1
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Varenikov A, Gandelman M, Sigman MS. Development of Modular Nitrenium Bipolar Electrolytes for Possible Applications in Symmetric Redox Flow Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19474-19488. [PMID: 38963077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Amid the escalating integration of renewable energy sources, the demand for grid energy storage solutions, including non-aqueous organic redox flow batteries (oRFBs), has become ever more pronounced. oRFBs face a primary challenge of irreversible capacity loss attributed to the crossover of redox-active materials between half-cells. A possible solution for the crossover challenge involves utilization of bipolar electrolytes that act as both the catholyte and anolyte. Identifying such molecules poses several challenges as it requires a delicate balance between the stability of both oxidation states and energy density, which is influenced by the separation between the two redox events. We report the development of a diaminotriazolium redox-active core capable of producing two electronically distinct persistent radical species with typically extreme reduction potentials (E1/2red < -2 V, E1/2ox > +1 V, vs Fc0/+) and up to 3.55 V separation between the two redox events. Structure-property optimization studies allowed us to identify factors responsible for fine-tuning of potentials for both redox events, as well as separation between them. Mechanistic studies revealed two primary decomposition pathways for the neutral radical charged species and one for the radical biscation. Additionally, statistical modeling provided evidence for the molecular descriptors to allow identification of the structural features responsible for stability of radical species and to propose more stable analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Varenikov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mark Gandelman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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2
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Das A, Saha S, Maji S, Sarkar P, Jose A, Bhatt MM, Bhunia A, Dutta A, Pati SK, Mandal SK. Highly Stable Self-Regenerating Organic Multi-Redox Systems derived from Bicyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes (BICAACs). Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303411. [PMID: 38441342 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
An extended class of organic multi-redox systems was derived from bicyclic(alkyl)amino carbenes (BICAACs). The highly-conjugated system undergoes a total of 4 redox events spanning a 1.8 V redox range. These organic compounds exhibited four different stable redox states (dication, radical cation, neutral and radical anion), and all of them were characterized either by single crystal X-ray study and/or various spectroscopic studies. Three of the four redox states are stable to air and moisture. The availability of stable multiple redox states demonstrated promise towards their efficacy in the symmetric H-cell charge/discharge cycling. Among various redox states, the dication/neutral state works efficiently and continuously for 1500 cycles in 2e- charge/discharge process outside glovebox in commercially available DMF with minimum capacity loss (retaining nearly 90 % Coulombic efficiency). Surprisingly, the efficiency of the redox cycle was retained even if the system was exposed to air for 30 days when it slowly regenerated to the initial deep blue radical cation, and it exhibited another 100 charge/discharge cycles with a minimal capacity loss. Such a stable H-cell cycling ability is not well known among organic molecule-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Sukanta Saha
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Subir Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Pallavi Sarkar
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Anex Jose
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Madhur Mahesh Bhatt
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Anup Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Chemistry Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Swapan K Pati
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
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3
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Pancoast AR, McCormack SL, Galinat S, Walser-Kuntz R, Jett BM, Sanford MS, Sigman MS. Data science enabled discovery of a highly soluble 2,2'-bipyrimidine anolyte for application in a flow battery. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13734-13742. [PMID: 38075655 PMCID: PMC10699568 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04084d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Development of non-aqueous redox flow batteries as a viable energy storage solution relies upon the identification of soluble charge carriers capable of storing large amounts of energy over extended time periods. A combination of metrics including number of electrons stored per molecule, redox potential, stability, and solubility of the charge carrier impact performance. In this context, we recently reported a 2,2'-bipyrimidine charge carrier that stores two electrons per molecule with reduction near -2.0 V vs. Fc/Fc+ and high stability. However, these first-generation derivatives showed a modest solubility of 0.17 M (0.34 M e-). Seeking to improve solubility without sacrificing stability, we harnessed the synthetic modularity of this scaffold to design a library of sixteen candidates. Using computed molecular descriptors and a single node decision tree, we found that minimization of the solvent accessible surface area (SASA) can be used to predict derivatives with enhanced solubility. This parameter was used in combination with a heatmap describing stability to de-risk a virtual screen that ultimately identified a 2,2'-bipyrimidine with significantly increased solubility and good stability metrics in the reduced states. This molecule was paired with a cyclopropenium catholyte in a prototype all-organic redox flow battery, achieving a cell potential up to 3 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Pancoast
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Sara L McCormack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Shelby Galinat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Ryan Walser-Kuntz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Brianna M Jett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
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4
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Jett B, Flynn A, Sigman MS, Sanford MS. Identifying structure-function relationships to modulate crossover in nonaqueous redox flow batteries. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2023; 11:22288-22294. [PMID: 38213509 PMCID: PMC10783818 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta02633g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs) offer a promising solution for large-scale storage of renewable energy. However, crossover of redox active molecules between the two sides of the cell is a major factor limiting their development, as most selective separators are designed for deployment in water, rather than organic solvents. This report describes a systematic investigation of the crossover rates of redox active organic molecules through an anion exchange separator under RFB-relevant non-aqueous conditions (in acetonitrile/KPF6) using a combination of experimental and computational methods. A structurally diverse set of neutral and cationic molecules was selected, and their rates of crossover were determined experimentally with the organic solvent-compatible anion exchange separator Fumasep FAP-375-PP. The resulting data were then fit to various descriptors of molecular size, charge, and hydrophobicity (overall charge, solution diffusion coefficient, globularity, dynamic volume, dynamic surface area, clogP). This analysis resulted in multiple statistical models of crossover rates for this separator. These models were then used to predict tether groups that dramatically slow the crossover of small organic molecules in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Jett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Autumn Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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5
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Zhang W, Walser-Kuntz R, Tracy JS, Schramm TK, Shee J, Head-Gordon M, Chen G, Helms BA, Sanford MS, Toste FD. Indolo[2,3- b]quinoxaline as a Low Reduction Potential and High Stability Anolyte Scaffold for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18877-18887. [PMID: 37585274 PMCID: PMC10472437 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a promising stationary energy storage technology for leveling power supply from intermittent renewable energy sources with demand. A central objective for the development of practical, scalable RFBs is to identify affordable and high-performance redox-active molecules as storage materials. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a new organic scaffold, indolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline, for highly stable, low-reduction potential, and high-solubility anolytes for nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs). The mixture of 2- and 3-(tert-butyl)-6-(2-methoxyethyl)-6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline exhibits a low reduction potential (-2.01 V vs Fc/Fc+), high solubility (>2.7 M in acetonitrile), and remarkable stability (99.86% capacity retention over 49.5 h (202 cycles) of H-cell cycling). This anolyte was paired with N-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-ethyl)phenothiazine (MEEPT) to achieve a 2.3 V all-organic NARFB exhibiting 95.8% capacity retention over 75.1 h (120 cycles) of cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhang
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ryan Walser-Kuntz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jacob S. Tracy
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tim K. Schramm
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - James Shee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gan Chen
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brett A. Helms
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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6
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Simoska O, Rhodes Z, Carroll E, Petrosky KN, Minteer SD. Biological anolyte regeneration system for redox flow batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2142-2145. [PMID: 36727430 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06011f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow battery (RFB) electrolyte degradation is a common failure mechanism in RFBs. We report an RFB using genetically engineered, phenazine-producing Escherichia coli to serve as an anolyte regeneration system capable of repairing the degraded/decomposed redox-active phenazines. This work represents a new strategy for improving the stability of RFB systems because, under the influence of genetically engineered microbes, the anolyte species does not display degradation after battery cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olja Simoska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City UT 84112, USA.
| | - Zayn Rhodes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City UT 84112, USA.
| | - Emily Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City UT 84112, USA.
| | - Katia N Petrosky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City UT 84112, USA.
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City UT 84112, USA.
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7
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Lustosa DM, Milo A. Mechanistic Inference from Statistical Models at Different Data-Size Regimes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M. Lustosa
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Anat Milo
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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8
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Antoni PW, Golz C, Hansmann MM. Organic Four-Electron Redox Systems Based on Bipyridine and Phenanthroline Carbene Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203064. [PMID: 35298870 PMCID: PMC9325510 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel organic redox systems that display multistage redox behaviour are highly sought-after for a series of applications such as organic batteries or electrochromic materials. Here we describe a simple strategy to transfer well-known two-electron redox active bipyridine and phenanthroline architectures into novel strongly reducing four-electron redox systems featuring fully reversible redox events with up to five stable oxidation states. We give spectroscopic and structural insight into the changes involved in the redox-events and present characterization data on all isolated oxidation states. The redox-systems feature strong UV/Vis/NIR polyelectrochromic properties such as distinct strong NIR absorptions in the mixed valence states. Two-electron charge-discharge cycling studies indicate high electrochemical stability at strongly negative potentials, rendering the new redox architectures promising lead structures for multi-electron anolyte materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Antoni
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str.6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Tammannstr. 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str.6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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9
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Waters SE, Robb BH, Scappaticci SJ, Saraidaridis JD, Marshak MP. Isolation and Characterization of a Highly Reducing Aqueous Chromium(II) Complex. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8752-8759. [PMID: 35642903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The highly reducing CrII-(1,3-propylenediaminetetraacetate) (CrPDTA) complex (-1.1 V vs SHE) has been isolated from aqueous solution and the solid-state structure is described. The reduced CrIIPDTA complex is characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, magnetic moment, and density functional theory calculations. The concentration profile, state of charge, and pH of CrPDTA electrolyte were monitored in a flow battery system in situ by absorption spectroscopy and a pH probe. The stability of CrIIPDTA in aqueous environments is demonstrated by the ability to isolate CaCrPDTA, despite the common misconception that water spontaneously evolves hydrogen at such potentials. The reduced CrIIPDTA prevents water from coordinating to the metal center by maintaining the same coordinatively saturated pseudo-octahedral structure as the oxidized CrIIIPDTA, despite experiencing an increased geometric strain from a Jahn-Teller distortion of the high-spin CrII ion. The important difference between solvent reactivity and solvent thermodynamic window is examined by comparing the electrochemical behavior of the reduced species of CrPDTA in various organic solvents to its behavior in aqueous solution. When examined in tetrahydrofuran (THF), the reduction potential of CrPDTA is observed to be -1.19 V vs cobaltocene (-2.52 V vs ferrocene). Reduced CrPDTA in aqueous solution is also exposed to atmospheric O2 without exhibiting any decomposition of the Cr(III) or Cr(II) species. The techniques detailed provide a higher standard method of characterization for flow battery electrolyte species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Waters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brian H Robb
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Steven J Scappaticci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - James D Saraidaridis
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Raytheon Technologies Research Center, 411 Silver Lane, East Hartford, Connecticut 06108, United States
| | - Michael P Marshak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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10
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Antoni PW, Golz C, Hansmann MM. Organic Four‐Electron Redox Systems Based on Bipyridine and Phenanthroline Carbene Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Antoni
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie GERMANY
| | - Christopher Golz
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie GERMANY
| | - Max M. Hansmann
- TU Dortmund: Technische Universitat Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str.6 44227 Dortmund GERMANY
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11
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Dimethyltin(IV) Coordination Polymers Featuring the Versatile Ligand of 2,2′-Bipyrimidine: A Multi-NMR, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis Study and Thermal Properties. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Chen L, Huang R, Yun XH, Hao TH, Yan SJ. Multi-component cascade reaction of 3-formylchromones: highly selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydro-[4,5'-bipyrimidin]-6(1 H)-one derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7657-7660. [PMID: 34254066 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel protocol for the construction of highly functionalized bipyrimidine derivatives 4 and 5 from 3-formyl-chromones, ethyl 2-(pyridine-2-yl)acetate derivatives, and amidine hydrochlorides via an interesting and considerably complex multi-component cascade reaction was developed. The cascade reaction was manifested by refluxing a mixture of the three substrates in acetonitrile or DMF along with Cs2CO3. A series of 4,5-dihydro-[4,5'-bipyrimidin]-6(1H)-ones (DBPMOs) 4 was constructed regioselectively in suitable to excellent yields. Moreover, intermediates 4 then underwent a novel, metal- and oxidant-free cascade reaction to produce a series of [4,5'-bipyrimidin]-6(1H)-ones (BPMOs) 5. The formation of the bipyrimidine derivatives 4-5 was enabled by the formation of five bonds and the cleavage of one bond in one pot. This protocol can be used in the synthesis of functionalized bipyrimidine derivatives via a multi-component one-pot cascade reaction rather than multi-step reactions, which is suitable for both combinatorial and parallel syntheses of bipyrimidine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Xing-Han Yun
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Tian-Hui Hao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng-Jiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
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