1
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Design, photophysical properties, and applications of fluorene-based fluorophores in two-photon fluorescence bioimaging: A review. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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2
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Raisch M, Reiter G, Sommer M. Determining Entanglement Molar Mass of Glassy Polyphenylenes Using Mechanochromic Molecular Springs. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:760-765. [PMID: 35612497 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular force transduction in tough and glassy poly(meta,meta,para-phenylene) (PmmpP) was investigated as a function of Mn using covalently incorporated mechanochromic donor-acceptor torsional springs based on an ortho-substituted diphenyldiketopyrrolopyrrole (oDPP). Blending oDPP-PmmpP probe chains with long PmmpP matrix chains allowed us to investigate molar-mass-dependent mechanochromic properties for a series of specimens having mechanically identical properties. In the strain-hardening regime, the mechanochromic response (Δλmax,em) was found to be a linear function of the acting stress and fully reversible, making oDPP-PmmpP a real-time and quantitative stress sensor. For entangled and nonentangled probe chains, distinctly different values of Δλmax,em were observed, yielding a critical molar mass of Mc ≈ 11 kg mol-1 for PmmpP. Once physical cross-linking of oDPP in the network of PmmpP was ensured, Δλmax,em was found to be independent of Mn. The resulting value of Mc is in very good agreement with results from rheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Raisch
- Institute for Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute for Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
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3
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Kim B, Khazi MI, Kim JM. Nickel-Ion-Coordinated Reversibly Solvatochromic Polydiacetylene Based on Tubular Assembly of Macrocyclic Diacetylene. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bubsung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Mohammed Iqbal Khazi
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jong-Man Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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4
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Raisch M, Maftuhin W, Walter M, Sommer M. A mechanochromic donor-acceptor torsional spring. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4243. [PMID: 34244510 PMCID: PMC8270966 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanochromic polymers are intriguing materials that allow to sense force of specimens under load. Most mechanochromic systems rely on covalent bond scission and hence are two-state systems with optically distinct "on" and "off" states where correlating force with wavelength is usually not possible. Translating force of different magnitude with gradually different wavelength of absorption or emission would open up new possibilities to map and understand force distributions in polymeric materials. Here, we present a mechanochromic donor-acceptor (DA) torsional spring that undergoes force-induced planarization during uniaxial elongation leading to red-shifted absorption and emission spectra. The DA spring is based on ortho-substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole (o-DPP). Covalent incorporation of o-DPP into a rigid yet ductile polyphenylene matrix allows to transduce sufficiently large stress to the DA spring. The mechanically induced deflection from equilibrium geometry of the DA spring is theoretically predicted, in agreement with experiments, and is fully reversible upon stress release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Raisch
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Wafa Maftuhin
- FIT Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- FIT Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, Freiburg, Germany.
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie Centrum μTC, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany.
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5
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Traeger H, Kiebala DJ, Weder C, Schrettl S. From Molecules to Polymers-Harnessing Inter- and Intramolecular Interactions to Create Mechanochromic Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000573. [PMID: 33191595 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of mechanophores as building blocks that serve as predefined weak linkages has enabled the creation of mechanoresponsive and mechanochromic polymer materials, which are interesting for a range of applications including the study of biological specimens or advanced security features. In typical mechanophores, covalent bonds are broken when polymers that contain these chemical motifs are exposed to mechanical forces, and changes of the optical properties upon bond scission can be harnessed as a signal that enables the detection of applied mechanical stresses and strains. Similar chromic effects upon mechanical deformation of polymers can also be achieved without relying on the scission of covalent bonds. The dissociation of motifs that feature directional noncovalent interactions, the disruption of aggregated molecules, and conformational changes in molecules or polymers constitute an attractive element for the design of mechanoresponsive and mechanochromic materials. In this article, it is reviewed how such alterations of molecules and polymers can be exploited for the development of mechanochromic materials that signal deformation without breaking covalent bonds. Recent illustrative examples are highlighted that showcase how the use of such mechanoresponsive motifs enables the visual mapping of stresses and damage in a reversible and highly sensitive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Traeger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Derek J Kiebala
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
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6
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Jiang N, Ruan SH, Liu XM, Zhu D, Li B, Bryce MR. Supramolecular Oligourethane Gel with Multicolor Luminescence Controlled by Mechanically Sensitive Hydrogen-Bonding. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020; 32:5776-5784. [PMID: 32905361 PMCID: PMC7469221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a new type of mechanically sensitive multicolor luminescent oligourethane gel (OUA-gel). The conformation of the oligomeric chains can be controlled by changing the strength of hydrogen bonds. The optical properties of the oligomers are highly dependent on the conformations which vary in response to mechanical stresses and phase transitions. The design relies on the introduction of a single mechanical chromophore, aurintricarboxylic acid, with propeller-like, spatially crowded, and highly twisted conformations, and the presence of three carboxyl groups, which provide multidirectional hydrogen-bonding opportunities. Introducing dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as an additional H-bond acceptor molecule leads to a viscous OUA-gel which exhibits multiemission colors because of changes in the chain conformation within the matrix, which are induced by different strengths of H bonds. The conformation can be adjusted by mechanical force or temperature, both of which influence the H-bonding. The multifunctional and multicolored mechanochromism of the OUA-gel has great promise in sensing applications. The results represent a substantial step toward understanding the mechanism of polychromism in soft materials and the molecular design of advanced smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of
Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province,
Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Street No. 5268, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Shi-Hao Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Man Liu
- Key Laboratory of
Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province,
Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Street No. 5268, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Dongxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of
Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province,
Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Street No. 5268, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Physics, Changchun
Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Martin R. Bryce
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
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7
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Xia D, Wang P, Ji X, Khashab NM, Sessler JL, Huang F. Functional Supramolecular Polymeric Networks: The Marriage of Covalent Polymers and Macrocycle-Based Host–Guest Interactions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6070-6123. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Xia
- Scientific Instrument Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Pi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofan Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Niveen M. Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMS) Laboratory, Chemical Science Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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8
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van de Laar T, Hooiveld E, Higler R, van der Scheer P, Sprakel J. Gel Trapping Enables Optical Spectroscopy of Single Solvated Conjugated Polymers in Equilibrium. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13185-13195. [PMID: 31647632 PMCID: PMC6887849 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule studies have provided a wealth of insight into the photophysics of conjugated polymers in the solid and desolvated state. Desolvating conjugated chains, e.g., by their embedding in inert solid matrices, invariably leads to chain collapse and the formation of intermolecular aggregates, which have a pronounced effect on their properties. By contrast, the luminescent properties of individual semiconducting polymers in their solvated and thermodynamic state remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we demonstrate a versatile gel trapping technique that enables the chemistry-free immobilization and interrogation of individual conjugated macromolecules, which retain a fully equilibrated conformation by contrast to conventional solid-state immobilization methods. We show how the technique can be used to record full luminescence spectra of single chains, to evaluate their time-resolved fluorescence, and to probe their photodynamics. Finally, we explore how the photophysics of different conjugated polymers is strongly affected by desolvation and chain collapse.
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9
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van der Scheer P, van Zuijlen Q, Sprakel J. Rigidochromic conjugated polymers carrying main-chain molecular rotors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11559-11562. [PMID: 31495850 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05713g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We design and prepare rigidochromic conjugated polymers that carry molecular rotors in the main chain. We show how a suitable design maintains the mechanosensitivity of the rotors upon incorporation into an extended π-conjugated system. Construction of donor-acceptor polymers enables their use as ratiometric probes for polymer micromechanics, which we evidence through micromechanical imaging of a phase-separated polymer blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter van der Scheer
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Quintin van Zuijlen
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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10
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Feng L, Zhong M, Zhang S, Wang M, Sun ZY, Chen Q. Synthesis of water-soluble fluorescent polymeric glycoconjugate for the detection of cholera toxin. Des Monomers Polym 2019; 22:150-158. [PMID: 31496925 PMCID: PMC6719259 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2019.1654695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering inherence optical properties of adjoint polyfluorenes and special functions of water-soluble conjugated glycopolymers, a triazole chain glycoconjugate via one-pot method were rapidly synthesized to prepare a lactate ligand polyfluorene with a clear fluorescent label by a nickel-catalyzed Yamamoto coupling polymerization. The water solubility and biocompatibility of the glycoconjugated polymer were ameliorated when the lactose group introduced as the side chain of the conjugated polymer. As a fluorescent multivalent system of glycoconjugates containing pyranogalactose groups, the interaction between pyranogalactose group and cholera toxin B subunit was studied by fluorescence spectrophotometric titration. PF-Lac has a broad application prospect in the check of cholera toxin and the study of glycoprotein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Feng
- Department of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University (Zhuhai Compus), Zhuhai, China
| | - Mingjun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shizhen Zhang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University (Zhuhai Compus), Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University (Zhuhai Compus), Zhuhai, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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11
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Scheer PVD, Laar TVD, Sprakel J. Chain length-dependent luminescence in acceptor-doped conjugated polymers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11217. [PMID: 31375694 PMCID: PMC6677785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconducting polymers doped with a minority fraction of energy transfer acceptors feature a sensitive coupling between chain conformation and fluorescence emission, that can be harnessed for advanced solution-based molecular sensing and diagnostics. While it is known that chain length strongly affects chain conformation, and its response to external cues, the effects of chain length on the emission patterns in chromophore-doped conjugated polymers remains incompletely understood. In this paper, we explore chain-length dependent emission in two different acceptor-doped polyfluorenes. We show how the binomial distribution of acceptor incorporation, during the probabilistic polycondensation reaction, creates a strong chain-length dependency in the optical properties of this class of luminescent polymers. In addition, we also find that the intrachain exciton migration rate is chain-length dependent, giving rise to additional complexity. Both effects combined, make for the need to develop sensoric conjugated polymers of improved monodispersity and chemical homogeneity, to improve the accuracy of conjugated polymer based diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter van der Scheer
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ties van de Laar
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Cingil HE, Meertens NCH, Voets IK. Temporally Programmed Disassembly and Reassembly of C3Ms. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802089. [PMID: 30095218 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Responsive materials, which can adapt and operate autonomously under dynamic conditions, are a stepping stone towards functional, life-like systems inspired by fueled self-assembly processes in nature. Complex coacervate core micelles (C3Ms) comprising oppositely charged macromolecules constitute a novel class of polymeric micelles ideally suited for use as responsive nanoscopic delivery vehicles of hydrophilic and hydrophobic cargo. To fully exploit their potential, it is important that the C3Ms form and fall apart in an autonomous fashion as orchestrated by dynamic cues in their environment. Herein a means to temporally program the self-regulated C3M coassembly pathway, using a modulated base-catalyzed feedback system, is presented. Incorporated in the C3Ms is a pH responsive polyfluorene-based conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPF) as a building block and trace amounts of a molecular sensor (doxorubicin HCl) as cargo, both of which report on micellar coassembly and disassembly via binding-induced fluorescence quenching. CPF additionally reports on the pH of its microenvironment as its pH-dependent conformational states are mirrored in the transitions of its vibronic bands. This experimental design enables one to monitor solution pH, C3M disassembly and reassembly, as well as cargo release and recapture noninvasively in a closed system with real time florescence experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande E Cingil
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Post Office Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Nicky C H Meertens
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Post Office Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ilja K Voets
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Post Office Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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13
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Zheng T, Feng H, van den Broek JM, Rahimi K, Kuehne AJC, de Vries R, Sprakel J. Controlling the Hierarchical Assembly of π-Conjugated Oligoelectrolytes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800284. [PMID: 30027644 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Here, a means of controlling the assembly pathways of p-conjugated oligoelectrolytes into supramolecular fibers and microtubes is presented, and it is shown how the addition of small end-caps to well-defined and pH-responsive conjugated oligomers can alter the balance between repulsive and attractive supramolecular forces and enables control of the morphology of the hierarchical assembly process. The assembly stages from nuclei to protofibers are evidenced and a hypothesis on the mechanism of microtubes formation using a combination of analytical methods is provided, revealing different degrees of order at different scales along the structural hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zheng
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huanhuan Feng
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M van den Broek
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Renko de Vries
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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15
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King G, Biebricher AS, Heller I, Peterman EJG, Wuite GJL. Quantifying Local Molecular Tension Using Intercalated DNA Fluorescence. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:2274-2281. [PMID: 29473755 PMCID: PMC6023266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to measure mechanics and forces in biological nanostructures, such as DNA, proteins and cells, is of great importance as a means to analyze biomolecular systems. However, current force detection methods often require specialized instrumentation. Here, we present a novel and versatile method to quantify tension in molecular systems locally and in real time, using intercalated DNA fluorescence. This approach can report forces over a range of at least ∼0.5-65 pN with a resolution of 1-3 pN, using commercially available intercalating dyes and a general-purpose fluorescence microscope. We demonstrate that the method can be easily implemented to report double-stranded (ds)DNA tension in any single-molecule assay that is compatible with fluorescence microscopy. This is particularly useful for multiplexed techniques, where measuring applied force in parallel is technically challenging. Moreover, tension measurements based on local dye binding offer the unique opportunity to determine how an applied force is distributed locally within biomolecular structures. Exploiting this, we apply our method to quantify the position-dependent force profile along the length of flow-stretched DNA and reveal that stretched and entwined DNA molecules-mimicking catenated DNA structures in vivo-display transient DNA-DNA interactions. The method reported here has obvious and broad applications for the study of DNA and DNA-protein interactions. Additionally, we propose that it could be employed to measure forces in any system to which dsDNA can be tethered, for applications including protein unfolding, chromosome mechanics, cell motility, and DNA nanomachines.
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16
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van de Laar T, Schuurman H, van der Scheer P, Maarten van Doorn J, van der Gucht J, Sprakel J. Light from Within: Sensing Weak Strains and FemtoNewton Forces in Single Molecules. Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Wang J, Lv F, Liu L, Ma Y, Wang S. Strategies to design conjugated polymer based materials for biological sensing and imaging. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Cui Q, Xu J, Shen G, Zhang C, Li L, Antonietti M. Hybridizing Carbon Nitride Colloids with a Shell of Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymers for Tunable Full-Color Emission and Synergistic Cell Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:43966-43974. [PMID: 29172432 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We present the preparation of a new multicolor emission system constructed from two complementary conjugated materials that are highly photoluminescent, that is, phenyl-modified carbon nitride (PhCN) colloids as the core and water-soluble conjugated polymers (WSCPs) adsorbed as the shell. The fluorescence bands of the PhCN and WSCPs effectively complement each other and the overall emission can be simply adjusted to fully cover the visible light spectrum with white light emission also accessible. Photophysical insights imply that the interactions between PhCN and WSCPs preserve the binary system from emission distortion and degradation, which is essential to delicately tune the overall fluorescence bands. Notably, the continuously tunable emission color is achieved under single-wavelength excitation (365 nm). This hybrid shows a synergistic permeation performance in cell imaging, that is, PhCN nanoparticles help the WSCP to enter the cells and therefore multicolor cellular imaging achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianling Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingsan Xu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Guizhi Shen
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lidong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, China
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Potsdam 14424, Germany
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19
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Wang S, Zeman CJ, Jiang J, Pan Z, Schanze KS. Intercalation of Alkynylplatinum(II) Terpyridine Complexes into a Helical Poly(phenylene ethynylene) Sulfonate: Application to Protein Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:33461-33469. [PMID: 28398027 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of two anionic poly(phenylene ethynylene) sulfonate-conjugated polyelectrolytes (mPPESO3- and pPPESO3-) with two alkynylplatinum(II) terpyridine complexes (Pt2+ and Pt3+) were studied. The Pt(II) complexes interact with helical mPPESO3- by intercalation within the polymer helix to form a "guest-host" ensemble. Titration of Pt(II) complexes into an aqueous solution of mPPESO3- gives rise to efficient quenching of the polymer's fluorescence; meanwhile, triplet metal-metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MMLCT) state emission from the intercalated Pt(II) complexes appears when the ensembles are excited into the polymer's absorption band. The 3MMLCT state emission implies that the Pt(II) complexes aggregate or dimerize on the mPPESO3- scaffold. The responses of the mPPESO3- and Pt(II) complex ensembles to various proteins were examined by monitoring the mPPESO3- fluorescence change. Negatively charged proteins recover the mPPESO3- fluorescence more than the positively charged proteins under physiological pH, indicating that electrostatics play an important role in the protein-ensemble interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Charles J Zeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Junlin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Zhenxing Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio , One UTSA Way, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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20
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Meazzini I, Behrendt JM, Turner ML, Evans RC. Targeted β-Phase Formation in Poly(fluorene)–Ureasil Grafted Organic–Inorganic Hybrids. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Meazzini
- School
of Chemistry and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jonathan M. Behrendt
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Turner
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel C. Evans
- School
of Chemistry and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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21
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Li S, Liu G, Ju X, Zhang Y, Zhao J. Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Four Novel Electrochromic Materials Employing Nitrotriphenylamine Unit as the Acceptor and Different Thiophene Derivatives as the Donor. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E173. [PMID: 30970853 PMCID: PMC6432490 DOI: 10.3390/polym9050173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, four novel donor⁻acceptor systems, 4-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin -5-yl)-N-(4-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-nitrophenyl)aniline (NETPA), 4- (4-methoxythiophen-2-yl)-N-(4-(4-methoxythiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-nitrophenyl)aniline (NMOTPA), 4-(4-methylthiophen-2-yl)-N-(4-(4-methylthiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-nitrophenyl) aniline (NMTPA) and 4-nitro-N,N-bis(4-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)aniline (NTTPA), were successfully synthesized by Stille coupling reaction and electropolymerized to obtain highly stable conducting polymers, PNETPA, PNMOTPA, PNMTPA and PNTTPA, respectively. The polymers were characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), step profiling and UV⁻Vis⁻NIR spectroscopy. The band gaps (Eg values) were 1.34, 1.59, 2.26, and 2.34 eV, for PNETPA, PNMOTPA, PNMTPA and PNTTPA, respectively. In addition, electrochromic switching showed that all polymers exhibit outstanding optical contrasts, high coloration efficiencies and fast switching speeds in the near-infrared region (NIR). These properties make the polymers suitable materials for electrochromic applications in NIR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Shandong Key laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Petrochina, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiuping Ju
- Dongchang College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shandong Key laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Jinsheng Zhao
- Shandong Key laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266555, China.
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22
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Guan X, Zhang D, Jia T, Zhang Y, Meng L, Jin Q, Ma H, Lu D, Lai S, Lei Z. Unprecedented Strong Photoluminescences Induced from Both Aggregation and Polymerization of Novel Nonconjugated β-Cyclodextrin Dimer. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Guan
- Key
Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, PR China
| | - Donghai Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, PR China
| | - Tianming Jia
- Key
Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, PR China
| | - Li Meng
- Key
Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, PR China
| | - Qijun Jin
- Key
Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, PR China
| | - Hengchang Ma
- Key
Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, PR China
| | - Dedai Lu
- Key
Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, PR China
| | - Shoujun Lai
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Arts and Science, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, PR China
| | - Ziqiang Lei
- Key
Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory
of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, PR China
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23
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Cingil HE, Boz EB, Biondaro G, de Vries R, Cohen Stuart MA, Kraft DJ, van der Schoot P, Sprakel J. Illuminating the Reaction Pathways of Viromimetic Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4962-4968. [PMID: 28326772 PMCID: PMC5388896 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The coassembly of well-defined biological
nanostructures relies
on a delicate balance between attractive and repulsive interactions
between biomolecular building blocks. Viral capsids are a prototypical
example, where coat proteins exhibit not only self-interactions but
also interact with the cargo they encapsulate. In nature, the balance
between antagonistic and synergistic interactions has evolved to avoid
kinetic trapping and polymorphism. To date, it has remained a major challenge to experimentally disentangle
the complex kinetic reaction pathways that underlie successful coassembly
of biomolecular building blocks in a noninvasive approach with high
temporal resolution. Here we show how macromolecular force sensors,
acting as a genome proxy, allow us to probe the pathways through which
a viromimetic protein forms capsids. We uncover the complex multistage
process of capsid assembly, which involves recruitment and complexation,
followed by allosteric growth of the proteinaceous coat. Under certain
conditions, the single-genome particles condense into capsids containing
multiple copies of the template. Finally, we derive a theoretical
model that quantitatively describes the kinetics of recruitment and
growth. These results shed new light on the origins of the pathway
complexity in biomolecular coassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande E Cingil
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emre B Boz
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Biondaro
- Soft Matter Physics, Huygens-Kamerling Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University , PO Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Renko de Vries
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien A Cohen Stuart
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela J Kraft
- Soft Matter Physics, Huygens-Kamerling Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University , PO Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul van der Schoot
- Theory of Polymers and Soft Matter, Eindhoven University of Technology , PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University , Leuvenlaan 4, 3584 CE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Shen X, Wu Y, Bai L, Zhao H, Ba X. Microwave-assisted synthesis of 4,9-linked pyrene-based ladder conjugated polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Shen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding Hebei 071002 China
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding Hebei 071002 China
| | - Libin Bai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding Hebei 071002 China
| | - Hongchi Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding Hebei 071002 China
| | - Xinwu Ba
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding Hebei 071002 China
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25
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Aloi A, Guibert C, Olijve LL, Voets IK. Morphological evolution of complex coacervate core micelles revealed by iPAINT microscopy. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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26
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Li Q, Ullah Z, Li W, Guo Y, Xu J, Wang R, Zeng Q, Chen M, Liu C, Liu L. Wide-Range Strain Sensors Based on Highly Transparent and Supremely Stretchable Graphene/Ag-Nanowires Hybrid Structures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:5058-5065. [PMID: 27425884 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand of electronic devices for physical motion detection has encouraged the development of highly elastic strain sensors. Especially, to capture wide-range physical movements, supremely stretchable and wide-range strain sensors are required. Here, a novel transparent, bendable, stretchable, and wide-range strain sensor based on a sandwich-like stacked graphene and Ag-nanowires hybrid structures is reported. The hybrid structures on 200% pre-stretched polyacrylate (PAC) are patterned which possess good bendability up to 2 mm radius, impressive stretchability up to 200% and comparatively low sheet resistance ≈200 Ω sq-1 with transparency 85%. Pre-stretched PAC technique enables the sensor to work well at extremely high strains and to sense the multidirectional strains efficiently. The Ag-nanowires pattern on PAC is fabricated via the bubble-template method, by which a uniform distribution of Ag-nanowires is achieved with significant connectivity throughout the surface. This not only decreases the power consumption but also enhances the sensitivity of the strain sensor. The demonstrated strain sensor is capable to sense strains between 5% and 200%, and the response time for this sensation is <1 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications-CAS & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zaka Ullah
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications-CAS & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications-CAS & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yufen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications-CAS & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jianbao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications-CAS & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Rubing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications-CAS & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications-CAS & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Mingliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications-CAS & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chaojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications-CAS & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications-CAS & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China.
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27
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Sun M, Sun B, Liu Y, Shen QD, Jiang S. Dual-Color Fluorescence Imaging of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Live Cancer Cells Using Conjugated Polymer Probes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22368. [PMID: 26931282 PMCID: PMC4774269 DOI: 10.1038/srep22368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid growth in biological applications of nanomaterials brings about pressing needs for exploring nanomaterial-cell interactions. Cationic blue-emissive and anionic green-emissive conjugated polymers are applied as dual-color fluorescence probes to the surface of negatively charged magnetic nanoparticles through sequentially electrostatic adsorption. These conjugated polymers have large extinction coefficients and high fluorescence quantum yield (82% for PFN and 62% for ThPFS). Thereby, one can visualize trace amount (2.7 μg/mL) of fluorescence-labeled nanoparticles within cancer cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Fluorescence labeling by the conjugated polymers is also validated for quantitative determination of the internalized nanoparticles in each individual cell by flow cytometry analysis. Extensive overlap of blue and green fluorescence signals in the cytoplasm indicates that both conjugated polymer probes tightly bind to the surface of the nanoparticles during cellular internalization. The highly charged and fluorescence-labeled nanoparticles non-specifically bind to the cell membranes, followed by cellular uptake through endocytosis. The nanoparticles form aggregates inside endosomes, which yields a punctuated staining pattern. Cellular internalization of the nanoparticles is dependent on the dosage and time. Uptake efficiency can be enhanced three-fold by application of an external magnetic field. The nanoparticles are low cytotoxicity and suitable for simultaneously noninvasive fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Department of Polymer Science &Engineering and Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials &Technology of MOE, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry &Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Polymer Science &Engineering and Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials &Technology of MOE, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry &Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Polymer Science &Engineering and Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials &Technology of MOE, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry &Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qun-Dong Shen
- Department of Polymer Science &Engineering and Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials &Technology of MOE, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry &Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shaojun Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China
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28
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Rother M, Nussbaumer MG, Renggli K, Bruns N. Protein cages and synthetic polymers: a fruitful symbiosis for drug delivery applications, bionanotechnology and materials science. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:6213-6249. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00177g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein cages have become essential tools in bionanotechnology due to their well-defined, monodisperse, capsule-like structure. Combining them with synthetic polymers greatly expands their application, giving rise to novel nanomaterials fore.g.drug-delivery, sensing, electronic devices and for uses as nanoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rother
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Martin G. Nussbaumer
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Kasper Renggli
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering
- ETH Zürich
- 4058 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
- University of Fribourg
- CH-1700 Fribourg
- Switzerland
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