1
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Kania MJ, Reyes A, Neufeldt SR. Oxidative Addition of (Hetero)aryl (Pseudo)halides at Palladium(0): Origin and Significance of Divergent Mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19249-19260. [PMID: 38959060 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Two limiting mechanisms are possible for oxidative addition of (hetero)aryl (pseudo)halides at Pd(0): a 3-centered concerted and a nucleophilic displacement mechanism. Until now, there has been little understanding about when each mechanism is relevant. Prior investigations to distinguish between these pathways were limited to a few specific combinations of the substrate and ligand. Here, we computationally evaluated over 180 transition structures for oxidative addition in order to determine mechanistic trends based on substrate, ligand(s), and coordination number. Natural abundance 13C kinetic isotope effects provide experimental results consistent with computational predictions. Key findings include that (1) differences in highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) symmetries dictate that, although 12e- PdL is strongly biased toward a 3-centered concerted mechanism, 14e- PdL2 often prefers a nucleophilic displacement mechanism; (2) ligand electronics and sterics, including ligand bite angle, influence the preferred mechanism of the reaction at PdL2; (3) phenyl triflate always reacts through a displacement mechanism regardless of the catalyst structure due to the stability of a triflate anion and the inability of oxygen to effectively donate electron density to Pd; and (4) the high reactivity of C-X bonds adjacent to nitrogen in pyridine substrates relates to stereoelectronic stabilization of a nucleophilic displacement transition state. This work has implications for controlling rate and selectivity in catalytic couplings, and we demonstrate application of the mechanistic insight toward chemodivergent cross-couplings of bromochloroheteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kania
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Albert Reyes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Sharon R Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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2
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Polynski MV, Vlasova YS, Solovev YV, Kozlov SM, Ananikov VP. Computational analysis of R-X oxidative addition to Pd nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9977-9986. [PMID: 38966374 PMCID: PMC11220582 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00628c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative addition (OA) is a necessary step in mechanisms of widely used synthetic methodologies such as the Heck reaction, cross-coupling reactions, and the Buchwald-Hartwig amination. This study pioneers the exploration of OA of aryl halide to palladium nanoparticles (NPs), a process previously unaddressed in contrast to the activity of well-studied Pd(0) complexes. Employing DFT modeling and semi-empirical metadynamics simulations, the oxidative addition of phenyl bromide to Pd nanoparticles was investigated in detail. Energy profiles of oxidative addition to Pd NPs were analyzed and compared to those involving Pd(0) complexes forming under both ligand-stabilized (phosphines) and ligandless (amine base) conditions. Metadynamics simulations highlighted the edges of the (1 1 1) facets of Pd NPs as the key element of oxidative addition activity. We demonstrate that OA to Pd NPs is not only kinetically facile at ambient temperatures but also thermodynamically favorable. This finding accentuates the necessity of incorporating OA to Pd NPs in future investigations, thus providing a more realistic view of the involved catalytic mechanisms. These results enhance the understanding of aryl halide (cross-)coupling reactions, reinforcing the concept of a catalytic "cocktail". This concept posits dynamic interconversions between diverse active and inactive centers, collectively affecting the outcome of the reaction. High activity of Pd NPs in direct C-X activation paves the way for novel approaches in catalysis, potentially enhancing the field and offering new catalytic pathways to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Polynski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Yulia S Vlasova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University Leninskiye Gory 1-3 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Yaroslav V Solovev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10 Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Sergey M Kozlov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University Leninskiye Gory 1-3 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
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3
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Díaz-Vázquez ED, Cuellar MA, Heredia MD, Barolo SM, González-Bakker A, Padrón JM, Budén ME, Martín SE, Uberman PM. Palladium nanoparticles for the synthesis of phenanthridinones and benzo[ c]chromenes via C-H activation reaction. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18703-18715. [PMID: 38863826 PMCID: PMC11166021 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02835j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present work, derivatives of phenanthridine-6(5H)-ones and benzo[c]chromenes were efficiently prepared through an intramolecular C-H bond functionalization reaction catalyzed by photochemically synthesized Pd-PVP nanoparticles. The heterocycles were obtained via intramolecular arylation of the corresponding N-methyl-N-aryl-2-halobenzamide or aryl-(2-halo)benzyl ethers using K2CO3 as base in a mixture of H2O : DMA as solvent without additives or ligands. High yields of the heterocyclic compounds were achieved (up to 95%) using a moderately low catalyst loading (1-5 mol%) under an air atmosphere at 100 °C. The reaction exhibited very good tolerance to diverse functional groups (OMe, Me, t Bu, Ph, OCF3, CF3, F, Cl, -CN, Naph), and both bromine and iodine substrates showed great reactivity. Finally, the in vitro antiproliferative activity of phenanthridine-6(5H)-ones and benzo[c]chromenes was evaluated against six human solid tumor cell lines. The more active compounds exhibit activity in the low micromolar range. 1-Isopropyl-4-methyl-6H-benzo[c]chromene was identified as the best compound with promising values of activity (GI50 range 3.9-8.6 μM). Thus, the benzochromene core was highlighted as a novel organic building block to prepare potential antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva D Díaz-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Micaela A Cuellar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Micaela D Heredia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Silvia M Barolo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Aday González-Bakker
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2 E-38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2 E-38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - María E Budén
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Sandra E Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Paula M Uberman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
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4
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Jeanmard L, Lodovici G, George I, Bray JTW, Whitwood AC, Thomas GH, Fairlamb IJS, Unsworth WP, Clarke PA. Stereoselective synthesis of an advanced trans-decalin intermediate towards the total synthesis of anthracimycin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5699-5702. [PMID: 38726842 PMCID: PMC11131352 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01738b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Progress towards the total synthesis of the macrolide natural product anthracimycin is described. This new approach utilises an intermolecular Diels-Alder strategy followed by epimeirsation to form the key trans-decalin framework. The route culminates in the stereoselective synthesis of an advanced tricyclic lactone intermediate, containing five contiguous sterogenic centres with the correct relative and absolute stereochemistry required for the anthracimycin core motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laksamee Jeanmard
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Giacomo Lodovici
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Ian George
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Joshua T W Bray
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - William P Unsworth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Paul A Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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5
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Clarke GE, Firth JD, Ledingham LA, Horbaczewskyj CS, Bourne RA, Bray JTW, Martin PL, Eastwood JB, Campbell R, Pagett A, MacQuarrie DJ, Slattery JM, Lynam JM, Whitwood AC, Milani J, Hart S, Wilson J, Fairlamb IJS. Deciphering complexity in Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3968. [PMID: 38729925 PMCID: PMC11087562 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding complex reaction systems is critical in chemistry. While synthetic methods for selective formation of products are sought after, oftentimes it is the full reaction signature, i.e., complete profile of products/side-products, that informs mechanistic rationale and accelerates discovery chemistry. Here, we report a methodology using high-throughput experimentation and multivariate data analysis to examine the full signature of one of the most complicated chemical reactions catalyzed by palladium known in the chemical literature. A model Pd-catalyzed reaction was selected involving functionalization of 2-bromo-N-phenylbenzamide and multiple bond activation pathways. Principal component analysis, correspondence analysis and heatmaps with hierarchical clustering reveal the factors contributing to the variance in product distributions and show associations between solvents and reaction products. Using robust data from experiments performed with eight solvents, for four different reaction times at five different temperatures, we correlate side-products to a major dominant N-phenyl phenanthridinone product, and many other side products.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James D Firth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | | | - Richard A Bourne
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry & School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Joshua T W Bray
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Poppy L Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alex Pagett
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - John M Slattery
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jason M Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jessica Milani
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sam Hart
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Julie Wilson
- Department of Mathematics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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6
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Duran-Camacho G, Bland DC, Li F, Neufeldt SR, Sanford MS. Nickel-Based Catalysts for the Selective Monoarylation of Dichloropyridines: Ligand Effects and Mechanistic Insights. ACS Catal 2024; 14:6404-6412. [PMID: 38911467 PMCID: PMC11192541 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
This report describes a detailed study of Ni phosphine catalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of dichloropyridines with halogen-containing (hetero)aryl boronic acids. With most phosphine ligands these transformations afford mixtures of mono- and diarylated cross-coupling products as well as competing oligomerization of the boronic acid. However, a ligand screen revealed that PPh2Me and PPh3 afford high yield and selectivity for monoarylation over diarylation as well as minimal competing oligomerization of the boronic acid. Several key observations were made regarding the selectivity of these reactions, including: (1) phosphine ligands that afford high selectivity for monoarylation fall within a narrow range of Tolman cone angles (between 136° and 157°); (2) more electron-rich trialkylphosphines afford predominantly diarylated products, while less-electron rich di- and triarylphosphines favor monoarylation; (3) diarylation proceeds via intramolecular oxidative addition; and (4) the solvent (MeCN) plays a crucial role in achieving high monoarylation selectivity. Experimental and DFT studies suggest that all these data can be explained based on the reactivity of a key intermediate: a Ni0-π complex of the monoarylated product. With larger, more electron-rich trialkylphosphine ligands, this π complex undergoes intramolecular oxidative addition faster than ligand substitution by the MeCN solvent, leading to selective diarylation. In contrast, with relatively small di- and triarylphosphine ligands, associative ligand substitution by MeCN is competitive with oxidative addition, resulting in selective formation of monoarylated products. The generality of this method is demonstrated with a variety of dichloropyridines and chloro-substituted aryl boronic acids. Furthermore, the optimal ligand (PPh2Me) and solvent (MeCN) are leveraged to achieve the Ni-catalyzed monoarylation of a broader set of dichloroarene substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo Duran-Camacho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48104, United States
| | - Douglas C. Bland
- Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46268, United States
| | - Fangzheng Li
- Product & Process Technology R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46268, United States
| | - Sharon R. Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717, United States
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48104, United States
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7
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Jeddi N, Scott NWJ, Tanner T, Beaumont SK, Fairlamb IJS. Evidence for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings catalyzed by ligated Pd 3-clusters: from cradle to grave. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2763-2777. [PMID: 38404373 PMCID: PMC10882490 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06447f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pdn clusters offer unique selectivity and exploitable reactivity in catalysis. Understanding the behavior of Pdn clusters is thus critical for catalysis, applied synthetic organic chemistry and greener outcomes for precious Pd. The Pd3 cluster, [Pd3(μ-Cl)(μ-PPh2)2(PPh3)3][Cl] (denoted as Pd3Cl2), which exhibits distinctive reactivity, was synthesized and immobilized on a phosphine-functionalized polystyrene resin (denoted as immob-Pd3Cl2). The resultant material served as a tool to study closely the role of Pd3 clusters in a prototypical Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of 4-fluoro-1-bromobenzene and 4-methoxyphenyl boronic acid at varying low Pd ppm concentrations (24, 45, and 68 ppm). Advanced heterogeneity tests such as Hg poisoning and the three-phase test showed that leached mononuclear or nanoparticulate Pd are unlikely to be the major active catalyst species under the reaction conditions tested. EXAFS/XANES analysis from (pre)catalyst and filtered catalysts during and after catalysis has shown the intactness of the triangular structure of the Pd3X2 cluster, with exchange of chloride (X) by bromide during catalytic turnover of bromoarene substrate. This finding is further corroborated by treatment of immob-Pd3Cl2 after catalyzing the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction with excess PPh3, which releases the cluster from the polymer support and so permits direct observation of [Pd3(μ-Br)(μ-PPh2)2(PPh3)3]+ ions by ESI-MS. No evidence is seen for a proposed intermediate in which the bridging halogen on the Pd3 motif is replaced by an aryl group from the organoboronic acid, i.e. formed by a transmetallation-first process. Our findings taken together indicate that the 'Pd3X2' motif is an active catalyst species, which is stabilized by being immobilized, providing a more robust Pd3 cluster catalyst system. Non-immobilized Pd3Cl2 is less stable, as is followed by stepwise XAFS of the non-immobilized Pd3Cl2, which gradually changes to a species consistent with 'Pdx(PPh3)y' type material. Our findings have far-reaching future implications for Pd3 cluster involvement in catalysis, showing that immobilization of Pd3 cluster species offers advantages for rigorous mechanistic examination and applied chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Jeddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of York York YO20 5DD UK
| | - Neil W J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York York YO20 5DD UK
| | - Theo Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of York York YO20 5DD UK
| | - Simon K Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK
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8
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Yao J, Shao L, Kang X, Zhu M, Huo X, Wang X. Direct α-Arylation of Benzo[ b]furans Catalyzed by a Pd 3 Cluster. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1719-1726. [PMID: 38204281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
As an interim paradigm for the catalysts between those based on more conventional mononuclear molecular Pd complexes and Pdn nanoparticles widely used in organic synthesis, polynuclear palladium clusters have attracted great attention for their unique reactivity and electronic properties. However, the development of Pd cluster catalysts for organic transformations and mechanistic investigations is still largely unexploited. Herein, we disclose the use of trinuclear palladium (Pd3Cl) species as an active catalyst for the direct C-H α-arylation of benzo[b]furans with aryl iodides to afford 2-arylbenzofurans in good yields under mild conditions. With this method, broad substrate adaptability was observed, and several drug intermediates were synthesized in high yields. Mechanistic studies indicated that the Pd3 core most likely remained intact throughout the reaction course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lili Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xiaohong Huo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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9
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Kyriakakis G, Kidonakis M, Louka A, Stratakis M. Pd Nanoparticle-Catalyzed Stereospecific Mizoroki-Heck Arylation of cis-1,2-Disilylarylethylenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1980-1988. [PMID: 38215468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
In the presence of catalytic amounts of Pd nanoparticles, generated from Pd2dba3/Ag(I), cis-1,2-ditrimethylsilylarylethylenes undergo with aryl iodides a stereospecific Mizoroki-Heck arylation leading to trans-ditrimethylsilyldiarylethylenes. This chemoselectivity is in contrast to that of their trimethylgermyl analogues, which are arylated at the position of the C-Ge bonds. trans-1,2-Ditrimethylsilylarylethylenes are completely unreactive under the standard reaction conditions. The reaction tolerates the presence of boryl, silyl, or bromine substituents on the aryl iodides. From a mechanistic point of view, the process involves syn-arylpalladation followed by syn-dehydropalladation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kyriakakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marios Kidonakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Anastasia Louka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Manolis Stratakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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10
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Li Y, Jin J, Fan W, Huang D. π-Extension of Indoles Using Acrolein Linker: Synthesis of Indolo[3,2- a]carbazole-6-carbaldehydes and Racemosin B. Org Lett 2023; 25:8284-8289. [PMID: 37947410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple method for the synthesis of indolo[3,2-a]carbazole-6-carbaldehydes by the π-extension of indoles with acrolein is reported. The scope of the method is demonstrated with 33 examples. The products exhibit high activities toward advanced synthesis and are proved to be able to produce valuable chemicals, such as natural products, dyes, and organic fluorescent materials. In addition, the alkaloid racemosin B can be prepared by this method in two steps in ∼50% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jiang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Weibin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Deguang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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11
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Wang M, He Z, Chen M, Wang Y. Aryl sulfonate anion stabilized aromatic triangular cation [Pd 3] +: syntheses, structures and properties. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29689-29694. [PMID: 37822652 PMCID: PMC10563175 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04460b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of sulfonate anions paired aromatic triangular palladium clusters 3-7, abbreviated as [Pd3]+[ArSO3]-, were synthesized using a simple "one pot" method, and gave excellent isolated yields (90-95%). Their structures and properties have been fully characterized and further investigated by fluorescence, single crystal X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). In varying organic solvents, they presented apparently stronger absorption and emission in MeOH, driven by the combined interactions of hydrogen bonds and polarity. The crystallographic data demonstrated that the methyl orange ion stabilized complex 7 possessed a D3h symmetric metallic core which was still coplanar and almost equilateral, jointly influenced by the giant hindrance and milder donating effect from the sulfonate. The binding energies for Pdn+ 3d5/2 and Pdn+ 3d3/2 measured by XPS presented at 336.55 and 342.00 eV, respectively. These data were much lower than that of a usual Pd2+ 3d and significantly higher than that of a Pd0 species, further proving the unified palladium valence state (+4/3) in the tri-palladium core and its aromaticity featured by the cyclic electron delocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
| | - Zhixin He
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
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12
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Bennett MT, Jia X, Musgrave CB, Zhu W, Goddard WA, Gunnoe TB. Pd(II) and Rh(I) Catalytic Precursors for Arene Alkenylation: Comparative Evaluation of Reactivity and Mechanism Based on Experimental and Computational Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37392467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
We combine experimental and computational investigations to compare and understand catalytic arene alkenylation using the Pd(II) and Rh(I) precursors Pd(OAc)2 and [(η2-C2H4)2Rh(μ-OAc)]2 with arene, olefin, and Cu(II) carboxylate at elevated temperatures (>120 °C). Under specific conditions, previous computational and experimental efforts have identified heterotrimetallic cyclic PdCu2(η2-C2H4)3(μ-OPiv)6 and [(η2-C2H4)2Rh(μ-OPiv)2]2(μ-Cu) (OPiv = pivalate) species as likely active catalysts for these processes. Further studies of catalyst speciation suggest a complicated equilibrium between Cu(II)-containing complexes containing one Rh or Pd atom with complexes containing two Rh or Pd atoms. At 120 °C, Rh catalysis produces styrene >20-fold more rapidly than Pd. Also, at 120 °C, Rh is ∼98% selective for styrene formation, while Pd is ∼82% selective. Our studies indicate that Pd catalysis has a higher predilection toward olefin functionalization to form undesired vinyl ester, while Rh catalysis is more selective for arene/olefin coupling. However, at elevated temperatures, Pd converts vinyl ester and arene to vinyl arene, which is proposed to occur through low-valent Pd(0) clusters that are formed in situ. Regardless of arene functionality, the regioselectivity for alkenylation of mono-substituted arenes with the Rh catalyst gives an approximate 2:1 meta/para ratio with minimal ortho C-H activation. In contrast, Pd selectivity is significantly influenced by arene electronics, with electron-rich arenes giving an approximate 1:2:2 ortho/meta/para ratio, while the electron-deficient (α,α,α)-trifluorotoluene gives a 3:1 meta/para ratio with minimal ortho functionalization. Kinetic intermolecular arene ethenylation competition experiments find that Rh reacts most rapidly with benzene, and the rate of mono-substituted arene alkenylation does not correlate with arene electronics. In contrast, with Pd catalysis, electron-rich arenes react more rapidly than benzene, while electron-deficient arenes react less rapidly than benzene. These experimental findings, in combination with computational results, are consistent with the arene C-H activation step for Pd catalysis involving significant η1-arenium character due to Pd-mediated electrophilic aromatic substitution character. In contrast, the mechanism for Rh catalysis is not sensitive to arene-substituent electronics, which we propose indicates less electrophilic aromatic substitution character for the Rh-mediated arene C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Xiaofan Jia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Charles B Musgrave
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Weihao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - T Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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13
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Yan C, Cowie M, Howcutt C, Wheelhouse KMP, Hodnett NS, Kollie M, Gildea M, Goodfellow MH, Reid M. Computer vision for non-contact monitoring of catalyst degradation and product formation kinetics. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5323-5331. [PMID: 37234891 PMCID: PMC10208035 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05702f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a computer vision strategy for the extraction and colorimetric analysis of catalyst degradation and product-formation kinetics from video footage. The degradation of palladium(ii) pre-catalyst systems to form 'Pd black' is investigated as a widely relevant case study for catalysis and materials chemistries. Beyond the study of catalysts in isolation, investigation of Pd-catalyzed Miyaura borylation reactions revealed informative correlations between colour parameters (most notably ΔE, a colour-agnostic measure of contrast change) and the concentration of product measured by off-line analysis (NMR and LC-MS). The breakdown of such correlations helped inform conditions under which reaction vessels were compromised by air ingress. These findings present opportunities to expand the toolbox of non-invasive analytical techniques, operationally cheaper and simpler to implement than common spectroscopic methods. The approach introduces the capability of analyzing the macroscopic 'bulk' for the study of reaction kinetics in complex mixtures, in complement to the more common study of microscopic and molecular specifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Yan
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Megan Cowie
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Calum Howcutt
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | | | | | - Martin Kollie
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Martin Gildea
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Martin H Goodfellow
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Marc Reid
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
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14
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Yao J, Bai J, Kang X, Zhu M, Guo Y, Wang X. Non-directed C-H arylation of electron-deficient arenes by synergistic silver and Pd 3 cluster catalysis. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3560-3565. [PMID: 36723135 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05825a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal clusters have attracted great attention in catalysis due to their unique reactivity and electronic properties, especially for novel substrate binding and activation modes at the bridging coordination sites of metal clusters. Although palladium complexes have demonstrated outstanding catalytic performance in various transformations, the catalytic behaviors of polynuclear palladium clusters in many important synthetic methodologies remain much less explored so far. Herein, we disclose the use of an atomically defined tri-nuclear palladium (Pd3Cl) species as a catalyst precursor in Ag(I)-assisted direct C-H arylation with aryl iodides under mild conditions. This catalyst system leads to the formation of synthetically important biaryls in good yields with high site selectivities without the assistance of directing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jiahui Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yinlong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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15
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Albino M, Burden TJ, Piras CC, Whitwood AC, Fairlamb IJS, Smith DK. Mechanically Robust Hybrid Gel Beads Loaded with "Naked" Palladium Nanoparticles as Efficient, Reusable, and Sustainable Catalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:1678-1689. [PMID: 36778525 PMCID: PMC9906743 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The increase in demand for Pd and its low abundance pose a significant threat to its future availability, rendering research into more sustainable Pd-based technologies essential. Herein, we report Pd scavenging mechanically robust hybrid gel beads composed of agarose, a polymer gelator (PG), and an active low-molecular-weight gelator (LMWG) based on 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidenesorbitol (DBS), DBS-CONHNH 2 . The robustness of the PG and the ability of the LMWG to reduce Pd(II) in situ to generate naked Pd(0) nanoparticles (PdNPs) combine within these gel beads to give them potential as practical catalysts for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The optimized gel beads demonstrate good reusability, green metrics, and most importantly the ability to sustain stirring, improving reaction times and energy consumption compared to previous examples. In contrast to previous reports, the leaching of palladium from these next-generation beads is almost completely eliminated. Additionally, for the first time, a detailed investigation of these Pd-loaded gel beads explains precisely how the nanoparticles are formed in situ without a stabilizing ligand. Further, detailed catalytic investigations demonstrate that catalysis occurs within the gel beads. Hence, these beads can essentially be considered as robust "nonligated" heterogeneous PdNP catalysts. Given the challenges in developing ligand-free, naked Pd nanoparticles as stable catalysts, these gel beads may have future potential for the development of easily used systems to perform chemical reactions in "kit" form.
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16
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Messaoudi C, Jismy B, Jacquemin J, Allouchi H, M'Rabet H, Abarbri M. Stepwise synthesis of 2,6-difunctionalized ethyl pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylate via site-selective cross-coupling reactions: experimental and computational studies. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9684-9697. [PMID: 36416338 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A variety of novel disubstituted 2-(alknyl, aryl and arylamine)-6-alkynylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives was prepared via sequential site-selective cross-coupling reactions from 2,6-dibromopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine 3. The regio-controlled Sonogashira-type coupling of 3 with a wide range of terminal alkynes proceeded smoothly with excellent selectivity in favor of the C6-position through careful adjustment of the coupling conditions, followed by the subsequent introduction of alkynyl, aryl or arylamine groups at the C2-position via the Sonogashira, Suzuki-Miyaura and Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reactions, respectively. These promising results allow for further use and diversification of the chemically and biologically interesting pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffold. In addition, computational studies were conducted to provide explanations for the origin of regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Messaoudi
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l'Energie (PCM2E), EA 6299. Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Avenue Monge Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France. .,Laboratoire de Synthese Organique Sélective et Hétérocyclique-Evaluation de l'Activité Biologique, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Badr Jismy
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l'Energie (PCM2E), EA 6299. Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Avenue Monge Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Johan Jacquemin
- Materials Science and Nano-Engineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Hassan Allouchi
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Tours, EA 7502 SIMBA, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Hédi M'Rabet
- Laboratoire de Synthese Organique Sélective et Hétérocyclique-Evaluation de l'Activité Biologique, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Abarbri
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et des Electrolytes pour l'Energie (PCM2E), EA 6299. Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Avenue Monge Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France.
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17
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Roy S, Anoop A. Insights into the Active Catalyst Formation from Dinuclear Palladium Acetate in Pd-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions: A DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8562-8576. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Anakuthil Anoop
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
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18
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Norman JP, Neufeldt SR. The Road Less Traveled: Unconventional Site Selectivity in Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings of Dihalogenated N-Heteroarenes. ACS Catal 2022; 12:12014-12026. [PMID: 36741273 PMCID: PMC9894105 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority (≥90%) of literature reports agree on the regiochemical outcomes of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions for most classes of dihalogenated N-heteroarenes. Despite a well-established mechanistic rationale for typical selectivity, several examples reveal that changes to the catalyst can switch site selectivity, leading to the unconventional product. In this Perspective, we survey these unusual cases in which divergent selectivity is controlled by ligands or catalyst speciation. In some cases, the mechanistic origin of inverted selectivity has been established, but in others the mechanism remains unknown. This Perspective concludes with a discussion of remaining challenges and opportunities for the field of site-selective cross-coupling. These include developing a better understanding of oxidative addition mechanisms, understanding the role of catalyst speciation on selectivity, establishing an explanation for the influence of ring substituents on regiochemical outcome, inverting selectivity for some "stubborn" classes of substrates, and minimizing unwanted over-reaction of di- and polyhalogenated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P. Norman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Sharon R. Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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19
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Jeddi N, Scott NWJ, Fairlamb IJS. Well-Defined Pd n Clusters for Cross-Coupling and Hydrogenation Catalysis: New Opportunities for Catalyst Design. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Jeddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Neil W. J. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
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20
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Norman JP, Larson NG, Neufeldt SR. Different Oxidative Addition Mechanisms for 12- and 14-Electron Palladium(0) Explain Ligand-Controlled Divergent Site Selectivity. ACS Catal 2022; 12:8822-8828. [PMID: 37601556 PMCID: PMC10438894 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In cross-coupling reactions, dihaloheteroarenes are usually most reactive at C─halide bonds adjacent to a heteroatom. This selectivity has been previously rationalized. However, no mechanistic explanation exists for anomalous reports in which specific ligands effect inverted selectivity with dihalopyridines and -pyridazines. Here we provide evidence that these ligands uniquely promote oxidative addition at 12e- Pd(0). Computations indicate that 12e- and 14e- Pd(0) can favor different mechanisms for oxidative addition due to differences in their HOMO symmetries. These mechanisms are shown to lead to different site preferences, where 12e- Pd(0) can favor oxidative addition at an atypical site distal to nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharon R. Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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21
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Horbaczewskyj CS, Fairlamb IJS. Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings: On the Importance of the Catalyst Quantity Descriptors, mol % and ppm. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2240-2269. [PMID: 36032362 PMCID: PMC9396667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
This Review examines parts per million (ppm) palladium
concentrations
in catalytic cross-coupling reactions and their relationship with
mole percentage (mol %). Most studies in catalytic cross-coupling
chemistry have historically focused on the concentration ratio between
(pre)catalyst and the limiting reagent (substrate), expressed as mol
%. Several recent papers have outlined the use of “ppm level”
palladium as an alternative means of describing catalytic cross-coupling
reaction systems. This led us to delve deeper into the literature
to assess whether “ppm level” palladium is a practically
useful descriptor of catalyst quantities in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling
reactions. Indeed, we conjectured that many reactions could, unknowingly,
have employed low “ppm levels” of palladium (pre)catalyst,
and generally, what would the spread of ppm palladium look like across
a selection of studies reported across the vast array of the cross-coupling
chemistry literature. In a few selected examples, we have examined
other metal catalyst systems for comparison with palladium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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22
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Norman JP, Larson NG, Entz ED, Neufeldt SR. Unconventional Site Selectivity in Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings of Dichloroheteroarenes under Ligand-Controlled and Ligand-Free Systems. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7414-7421. [PMID: 35584051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Halides adjacent to nitrogen are conventionally more reactive in Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings of dihalogenated N-heteroarenes. However, a very sterically hindered N-heterocyclic carbene ligand is shown to promote room-temperature cross-coupling at C4 of 2,4-dichloropyridines with high selectivity (∼10:1). This work represents the first highly selective method with a broad scope for C4-coupling of these substrates where selectivity is clearly under ligand control. Under the optimized conditions, diverse substituted 2,4-dichloropyridines and related compounds undergo cross-coupling to form C4-C(sp2) and C4-C(sp3) bonds using organoboron, -zinc, and -magnesium reagents. The synthetic utility of this method is highlighted in multistep syntheses that combine C4-selective cross-coupling with subsequent nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The majority of the products herein (71%) have not been previously reported, emphasizing the ability of this methodology to open up underexplored chemical space. Remarkably, we find that ligand-free "Jeffery" conditions enhance the C4 selectivity of Suzuki coupling by an order of magnitude (>99:1). These ligand-free conditions enable the first C5-selective cross-couplings of 2,5-dichloropyridine and 2,5-dichloropyrimidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Norman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Nathaniel G Larson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Emily D Entz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Sharon R Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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23
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Elias EK, Rehbein SM, Neufeldt SR. Solvent coordination to palladium can invert the selectivity of oxidative addition. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1618-1628. [PMID: 35282616 PMCID: PMC8827013 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05862b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction solvent was previously shown to influence the selectivity of Pd/P t Bu3-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings of chloroaryl triflates. The role of solvents has been hypothesized to relate to their polarity, whereby polar solvents stabilize anionic transition states involving [Pd(P t Bu3)(X)]- (X = anionic ligand) and nonpolar solvents do not. However, here we report detailed studies that reveal a more complicated mechanistic picture. In particular, these results suggest that the selectivity change observed in certain solvents is primarily due to solvent coordination to palladium. Polar coordinating and polar noncoordinating solvents lead to dramatically different selectivity. In coordinating solvents, preferential reaction at triflate is likely catalyzed by Pd(P t Bu3)(solv), whereas noncoordinating solvents lead to reaction at chloride through monoligated Pd(P t Bu3). The role of solvent coordination is supported by stoichiometric oxidative addition experiments, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and catalytic cross-coupling studies. Additional results suggest that anionic [Pd(P t Bu3)(X)]- is also relevant to triflate selectivity in certain scenarios, particularly when halide anions are available in high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Elias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
| | - Steven M Rehbein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
| | - Sharon R Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. Chernyshev
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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25
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Renzi P, Azzi E, Bessone E, Ghigo G, Parisotto S, Pellegrino F, Deagostino A. Blue light enhanced Heck arylation at room temperature applied to allenes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01631h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A blue light enhanced synthesis of 2-vinyl pirrolidines and piperidines through a domino Heck arylation–cyclisation applied to allenyl amines is described. Essential is the role of the light in the aryl migration in the carbo-palladation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyssena Renzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuele Azzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Bessone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ghigo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Parisotto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Pellegrino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Annamaria Deagostino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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26
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Lu J, Donnecke S, Paci I, Leitch DC. A reactivity model for oxidative addition to palladium enables quantitative predictions for catalytic cross-coupling reactions. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3477-3488. [PMID: 35432873 PMCID: PMC8943861 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00174h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Making accurate, quantitative predictions of chemical reactivity based on molecular structure is an unsolved problem in chemical synthesis, particularly for complex molecules. We report an approach to reactivity prediction for...
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Sofia Donnecke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Irina Paci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - David C Leitch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
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Appleby KM, Dzotsi E, Scott NWJ, Dexin G, Jeddi N, Whitwood AC, Pridmore NE, Hart S, Duckett SB, Fairlamb IJS. Bridging the Gap from Mononuclear Pd II Precatalysts to Pd Nanoparticles: Identification of Intermediate Linear [Pd 3(XPh 3) 4] 2+ Clusters as Catalytic Species for Suzuki–Miyaura Couplings (X = P, As). Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate M. Appleby
- Centre for Hyperpolorisation, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5NY, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Evans Dzotsi
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Neil W. J. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Guan Dexin
- Centre for Hyperpolorisation, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5NY, United Kingdom
| | - Neda Jeddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C. Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie E. Pridmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Hart
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolorisation, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5NY, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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Scott NWJ, Ford MJ, Husbands DR, Whitwood AC, Fairlamb IJS. Reactivity of a Dinuclear Pd I Complex [Pd 2(μ-PPh 2)(μ 2-OAc)(PPh 3) 2] with PPh 3: Implications for Cross-Coupling Catalysis Using the Ubiquitous Pd(OAc) 2/nPPh 3 Catalyst System. Organometallics 2021; 40:2995-3002. [PMID: 34539028 PMCID: PMC8441971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
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[PdI2(μ-PPh2)(μ2-OAc)(PPh3)2] is
the reduction product
of PdII(OAc)2(PPh3)2,
generated by reaction of ‘Pd(OAc)2’ with
two equivalents of PPh3. Here, we report that the reaction
of [PdI2(μ-PPh2)(μ2-OAc)(PPh3)2] with PPh3 results
in a nuanced disproportionation reaction, forming [Pd0(PPh3)3] and a phosphinito-bridged PdI-dinuclear
complex, namely [PdI2(μ-PPh2){κ2-P,O-μ-P(O)Ph2}(κ-PPh3)2]. The latter complex is proposed to form by
abstraction of an oxygen atom from an acetate ligand at Pd. A mechanism
for the formal reduction of a putative PdII disproportionation
species to the observed PdI complex is postulated. Upon
reaction of the mixture of [Pd0(PPh)3] and [PdI2(μ-PPh2){κ2-P,O-μ-P(O)Ph2}(κ-PPh3)2] with 2-bromopyridine,
the former Pd0 complex undergoes a fast oxidative addition
reaction, while the latter dinuclear PdI complex converts
slowly to a tripalladium cluster, of the type [Pd3(μ-X)(μ-PPh2)2(PPh3)3]X, with an overall
4/3 oxidation state per Pd. Our findings reveal complexity
associated with the precatalyst activation step for the ubiquitous
‘Pd(OAc)2’/nPPh3 catalyst system,
with implications for cross-coupling catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil W J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Ford
- Bayer AG, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - David R Husbands
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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