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Yu Z, Liu T, Zheng X, Wang Y, Sha J, Shan L, Mu T, Zhang W, Lee CS, Liu W, Wang P. A glutathione responsive photosensitizer based on hypocrellin B for photodynamic therapy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 325:125052. [PMID: 39236568 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.125052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
As a typical natural photosensitizer, hypocrellin B (HB) offers the advantages of high molar extinction coefficient, high phototoxicity, low dark toxicity, and fast metabolism in vivo. However, the lack of tumor specificity hinders its clinical applications. Herein, we designed and synthesized a glutathione (GSH) responsive photosensitizer based on HB. The 7 - nitro - 2,1,3 - benzoxadiazole (NBD) covalently connected to HB not only served as a fluorescence quenching group but also as a GSH activating group. The photosensitizer HB-NBD showed almost no fluorescence and singlet oxygen generation as a result of the photoinduced electron transfer between HB and NBD. The designed photosensitizer HB-NBD can be activated by GSH in solutions and cancer cells, and then obtain recuperative fluorescence and photosensitive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sha
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Shan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Mu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Chun Sing Lee
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and City U-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Wang L, Liu Q, Buchwald A, Wackenhut F, Brecht M, Gierschner J, Meixner AJ. Deuterium Isotope Effect in Single Molecule Photophysics and Photochemistry of Hypericin. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400374. [PMID: 38837881 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The peripherical protons of the dye molecule hypericin can undergo structural interconversion (tautomerization) between different isomers separated by a low energy barrier with rates that depends sensitively on the interaction with local chemical environment defined by the nature of host material. We investigate the deuterium (D) isotope effect of hypericin tautomerism at the single-molecule level to avoid ensemble averaging in different polymer matrices by a combined spectroscopic and computational approach. In the 'innocent' PMMA matrix only intramolecular isotope effects on the internal conversion channel and tautomerization are observed; while PVA specifically interacts with the probe via H- and D-bonding. This establishes a single molecular picture on intra- and intermolecular nano-environment effects to control chromophore photophysics and -chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxuan Wang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/Faraday 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Quan Liu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Andrea Buchwald
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Frank Wackenhut
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Center for Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), School of Life Sciences
- Reutlingen Research Institute (RRI), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, Reutlingen, 72762, Germany
| | - Marc Brecht
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Center for Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), School of Life Sciences
- Reutlingen Research Institute (RRI), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, Reutlingen, 72762, Germany
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/Faraday 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Alfred J Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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3
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Wang L, Liu Q, Wackenhut F, Brecht M, Adam PM, Gierschner J, Meixner AJ. Monitoring tautomerization of single hypericin molecules in a tunable optical λ/2 microcavity. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:014203. [PMID: 34998354 DOI: 10.1063/5.0078117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypericin tautomerization that involves the migration of the labile protons is believed to be the primary photophysical process relevant to its light-activated antiviral activity. Despite the difficulty in isolating individual tautomers, it can be directly observed in single-molecule experiments. We show that the tautomerization of single hypericin molecules in free space is observed as an abrupt flipping of the image pattern accompanied with fluorescence intensity fluctuations, which are not correlated with lifetime changes. Moreover, the study can be extended to a λ/2 Fabry-Pérot microcavity. The modification of the local photonic environment by a microcavity is well simulated with a theoretical model that shows good agreement with the experimental data. Inside a microcavity, the excited state lifetime and fluorescence intensity of single hypericin molecules are correlated, and a distinct jump of the lifetime and fluorescence intensity reveals the temporal behavior of the tautomerization with high sensitivity and high temporal resolution. The observed changes are also consistent with time-dependent density functional theory calculations. Our approach paves the way to monitor and even control reactions for a wider range of molecules at the single molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxuan Wang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Quan Liu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Wackenhut
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Brecht
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pierre-Michel Adam
- Laboratoire Lumiére, Nanomatériaux et Nanotechnologies (L2n), CNRS ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10004 Troyes, France
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA in Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfred J Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Liu Q, Wackenhut F, Wang L, Hauler O, Roldao JC, Adam PM, Brecht M, Gierschner J, Meixner AJ. Direct Observation of Structural Heterogeneity and Tautomerization of Single Hypericin Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1025-1031. [PMID: 33470816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tautomerization is a fundamental chemical reaction which involves the relocation of a proton in the reactants. Studying the optical properties of tautomeric species is challenging because of ensemble averaging. Many molecules, such as porphines, porphycenes, or phenanthroperylene quinones, exhibit a reorientation of the transition dipole moment (TDM) during tautomerization, which can be directly observed in single-molecule experiments. Here, we study single hypericin molecules, which is a prominent phenanthroperylene quinone showing antiviral, antidepressive, and photodynamical properties. Observing abrupt flipping of the image pattern combined with time-dependent density functional theory calculations allows drawing conclusions about the coexistence of four tautomers and their conversion path. This approach allows the unambiguous assignment of a TDM orientation to a specific tautomer and enables the determination of the chemical structure in situ. Our approach can be applied to other molecules showing TDM reorientation during tautomerization, helping to gain a deeper understanding of this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Laboratoire Lumière, Nanomatériaux & Nanotechnologies - L2n and CNRS ERL 7004, Universitéde Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Frank Wackenhut
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liangxuan Wang
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Otto Hauler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Reutlingen Research Institute, Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Juan Carlos Roldao
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pierre-Michel Adam
- Laboratoire Lumière, Nanomatériaux & Nanotechnologies - L2n and CNRS ERL 7004, Universitéde Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Marc Brecht
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Reutlingen Research Institute, Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, C/Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfred J Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Liu Q, Wackenhut F, Hauler O, Scholz M, Zur Oven-Krockhaus S, Ritz R, Adam PM, Brecht M, Meixner AJ. Hypericin: Single Molecule Spectroscopy of an Active Natural Drug. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2497-2504. [PMID: 32126168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin is one of the most efficient photosensitizers used in photodynamic tumor therapy (PDT). The reported treatments of this drug reach from antidepressive, antineoplastic, antitumor and antiviral activity. We show that hypericin can be optically detected down to a single molecule at ambient conditions. Hypericin can even be observed inside of a cancer cell, which implies that this drug can be directly used for advanced microscopy techniques (PALM, spt-PALM, or FLIM). Its photostability is large enough to obtain single molecule fluorescence, surface enhanced Raman spectra (SERS), fluorescence lifetime, antibunching, and blinking dynamics. Sudden spectral changes can be associated with a reorientation of the molecule on the particle surface. These properties of hypericin are very sensitive to the local environment. Comparison of DFT calculations with SERS spectra show that both the neutral and deprotonated form of hypericin can be observed on the single molecule and ensemble level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux & nanotechnologies - L2n and CNRS ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Frank Wackenhut
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Otto Hauler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Reutlingen Research Institute, Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Scholz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Reutlingen Research Institute, Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Sven Zur Oven-Krockhaus
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Ritz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Schwarzwald-Baar Clinic, Klinikstraße 11, 78052 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Pierre-Michel Adam
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux & nanotechnologies - L2n and CNRS ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Marc Brecht
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Reutlingen Research Institute, Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Alfred J Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Skonieczny K, Yoo J, Larsen JM, Espinoza EM, Barbasiewicz M, Vullev VI, Lee CH, Gryko DT. How To Reach Intense Luminescence for Compounds Capable of Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer? Chemistry 2016; 22:7485-96. [PMID: 27062363 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced intramolecular direct arylation allows structurally unique compounds containing phenanthro[9',10':4,5]imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine and imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine skeletons, which mediate excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), to be efficiently synthesized. The developed polycyclic aromatics demonstrate that the combination of five-membered ring structures with a rigid arrangement between a proton donor and a proton acceptor provides a means for attaining large fluorescence quantum yields, exceeding 0.5, even in protic solvents. Steady-state and time-resolved UV/Vis spectroscopy reveals that, upon photoexcitation, the prepared protic heteroaromatics undergo ESIPT, converting them efficiently into their excited-state keto tautomers, which have lifetimes ranging from about 5 to 10 ns. The rigidity of their structures, which suppresses nonradiative decay pathways, is believed to be the underlying reason for the nanosecond lifetimes of these singlet excited states and the observed high fluorescence quantum yields. Hydrogen bonding with protic solvents does not interfere with the excited-state dynamics and, as a result, there is no difference between the occurrences of ESIPT processes in MeOH versus cyclohexane. Acidic media has a more dramatic effect on suppressing ESIPT by protonating the proton acceptor. As a result, in the presence of an acid, a larger proportion of the fluorescence of ESIPT-capable compounds originates from their enol excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Skonieczny
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jaeduk Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 23417, Republic of Korea
| | - Jillian M Larsen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Eli M Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Michał Barbasiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Valentine I Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 23417, Republic of Korea.
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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7
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Stasyuk AJ, Bultinck P, Gryko DT, Cyrański MK. The effect of hydrogen bond strength on emission properties in 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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8
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Wagner MS, Ilieva ED, Petkov PS, Nikolova RD, Kienberger R, Iglev H. Ultrafast hydrogen bond dynamics and partial electron transfer after photoexcitation of diethyl ester of 7-(diethylamino)-coumarin-3-phosphonic acid and its benzoxaphosphorin analog. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9919-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05727a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solvation dynamics after optical excitation of two phosphono-substituted coumarin derivatives dissolved in various solutions are studied by fluorescence up-conversion spectroscopy and quantum chemical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Wagner
- Physik-Department E11
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - E. D. Ilieva
- Physik-Department E11
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
| | - P. St. Petkov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Sofia University
- 1126 Sofia
- Bulgaria
- Engineering and Science
| | - R. D. Nikolova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Sofia University
- 1126 Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - R. Kienberger
- Physik-Department E11
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - H. Iglev
- Physik-Department E11
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
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9
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Hovhannisyan V, Guo HW, Hovhannisyan A, Ghukasyan V, Buryakina T, Chen YF, Dong CY. Photo-induced processes in collagen-hypericin system revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy and multiphoton microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:1355-1362. [PMID: 24877000 PMCID: PMC4026910 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is the main structural protein and the key determinant of mechanical and functional properties of tissues and organs. Proper balance between synthesis and degradation of collagen molecules is critical for maintaining normal physiological functions. In addition, collagen influences tumor development and drug delivery, which makes it a potential cancer therapy target. Using second harmonic generation, two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy, and spectrofluorimetry, we show that the natural pigment hypericin induces photosensitized destruction of collagen-based tissues. We demonstrate that hypericin-mediated processes in collagen fibers are irreversible and may be used for the treatment of cancer and collagen-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Hovhannisyan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei106, Taiwan
| | - H. W. Guo
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei106, Taiwan
| | - A. Hovhannisyan
- Multimedia &Programming, European Regional Education Academy, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - V. Ghukasyan
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - T. Buryakina
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei106, Taiwan
| | - Y. F. Chen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei106, Taiwan
| | - C. Y. Dong
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei106, Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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10
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Yang IS, Jin SM, Kang JH, Ramanathan V, Kim HM, Suh YD, Kim SK. Excited State Dynamics of Curcumin and Solvent Hydrogen Bonding. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.8.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Bose D, Jana B, Datta S, Chattopadhyay N. Excited state intramolecular proton transfer of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde semicarbazone: A combined fluorometric and quantum chemical study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Zhou D, Mirzakulova E, Khatmullin R, Schapiro I, Olivucci M, Glusac KD. Fast Excited-State Deactivation in N(5)-Ethyl-4a-hydroxyflavin Pseudobase. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:7136-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jp201903h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Ekaterina Mirzakulova
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Renat Khatmullin
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Ksenija D. Glusac
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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13
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Kee TW, Adhikary R, Carlson PJ, Mukherjee P, Petrich JW. Femtosecond Fluorescence Upconversion Investigations on the Excited-State Photophysics of Curcumin. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The demonstration of curcumin as a photodynamic therapy agent has generated a high level of interest in understanding the photoinduced chemical and physical properties of this naturally occurring, yellow-orange medicinal compound. Important photophysical processes that may be related to photodynamic therapy effects including excited-state intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer (ESIHT) occur within the femtosecond to picosecond time scales. Femtosecond fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy has sufficient time resolution to resolve and investigate these important photophysical processes. In this review, recent advances in using femtosecond fluorescence upconversion to reveal ultrafast solvation and ESIHT of curcumin are presented. The excited-state photophysics of curcumin has been investigated in alcohols and micellar solutions. The results of curcumin in methanol and ethylene glycol reveal the presence of two decay components in the excited-state kinetics with time scales of 12–20 ps and ∼100 ps. Similarly, in a micellar solution, biphasic kinetics are present with the fast decay component having a time constant of 3–8 ps, the slow decay component 50–80 ps. Deuteration of curcumin in both media leads to a pronounced isotope effect in the slow decay component, which suggests that ESIHT is an important photophysical process on this time scale. The results of multiwavelength fluorescence upconversion studies show that the fast component in the excited-state kinetics is due to ultrafast solvation. These advances form a part of the continuing efforts to elucidate the photodynamic therapy properties of curcumin.
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14
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Sen Mojumdar S, Mondal T, Das AK, Dey S, Bhattacharyya K. Ultrafast and ultraslow proton transfer of pyranine in an ionic liquid microemulsion. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:194505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3428669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Adhikary R, Carlson PJ, Kee TW, Petrich JW. Excited-state intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer of curcumin in surfactant micelles. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:2997-3004. [PMID: 20136104 DOI: 10.1021/jp9101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond fluorescence upconversion experiments were performed on the naturally occurring medicinal pigment, curcumin, in anionic, cationic, and neutral micelles. In our studies, the micelles are composed of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB), and triton X-100 (TX-100). We demonstrate that the excited-state kinetics of curcumin in micelles have a fast (3-8 ps) and slow (50-80 ps) component. While deuteration of curcumin has a negligible effect on the fast component, the slow component exhibits a pronounced isotope effect of approximately 1.6, indicating that micelle-captured curcumin undergoes excited-state intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer. Studies of solvation dynamics of curcumin in a 10 ps time window reveal a fast component (< or = 300 fs) followed by a 8, 6, and 3 ps component in the solvation correlation function for the TX-100, DTAB, and SDS micelles, respectively.
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16
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Ley C, Brazard J, Lacombat F, Plaza P, Martin MM, Kraus GA, Petrich JW. Multiphotonic excitation and solvation dynamics effects on the femtosecond transient absorption of O-hexamethoxyhypericin. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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English DS, Doyle RT, Petrich JW, Haydon PG. Subcellular Distributions and Excited-State Processes of Hypericin in Neurons. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb03290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Lobban CS, Hallam SJ, Mukherjee P, Petrich JW. Photophysics and Multifunctionality of Hypericin-Like Pigments in Heterotrich Ciliates: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:1074-94. [PMID: 17880503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the literature and present some new data to examine the occurrence and photophysics of the diverse hypericin-like chromophores in heterotrichs, the photoresponses of the cells, the various roles of the pigments and the taxa that might be studied to advance our understanding of these pigments. Hypericin-like chromophores are known chemically and spectrally so far only from the stentorids and Fabrea, the latter now seen to be sister to stentorids in the phylogenetic tree. For three hypericin-like pigments, the structures are known but these probably do not account for all the colors seen in stentorids. At least eight physiological groups of Stentor exist depending on pigment color and presence/absence of zoochlorellae, and some species can be bleached, leading to many opportunities for comparison of pigment chemistry and cell behavior. Several different responses to light are exhibited among heterotrichs, sometimes by the same cell; in particular, cells with algal symbionts are photophilic in contrast to the well-studied sciaphilous (shade-loving) species. Hypericin-like pigments are involved in some well-known photophobic reactions but other pigments (rhodopsin and flavins) are also involved in photoresponses in heterotrichs and other protists. The best characterized role of hypericin-like pigments in heterotrichs is in photoresponses and they have at least twice evolved a role as photoreceptors. However, hypericin and hypericin-like pigments in diverse organisms more commonly serve as predator defense and the pigments are multifunctional in heterotrichs. A direct role for the pigments in UV protection is possible but evidence is equivocal. New observations are presented on a folliculinid from deep water, including physical characterization of its hypericin-like pigment and its phylogenetic position based on SSU rRNA sequences. The photophysics of hypericin and hypericin-like pigments is reviewed. Particular attention is given to how their excited-state properties are modified by the environment. Dramatic changes in excited-state behavior are observed as hypericin is moved from the homogeneous environment of organic solvents to the much more structured surroundings provided by the complexes it forms with proteins. Among these complexes, it is useful to consider the differences between environments where hypericin is not found naturally and those where it is, notably, for example, in heterotrichs. It is clear that interaction with a protein modifies the photophysics of hypericin and understanding the molecular basis of this interaction is one of the outstanding problems in elucidating the function of hypericin and hypericin-like chromophores.
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Sanders L, Halder M, Xiao TL, Ding J, Armstrong DW, Petrich JW. The Separation of Hypericin's Enantiomers and Their Photophysics in Chiral Environments¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Chowdhury PK, Ashby KD, Datta A, Petrich JW. Effect of pH on the Fluorescence and Absorption Spectra of Hypericin in Reverse Micelles¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720612eopotf2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Showalter BM, Datta A, Chowdhury PK, Park J, Bandyopadhyay P, Choudhury PK, Kesavan S, Zeng Y, Kraus GA, Gordon MS, Toscano JP, Petrich JW. Identification of a Vibrational Frequency Corresponding to H-atom Translocation in Hypericin¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740157ioavfc2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Freeman D, Konstantinovskii L, Mazur Y. The Structure of Hypericin in Solution. Searching for Hypericin's 1,6 Tautomer¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740206tsohis2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Xu S, Tian C, Chen S, Zhang M, Shen T. Photobleaching of Hypocrellin B and its Butylamino-substituted Derivative in Solutions. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740184pohbai2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Park J, Datta A, Chowdhury PK, Petrich JW. Is the Excited-State H-atom Transfer in Hypericin Concerted?¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730105itesha2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Zhang HY, Liu W, Liu WZ, Xie JL. Photosensitization of Hypomycin B-A Novel Perylenequinonoid Pigment with Only One Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740191pohban2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Xu S, Zhang X, Chen S, Zhang M, Shen T. The Fluorescence Properties of Hypocrellin B and its Amino-substituted Derivative: Photinduced Intramolecular Proton Transfer and Photoinduced Intramolecular Electron Transfer¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Theodossiou T, Spiro MD, Jacobson J, Hothersall JS, MacRobert AJ. Evidence for Intracellular Aggregation of Hypericin and the Impact on its Photocytotoxicity in PAM 212 Murine Keratinocytes¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Theodossiou T, Spiro MD, Jacobson J, Hothersall JS, Macrobert AJ. Evidence for intracellular aggregation of hypericin and the impact on its photocytotoxicity in PAM 212 murine keratinocytes. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 80:438-43. [PMID: 15623327 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2004)080<0438:efiaoh>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have assessed photoinduced toxicity of hypericin in PAM 212 murine keratinocytes and the relationship between concentration, incubation time and light fluence to evaluate the effect of intracellular aggregation at high concentrations. Confocal microscopy was used to establish the subcellular localization of hypericin at 5 and 50 microM and incubation times of 1 and 3 h. From fluorescence uptake time course studies, intracellular hypericin was demonstrated to exist predominantly in the monomeric form for up to 26 h incubation at 5 microM. However, there was a pronounced aggregation effect at 50 microM, with intracellular hypericin fluorescence levels initially showing an increase followed by a decrease with incubation time. This effect was subsequently shown to exert an effect on the phototoxicity of hypericin. On irradiation, the photocytotoxicity for 1 and 7 h incubation with 50 microM hypericin was comparable, whereas using 5 microM the photocytotoxicity showed good correlation with the intracellular fluorescence measurements at 1 and 7 h incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodossis Theodossiou
- National Medical Laser Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Academic Division of Surgical Specialties, University College London, London, UK.
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29
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Halder M, Chowdhury PK, Das R, Mukherjee P, Atkins WM, Petrich JW. Interaction of Glutathione S-Transferase with Hypericin: A Photophysical Study. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:19484-9. [PMID: 16853517 DOI: 10.1021/jp051645u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics of hypericin have been studied in its complex with two different isoforms, A1-1 and P1-1, of the protein glutathione S-transferase (GST). One molecule of hypericin binds to each of the two GST subunits. Comparisons are made with our previous results for the hypericin/human serum albumin complex (Photochem. Photobiol. 1999, 69, 633-645). Hypericin binds with high affinity to the GSTs: 0.65 microM for the A1-1 isoform and 0.51 microM for the P1-1 isoform (Biochemistry 2004, 43, 12761-12769). The photophysics and activity of hypericin are strongly modulated by the binding protein. Intramolecular hydrogen-atom transfer is suppressed in both cases. Most importantly, while there is significant singlet oxygen generation from hypericin bound to GST A1-1, binding to GST P1-1 suppresses singlet oxygen generation to almost negligible levels. The data are rationalized in terms of a simple model in which the hypericin photophysics depends entirely upon the decay of the triplet state by two competing processes, quenching by oxygen to yield singlet oxygen and ionization, the latter of these two are proposed to be modulated by A1-1 and P1-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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30
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Plaza P, Mahet M, Tchaikovskaya ON, Martin MM. Excitation energy effect on the early photophysics of hypericin in solution. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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32
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Chen DZ, Wang DP, Kong DX, Zhang X. Quantum study on photophysical and photochemical process of a new photosensitizer: hypomycin B. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Sanders L, Halder M, Xiao TL, Ding J, Armstrong DW, Petrich JW. The Separation of Hypericin's Enantiomers and Their Photophysics in Chiral Environments¶. Photochem Photobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-05-28-rn-181.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Mishra PP, Koner AL, Datta A. Interaction of Lucifer yellow with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide micelles and the consequent suppression of its non-radiative processes. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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Wang DP, Chen SG, Chen DZ. Theoretical studies of conjugate and substituent effects on the intramolecular proton transfer: an HF/CIS study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(03)00382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Xu S, Zhang X, Chen S, Zhang M, Shen T. The Fluorescence Properties of Hypocrellin B and its Amino-substituted Derivative: Photoinduced Intramolecular Proton Transfer and Photoinduced Intramolecular Electron Transfer¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004; 80:112-4. [PMID: 15339225 DOI: 10.1562/2004-03-13-rn-113.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report on the emission spectra and emission quantum yields of a newly synthesized hypocrellin dye, 2-demethoxy-2,3-ethylenediamino hypocrellin B (EDAHB), and its parent HB in different solvents of varying polarity. Our results demonstrate that EDAHB is one of the few dyes that exhibit highly solvent polarity-dependent fluorescence in the useful region (680-730 nm). Therefore, it offers some applications in the biomedical field as a fluorescent probe molecule. The solvatochromic effect of EDAHB is proposed to be due to a distinct change in the dipole moment of the dye on excitation. A photoinduced intramolecular proton transfer and a photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer process are considered relevant for the fluorescence properties of HB and EDAHB, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjie Xu
- Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Xu S, Chen S, Zhang M, Shen T. Synthesis, characterization and photodynamic activity of phenmethylamino-demethoxy-hypocrellin B. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2003; 72:61-7. [PMID: 14644567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two phenmethylamino hypocrellin B derivatives are novel photodynamic agents synthesized by a mild reaction between hypocrellin B and phenmethylamine. The red absorption of the photosensitizers is enlarged distinctly and the peri-hydroxylated perylenequinone structure of the parent HB is preserved. 9,10-diphenyl-anthracene (DPA) bleaching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping techniques were used to study the photodynamic activities of the phenmethylamino hypocrellin B derivatives in the presence of oxygen. Singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide anion radical (O2*-) generated in the process of illumination of the phenmethylamino hypocrellin B in aerobic solution were observed. The photodamage of PMAHBs to MGC803 cancer cells was investigated in vitro. The results in vitro reveal that the phenmethylamino hypocrellin B derivatives show a much less significant decrease in cytotoxicity than that of their parent HB. It exhibits higher selectivity of light-orientation, which can decrease the damage to normal tissues by irradiating the tumor tissues, and so increases the drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjie Xu
- Center for Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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38
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Xu S, Zhang X, Chen S, Zhang M, Shen T, Wang Z. Novel phototherapeutic agents: Investigation and progress of hypocrellin derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03184053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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39
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Kim TG, Wolford MF, Topp MR. Ultrashort-lived excited states of aminophthalimides in fluid solution. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2003; 2:576-84. [PMID: 12803081 DOI: 10.1039/b300493g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Sn-->S0 ultraviolet fluorescence spectra (270-380 nm) of 4-aminophthalimide (4AP) and its N-methyl derivative 4-amino-N-methylphthalimide (4ANMP) are reported, following the absorption of two laser pulses. In polar but non-hydrogen-bonding solvents, both molecules exhibit a principal emission maximum near 290 nm, whereas solutions in hydrogen-bonding solvents display two prominent emission bands, near 300 and 350 nm. The relative intensities of these bands depend on solvent type and, in a pump-probe experiment, on the wavelengths and temporal spacing of two ultrashort pulses. Experiments covering the range approximately 0.1-100 ps showed evidence for at least two distinct ultrashort relaxation processes, the rates of which depend on solvent. Fluorescence upconversion experiments at < 0.2 ps resolution have shown that the longer-duration process correlates with the fluorescence Stokes shift, and provide evidence that the solvent-dependent shift of the S1-->S0 fluorescence spectrum is reflected in the fluorescence quantum efficiency of a nearby electronic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeg Gyum Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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40
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Xu S, Chen S, Zhang M, Shen T. First synthesis of methylated hypocrellin and its fluorescent excited state: a cautionary tale. J Org Chem 2003; 68:2048-50. [PMID: 12608836 DOI: 10.1021/jo026554x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methylated hypocrellins were obtained and characterized by satisfactory 1HNMR, UV-vis, IR, and mass data, and their absorption and fluorescence emission spectra were studied. A previous report of methylated hypocrellin (J. Phys. Chem. A 1999, 103, 7949) appears to be in error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjie Xu
- Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
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41
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Xu S, Zhang X, Chen S, Zhang M, Shen T. EPR studies of the photodynamic properties of a novel potential photodynamic therapeutic agent: photogeneration of semiquinone radical anion and active oxygen species (O2˙−, OH˙, H2O2and1O2). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2003; 2:871-6. [PMID: 14521225 DOI: 10.1039/b303293k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclohexylamino-substituted hypocrellin B (CHAHB) has been synthesized with the aim of improving the red absorption and specific affinity for malignant tumors over those of the parent compound. Irradiation of a deoxygenated DMSO solution of CHAHB generates a strong electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal, which is assigned to the semiquinone radical anion of CHAHB with the aid of a series of experimental results. In the presence of oxygen, superoxide radical anions (O2*-) are generated via electron transfer from CHAHB*-, the precursor, to ground-state molecular oxygen. Hydroxyl radicals were detected by spin-trapping EPR when an oxygen-saturated aqueous solution containing CHAHB and DMPO was irradiated. Singlet oxygen (1O2) is produced via energy transfer from triplet CHAHB to ground-state oxygen molecules, with a sharply decreased quantum yield, i.e. 0.11. Furthermore, cell survival studies reveal CHAHB exhibits much higher photodynamic activities than its parent hypocrellins. The strongly enhanced photodynamic activities and sharply decreased quantum yield of 1O2 generation suggest that the type I (free radical) mechanism may play a significant role in CHAHB-PDT, rather than the type II (singlet oxygen) mechanism found in photofrin-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjie Xu
- Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China
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42
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Chowdhury P, Das K, Datta A, Liu WZ, Zhang HY, Petrich J. A comparison of the excited-state processes of nearly symmetrical perylene quinones: hypocrellin A and hypomycin B. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(02)00309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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43
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Frauchiger L, Shirota H, Uhrich KE, Castner EW. Dynamic Fluorescence Probing of the Local Environments within Amphiphilic Starlike Macromolecules. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020746e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lotti Frauchiger
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8087
| | - Hideaki Shirota
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8087
| | - Kathryn E. Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8087
| | - Edward W. Castner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8087
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Xu S, Chen S, Zhang M, Shen T, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Wu Y. Butylamino-demethoxy-hypocrellins and photodynamic therapy decreases human cancer in vitro and in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1537:222-32. [PMID: 11731224 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(01)00074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
2-Butylamino-2-demethoxy-hypocrellin A (BAHA) and B (BAHB) are new photosensitizers synthesized by a mild reaction of hypocrellins and butylamine. In BAHA and BAHB, the peri-hydroxylated perylenequinone structure of the parent hypocrellins is preserved and the red absorption is enhanced distinctly. Electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping measurements and 9,10-diphenylanthracene bleaching studies were used to investigate the photodynamic action of BAHA and BAHB in the presence of oxygen. Singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide anion radical (O2(*-)) produced by illuminating BAHA and BAHB in aerobic solution have been observed. Compared with hypocrellin A and B, BAHA and BAHB primarily remained able to generate 1O2 and enhanced distinctly the O2(*-)-generating abilities. The photodynamic action of BAHA and BAHB in the therapy of cancer was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Both in vitro and in vivo results revealed a significant decrease in cancer cell growth. Laser or dye alone had no effect, indicating that intratumor BAHA and laser therapy may prove useful in unresectable cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xu
- Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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45
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Xu S, Chen S, Zhang M, Shen T. A novel method for the preparation of amino-substituted hypocrellin B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2045-7. [PMID: 11454477 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of amino-substituted hypocrellins derived from hypocrellin B (HB) were synthesized by a novel mild method, in which the peri-hydroxylated perylenequinone structure of hypocrellin was preserved by the reaction of HB with an amine. The red absorption of the resulting products was significantly enhanced relative to the parent hypocrellins, which will significantly improve its photodynamic therapy effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xu
- Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100080, Beijing, China
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46
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Xu S, Tian C, Chen S, Zhang M, Shen T. Photobleaching of hypocrellin B and its butylamino-substituted derivative in solutions. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:184-90. [PMID: 11547552 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0184:pohbai>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The photobleaching of hypocrellin B (HB) and its derivative butylamino-substituted hypocrellin B (BAHB), both of which are potent sensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT), were investigated by studies of absorption spectra and quenching experiments and by the determination of photoproducts. Control experiments indicated that the sensitizer, oxygen and light were essential for the photobleaching of HB and BAHB, which suggested that it was a photodynamic process, e.g. the photobleaching processes of both HB and BAHB were mainly self-sensitized photooxidations. The illumination of HB with visible light in oxygenated nonpolar solvents generated singlet oxygen efficiently [phi(1O2) = 0.76] which in turn attacked the sensitizer HB with the subsequent formation of an endoperoxide product. The endoperoxide of HB is unstable at room temperature and undergoes loss of singlet oxygen with regeneration of the parent HB. The singlet oxygen released from the endoperoxide of HB was detected with chemical trapping experiments. The quenching experiments indicated that in increasingly polar solvents the superoxide anion mechanism (type I) as well as the singlet oxygen mechanism (type II) contributed to the photobleaching of HB. The introduction of the electron-donating butylamino group not only enhanced the yield of the superoxide anion generation but also altered the position of attack in the BAHB molecule by the activated oxygen species. No endoperoxide product was observed, and no singlet oxygen released from the photobleaching process of BAHB was detected. The photobleaching process of BAHB was more complex. Both the singlet oxygen and superoxide anion mechanism played important roles in the photobleaching of BAHB in all organic solvent used here, even in aerobic nonpolar solvents such as CHCl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xu
- Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Freeman D, Konstantinovskii L, Mazur Y. The structure of hypericin in solution. Searching for hypericin's 1,6 tautomer. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:206-10. [PMID: 11547556 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0206:tsohis>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin in organic solvents displays two types of electronic spectra: one type which shows a distinct solvatochromic effect, the stable form, and the other, the unstable form, which lacks this property. The latter type is formed in dry nonprotic solvents (e.g. tetrahydrofuran, EtOAc) and can be converted to the stable form on addition of protic solvents. In order to establish the tautomeric structure of the unstable form we applied conventional nuclear magnetic resonance techniques as well as two-dimensional gradient-enhanced heteronuclear multiple-quantum correlation, gradient-enhanced ROESY and one-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect difference experiments. All these techniques pointed to the fact that the unstable form has the 7,14-diketo tautomeric structure, like the stable form, and not the 1,6-diketo structure. Electronic spectroscopy indicated that the unstable form has acidic properties and therefore possesses two free OH groups at C3 and C4 at the bay region of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Freeman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Showalter BM, Datta A, Chowdhury PK, Park J, Bandyopadhyay P, Choudhury PK, Kesavan S, Zeng Y, Kraus GA, Gordon MS, Toscano JP, Petrich JW. Identification of a vibrational frequency corresponding to H-atom translocation in hypericin. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:157-63. [PMID: 11547549 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0157:ioavfc>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy, ab initio quantum mechanical calculations and synthetic organic chemistry a region in the infrared spectrum of triplet hypericin has been found between 1400 and 1500 cm-1 corresponding to the translocation of the hydrogen atom between the enol and the keto oxygens, O...H...O. This result is discussed in the context of the photophysics of hypericin and of eventual measurements to observe directly the excited-state H-atom transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Showalter
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zhang HY, Liu W, Liu WZ, Xie JL. Photosensitization of hypomycin B--a novel perylenequinonoid pigment with only one intramolecular hydrogen bond. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:191-5. [PMID: 11547553 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0191:pohban>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Electron spin resonance technique and spin-trapping methods were used to determine the photoproduction of 1O2 and O2.- by hypomycin B (HMB), a novel perylenequinonoid pigment (PQP) possessing only one hydroxyl group. It was found that the yields of 1O2 and O2.- for HMB were comparable to those for hypocrellin A, a typical natural PQP with good photosensitivity. In addition, the absorption and fluorescence spectra for HMB were investigated. The pKa values in the ground and excited states of HMB were determined to be 8.94 and 5.54, respectively. Thus, the photodynamic mechanisms of HMB may involve not only the photogeneration of 1O2 and O2.- but also the light-induced acidification. Consequently, HMB is proposed to be a good photodynamic therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Zhang
- Laboratory for Computational Biology, Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo University, Zibo, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
The excited-state intramolecular H-atom transfer of hypericin (Hyp) was investigated as a function of pH in monodispersed reverse micelles formed by sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate/heptane/water and in complexes with Tb3+ under conditions in which one of the two carbonyl groups of Hyp is incapable of accepting a hydrogen atom. The results of pump-probe transient absorption experiments provide no evidence for a concerted H-atom transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Park
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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