1
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Jia Y, Zhu M, Zhang X, Jia D, Tian T, Shi B, Ru Z, Ma H, Wan Y, Wei Q. Nanobody-Based Microfluidic Immunosensor Chip Using Tetraphenylethylene-Derived Covalent Organic Frameworks as Aggregation-Induced Electrochemiluminescence Emitters for the Detection of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10116-10120. [PMID: 38858219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In this letter, a sensitive microfluidic immunosensor chip was developed using tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)ethene (TPE)-derived covalent organic frameworks (T-COF) as aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL) emitters and nanobodies as efficient immune recognition units for the detection of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a novel target of asthma. The internal rotation and vibration of TPE molecules were constrained within the framework structure, forcing nonradiative relaxation to convert into pronounced radiative transitions. A camel-derived nanobody exhibited superior specificity, higher residual activity and epitope recognition postcuring compared to monoclonal antibodies. Benefiting from the affinity between silver ions (Ag+) and cytosine (C), a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) embedded with Ag+ was modified onto the surface of TSLP. A positive correlation was obtained between the TSLP concentration (1.00 pg/mL to 4.00 ng/mL) and ECL intensity, as Ag+ was confirmed to be an excellent accelerator of the generation of free radical species. We propose that utilizing COF to constrain luminescent molecules and trigger the AIECL phenomenon is another promising method for preparing signal tags to detect low-abundance disease-related markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jia
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhu
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Dehao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Binnan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Ru
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Hongmin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yakun Wan
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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2
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Aredes RS, Lima IDP, Faillace AP, Madriaga VGC, Lima TDM, Vaz FAS, Marques FFDC, Duarte LM. From capillaries to microchips, green electrophoretic features for enantiomeric separations: A decade review (2013-2022). Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1471-1518. [PMID: 37667860 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioseparation by the electromigration-based method is well-established and widely discussed in the literature. Electrophoretic strategies have been used to baseline resolve complex enantiomeric mixtures, typically using a selector substance into the background electrolyte (BGE) from capillaries to microchips. Along with developing new materials/substances for enantioseparations, it is the concern about the green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles for method development and application. This review article brings a last decade's update on the publications involving enantioseparation by electrophoresis for capillary and microchip systems. It also brings a critical discussion on GAC principles and new green metrics in the context of developing an enantioseparation method. Chemical and green features of native and modified cyclodextrins are discussed. Still, given the employment of greener substances, ionic liquids and deep-eutectic solvents are highlighted, and some new selectors are proposed. For all the mentioned selectors, green features about their production, application, and disposal are considered. Sample preparation and BGE composition in GAC perspective, as well as greener derivatization possibilities, were also addressed. Therefore, one of the goals of this review is to aid the electrophoretic researchers to look where they have not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella S Aredes
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela de P Lima
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda P Faillace
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius G C Madriaga
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago de M Lima
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A S Vaz
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia F de C Marques
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Duarte
- Programa, de Pós-Graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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3
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Wink K, van der Loh M, Hartner N, Polack M, Dusny C, Schmid A, Belder D. Quantification of Biocatalytic Transformations by Single Microbial Cells Enabled by Tailored Integration of Droplet Microfluidics and Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204098. [PMID: 35511505 PMCID: PMC9401594 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Improving the performance of chemical transformations catalysed by microbial biocatalysts requires a deep understanding of cellular processes. While the cellular heterogeneity of cellular characteristics, such as the concentration of high abundant cellular content, is well studied, little is known about the reactivity of individual cells and its impact on the chemical identity, quantity, and purity of excreted products. Biocatalytic transformations were monitored chemically specific and quantifiable at the single-cell level by integrating droplet microfluidics, cell imaging, and mass spectrometry. Product formation rates for individual Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were obtained by i) incubating nanolitre-sized droplets for product accumulation in microfluidic devices, ii) an imaging setup to determine the number of cells in the droplets, and iii) electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry for reading the chemical contents of individual droplets. These findings now enable the study of whole-cell biocatalysis at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Wink
- University of LeipzigInstitute of Analytical Chemistry04107LeipzigGermany
| | - Marie van der Loh
- University of LeipzigInstitute of Analytical Chemistry04107LeipzigGermany
| | - Nora Hartner
- University of LeipzigInstitute of Analytical Chemistry04107LeipzigGermany
| | - Matthias Polack
- University of LeipzigInstitute of Analytical Chemistry04107LeipzigGermany
| | - Christian Dusny
- Department Solar MaterialsHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)04318LeipzigGermany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solar MaterialsHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)04318LeipzigGermany
| | - Detlev Belder
- University of LeipzigInstitute of Analytical Chemistry04107LeipzigGermany
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4
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Wink K, Loh M, Hartner N, Polack M, Dusny C, Schmid A, Belder D. Quantifizierung biokatalytischer Umwandlungen durch einzelne mikrobielle Zellen mittels maßgeschneiderter Integration von Tröpfchenmikrofluidik und Massenspektrometrie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Wink
- Universität Leipzig Institut für Analytische Chemie 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Marie Loh
- Universität Leipzig Institut für Analytische Chemie 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Nora Hartner
- Universität Leipzig Institut für Analytische Chemie 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Matthias Polack
- Universität Leipzig Institut für Analytische Chemie 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Christian Dusny
- Department Solare Materialien Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung (UFZ) 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solare Materialien Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung (UFZ) 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Detlev Belder
- Universität Leipzig Institut für Analytische Chemie 04107 Leipzig Deutschland
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5
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Dispen-Seq: a single-microparticle dispenser based strategy towards flexible cell barcoding for single-cell RNA sequencing. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Lu N, Kutter JP. Recent advances in microchip enantioseparation and analysis. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:2122-2135. [PMID: 32949465 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments (over the past decade) in the field of microfluidics-based solutions for enantiomeric separation and detection. The progress in various formats of microchip electrodriven separations, such as MCE, microchip electrochromatography, and multidimensional separation techniques, is discussed. Innovations covering chiral stationary phases, surface coatings, and modification strategies to improve resolution, as well as integration with detection systems, are reported. Finally, combinations with other microfluidic functional units are also presented and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Warias R, Ragno D, Massi A, Belder D. A Visible-Light-Powered Polymerization Method for the Immobilization of Enantioselective Organocatalysts into Microreactors. Chemistry 2020; 26:13152-13156. [PMID: 32453458 PMCID: PMC7693110 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A versatile one‐step photopolymerization approach for the immobilization of enantioselective organocatalysts is presented. Chiral organocatalyst‐containing monoliths based on polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer were generated inside channels of microfluidic chips. Exemplary performance tests were performed for the monolithic Hayashi–Jørgensen catalyst in continuous flow, which showed good results for the Michael addition of aldehydes to nitroalkenes in terms of stereoselectivity and catalyst stability with minimal consumption of reagents and solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Schirmer M, Wink K, Ohla S, Belder D, Schmid A, Dusny C. Conversion Efficiencies of a Few Living Microbial Cells Detected at a High Throughput by Droplet-Based ESI-MS. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10700-10708. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schirmer
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research−UFZ Leipzig, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Konstantin Wink
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Stefan Ohla
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research−UFZ Leipzig, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Christian Dusny
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research−UFZ Leipzig, Leipzig 04318, Germany
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9
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Winning the numbers game in enzyme evolution - fast screening methods for improved biotechnology proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 63:123-133. [PMID: 32615371 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The booming demand for environmentally benign industrial processes relies on the ability to quickly find or engineer a biocatalyst suitable to ideal process conditions. Both metagenomic approaches and directed evolution involve the screening of huge libraries of protein variants, which can only be managed reasonably by flexible platforms for (ultra)high-throughput profiling against the desired criteria. Here, we review the most recent additions toward a growing toolbox of versatile assays using fluorescence, absorbance and mass spectrometry readouts. While conventional solution based high-throughput screening in microtiter plate formats is still important, the implementation of novel screening protocols for microfluidic cell or droplet sorting systems supports technological advances for ultra-high-frequency screening that now can dramatically reduce the timescale of engineering projects. We discuss practical issues of scope, scalability, sensitivity and stereoselectivity for the improvement of biotechnologically relevant enzymes from different classes.
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10
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Dusny C, Grünberger A. Microfluidic single-cell analysis in biotechnology: from monitoring towards understanding. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 63:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Ragab MAA, El-Kimary EI. Recent Advances and Applications of Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis: A Comprehensive Review (2017-Mid 2019). Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:709-741. [PMID: 32447968 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1765729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic capillary electrophoresis (MCE) is the novel technique resulted from the CE mininaturization as planar separation and analysis device. This review presents and discusses various application fields of this advanced technology published in the period 2017 till mid-2019 in eight different sections including clinical, biological, single cell analysis, environmental, pharmaceuticals, food analysis, forensic and ion analysis. The need for miniaturization of CE and the consequence advantages achieved are also discussed including high-throughput, miniaturized detection, effective separation, portability and the need for micro- or even nano-volume of samples. Comprehensive tables for the MCE applications in the different studied fields are provided. Also, figure comparing the number of the published papers applying MCE in the eight discussed fields within the studied period is included. The future investigation should put into consideration the possibility of replacing conventional CE with the MCE after proper validation. Suitable validation parameters with their suitable accepted ranges should be tailored for analysis methods utilizing such unique technique (MCE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A A Ragab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman I El-Kimary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
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12
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Dusny C, Lohse M, Reemtsma T, Schmid A, Lechtenfeld OJ. Quantifying a Biocatalytic Product from a Few Living Microbial Cells Using Microfluidic Cultivation Coupled to FT-ICR-MS. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7012-7018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dusny
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig, and Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Martin Lohse
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig, and Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig, and Leipzig 04318, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Linnéstrasse 3, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig, and Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Oliver J. Lechtenfeld
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig, and Leipzig 04318, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, ProVIS - Centre for Chemical Microscopy, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Pahl M, Mayer M, Schneider M, Belder D, Asmis KR. Joining Microfluidics with Infrared Photodissociation: Online Monitoring of Isomeric Flow-Reaction Intermediates. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3199-3203. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maik Pahl
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Mayer
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schneider
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, University Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Knut R. Asmis
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Garrabou X, Macdonald DS, Wicky BIM, Hilvert D. Stereodivergent Evolution of Artificial Enzymes for the Michael Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5288-5291. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Garrabou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | | | | | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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15
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Garrabou X, Macdonald DS, Wicky BIM, Hilvert D. Stereodivergent Evolution of Artificial Enzymes for the Michael Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Garrabou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | | | | | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; ETH Zürich; 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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16
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Bunzel HA, Garrabou X, Pott M, Hilvert D. Speeding up enzyme discovery and engineering with ultrahigh-throughput methods. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 48:149-156. [PMID: 29413955 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the sequence space of enzyme catalysts is ultimately a numbers game. Ultrahigh-throughput screening methods for rapid analysis of millions of variants are therefore increasingly important for investigating sequence-function relationships, searching large metagenomic libraries for interesting activities, and accelerating enzyme evolution in the laboratory. Recent applications of such technologies are reviewed here, with a particular focus on the practical benefits of droplet-based microfluidics for the directed evolution of natural and artificial enzymes. Broader implementation of such rapid, cost-effective screening technologies is likely to redefine the way enzymes are studied and engineered for academic and industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Adrian Bunzel
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Garrabou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Pott
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland.
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17
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Sibbitts J, Sellens KA, Jia S, Klasner SA, Culbertson CT. Cellular Analysis Using Microfluidics. Anal Chem 2017; 90:65-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Sibbitts
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Kathleen A. Sellens
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Shu Jia
- Department
of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Scott A. Klasner
- 12966
South
State Highway 94, Marthasville, Missouri 63357, United States
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18
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King-Smith E, Zwick CR, Renata H. Applications of Oxygenases in the Chemoenzymatic Total Synthesis of Complex Natural Products. Biochemistry 2017; 57:403-412. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma King-Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Christian R. Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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19
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Rosenthal K, Oehling V, Dusny C, Schmid A. Beyond the bulk: disclosing the life of single microbial cells. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:751-780. [PMID: 29029257 PMCID: PMC5812503 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial single cell analysis has led to discoveries that are beyond what can be resolved with population-based studies. It provides a pristine view of the mechanisms that organize cellular physiology, unbiased by population heterogeneity or uncontrollable environmental impacts. A holistic description of cellular functions at the single cell level requires analytical concepts beyond the miniaturization of existing technologies, defined but uncontrolled by the biological system itself. This review provides an overview of the latest advances in single cell technologies and demonstrates their potential. Opportunities and limitations of single cell microbiology are discussed using selected application-related examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Verena Oehling
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Dusny
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Beulig RJ, Warias R, Heiland JJ, Ohla S, Zeitler K, Belder D. A droplet-chip/mass spectrometry approach to study organic synthesis at nanoliter scale. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1996-2002. [PMID: 28513728 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00313g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A droplet-based microfluidic device with seamless hyphenation to electrospray mass spectrometry was developed to rapidly investigate organic reactions in segmented flow providing a versatile tool for drug development. A chip-MS interface with an integrated counterelectrode allowed for a flexible positioning of the chip-emitter in front of the MS orifice as well as an independent adjustment of the electrospray potentials. This was necessary to avoid contamination of the mass spectrometer as well as sample overloading due to the high analyte concentrations. The device was exemplarily applied to study the scope of an amino-catalyzed domino reaction with low picomole amount of catalyst in individual nanoliter sized droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Beulig
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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21
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Gruber P, Marques MPC, O'Sullivan B, Baganz F, Wohlgemuth R, Szita N. Conscious coupling: The challenges and opportunities of cascading enzymatic microreactors. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Gruber
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; WC1H 0AH United Kingdom
| | - Marco P. C. Marques
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; WC1H 0AH United Kingdom
| | - Brian O'Sullivan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; WC1H 0AH United Kingdom
| | - Frank Baganz
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; WC1H 0AH United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicolas Szita
- Department of Biochemical Engineering; University College London; WC1H 0AH United Kingdom
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22
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Li L, Fan Y, Li Q, Sheng R, Si H, Fang J, Tong L, Tang B. Simultaneous Single-Cell Analysis of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in Neuron-Like PC-12 Cells in a Microfluidic System. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4559-4565. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Fan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Qingling Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Renjie Sheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Haibin Si
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Juan Fang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Lili Tong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong,
Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education,
Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
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23
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Heiland JJ, Warias R, Lotter C, Mauritz L, Fuchs PJW, Ohla S, Zeitler K, Belder D. On-chip integration of organic synthesis and HPLC/MS analysis for monitoring stereoselective transformations at the micro-scale. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 17:76-81. [PMID: 27896351 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01217e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic system, seamlessly integrating microflow and microbatch synthesis with a HPLC/nano-ESI-MS functionality on a single glass chip. The microfluidic approach allows to efficiently steer and dispense sample streams down to the nanoliter-range for studying reactions in quasi real-time. In a proof-of-concept study, the system was applied to explore amino-catalyzed reactions, including asymmetric iminium-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylations in microflow and micro confined reaction vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef J Heiland
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Carsten Lotter
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Laura Mauritz
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Patrick J W Fuchs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee. 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Ohla
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kirsten Zeitler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee. 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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24
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Lotter C, Poehler E, Heiland JJ, Mauritz L, Belder D. Enantioselective reaction monitoring utilizing two-dimensional heart-cut liquid chromatography on an integrated microfluidic chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4648-4652. [PMID: 27824367 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Chip-integrated, two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography is introduced to monitor enantioselective continuous micro-flow synthesis. The herein described development of the first two-dimensional HPLC-chip was realized by the integration of two different columns packed with reversed-phase and chiral stationary phase material on a microfluidic glass chip, coupled to mass spectrometry. Directed steering of the micro-flows at the joining transfer cross enabled a heart-cut operation mode to transfer the chiral compound of interest from the first to the second chromatographic dimension. This allows for an interference-free determination of the enantiomeric excess by seamless hyphenation to electrospray mass spectrometry. The application for rapid reaction optimization at micro-flow conditions is exemplarily shown for the asymmetric organocatalytic continuous micro-flow synthesis of warfarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Lotter
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Poehler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Josef J Heiland
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Laura Mauritz
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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25
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Dietze C, Schulze S, Ohla S, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH, Belder D. Integrated on-chip mass spectrometry reaction monitoring in microfluidic devices containing porous polymer monolithic columns. Analyst 2016; 141:5412-6. [PMID: 27373801 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01467d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Chip-based microfluidics enable the seamless integration of different functions into single devices. Here, we present microfluidic chips containing porous polymer monolithic columns as a means to facilitate chemical transformations as well as both downstream chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric analysis. Rapid liquid phase lithography prototyping creates the multifunctional device economically.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dietze
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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