang S, Wang Y. Peptide Amphiphiles with Distinct Supramolecular Nanostructures for Controlled Antibacterial Activities. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruilian Qi
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengbo Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Na Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Shu Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yilin Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
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32
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Qian Y, Qi F, Chen Q, Zhang Q, Qiao Z, Zhang S, Wei T, Yu Q, Yu S, Mao Z, Gao C, Ding Y, Cheng Y, Jin C, Xie H, Liu R. Surface Modified with a Host Defense Peptide-Mimicking β-Peptide Polymer Kills Bacteria on Contact with High Efficacy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:15395-15400. [PMID: 29688003 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been one of the major nosocomial pathogens to cause frequent and serious infections that are associated with various biomedical surfaces. This study demonstrated that surface modified with host defense peptide-mimicking β-peptide polymer, has surprisingly high bactericidal activities against Escherichia coli ( E. coli) and MRSA. As surface-tethered β-peptide polymers cannot move freely to adopt the collaborative interactions with bacterial membrane and are too short to penetrate the cell envelop, we proposed a mode of action by diffusing away the cell membrane-stabilizing divalent ions, Ca2+ and Mg2+. This hypothesis was supported by our study that Ca2+ and Mg2+ supplementation in the assay medium causes up to 80% loss of bacterial killing efficacy and that the addition of divalent ion chelating ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid into the above assay medium leads to significant recovery of the bacterial killing efficacy. In addition to its potent bacterial killing efficacy, the surface-tethered β-peptide polymer also demonstrated excellent biocompatibility by displaying no hemolysis and supporting mammalian cell adhesion and growth. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential of β-peptide polymer-modified surface in addressing nosocomial infections that are associated with various surfaces in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ting Wei
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Qian Yu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Shan Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Zhengwei Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | | | - Yanyong Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology , Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200011 , China
| | - Chenyu Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology , Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200011 , China
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33
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Pranantyo D, Xu LQ, Kang ET, Chan-Park MB. Chitosan-Based Peptidopolysaccharides as Cationic Antimicrobial Agents and Antibacterial Coatings. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2156-2165. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dicky Pranantyo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117585
| | - Li Qun Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117585
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117585
| | - Mary B. Chan-Park
- Centre of Antimicrobial Bioengineering School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459
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34
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Sun H, Hong Y, Xi Y, Zou Y, Gao J, Du J. Synthesis, Self-Assembly, and Biomedical Applications of Antimicrobial Peptide-Polymer Conjugates. Biomacromolecules 2018. [PMID: 29539262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been attracting much attention due to their excellent antimicrobial efficiency and low rate in driving antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which has been increasing globally to alarming levels. Conjugation of AMPs into functional polymers not only preserves excellent antimicrobial activities but reduces the toxicity and offers more functionalities, which brings new insight toward developing multifunctional biomedical materials such as hydrogels, polymer vesicles, polymer micelles, and so forth. These nanomaterials have been exhibiting excellent antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria including multidrug-resistant (MDR) ones, high selectivity, and low cytotoxicity, suggesting promising potentials in wound dressing, implant coating, antibiofilm, tissue engineering, and so forth. This Perspective seeks to highlight the state-of-the-art strategy for the synthesis, self-assembly, and biomedical applications of AMP-polymer conjugates and explore the promising directions for future research ranging from synthetic strategies, multistage and stimuli-responsive antibacterial activities, antifungi applications, and potentials in elimination of inflammation during medical treatment. It also will provide perspectives on how to stem the remaining challenges and unresolved problems in combating bacteria, including MDR ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , 4800 Caoan Road , Shanghai 201804 , China
| | - Yuanxiu Hong
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , 4800 Caoan Road , Shanghai 201804 , China
| | - Yuejing Xi
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , 4800 Caoan Road , Shanghai 201804 , China
| | - Yijie Zou
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , 4800 Caoan Road , Shanghai 201804 , China
| | - Jingyi Gao
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , 4800 Caoan Road , Shanghai 201804 , China
| | - Jianzhong Du
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Tongji University , 4800 Caoan Road , Shanghai 201804 , China.,Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200072 , China
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35
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Gil F, Calderón IL, Fuentes JA, Paredes-Sabja D. Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection: current and alternative therapeutic strategies. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:469-482. [PMID: 29464969 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) has become a pathogen of worldwide importance considering that epidemic strains are disseminated in hospitals of several countries, where community-acquired infections act as a constant source of new C. difficile strains into hospitals. Despite the advances in the treatment of infections, more effective therapies against C. difficile are needed but, at the same time, these therapies should be less harmful to the resident gastrointestinal microbiota. The purpose of this review is to present a description of issues associated to C. difficile infection, a summary of current therapies and those in developmental stage, and a discussion of potential combinations that may lead to an increased efficacy of C. difficile infection treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gil
- Microbiota-Host Interactions & Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370035, Chile
| | - Iván L Calderón
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370035, Chile
| | - Juan A Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370035, Chile
| | - Daniel Paredes-Sabja
- Microbiota-Host Interactions & Clostridia Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, 8370035, Chile
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36
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Chen J, Li M, He W, Tao Y, Wang X. Facile Organocatalyzed Synthesis of Poly(ε-lysine) under Mild Conditions. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials,
Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Maosheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials,
Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Wenjing He
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials,
Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials,
Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials,
Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
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37
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38
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Mankoci S, Kaiser RL, Sahai N, Barton HA, Joy A. Bactericidal Peptidomimetic Polyurethanes with Remarkable Selectivity against Escherichia coli. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2588-2597. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Mankoci
- Department
of Polymer Science and ‡Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Ricky L. Kaiser
- Department
of Polymer Science and ‡Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Nita Sahai
- Department
of Polymer Science and ‡Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Hazel A. Barton
- Department
of Polymer Science and ‡Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Abraham Joy
- Department
of Polymer Science and ‡Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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39
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Lee WT, Wu YN, Chen YH, Wu SR, Shih TM, Li TJ, Yang LX, Yeh CS, Tsai PJ, Shieh DB. Octahedron Iron Oxide Nanocrystals Prohibited Clostridium difficile Spore Germination and Attenuated Local and Systemic Inflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8124. [PMID: 28811642 PMCID: PMC5558001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical management of Clostridium difficile infection is still far from satisfactory as bacterial spores are resistant to many chemical agents and physical treatments. Certain types of nanoparticles have been demonstrated to exhibit anti-microbial efficacy even in multi-drug resistance bacteria. However, most of these studies failed to show biocompatibility to the mammalian host cells and no study has revealed in vivo efficacy in C. difficile infection animal models. The spores treated with 500 µg/mL Fe3-δO4 nanoparticles for 20 minutes, 64% of the spores were inhibited from transforming into vegetative cells, which was close to the results of the sodium hypochlorite-treated positive control. By cryo-electron micro-tomography, we demonstrated that Fe3-δO4 nanoparticles bind on spore surfaces and reduce the dipicolinic acid (DPA) released by the spores. In a C. difficile infection animal model, the inflammatory level triple decreased in mice with colonic C. difficile spores treated with Fe3-δO4 nanoparticles. Histopathological analysis showed a decreased intense neutrophil accumulation in the colon tissue of the Fe3-δO4 nanoparticle-treated mice. Fe3-δO4 nanoparticles, which had no influence on gut microbiota and apparent side effects in vivo, were efficacious inhibitors of C. difficile spore germination by attacking its surface and might become clinically feasible for prophylaxis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Lee
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Na Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Rung Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Miao Shih
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ju Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Li-Xing Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Sheng Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Dar-Bin Shieh
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. .,Department of Stomatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan. .,Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center and Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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40
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Yun B, Song M, Park DJ, Oh S. Beneficial Effect of Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707 on Survival Rate of Clostridium difficile Infection in Mice. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2017; 37:368-375. [PMID: 28747822 PMCID: PMC5516063 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.3.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the main cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea that can cause colitis or even death. The medical-treatment cost and deaths caused by CDI are increasing annually worldwide. New approaches for prevention and treatment of these infections are needed, such as the use of probiotics. Probiotics, including Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus, are microorganisms that confer a health benefit to the host when administered in adequate amounts. The effect of Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707 on infectious disease caused by C. difficile 027 was investigated in a mouse model. The survival rates for mice given the pathogen alone, and with live cells, or dead cells of B. longum were 40, 70, and 60%, respectively. In addition, the intestinal tissues of the B. longum-treated group maintained structural integrity with some degree of damage. These findings suggested that B. longum ATCC 15707 has a function in repressing the infectious disease caused by C. difficile 027.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohyun Yun
- Microbial Safety Team, Agro-Food Safety & Crop Protection Department, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Minyu Song
- Animal Products Research and Development Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | | | - Sejong Oh
- Division of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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41
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Gao Q, Li P, Zhao H, Chen Y, Jiang L, Ma PX. Methacrylate-ended polypeptides and polypeptoids for antimicrobial and antifouling coatings. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01495c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Methacrylate-terminated polypept(o)ides were directly synthesized via NCA-ROP, and then surface-grafted to form a polymer brush coating with infection-resistant efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- Center of Biomedical and Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710054
- China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- Center of Applied Chemical Research
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710054
- China
| | - Yashao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- School of Chemical and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710119
- China
| | - Liu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry
- School of Chemical and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710119
- China
| | - Peter X. Ma
- Center of Biomedical and Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710054
- China
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42
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Su Y, Tian L, Yu M, Gao Q, Wang D, Xi Y, Yang P, Lei B, Ma PX, Li P. Cationic peptidopolysaccharides synthesized by ‘click’ chemistry with enhanced broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00528h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of broad-spectrum antimicrobial cationic peptidopolysaccharides have been synthesized using a facile thiol–ene ‘click’ chemistry.
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43
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Gopalakrishnan R, Frolov AI, Knerr L, Drury WJ, Valeur E. Therapeutic Potential of Foldamers: From Chemical Biology Tools To Drug Candidates? J Med Chem 2016; 59:9599-9621. [PMID: 27362955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, foldamers have progressively emerged as useful architectures to mimic secondary structures of proteins. Peptidic foldamers, consisting of various amino acid based backbones, have been the most studied from a therapeutic perspective, while polyaromatic foldamers have barely evolved from their nascency and remain perplexing for medicinal chemists due to their poor drug-like nature. Despite these limitations, this compound class may still offer opportunities to study challenging targets or provide chemical biology tools. The potential of foldamer drug candidates reaching the clinic is still a stretch. Nevertheless, advances in the field have demonstrated their potential for the discovery of next generation therapeutics. In this perspective, the current knowledge of foldamers is reviewed in a drug discovery context. Recent advances in the early phases of drug discovery including hit finding, target validation, and optimization and molecular modeling are discussed. In addition, challenges and focus areas are debated and gaps highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganath Gopalakrishnan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden.,AstraZeneca MPI Satellite Unit, Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology , Dortmund 44202, Germany
| | - Andrey I Frolov
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Laurent Knerr
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - William J Drury
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Eric Valeur
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
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44
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Abstract
The ability for the obligate anaerobe, Clostridium difficile to form a metabolically dormant spore is critical for the survival of this organism outside of the host. This spore form is resistant to a myriad of environmental stresses, including heat, desiccation, and exposure to disinfectants and antimicrobials. These intrinsic properties of spores allow C. difficile to survive long-term in an oxygenated environment, to be easily transmitted from host-to-host, and to persist within the host following antibiotic treatment. Because of the importance of the spore form to the C. difficile life cycle and treatment and prevention of C. difficile infection (CDI), the isolation and purification of spores are necessary to study the mechanisms of sporulation and germination, investigate spore properties and resistances, and for use in animal models of CDI. Here we provide basic protocols, in vitro growth conditions, and additional considerations for purifying C. difficile spores for a variety of downstream applications.
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45
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Li J, Yu F, Chen Y, Oupický D. Polymeric drugs: Advances in the development of pharmacologically active polymers. J Control Release 2015; 219:369-382. [PMID: 26410809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers play a critical role in pharmaceutical discovery and development. Current research and applications of pharmaceutical polymers are mainly focused on their functions as excipients and inert carriers of other pharmacologically active agents. This review article surveys recent advances in alternative pharmaceutical use of polymers as pharmacologically active agents known as polymeric drugs. Emphasis is placed on the benefits of polymeric drugs that are associated with their macromolecular character and their ability to explore biologically relevant multivalency processes. We discuss the main therapeutic uses of polymeric drugs as sequestrants, antimicrobials, antivirals, and anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yi Chen
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David Oupický
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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46
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Hovakeemian SG, Liu R, Gellman SH, Heerklotz H. Correlating antimicrobial activity and model membrane leakage induced by nylon-3 polymers and detergents. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:6840-51. [PMID: 26234884 PMCID: PMC4666704 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Most antimicrobial peptides act upon target microorganisms by permeabilizing their membranes. The mode of action is often assessed by vesicle leakage experiments that use model membranes, with the assumption that biological activity correlates with the permeabilization of the lipid bilayer. The current work aims to extend the interpretation of vesicle leakage results and examine the correlation between vesicle leakage and antimicrobial activity. To this end, we used a lifetime-based leakage assay with calcein-loaded vesicles to study the membrane permeabilizing properties of a novel antifungal polymer poly-NM, two of its analogs, and a series of detergents. In conjunction, the biological activities of these compounds against Candida albicans were assessed and correlated with data from vesicle leakage. Poly-NM induces all-or-none leakage in polar yeast lipid vesicles at the polymer's MIC, 3 μg mL(-1). At this and higher concentrations, complete leakage after an initial lag time was observed. Concerted activity tests imply that this polymer acts independently of the detergent octyl glucoside (OG) for both vesicle leakage and activity against C. albicans spheroplasts. In addition, poly-NM was found to have negligible activity against zwitterionic vesicles and red blood cells. Our results provide a consistent, detailed picture of the mode of action of poly-NM: this polymer induces membrane leakage by electrostatic lipid clustering. In contrast, poly-MM:CO, a nylon-3 polymer comprised of both cationic and hydrophobic segments, seems to act by a different mechanism that involves membrane asymmetry stress. Vesicle leakage for this polymer is transient (limited to <100%) and graded, non-specific among zwitterionic and polar yeast lipid vesicles, additive with detergent action, and correlates poorly with biological activity. Based on these results, we conclude that comprehensive leakage experiments can provide a detailed description of the mode of action of membrane permeabilizing compounds. Without this thorough approach, it would have been logical to assume that the two nylon-3 polymers we examined act via similar mechanisms; it is surprising that their mechanisms are so distinct. Some, but not all mechanisms of vesicle permeabilization allow for antimicrobial activity.
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47
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Jarrad A, Karoli T, Blaskovich MAT, Lyras D, Cooper MA. Clostridium difficile drug pipeline: challenges in discovery and development of new agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5164-85. [PMID: 25760275 PMCID: PMC4500462 DOI: 10.1021/jm5016846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade Clostridium difficile has become a bacterial pathogen of global significance. Epidemic strains have spread throughout hospitals, while community acquired infections and other sources ensure a constant inoculation of spores into hospitals. In response to the increasing medical burden, a new C. difficile antibiotic, fidaxomicin, was approved in 2011 for the treatment of C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Rudimentary fecal transplants are also being trialed as effective treatments. Despite these advances, therapies that are more effective against C. difficile spores and less damaging to the resident gastrointestinal microbiome and that reduce recurrent disease are still desperately needed. However, bringing a new treatment for C. difficile infection to market involves particular challenges. This review covers the current drug discovery pipeline, including both small molecule and biologic therapies, and highlights the challenges associated with in vitro and in vivo models of C. difficile infection for drug screening and lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie
M. Jarrad
- The
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University
of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Tomislav Karoli
- The
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University
of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A. T. Blaskovich
- The
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University
of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- The
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University
of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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48
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Tejero R, López D, López-Fabal F, Gómez-Garcés JL, Fernández-García M. High Efficiency Antimicrobial Thiazolium and Triazolium Side-Chain Polymethacrylates Obtained by Controlled Alkylation of the Corresponding Azole Derivatives. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1844-54. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Tejero
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel López
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima López-Fabal
- Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Río Júcar, s/n, 28935 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Gómez-Garcés
- Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Río Júcar, s/n, 28935 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Fernández-García
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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49
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50
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Liu R, Chen X, Falk SP, Masters KS, Weisblum B, Gellman SH. Nylon-3 polymers active against drug-resistant Candida albicans biofilms. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2183-6. [PMID: 25650957 PMCID: PMC4682891 DOI: 10.1021/ja512567y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen in humans, and most diseases produced by C. albicans are associated with biofilms. We previously developed nylon-3 polymers with potent activity against planktonic C. albicans and excellent C. albicans versus mammalian cell selectivity. Here we show that these nylon-3 polymers have strong and selective activity against drug-resistant C. albicans in biofilms, as manifested by inhibition of biofilm formation and by killing of C. albicans in mature biofilms. The best nylon-3 polymer (poly-βNM) is superior to the antifungal drug fluconazole for all three strains examined. This polymer is slightly less effective than amphotericin B (AmpB) for two strains, but the polymer is superior against an AmpB-resistant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 53706
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 53706
| | - Shaun P. Falk
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 53706
| | - Kristyn S. Masters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 53706
| | - Bernard Weisblum
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 53706
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 53706
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