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Hwang D, Nilchan N, Park H, Roy RN, Roush WR, Rader C. Sculpting a Uniquely Reactive Cysteine Residue for Site-Specific Antibody Conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1192-1200. [PMID: 35584359 PMCID: PMC10153793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic antibody 38C2 and its humanized version h38C2 harbor a uniquely reactive lysine at the bottom of a 11 Å deep pocket that permits site-specific conjugation of β-diketone-, β-lactam-, and heteroaryl methylsulfonyl-functionalized small and large molecules. Various dual variable domain formats pair a tumor-targeting antibody with h38C2 to enable precise, fast, and stable assembly of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Here, we expand the scope of this ADC assembly strategy by mutating h38C2's reactive lysine to a cysteine. X-ray crystallography of this point mutant, h38C2_K99C, confirmed a deeply buried unpaired cysteine. Probing h38C2_K99C with maleimide, monobromomaleimide, and dibromomaleimide derivatives of a fluorophore revealed highly disparate conjugation efficiencies and stabilities. Dibromomaleimide emerged as a suitable electrophile for the precise, fast, efficient, and stable assembly of ADCs with the h38C2_K99C module. Mass spectrometry indicated the presence of a thio-monobromomaleimide linkage which was further supported by in silico docking studies. Using a dibromomaleimide derivative of the highly potent tubulin polymerization inhibitor monomethyl auristatin F, h38C2_K99C-based ADCs were found to be as potent as h38C2-based ADCs and afford a new assembly route for ADCs with single and dual payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobeen Hwang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Napon Nilchan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - HaJeung Park
- X-Ray Crystallography Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Raktim N Roy
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - William R Roush
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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2
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De Raffele D, Martí S, Moliner V. A QM/MM study on the origin of retro-aldolase activity of a catalytic antibody. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5306-5309. [PMID: 33912877 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01081f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The retro-aldolase mechanism of methodol catalysed by the catalytic antibody 33F12 is described based on the exploration of the free energy landscape obtained with QM/MM methods. The amino acids involved in the reaction have been identified, as well as their specific role played in the active site and in the flexibility of the loops. Finally, the comparison with a de novo enzyme RA95.5-8F provides a deeper understanding of catalytic differences between such different protein scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria De Raffele
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain.
| | - Sergio Martí
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain.
| | - Vicent Moliner
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain.
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3
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Nilchan N, Alburger JM, Roush WR, Rader C. An Engineered Arginine Residue of Unusual pH-Sensitive Reactivity Facilitates Site-Selective Antibody Conjugation. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1080-1087. [PMID: 33754696 PMCID: PMC8852817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody h38C2 is a humanized catalytic antibody that has been used to generate various immunoconjugate species such as chemically programmed antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and antibody-siRNA conjugates. Highly efficient and specific conjugation of h38C2 occurs at its uniquely reactive lysine (Lys) residue buried inside the antibody's catalytic pocket. We recently reported the rational mutation of this Lys residue at position 99 in the heavy chain variable domain to an arginine (Arg) residue. The Lys99Arg mutation can be site-selectively conjugated with molecules containing a hapten-like triazolyl-phenylglyoxal (TPG) unit. Here we show that this conjugation is facilitated by the unusual pH-sensitive reactivity of the Arg99 residue, consistent with an indirectly measured pKa of 5.2. The Arg99/TPG conjugation holds promise to further expand the versatility of the h38C2 conjugation platform, such as for the generation of antibody conjugates with dual payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napon Nilchan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - James M. Alburger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - William R. Roush
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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4
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Jayakody RS, Jasin Arachchige LI, Japahuge A. Computational elucidation and validation of the three-dimensional structure of humanized aldolase catalytic antibody 38C2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2463-2477. [PMID: 32242499 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1751290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins that are capable of catalyzing multiple reactions with diverse substrates. Aldolase catalytic antibody 38C2 catalyzes aldol and retro-aldol reactions via an enamine mechanism. Therefore, 38C2 has a high potential to be used in prodrug activation, and it is currently developed for selective chemotherapy. For medical applications, its humanization is essential, and therefore, the understanding of the three-dimensional (3D) spatial atomistic structure of 38C2 is mandatory. In this study, it was attempted to construct the 3D atomic structure of humanized abzyme 38C2 using computational methods. A homology modeled structure was simulated for 100 ns with classical molecular dynamics simulations for its dynamics stability. The accuracy of the constructed model was further evaluated with various theoretical methods. The binding of four selected natural substrates to the constructed structure was studied in detail to further validate the model. Finally, to evaluate the reaction readiness of the constructed protein, the first step of the catalytic reaction has been successfully carried out with QST3/IRC calculations using the DFT/B3LYP-6-31G level of theory in the presence of extracted catalytic residues with the preserved coordinates in implicit water. Hence, the reaction readiness of the proposed protein structure, along with all the other validation tests, strongly proves that the modeled structure has high accuracy. This study, therefore, sheds new light on the structure, mechanism of action and applications of the 38C2 abzyme by constructing and validating its full 3D atomistic model. Further, this highly reliable modeled structure will expedite and facilitate future 38C2-based drug discovery.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranga Srinath Jayakody
- Centre for Scientific Computing and Advanced Drug Discovery, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.,Department of Chemistry, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Achini Japahuge
- Centre for Scientific Computing and Advanced Drug Discovery, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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5
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Qi J, Hymel D, Nelson CG, Burke TR, Rader C. Conventional and Chemically Programmed Asymmetric Bispecific Antibodies Targeting Folate Receptor 1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1994. [PMID: 31497024 PMCID: PMC6712926 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies (biAbs) can mediate potent and specific tumor cell eradication in liquid cancers. Substantial effort has been invested in expanding this concept to solid cancers. To explore their utility in the treatment of ovarian cancer, we built a set of asymmetric biAbs in IgG1-like format that bind CD3 on T cells with a conventional scFv arm and folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) on ovarian cancer cells with a conventional or a chemically programmed Fab arm. For avidity engineering, we also built an asymmetric biAb format with a tandem Fab arm. We show that both conventional and chemically programmed CD3 × FOLR1 biAbs exert specific in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity toward FOLR1-expressing ovarian cancer cells by recruiting and activating T cells. While the conventional T-cell engaging biAb was curative in an aggressive mouse model of human ovarian cancer, the potency of the chemically programmed biAb was significantly boosted by avidity engineering. Both conventional and chemically programmed CD3 × FOLR1 biAbs warrant further investigation for ovarian cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Qi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - David Hymel
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christopher G Nelson
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
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6
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Hwang D, Nilchan N, Nanna AR, Li X, Cameron MD, Roush WR, Park H, Rader C. Site-Selective Antibody Functionalization via Orthogonally Reactive Arginine and Lysine Residues. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1229-1239.e9. [PMID: 31231031 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that use a highly reactive buried lysine (Lys) residue embedded in a dual variable domain (DVD)-IgG1 format can be assembled with high precision and efficiency under mild conditions. Here we show that replacing the Lys with an arginine (Arg) residue affords an orthogonal ADC assembly that is site-selective and stable. X-ray crystallography confirmed the location of the reactive Arg residue at the bottom of a deep pocket. As the Lys-to-Arg mutation is confined to a single residue in the heavy chain of the DVD-IgG1, heterodimeric assemblies that combine a buried Lys in one arm, a buried Arg in the other arm, and identical light chains, are readily assembled. Furthermore, the orthogonal conjugation chemistry enables the loading of heterodimeric DVD-IgG1s with two different cargos in a one-pot reaction and thus affords a convenient platform for dual-warhead ADCs and other multifaceted antibody conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobeen Hwang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Napon Nilchan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Alex R Nanna
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Xiaohai Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - William R Roush
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - HaJeung Park
- X-Ray Crystallography Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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7
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Nachbagauer R, Shore D, Yang H, Johnson SK, Gabbard JD, Tompkins SM, Wrammert J, Wilson PC, Stevens J, Ahmed R, Krammer F, Ellebedy AH. Broadly Reactive Human Monoclonal Antibodies Elicited following Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Exposure Protect Mice against Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Challenge. J Virol 2018; 92:e00949-18. [PMID: 29899095 PMCID: PMC6069173 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00949-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly cross-reactive antibodies (Abs) that recognize conserved epitopes within the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) stalk domain are of particular interest for their potential use as therapeutic and prophylactic agents against multiple influenza virus subtypes, including zoonotic virus strains. Here, we characterized four human HA stalk-reactive monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for their binding breadth and affinity, in vitro neutralization capacity, and in vivo protective potential against an highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. The monoclonal antibodies were isolated from individuals shortly following infection with (70-1F02 and 1009-3B05) or vaccination against (05-2G02 and 09-3A01) A(H1N1)pdm09. Three of the MAbs bound HAs from multiple strains of group 1 viruses, and one MAb, 05-2G02, bound to both group 1 and group 2 influenza A virus HAs. All four antibodies prophylactically protected mice against a lethal challenge with the highly pathogenic A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) strain. Two MAbs, 70-1F02 and 09-3A01, were further tested for their therapeutic efficacy against the same strain and showed good efficacy in this setting as well. One MAb, 70-1F02, cocrystallized with H5 HA and showed heavy-chain-only interactions similar to those seen with the previously described CR6261 anti-stalk antibody. Finally, we show that antibodies that compete with these MAbs are prevalent in serum from an individual recently infected with the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. The antibodies described here can be developed into broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics that could be used to combat infections by zoonotic or emerging pandemic influenza viruses.IMPORTANCE The rise in zoonotic infections of humans by emerging influenza viruses is a worldwide public health concern. The majority of recent zoonotic human influenza cases were caused by H7N9 and H5Nx viruses and were associated with high morbidity and mortality. In addition, seasonal influenza viruses are estimated to cause up to 650,000 deaths annually worldwide. Currently available antiviral treatment options include only neuraminidase inhibitors, but some influenza viruses are naturally resistant to these drugs, and others quickly develop resistance-conferring mutations. Alternative therapeutics are urgently needed. Broadly protective antibodies that target the conserved "stalk" domain of the hemagglutinin represent potential potent antiviral prophylactic and therapeutic agents that can assist pandemic preparedness. Here, we describe four human monoclonal antibodies that target conserved regions of influenza HA and characterize their binding spectrum as well as their protective capacity in prophylactic and therapeutic settings against a lethal challenge with a zoonotic influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Shore
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott K Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jon D Gabbard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - S Mark Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Emory Vaccine Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, The Committee on Immunology, The Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Emory Vaccine Center, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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8
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Schulte M, Petrović D, Neudecker P, Hartmann R, Pietruszka J, Willbold S, Willbold D, Panwalkar V. Conformational Sampling of the Intrinsically Disordered C-Terminal Tail of DERA Is Important for Enzyme Catalysis. ACS Catal 2018; 8:3971-3984. [PMID: 30101036 PMCID: PMC6080863 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
2-Deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) catalyzes the reversible conversion of acetaldehyde and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into deoxyribose-5-phosphate. DERA is used as a biocatalyst for the synthesis of drugs such as statins and is a promising pharmaceutical target due to its involvement in nucleotide catabolism. Despite previous biochemical studies suggesting the catalytic importance of the C-terminal tyrosine residue found in several bacterial DERAs, the structural and functional basis of its participation in catalysis remains elusive because the electron density for the last eight to nine residues (i.e., the C-terminal tail) is absent in all available crystal structures. Using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations, we conclusively show that the rarely studied C-terminal tail of E. coli DERA (ecDERA) is intrinsically disordered and exists in equilibrium between open and catalytically relevant closed states, where the C-terminal tyrosine (Y259) enters the active site. Nuclear Overhauser effect distance restraints, obtained due to the presence of a substantial closed state population, were used to derive the solution-state structure of the ecDERA closed state. Real-time NMR hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments reveal that Y259 is required for efficiency of the proton abstraction step of the catalytic reaction. Phosphate titration experiments show that, in addition to the phosphate-binding residues located near the active site, as observed in the available crystal structures, ecDERA contains previously unknown auxiliary phosphate-binding residues on the C-terminal tail which could facilitate in orienting Y259 in an optimal position for catalysis. Thus, we present significant insights into the structural and mechanistic importance of the ecDERA C-terminal tail and illustrate the role of conformational sampling in enzyme catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Schulte
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dušan Petrović
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Philipp Neudecker
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hartmann
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität im Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences 1 (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sabine Willbold
- Central Institute of Engineering, Electronics and Analytics (ZEA-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Vineet Panwalkar
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems 6 (ICS-6): Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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9
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Pham GH, Ou W, Bursulaya B, DiDonato M, Herath A, Jin Y, Hao X, Loren J, Spraggon G, Brock A, Uno T, Geierstanger BH, Cellitti SE. Tuning a Protein-Labeling Reaction to Achieve Highly Site Selective Lysine Conjugation. Chembiochem 2018; 19:799-804. [PMID: 29388367 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activated esters are widely used to label proteins at lysine side chains and N termini. These reagents are useful for labeling virtually any protein, but robust reactivity toward primary amines generally precludes site-selective modification. In a unique case, fluorophenyl esters are shown to preferentially label human kappa antibodies at a single lysine (Lys188) within the light-chain constant domain. Neighboring residues His189 and Asp151 contribute to the accelerated rate of labeling at Lys188 relative to the ≈40 other lysine sites. Enriched Lys188 labeling can be enhanced from 50-70 % to >95 % by any of these approaches: lowering reaction temperature, applying flow chemistry, or mutagenesis of specific residues in the surrounding protein environment. Our results demonstrated that activated esters with fluoro-substituted aromatic leaving groups, including a fluoronaphthyl ester, can be generally useful reagents for site-selective lysine labeling of antibodies and other immunoglobulin-type proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Pham
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Weijia Ou
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Badry Bursulaya
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Michael DiDonato
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ananda Herath
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yunho Jin
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Xueshi Hao
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jon Loren
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Glen Spraggon
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ansgar Brock
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Tetsuo Uno
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Bernhard H Geierstanger
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Susan E Cellitti
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), Biotherapeutics & Biotechnology, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
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Yamashita Y, Yasukawa T, Yoo WJ, Kitanosono T, Kobayashi S. Catalytic enantioselective aldol reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4388-4480. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00824d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in catalytic asymmetric aldol reactions have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yasukawa
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Woo-Jin Yoo
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Taku Kitanosono
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
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11
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Walseng E, Nelson CG, Qi J, Nanna AR, Roush WR, Goswami RK, Sinha SC, Burke TR, Rader C. Chemically Programmed Bispecific Antibodies in Diabody Format. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19661-73. [PMID: 27445334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically programmed bispecific antibodies (biAbs) endow target cell-binding small molecules with the ability to recruit and activate effector cells of the immune system. Here we report a platform of chemically programmed biAbs aimed at redirecting cytotoxic T cells to eliminate cancer cells. Two different antibody technologies were merged together to make a novel chemically programmed biAb. This was achieved by combining the humanized anti-hapten monoclonal antibody (mAb) h38C2 with the humanized anti-human CD3 mAb v9 in a clinically investigated diabody format known as Dual-Affinity Re-Targeting (DART). We show that h38C2 × v9 DARTs can readily be equipped with tumor-targeting hapten-derivatized small molecules without causing a systemic response harming healthy tissues. As a proof of concept, we chemically programmed h38C2 × v9 with hapten-folate and demonstrated its selectivity and potency against folate receptor 1 (FOLR1)-expressing ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo Unlike conventional biAbs, chemically programmed biAbs in DART format are highly modular with broad utility in terms of both target and effector cell engagement. Most importantly, they provide tumor-targeting compounds access to the power of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher G Nelson
- the Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | | | - Alex R Nanna
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology, Chemistry, and
| | | | - Rajib K Goswami
- the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Subhash C Sinha
- the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Terrence R Burke
- the Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Christoph Rader
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology, Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
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12
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Brewer TF, Garcia FJ, Onak CS, Carroll KS, Chang CJ. Chemical approaches to discovery and study of sources and targets of hydrogen peroxide redox signaling through NADPH oxidase proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 2015; 84:765-90. [PMID: 26034893 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a prime member of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) family of molecules produced during normal cell function and in response to various stimuli, but if left unchecked, it can inflict oxidative damage on all types of biological macromolecules and lead to cell death. In this context, a major source of H2O2 for redox signaling purposes is the NADPH oxidase (Nox) family of enzymes, which were classically studied for their roles in phagocytic immune response but have now been found to exist in virtually all mammalian cell types in various isoforms with distinct tissue and subcellular localizations. Downstream of this tightly regulated ROS generation, site-specific, reversible covalent modification of proteins, particularly oxidation of cysteine thiols to sulfenic acids, represents a prominent posttranslational modification akin to phosphorylation as an emerging molecular mechanism for transforming an oxidant signal into a dynamic biological response. We review two complementary types of chemical tools that enable (a) specific detection of H2O2 generated at its sources and (b) mapping of sulfenic acid posttranslational modification targets that mediate its signaling functions, which can be used to study this important chemical signal in biological systems.
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13
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Świderek K, Tuñón I, Moliner V, Bertran J. Computational strategies for the design of new enzymatic functions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 582:68-79. [PMID: 25797438 PMCID: PMC4554825 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, recent developments in the design of biocatalysts are reviewed with particular emphasis in the de novo strategy. Studies based on three different reactions, Kemp elimination, Diels-Alder and Retro-Aldolase, are used to illustrate different success achieved during the last years. Finally, a section is devoted to the particular case of designed metalloenzymes. As a general conclusion, the interplay between new and more sophisticated engineering protocols and computational methods, based on molecular dynamics simulations with Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics potentials and fully flexible models, seems to constitute the bed rock for present and future successful design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Świderek
- Departament de Química Física, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjasot, Spain; Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - I Tuñón
- Departament de Química Física, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjasot, Spain
| | - V Moliner
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J Bertran
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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14
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Moteki SA, Maruyama H, Nakayama K, Li HB, Petrova G, Maeda S, Morokuma K, Maruoka K. Positive Effect of Water in Asymmetric Direct Aldol Reactions with Primary Amine Organocatalyst: Experimental and Computational Studies. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:2112-6. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin A. Moteki
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry and Special Laboratory of Organocatalytic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University, Sakyo; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan), Fax: (+81) 75-753-4041
| | - Hiroki Maruyama
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry and Special Laboratory of Organocatalytic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University, Sakyo; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan), Fax: (+81) 75-753-4041
| | - Keiji Nakayama
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry and Special Laboratory of Organocatalytic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University, Sakyo; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan), Fax: (+81) 75-753-4041
| | - Hai-Bei Li
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry; Kyoto University, Sakyo; Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
- School of Ocean; Shandong University; Weihai 264209 China
| | - Galina Petrova
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry; Kyoto University, Sakyo; Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry; Kyoto University, Sakyo; Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry and Special Laboratory of Organocatalytic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University, Sakyo; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan), Fax: (+81) 75-753-4041
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15
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Wan H, Yang H, Shore DA, Garten RJ, Couzens L, Gao J, Jiang L, Carney PJ, Villanueva J, Stevens J, Eichelberger MC. Structural characterization of a protective epitope spanning A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus neuraminidase monomers. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6114. [PMID: 25668439 PMCID: PMC4347215 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza A viruses predominated in the 2013–2014 USA influenza season, and although most of these viruses remain sensitive to Food and Drug Administration-approved neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, alternative therapies are needed. Here we show that monoclonal antibody CD6, selected for binding to the NA of the prototypic A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, A/California/07/2009, protects mice against lethal virus challenge. The crystal structure of NA in complex with CD6 Fab reveals a unique epitope, where the heavy-chain complementarity determining regions (HCDRs) 1 and 2 bind one NA monomer, the light-chain CDR2 binds the neighbouring monomer, whereas HCDR3 interacts with both monomers. This 30-amino-acid epitope spans the lateral face of an NA dimer and is conserved among circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. These results suggest that the large, lateral CD6 epitope may be an effective target of antibodies selected for development as therapeutic agents against circulating H1N1 influenza viruses. Neuraminidase inhibitors offer a line of defence against flu infections, but resistance can occur even in the absence of prior exposure. Here Wan et al. describe the mode of action of CD6, a monoclonal antibody that protects against a common influenza strain, as a new therapeutic intervention model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongquan Wan
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - David A Shore
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Rebecca J Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Laura Couzens
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Jin Gao
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Lianlian Jiang
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Paul J Carney
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Julie Villanueva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Maryna C Eichelberger
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
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16
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Lam YH, Houk KN. Origins of Stereoselectivity in Intramolecular Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by Cinchona Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2116-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ja513096x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-hong Lam
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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17
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Ahumada G, Soto JP, Carrillo D, Manzur C, Roisnel T, Hamon JR. Deacetylation of chiral ferrocenyl-containing β-diketones promoted by ethylene diamine: Spectroscopic and structural characterization of the fragmentation products. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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The role of reorganization energy in rational enzyme design. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 21:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Xu C, Zhang L, Luo S. Merging Aerobic Oxidation and Enamine Catalysis in the Asymmetric α-Amination of β-Ketocarbonyls UsingN-Hydroxycarbamates as Nitrogen Sources. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Merging Aerobic Oxidation and Enamine Catalysis in the Asymmetric α-Amination of β-Ketocarbonyls UsingN-Hydroxycarbamates as Nitrogen Sources. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4149-53. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Rader C. Chemically programmed antibodies. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:186-97. [PMID: 24630478 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unlimited chemical diversity, small molecules can rival monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with respect to specificity and affinity for target molecules. However, key pharmacological properties of mAbs remain unmatched by small molecules. Chemical programming strategies have been developed for site-specific and covalent conjugation of small molecules to mAbs with unique reactivity centers. In addition to blending favorable features of small molecules and mAbs, chemically programmed antibodies (cpAbs) are economically attractive because they utilize the same mAb for an almost unlimited number of target molecule specificities, reducing manufacturing costs and shortening drug discovery and development time. Preclinical studies and clinical trials have begun to demonstrate the broad utility of cpAbs for the treatment and prevention of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rader
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #2C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #2C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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22
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Obexer R, Studer S, Giger L, Pinkas DM, Grütter MG, Baker D, Hilvert D. Active Site Plasticity of a Computationally Designed Retro-Aldolase Enzyme. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Furdui CM, Poole LB. Chemical approaches to detect and analyze protein sulfenic acids. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:126-46. [PMID: 24105931 PMCID: PMC3946320 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Orchestration of many processes relying on intracellular signal transduction is recognized to require the generation of hydrogen peroxide as a second messenger, yet relatively few molecular details of how this oxidant acts to regulate protein function are currently understood. This review describes emerging chemical tools and approaches that can be applied to study protein oxidation in biological systems, with a particular emphasis on a key player in protein redox regulation, cysteine sulfenic acid. While sulfenic acids (within purified proteins or simple mixtures) are detectable by physical approaches like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, the propensity of these moieties to undergo further modification in complex biological systems has necessitated the development of chemical probes, reporter groups and analytical approaches to allow for their selective detection and quantification. Provided is an overview of techniques that are currently available for the study of sulfenic acids, and some of the biologically meaningful data that have been collected using such approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Furdui
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Leslie B. Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
- Correspondence to: Leslie B. Poole, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; ; telephone: 336-716-6711
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24
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Armacost K, Acevedo O. Exploring the Aldol Reaction using Catalytic Antibodies and “On Water” Organocatalysts from QM/MM Calculations. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 136:147-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405614p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kira Armacost
- Department
of Chemistry,
Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Orlando Acevedo
- Department
of Chemistry,
Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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25
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Abstract
Diverse engineering strategies have been developed to create enzymes with novel catalytic activities. Among these, computational approaches hold particular promise. Enzymes have been computationally designed to promote several nonbiological reactions, including a Diels-Alder cycloaddition, proton transfer, multistep retroaldol transformations, and metal-dependent hydrolysis of phosphotriesters. Although their efficiencies (kcat/KM = 0.1-100 M(-1) s(-1)) are typically low compared with those of the best natural enzymes (10(6)-10(8) M(-1) s(-1)), these catalysts are excellent starting points for laboratory evolution. This review surveys recent progress in combining computational and evolutionary approaches to enzyme design, together with insights into enzyme function gained from studies of the engineered catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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26
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Serdyuk AA, Abakumov AA, Kapitanov IV, Kasianczuk MG, Opeida IA. Anthrone complexation with aliphatic amines in an aprotic medium. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024413090203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Paulsen C, Carroll KS. Cysteine-mediated redox signaling: chemistry, biology, and tools for discovery. Chem Rev 2013; 113:4633-79. [PMID: 23514336 PMCID: PMC4303468 DOI: 10.1021/cr300163e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 815] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Candice
E. Paulsen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research
Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, United States
| | - Kate S. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research
Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, United States
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28
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Gupta V, Carroll KS. Sulfenic acid chemistry, detection and cellular lifetime. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:847-75. [PMID: 23748139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species-mediated cysteine sulfenic acid modification has emerged as an important regulatory mechanism in cell signaling. The stability of sulfenic acid in proteins is dictated by the local microenvironment and ability of antioxidants to reduce this modification. Several techniques for detecting this cysteine modification have been developed, including direct and in situ methods. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review presents a historical discussion of sulfenic acid chemistry and highlights key examples of this modification in proteins. A comprehensive survey of available detection techniques with advantages and limitations is discussed. Finally, issues pertaining to rates of sulfenic acid formation, reduction, and chemical trapping methods are also covered. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Early chemical models of sulfenic acid yielded important insights into the unique reactivity of this species. Subsequent pioneering studies led to the characterization of sulfenic acid formation in proteins. In parallel, the discovery of oxidant-mediated cell signaling pathways and pathological oxidative stress has led to significant interest in methods to detect these modifications. Advanced methods allow for direct chemical trapping of protein sulfenic acids directly in cells and tissues. At the same time, many sulfenic acids are short-lived and the reactivity of current probes must be improved to sample these species, while at the same time, preserving their chemical selectivity. Inhibitors with binding scaffolds can be rationally designed to target sulfenic acid modifications in specific proteins. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Ever increasing roles for protein sulfenic acids have been uncovered in physiology and pathology. A more complete understanding of sulfenic acid-mediated regulatory mechanisms will continue to require rigorous and new chemical insights. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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29
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Somatic hypermutation maintains antibody thermodynamic stability during affinity maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4261-6. [PMID: 23440204 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301810110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic hypermutation and clonal selection lead to B cells expressing high-affinity antibodies. Here we show that somatic mutations not only play a critical role in antigen binding, they also affect the thermodynamic stability of the antibody molecule. Somatic mutations directly involved in antigen recognition by antibody 93F3, which binds a relatively small hapten, reduce the melting temperature compared with its germ-line precursor by up to 9 °C. The destabilizing effects of these mutations are compensated by additional somatic mutations located on surface loops distal to the antigen binding site. Similarly, somatic mutations enhance both the affinity and thermodynamic stability of antibody OKT3, which binds the large protein antigen CD3. Analysis of the crystal structures of 93F3 and OKT3 indicates that these somatic mutations modulate antibody stability primarily through the interface of the heavy and light chain variable domains. The historical view of antibody maturation has been that somatic hypermutation and subsequent clonal selection increase antigen-antibody specificity and binding energy. Our results suggest that this process also optimizes protein stability, and that many peripheral mutations that were considered to be neutral are required to offset deleterious effects of mutations that increase affinity. Thus, the immunological evolution of antibodies recapitulates on a much shorter timescale the natural evolution of enzymes in which function and thermodynamic stability are simultaneously enhanced through mutation and selection.
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30
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Goswami RK, Liu Y, Liu C, Lerner RA, Sinha SC. Synthesis and evaluation of the aldolase antibody-derived chemical-antibodies targeting α5β1 integrin. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:538-43. [PMID: 23102054 DOI: 10.1021/mp3004463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrin α5β1 is an important therapeutic target that can be inhibited using an aldolase antibody (Ab)-derived chemical-Ab (chem-Ab) for the treatment of multiple human diseases, including cancers. A fairly optimized anti-integrin α5β1 chem-Ab 38C2-4e was obtained using an in situ convergent chemical programming (CP) approach, which minimized the time and effort needed to develop a chem-Ab. Multiple Ab-programming agents (PAs) 4a-e could be prepared rapidly using the Cu-catalyzed alkyne-azide coupling (Cu-AAC) reaction of an α5β1 inhibitor 2 with multiple linkers 3a-e, either before or after conjugating the linkers into Ab 38C2 binding sites. In these two-steps processes, the products after step 1 can be used in the next step without performing an extensive purification or analysis of the Ab-PAs or Ab-linker conjugates affording chem-Abs 38C2-(4a-e). Flow cytometry assay was used to determine the binding of the chem-Abs to U87 human glioblastoma cells expressing α5β1 integrin and identify 38C2-3e as the strongest binder. Further studies revealed that 38C2-3e strongly inhibited proliferation of U87 cells and tube formation of HUVEC in the matrigel assay, as well as tumor growth and metastasis of 4T1 cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib K Goswami
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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31
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Hayakawa M, Toda N, Carrillo N, Thornburg NJ, Crowe JE, Barbas CF. A chemically programmed antibody is a long-lasting and potent inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2191-5. [PMID: 22965667 PMCID: PMC3517015 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Programming an anti-flu strategy: A new and potent neuraminidase inhibitor that maintains long-term systemic exposure of an antibody and the therapeutic activity of the neuraminadase inhibitor zanamivir has been created. This strategy could provide a promising new class of influenza A drugs for therapy and prophylaxis, and validates enzyme inhibitors as programming agents in synthetic immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Hayakawa
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Narihiro Toda
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Nancy Carrillo
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Natalie J. Thornburg
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 Medical Research Building IV - 2213 Garland Ave. Nashville, TN 37232-0417
| | - James E. Crowe
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 Medical Research Building IV - 2213 Garland Ave. Nashville, TN 37232-0417
| | - Carlos F. Barbas
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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32
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Effect of Additives on L-Proline Catalyzed Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(11)60394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Ramachary DB, Sakthidevi R, Shruthi KS. Asymmetric supramolecular catalysis: a bio-inspired tool for the high asymmetric induction in the enamine-based Michael reactions. Chemistry 2012; 18:8008-12. [PMID: 22649025 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
King size: Utilization of large-size supramolecular rings in the pre-transition state (pre-TS) of enamine-based Michael reactions for high asymmetric induction is described. Enantiomerically pure, druglike hexahydroxanthenes with three contiguous stereocenters were synthesized through supramolecular catalysis by D-proline and quinine-NH-thiourea followed by reductive etherification from simple precursors under mild conditions (see scheme).
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34
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De Nisco M, Pedatella S, Bektaş S, Nucci A, Caputo R. D-Glucosamine in a chimeric prolinamide organocatalyst for direct asymmetric aldol addition. Carbohydr Res 2012; 356:273-7. [PMID: 22575747 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
O-TBDPS D-glucosamine coupled with l-proline is reported to act as an efficient organocatalyst in the accomplishment of direct aldol reactions. Excellent results, in terms of chemical yields, as well as diastereomeric and enantiomeric ratios, are reported for the catalyzed additions of cyclohexanone and acetone to variously substituted benzaldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro De Nisco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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35
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Geibel B, Merschky M, Rether C, Schmuck C. Artificial Enzyme Mimics. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sánchez D, Bastida D, Burés J, Isart C, Pineda O, Vilarrasa J. Relative Tendency of Carbonyl Compounds To Form Enamines. Org Lett 2012; 14:536-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol203157s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dani Sánchez
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David Bastida
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Burés
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carles Isart
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Oriol Pineda
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Vilarrasa
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Wang L, Althoff EA, Bolduc J, Jiang L, Moody J, Lassila JK, Giger L, Hilvert D, Stoddard B, Baker D. Structural analyses of covalent enzyme-substrate analog complexes reveal strengths and limitations of de novo enzyme design. J Mol Biol 2011; 415:615-25. [PMID: 22075445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
We report the cocrystal structures of a computationally designed and experimentally optimized retro-aldol enzyme with covalently bound substrate analogs. The structure with a covalently bound mechanism-based inhibitor is similar to, but not identical with, the design model, with an RMSD of 1.4 Å over active-site residues and equivalent substrate atoms. As in the design model, the binding pocket orients the substrate through hydrophobic interactions with the naphthyl moiety such that the oxygen atoms analogous to the carbinolamine and β-hydroxyl oxygens are positioned near a network of bound waters. However, there are differences between the design model and the structure: the orientation of the naphthyl group and the conformation of the catalytic lysine are slightly different; the bound water network appears to be more extensive; and the bound substrate analog exhibits more conformational heterogeneity than typical native enzyme-inhibitor complexes. Alanine scanning of the active-site residues shows that both the catalytic lysine and the residues around the binding pocket for the substrate naphthyl group make critical contributions to catalysis. Mutating the set of water-coordinating residues also significantly reduces catalytic activity. The crystal structure of the enzyme with a smaller substrate analog that lacks naphthyl ring shows the catalytic lysine to be more flexible than in the naphthyl-substrate complex; increased preorganization of the active site would likely improve catalysis. The covalently bound complex structures and mutagenesis data highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the de novo enzyme design strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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38
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Reactibodies generated by kinetic selection couple chemical reactivity with favorable protein dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:15954-9. [PMID: 21896761 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108460108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Igs offer a versatile template for combinatorial and rational design approaches to the de novo creation of catalytically active proteins. We have used a covalent capture selection strategy to identify biocatalysts from within a human semisynthetic antibody variable fragment library that uses a nucleophilic mechanism. Specific phosphonylation at a single tyrosine within the variable light-chain framework was confirmed in a recombinant IgG construct. High-resolution crystallographic structures of unmodified and phosphonylated Fabs display a 15-Å-deep two-chamber cavity at the interface of variable light (V(L)) and variable heavy (V(H)) fragments having a nucleophilic tyrosine at the base of the site. The depth and structure of the pocket are atypical of antibodies in general but can be compared qualitatively with the catalytic site of cholinesterases. A structurally disordered heavy chain complementary determining region 3 loop, constituting a wall of the cleft, is stabilized after covalent modification by hydrogen bonding to the phosphonate tropinol moiety. These features and presteady state kinetics analysis indicate that an induced fit mechanism operates in this reaction. Mutations of residues located in this stabilized loop do not interfere with direct contacts to the organophosphate ligand but can interrogate second shell interactions, because the H3 loop has a conformation adjusted for binding. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters along with computational docking support the active site model, including plasticity and simple catalytic components. Although relatively uncomplicated, this catalytic machinery displays both stereo- and chemical selectivity. The organophosphate pesticide paraoxon is hydrolyzed by covalent catalysis with rate-limiting dephosphorylation. This reactibody is, therefore, a kinetically selected protein template that has enzyme-like catalytic attributes.
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Goswami RK, Bajjuri KM, Forsyth JS, Das S, Hassenpflug W, Huang ZZ, Lerner RA, Felding-Habermann B, Sinha SC. Chemically programmed antibodies targeting multiple alpha(v) integrins and their effects on tumor-related functions in vitro. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1535-44. [PMID: 21774545 PMCID: PMC3277862 DOI: 10.1021/bc2000879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Integrins αvβ3 and αvβ6 are highly expressed on tumor cells and/or by the tumor vasculature of many human cancers, and represent promising targets for anticancer therapy. Novel chemically programmed antibodies (cpAbs) targeting these integrins were prepared using the catalytic aldolase Antibody (Ab) programming strategy. The effects of the cpAbs on cellular functions related to tumor progression were examined in vitro using tumor cell lines and their cognate integrin ligands, fibronectin and osteopontin. The inhibitory functions of the conjugates and their specificity were examined based on interference with cell-cell and cell-ligand interactions related to tumor progression. Cell binding analyses of the anti-integrin cpAbs revealed high affinity for tumor cells that overexpressed αvβ3 and αvβ6 integrins, and weak interactions with αvβ1 and αvβ8 integrins, in vitro. Functional analyses demonstrated that the cpAbs strongly inhibited cell-cell interactions through osteopontin binding, and they had little or no immediate effects on cell viability and proliferation. On the basis of these characteristics, the cpAbs are likely to have a broad range of activities in vivo, as they can target and antagonize one or multiple αv integrins expressed on tumors and tumor vasculatures. Presumably, these conjugates may inhibit the establishment of metastastatic tumors in distant organs through interfering with cell adhesion more effectively than antibodies or compounds targeting one integrin only. These anti-integrin cpAbs may also provide useful reagents to study combined effect of multiple αv integrins on cellular functions in vitro, on pathologies, including tumor angiogenesis, fibrosis, and epithelial cancers, in vivo.
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Serdyuk AA, Kasyanchuk MG, Kapitanov IV, Opeida IA. Mechanism of the catalysis by aliphatic amines of the oxidation of anthrone with molecular oxygen. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-011-9193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Pedatella S, De Nisco M, Mastroianni D, Naviglio D, Nucci A, Caputo R. Diastereo- and Enantioselective Direct Aldol Reactions in Aqueous Medium: A New Highly Efficient Proline-Sugar Chimeric Catalyst. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Schmid MB, Zeitler K, Gschwind RM. Formation and Stability of Prolinol and Prolinol Ether Enamines by NMR: Delicate Selectivity and Reactivity Balances and Parasitic Equilibria. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7065-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ja111544b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus B. Schmid
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Zeitler
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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44
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Ramachary DB, Ramakumar K. Direct Organocatalytic Asymmetric Approach to Baylis-Hillman-Type Products Through a Push-Pull Dienamine Platform. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Gavrilyuk J, Uehara H, Otsubo N, Hessell A, Burton DR, Barbas CF. Potent inhibition of HIV-1 entry with a chemically programmed antibody aided by an efficient organocatalytic synthesis. Chembiochem 2011; 11:2113-8. [PMID: 20845359 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gavrilyuk
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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46
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Ramachary DB, Shiva Prasad M, Madhavachary R. A general approach to high-yielding asymmetric synthesis of chiral 3-alkyl-4-nitromethylchromans via cascade Barbas–Michael and acetalization reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:2715-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00861c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Fuentes JA, Lebl T, Slawin AMZ, Clarke ML. Synthesis of organocatalysts using non-covalent chemistry; understanding the reactivity of ProNap, an enamine-type organocatalyst that can self assemble with complementary co-catalysts. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00299f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Wuellner U, Gavrilyuk JI, Barbas CF. Expanding the concept of chemically programmable antibodies to RNA aptamers: chemically programmed biotherapeutics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5934-7. [PMID: 20645365 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Wuellner
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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50
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Ramachary DB, Ramakumar K, Bharanishashank A, Narayana VV. Sequential One-Pot Combination of Multireactions through Multicatalysis: A General Approach to Rapid Assembly of Functionalized Push−Pull Olefins, Phenols, and 2-Methyl-2H-chromenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:855-76. [DOI: 10.1021/cc100104k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kinthada Ramakumar
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Central University (PO), Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Adluri Bharanishashank
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Central University (PO), Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Vidadala V. Narayana
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Central University (PO), Hyderabad 500 046, India
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