1
|
Coker JF, Moro S, Gertsen AS, Shi X, Pearce D, van der Schelling MP, Xu Y, Zhang W, Andreasen JW, Snyder CR, Richter LJ, Bird MJ, McCulloch I, Costantini G, Frost JM, Nelson J. Perpendicular crossing chains enable high mobility in a noncrystalline conjugated polymer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403879121. [PMID: 39226361 PMCID: PMC11406284 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403879121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The nature of interchain π-system contacts, and their relationship to hole transport, are elucidated for the high-mobility, noncrystalline conjugated polymer C16-IDTBT by the application of scanning tunneling microscopy, molecular dynamics, and quantum chemical calculations. The microstructure is shown to favor an unusual packing motif in which paired chains cross-over one another at near-perpendicular angles. By linking to mesoscale microstructural features, revealed by coarse-grained molecular dynamics and previous studies, and performing simulations of charge transport, it is demonstrated that the high mobility of C16-IDTBT can be explained by the promotion of a highly interconnected transport network, stemming from the adoption of perpendicular contacts at the nanoscale, in combination with fast intrachain transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack F Coker
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Moro
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Anders S Gertsen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Xingyuan Shi
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Drew Pearce
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin P van der Schelling
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Yucheng Xu
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Weimin Zhang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jens W Andreasen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Chad R Snyder
- Material Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Lee J Richter
- Material Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Matthew J Bird
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Costantini
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jarvist M Frost
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iannetti L, Cambiaso S, Rasera F, Giacomello A, Rossi G, Bochicchio D, Tinti A. The surface tension of Martini 3 water mixtures. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:084707. [PMID: 39189655 DOI: 10.1063/5.0221199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Martini model, a coarse-grained forcefield for biomolecular simulations, has experienced a vast increase in popularity in the past decade. Its building-block approach balances computational efficiency with high chemical specificity, enabling the simulation of organic and inorganic molecules. The modeling of coarse-grained beads as Lennard-Jones particles poses challenges for the accurate reproduction of liquid-vapor interfacial properties, which are crucial in various applications, especially in the case of water. The latest version of the forcefield introduces refined interaction parameters for water beads, tackling the well-known artifact of Martini water freezing at room temperature. In addition, multiple sizes of water beads are available for simulating the solvation of small cavities, including the smallest pockets of proteins. This work focuses on studying the interfacial properties of Martini water, including surface tension and surface thickness. Employing the test-area method, we systematically compute the liquid-vapor surface tension across various combinations of water bead sizes and for temperatures from 300 to 350 K. These findings are of interest to the Martini community as they allow users to account for the low interfacial tension of Martini water by properly adjusting observables computed via coarse-grained simulations to allow for accurate matching against all-atom or experimental results. Surface tension data are also interpreted in terms of local enrichment of the various mixture components at the liquid-vapor interface by means of Gibbs' adsorption formalism. Finally, the critical scaling of the Martini surface tension with temperature is reported to be consistent with the critical exponent of the 3D Ising universality class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Iannetti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica ed Aerospaziale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Sonia Cambiaso
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Rasera
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica ed Aerospaziale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Giacomello
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica ed Aerospaziale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Giulia Rossi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Davide Bochicchio
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Tinti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica ed Aerospaziale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang C, Zhong X, Sun X, Lv J, Ji Y, Fu J, Zhao C, Yao Y, Zhang G, Deng W, Wang K, Li G, Hu H. Designing a Novel Wide Bandgap Small Molecule Guest for Enhanced Stability and Morphology Mediation in Ternary Organic Solar Cells with over 19.3% Efficiency. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401313. [PMID: 38569518 PMCID: PMC11187928 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a novel wide-bandgap small molecule guest material, ITOA, designed and synthesized for fabricating efficient ternary organic solar cells (OSCs) ITOA complements the absorbance of the PM6:Y6 binary system, exhibiting strong crystallinity and modest miscibility. ITOA optimizes the morphology by promoting intensive molecular packing, reducing domain size, and establishing a preferred vertical phase distribution. These features contribute to improved and well-balanced charge transport, suppressed carrier recombination, and efficient exciton dissociation. Consequently, a significantly enhanced efficiency of 18.62% for the ternary device is achieved, accompanied by increased short-circuit current density (JSC), fill factor (FF), and open-circuit voltage (VOC). Building on this success, replacing Y6 with BTP-eC9 leads to an outstanding PCE of 19.33% for the ternary OSCs. Notably, the introduction of ITOA expedites the formation of the optimized morphology, resulting in an impressive PCE of 18.04% for the ternary device without any postprocessing. Moreover, the ternary device exhibits enhanced operational stability under maximum power point (MPP) tracking. This comprehensive study demonstrates that a rationally designed guest molecule can optimize morphology, reduce energy loss, and streamline the fabrication process, essential for achieving high efficiency and stability in OSCs, paving the way for practical commercial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced MaterialsShenzhen Polytechnic UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518055China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE)Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710072China
| | - Xiuzun Zhong
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE)Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710072China
| | - Xiaokang Sun
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced MaterialsShenzhen Polytechnic UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringXiangtan UniversityXiangtanHunan411105China
| | - Jie Lv
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced MaterialsShenzhen Polytechnic UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Yaxiong Ji
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Jiehao Fu
- Department of Electronic and Information EngineeringResearch Institute for Smart Energy (RISE)The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongKowloon999077China
| | - Chaoyue Zhao
- College of New Materials and New EnergiesShenzhen Technology UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518118China
| | - Yiguo Yao
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE)Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710072China
| | - Guangye Zhang
- College of New Materials and New EnergiesShenzhen Technology UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518118China
| | - Wanyuan Deng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510641China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE)Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710072China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Electronic and Information EngineeringResearch Institute for Smart Energy (RISE)The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongKowloon999077China
| | - Hanlin Hu
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced MaterialsShenzhen Polytechnic UniversityShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Verma A, Jackson NE. Assessing molecular doping efficiency in organic semiconductors with reactive Monte Carlo. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:104106. [PMID: 38465678 DOI: 10.1063/5.0197816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The addition of molecular dopants into organic semiconductors (OSCs) is a ubiquitous augmentation strategy to enhance the electrical conductivity of OSCs. Although the importance of optimizing OSC-dopant interactions is well-recognized, chemically generalizable structure-function relationships are difficult to extract due to the sensitivity and dependence of doping efficiency on chemistry, processing conditions, and morphology. Computational modeling for an integrated OSC-dopant design is an attractive approach to systematically isolate fundamental relationships, but requires the challenging simultaneous treatment of molecular reactivity and morphology evolution. We present the first computational study to couple molecular reactivity with morphology evolution in a molecularly doped OSC. Reactive Monte Carlo is employed to examine the evolution of OSC-dopant morphologies and doping efficiency with respect to dielectric, the thermodynamic driving for the doping reaction, and dopant aggregation. We observe that for well-mixed systems with experimentally relevant dielectric constants, doping efficiency is near unity with a very weak dependence on the ionization potential and electron affinity of OSC and dopant, respectively. At experimental dielectric constants, reaction-induced aggregation is observed, corresponding to the well-known insolubility of solution-doped materials. Simulations are qualitatively consistent with a number of experimental studies showing a decrease of doping efficiency with increasing dopant concentration. Finally, we observe that the aggregation of dopants lowers doping efficiency and thus presents a rational design strategy for maximizing doping efficiency in molecularly doped OSCs. This work represents an important first step toward the systematic integration of molecular reactivity and morphology evolution into the characterization of multi-scale structure-function relationships in molecularly doped OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Verma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Nicholas E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Coutinho Pereira CF, Borges BGAL, Sousa KRA, Holakoei S, Roman LS, Araujo CM, Cremona M, Koehler M, Marchiori CFN, Rocco MLM. Inducing molecular orientation in solution-processed thin films of fluorene-bithiophene-based copolymer: thermal annealing vs. solvent additive. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9051-9061. [PMID: 38500615 PMCID: PMC10945741 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08066h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A deep understanding of the factors influencing the morphology of thin films based on conjugated polymers is essential to boost their performance in optoelectronic devices. Herein, we investigated the electronic structure and morphology of thin films of the copolymer poly(9,9-dioctyl-fluorenyl-co-bithiophene) (F8T2) in its pristine form as well as samples processed with the solvent additive 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) or post-processed through thermal annealing treatment. Measurements were carried out using angle-resolved S K-edge NEXAFS (near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure) in total electron yield (TEY) and fluorescence yield (FY) detection modes. Two main transitions were observed at the S 1s NEXAFS spectra: S 1s → π* and S 1s → σ* (S-C). The observed dichroism pointed to a face-on orientation of the conjugated backbone, which was significantly increased for F8T2 films processed with DIO. Resonant Auger decay spectra were obtained and analyzed using the core-hole clock (CHC) method. An enhancement in the charge transfer process was observed for thermally annealed films, especially for samples processed with DIO, corresponding to an increase in film ordering. Furthermore, the investigated films were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, attesting to the presence of the thiophene unit in the samples and demonstrating that some of its sulfur atoms were positively polarized in the F8T2 films. All these experimental findings were compared with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of film evaporation with and without DIO. The use of MD, together with mathematical modeling, was able to explain the major effects found in the experiments, including the polarization of sulfur atoms. The simultaneous use of powerful spectroscopic techniques and theoretical methods shed light on key aspects linking film morphology with fabrication procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno G A L Borges
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Karlison R A Sousa
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) Centro Politécnico, CP 19081 81531-900 Curitiba PR Brazil
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas - FAPEAM 69058-030 Manaus AM Brazil
| | - Soheila Holakoei
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Lucimara S Roman
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) Centro Politécnico, CP 19081 81531-900 Curitiba PR Brazil
| | - C Moyses Araujo
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University 65188 Karlstad Sweden
- Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Marco Cremona
- Departamento de Física, PUC-Rio 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Marlus Koehler
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) Centro Politécnico, CP 19081 81531-900 Curitiba PR Brazil
| | - Cleber F N Marchiori
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University 65188 Karlstad Sweden
| | - Maria Luiza M Rocco
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Swanson HWA, van Teijlingen A, Lau KHA, Tuttle T. Martinoid: the peptoid martini force field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4939-4953. [PMID: 38275003 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05907c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Many exciting innovations have been made in the development of assembling peptoid materials. Typically, these have utilised large oligomeric sequences, though elsewhere the study of peptide self-assembly has yielded numerous examples of assemblers below 6-8 residues in length, evidencing that minimal peptoid assemblers are not only feasible but expected. A productive means of discovering such materials is through the application of in silico screening methods, which often benefit from the use of coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) simulations. At the current level of development, CG models for peptoids are insufficient and we have been motivated to develop a Martini forcefield compatible peptoid model. A dual bottom-up and top-down parameterisation approach has been adopted, in keeping with the Martini parameterisation methodology, targeting the reproduction of atomistic MD dynamics and trends in experimentally obtained log D7.4 partition coefficients, respectively. This work has yielded valuable insights into the practicalities of parameterising peptoid monomers. Additionally, we demonstrate that our model can reproduce the experimental observations of two very different peptoid assembly systems, namely peptoid nanosheets and minimal tripeptoid assembly. Further we can simulate the peptoid helix secondary structure relevant for antimicrobial sequences. To be of maximum usefulness to the peptoid research community, we have developed freely available code to generate all requisite simulation files for the application of this model with Gromacs MD software.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamish W A Swanson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Alexander van Teijlingen
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK.
| | - King Hang Aaron Lau
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Makki H, Burke CA, Troisi A. Microstructural Model of Indacenodithiophene- co-benzothiadiazole Polymer: π-Crossing Interactions and Their Potential Impact on Charge Transport. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8867-8873. [PMID: 37756473 PMCID: PMC10561260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Morphological and electronic properties of indacenodithiophene-co-benzothiadiazole (IDTBT) copolymer with varying molecular weights are calculated through combined molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum chemical (QC) methods. Our study focuses on the polymer chain arrangements, interchain connectivity pathways, and interplay between morphological and electronic structure properties of IDTBT. Our models, which are verified against GIWAXS measurements, show a considerable number of BT-BT π-π interactions with a (preferential) perpendicular local orientation of polymer chains due to the steric hindrance of bulky side chains around IDT. Although our models predict a noncrystalline structure for IDTBT, the BT-BT (interchain) crossing points show a considerable degree of short-range order in spatial arrangement which most likely result in a mesh-like structure for the polymer and provide efficient pathways for interchain charge transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Makki
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Colm A. Burke
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fujita T, Hoshi T. Ab Initio Study of Charge Separation Dynamics and Pump-Probe Spectroscopy in the P3HT/PCBM Blend. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7615-7623. [PMID: 37639551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
We develop a bottom-up computational method for excited-state dynamics and time-resolved spectroscopy signals in molecular aggregates, on the basis of ab initio excited-state calculations. As an application, we consider the charge separation dynamics and pump-probe spectroscopy in the amorphous P3HT/PCBM blend. To simulate quantum dynamics and time-resolved spectroscopy, the model Hamiltonian for single-excitation and double-excitation manifolds was derived on the basis of fragment-based excited-state calculations within the GW approximation and the Bethe-Salpeter equation. After elucidating the energetics of the electron-hole separation and examining linear absorption spectrum, we investigated the quantum dynamics of exciton and charge carriers in comparison with the pump-probe transient absorption spectra. In particular, we introduced the pump-probe excited-state absorption (ESA) anisotropy as a spectroscopic signature of charge carrier dynamics after exciton dissociation. We found that the charge separation dynamics can be probed by the pump-probe ESA anisotropy dynamics after charge-transfer excitations. The present study provides the fundamental information for understanding the experimental spectroscopy signals, by elucidating the relationship between the excited states, the exciton and charge carrier dynamics, and time-resolved spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Fujita
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takeo Hoshi
- Department of Mechanical and Physical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori-shi 680-8552, Tottori, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bhat V, Callaway CP, Risko C. Computational Approaches for Organic Semiconductors: From Chemical and Physical Understanding to Predicting New Materials. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37141497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While a complete understanding of organic semiconductor (OSC) design principles remains elusive, computational methods─ranging from techniques based in classical and quantum mechanics to more recent data-enabled models─can complement experimental observations and provide deep physicochemical insights into OSC structure-processing-property relationships, offering new capabilities for in silico OSC discovery and design. In this Review, we trace the evolution of these computational methods and their application to OSCs, beginning with early quantum-chemical methods to investigate resonance in benzene and building to recent machine-learning (ML) techniques and their application to ever more sophisticated OSC scientific and engineering challenges. Along the way, we highlight the limitations of the methods and how sophisticated physical and mathematical frameworks have been created to overcome those limitations. We illustrate applications of these methods to a range of specific challenges in OSCs derived from π-conjugated polymers and molecules, including predicting charge-carrier transport, modeling chain conformations and bulk morphology, estimating thermomechanical properties, and describing phonons and thermal transport, to name a few. Through these examples, we demonstrate how advances in computational methods accelerate the deployment of OSCsin wide-ranging technologies, such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic thermoelectrics, organic batteries, and organic (bio)sensors. We conclude by providing an outlook for the future development of computational techniques to discover and assess the properties of high-performing OSCs with greater accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Bhat
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Connor P Callaway
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Palacino-González E, Jansen TLC. Modeling the Effect of Disorder in the Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy of Poly-3-hexyltiophene in an Organic Photovoltaic Blend: A Combined Quantum/Classical Approach. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:6793-6801. [PMID: 37081993 PMCID: PMC10108354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a first-principles model of the 12-mer poly-3-hexyltiophene (P3HT) polymer system in the realistic description of an organic photovoltaic blend environment. We combine Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of a thin-film blend of P3HT and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) to model the interactions with a fluctuating environment with Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) calculations to parametrize the effect of the torsional flexibility in the polymer and construct an exciton-type Hamiltonian that describes the photoexcitation of the polymer. This allows us to reveal the presence of different flexibility patterns governed by the torsional angles along the polymer chain which, in the interacting fluctuating environment, control the broadening of the spectral observables. We identify the origin of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous line shape of the simulated optical signals. This is paramount to decipher the spectroscopic nature of the ultrafast electron-transfer process occurring in organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lado-Touriño I, Cerpa-Naranjo A. Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics of pH-Sensitive Lipids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054632. [PMID: 36902063 PMCID: PMC10003205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
pH-sensitive lipids represent a class of lipids that can be protonated and destabilized in acidic environments, as they become positively charged in response to low-pH conditions. They can be incorporated into lipidic nanoparticles such as liposomes, which are able to change their properties and allow specific drug delivery at the acidic conditions encountered in some pathological microenvironments. In this work, we used coarse-grained molecular-dynamic simulations to study the stability of neutral and charged lipid bilayers containing POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and various kinds of ISUCA ((F)2-(imidazol-1-yl)succinic acid)-derived lipids, which can act as pH-sensitive molecules. In order to explore such systems, we used a MARTINI-derived forcefield, previously parameterized using all-atom simulation results. We calculated the average area per lipid, the second-rank order parameter and the lipid diffusion coefficient of both lipid bilayers made of pure components and mixtures of lipids in different proportions, under neutral or acidic conditions. The results show that the use of ISUCA-derived lipids disturbs the lipid bilayer structure, with the effect being particularly marked under acidic conditions. Although more-in depth studies on these systems must be carried out, these initial results are encouraging and the lipids designed in this research could be a good basis for developing new pH-sensitive liposomes.
Collapse
|
12
|
Shao L, Ma J, Prelesnik JL, Zhou Y, Nguyen M, Zhao M, Jenekhe SA, Kalinin SV, Ferguson AL, Pfaendtner J, Mundy CJ, De Yoreo JJ, Baneyx F, Chen CL. Hierarchical Materials from High Information Content Macromolecular Building Blocks: Construction, Dynamic Interventions, and Prediction. Chem Rev 2022; 122:17397-17478. [PMID: 36260695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical materials that exhibit order over multiple length scales are ubiquitous in nature. Because hierarchy gives rise to unique properties and functions, many have sought inspiration from nature when designing and fabricating hierarchical matter. More and more, however, nature's own high-information content building blocks, proteins, peptides, and peptidomimetics, are being coopted to build hierarchy because the information that determines structure, function, and interfacial interactions can be readily encoded in these versatile macromolecules. Here, we take stock of recent progress in the rational design and characterization of hierarchical materials produced from high-information content blocks with a focus on stimuli-responsive and "smart" architectures. We also review advances in the use of computational simulations and data-driven predictions to shed light on how the side chain chemistry and conformational flexibility of macromolecular blocks drive the emergence of order and the acquisition of hierarchy and also on how ionic, solvent, and surface effects influence the outcomes of assembly. Continued progress in the above areas will ultimately usher in an era where an understanding of designed interactions, surface effects, and solution conditions can be harnessed to achieve predictive materials synthesis across scale and drive emergent phenomena in the self-assembly and reconfiguration of high-information content building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Shao
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jinrong Ma
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jesse L Prelesnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yicheng Zhou
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Mary Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Mingfei Zhao
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Samson A Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sergei V Kalinin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Andrew L Ferguson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jim Pfaendtner
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christopher J Mundy
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - James J De Yoreo
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - François Baneyx
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Chun-Long Chen
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dixit M, Taniguchi T. Substantial Effect of Terminal Groups in cis-Polyisoprene: A Multiscale Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Dixit
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cambiaso S, Rasera F, Rossi G, Bochicchio D. Development of a transferable coarse-grained model of polydimethylsiloxane. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7887-7896. [PMID: 36206016 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00939k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a popular silicon-based polymer with advanced applications in microfluidics and nanocomposites. The slow dynamics of polymer chains in such complex systems hinders molecular dynamics investigations based on all atom force fields. This limitation can be overcome by exploiting finely tuned coarse-grained (CG) models. This paper develops a transferable CG model of PDMS, compatible with the recent Martini 3 force field, using structural and thermodynamic properties as targets in the parametrization, including a vast set of experimental free energies of transfer. We validate the model transferability by reproducing the correct scaling laws for the PDMS gyration radius in the melt and good and bad solvents. We successfully test the model by reproducing the wetting behavior of water and acetonitrile on PDMS and the phase behavior of a PDMS-peptide triblock copolymer system. This work sets the stage for computational studies involving the interaction between PDMS and many synthetic and biological molecules modeled within the Martini framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Cambiaso
- Physics Department, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Fabio Rasera
- Dept of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Rossi
- Physics Department, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Davide Bochicchio
- Physics Department, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Song Y, Norris F, Hinchcliffe D, Xu Y, Zhang X, Nockemann P. Ionic liquid-assisted synthesis of mesoporous polymers and carbon materials: the self-assembly mechanism. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14212-14222. [PMID: 36125101 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02875a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soft-templating synthesis has been widely employed to fabricate ordered mesoporous polymer and carbon materials with effectively tuneable pore sizes. However, the commonly used templating agents, block copolymers, are normally decomposed during the process, thus are barely recyclable; this increases the costs and hampers the scale-up feasibility. Therefore, it becomes imperative to seek promising alternatives; amphiphilic ionic liquids (ILs) are excellent candidates due to their good recyclability. This study explored the templating behaviour of IL templates for preparing mesoporous polymers and carbons. In details, the self-assembly of ternary systems (comprising of IL templates, precursors and solvent) were investigated by a combination of coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulations, density function theory (DFT) calculations and experimental techniques. The results indicate that the morphologies of IL templates are tuneable not only by the adjustment of water content in the mixture but also by the selection of suitable precursors. Material precursors containing increasing numbers of hydroxyl moieties also induce various precursor-template spatial correlations, resulting in different topological structures of nanomaterials. This work presents a fundamental investigation into the mechanisms of templating synthesis with amphiphilic ILs as recyclable templates and gives insight into the effective design of coveted carbon nanomaterials for targeted applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoguang Song
- The QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5AG, Belfast, UK.
| | - Fraser Norris
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, G1 1XJ, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Daryl Hinchcliffe
- The QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5AG, Belfast, UK.
| | - Yong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, G1 1XJ, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Peter Nockemann
- The QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5AG, Belfast, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Effect of functionalization on the interface transfer properties of CNT electrode in Li-air batteries by mesoscopic simulations. J Solid State Electrochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-022-05288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
Patmanidis I, Souza PCT, Sami S, Havenith RWA, de Vries AH, Marrink SJ. Modelling structural properties of cyanine dye nanotubes at coarse-grained level. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3033-3042. [PMID: 36133510 PMCID: PMC9419059 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00158f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly is a ubiquitous process spanning from biomolecular aggregates to nanomaterials. Even though the resulting aggregates can be studied through experimental techniques, the dynamic pathways of the process and the molecular details of the final structures are not necessarily easy to resolve. Consequently, rational design of self-assembling aggregates and their properties remains extremely challenging. At the same time, modelling the self-assembly with computational methods is not trivial, because its spatio-temporal scales are usually beyond the limits of all-atom based simulations. The use of coarse-grained (CG) models can alleviate this limitation, but usually suffers from the lack of optimised parameters for the molecular constituents. In this work, we describe the procedure of parametrizing a CG Martini model for a cyanine dye (C8S3) that self-assembles into hollow double-walled nanotubes. First, we optimised the model based on quantum mechanics calculations and all-atom reference simulations, in combination with available experimental data. Then, we conducted random self-assembly simulations, and the performance of our model was tested on preformed assemblies. Our simulations provide information on the time-dependent local arrangement of this cyanine dye, when aggregates are being formed. Furthermore, we provide guidelines for designing and optimising parameters for similar self-assembling nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Patmanidis
- Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen 9747 AG the Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Paulo C T Souza
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS and University of Lyon Lyon France
| | - Selim Sami
- Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen 9747 AG the Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Remco W A Havenith
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
- Ghent Quantum Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 (S3) B-9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Alex H de Vries
- Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen 9747 AG the Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen 9747 AG the Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Magi Meconi G, Sasselli IR, Bianco V, Onuchic JN, Coluzza I. Key aspects of the past 30 years of protein design. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:086601. [PMID: 35704983 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac78ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are the workhorse of life. They are the building infrastructure of living systems; they are the most efficient molecular machines known, and their enzymatic activity is still unmatched in versatility by any artificial system. Perhaps proteins' most remarkable feature is their modularity. The large amount of information required to specify each protein's function is analogically encoded with an alphabet of just ∼20 letters. The protein folding problem is how to encode all such information in a sequence of 20 letters. In this review, we go through the last 30 years of research to summarize the state of the art and highlight some applications related to fundamental problems of protein evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Magi Meconi
- Computational Biophysics Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ivan R Sasselli
- Computational Biophysics Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Jose N Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, United States of America
| | - Ivan Coluzza
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Bld. Martina Casiano, UPV/EHU Science Park, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wu CH, Hua CC. Solvation-Shell-Induced Entropic Repulsion and Insights into Solvent Quality of Crystalline Conjugated Polymer Solutions. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching H. Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Chi C. Hua
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Marrink SJ, Monticelli L, Melo MN, Alessandri R, Tieleman DP, Souza PCT. Two decades of Martini: Better beads, broader scope. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siewert J. Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Luca Monticelli
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB ‐ UMR 5086) CNRS & University of Lyon Lyon France
| | - Manuel N. Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras Portugal
| | - Riccardo Alessandri
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - D. Peter Tieleman
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Paulo C. T. Souza
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB ‐ UMR 5086) CNRS & University of Lyon Lyon France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gokhale D, Chen I, Doyle PS. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of immobilized micelle systems and their interactions with hydrophobic molecules. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4625-4637. [PMID: 35699057 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Micelles immobilized in polymer materials are of emerging interest in drug delivery, water treatment and other applications. Immobilization removes the need for membrane-based separation to eliminate micelles from the medium, enabling facile extraction and delivery in diverse industries. This work lays out a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations framework for the rapid identification of surfactants for use in immobilized micelle systems. Micelles are immobilized by constraining one end of the constituent surfactants in space, mimicking what would occur in a copolymer system. We demonstrate that constraints affect how the micelles interact with small hydrophobic molecules, making it important to account for their effects in various drug-micelle and pollutant-micelle simulations. Our results show that in several systems there is stronger interaction between hydrophobic small molecules and micelles in immobilized systems compared to unconstrained systems. These strengthened interactions can have important implications for the design of new micelle-based extraction and delivery processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devashish Gokhale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Patrick S Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sanderson S, Vamvounis G, Mark AE, Burn PL, White RD, Philippa BW. Understanding the performance differences between solution and vacuum deposited OLEDs: A computational approach. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:214703. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0091142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Solution-processing of organic light-emitting diode films has potential advantages in terms of cost and scalability over vacuum-deposition for large area applications. However, solution processed small molecule films can have lower overall device performance. Here, novel molecular dynamics techniques are developed to enable faster simulation of solvent evaporation that occurs during solution processing and give films of thicknesses relevant to real devices. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations are then used in combination with kinetic Monte Carlo transport modeling to examine how differences in morphology stemming from solution or vacuum film deposition affect charge transport and exciton dynamics in films consisting of light-emitting bis(2-phenylpyridine)(acetylacetonate)iridium(III) [Ir(ppy)2(acac)] guest molecules in a 4,4′-bis( N-carbazolyl)biphenyl host. While the structures of the films deposited from vacuum and solution were found to differ, critically, only minor variations in the transport properties were predicted by the simulations even if trapped solvent was present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sanderson
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - George Vamvounis
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Alan E. Mark
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ronald D. White
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Bronson W. Philippa
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Brosz M, Michelarakis N, Bunz UHF, Aponte-Santamaría C, Gräter F. Martini 3 coarse-grained force field for poly( para-phenylene ethynylene)s. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9998-10010. [PMID: 35412534 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04237h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Poly(para-phenylene ethynylene)s, or short PPEs, are a class of conjugated and semi-flexible polymers with a strongly delocalized π electron system and increased chain stiffness. Due to this, PPEs have a wide range of technological applications. Although the material properties of single-chains or mixtures of few PPE chains have been studied in detail, the properties of large assemblies remain to be fully explored. Here, we developed a coarse-grained model for PPEs with the Martini 3 force field to enable computational studies of PPEs in large-scale assembly. We used an optimization geometrical approach to take the shape of the π conjugated backbone into account and also applied an additional angular potential to tune the mechanical bending stiffness of the polymer. Our Martini 3 model reproduces key structural and thermodynamic observables of single PPE chains and mixtures, such as persistence length, density, packing and stacking. We show that chain entanglement increases with the expense of nematic ordering with growing PPE chain length. With the Martini 3 PPE model at hand, we are now able to cover large spatio-temporal scales and thereby to uncover key aspects for the structural organization of PPE bulk systems. The model is also predicted to be of high applicability to investigate out-of-equilibrium behavior of PPEs under mechanical force.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brosz
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Am Schlosswolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany. .,Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicholas Michelarakis
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Am Schlosswolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Camilo Aponte-Santamaría
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Am Schlosswolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Frauke Gräter
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Am Schlosswolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany. .,Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li J, Zhang H, Yu M, Li Q, Zhang T, Xue Z, Sun H. Using Coarse-Grain MD to study the trade-off between surface area and mass transport in aqueous Li-O2 battery using functionalized CNT. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
26
|
Mendels D, de Pablo JJ. Collective Variables for Free Energy Surface Tailoring: Understanding and Modifying Functionality in Systems Dominated by Rare Events. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2830-2837. [PMID: 35324208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a method for elucidating and modifying the functionality of systems dominated by rare events that relies on the semiautomated tuning of their underlying free energy surface. The proposed approach seeks to construct collective variables (CVs) that encode the essential information regarding the rare events of the system of interest. The appropriate CVs are identified using harmonic linear discriminant analysis (HLDA), a machine-learning-based method that is trained solely on data collected from short ordinary simulations in the relevant metastable states of the system. Utilizing the interpretable form of the resulting CVs, the critical interaction potentials that determine the system's rare transitions are identified and purposely modified to tailor the free energy surface in a manner that alters functionality as desired. The applicability of the method is illustrated in the context of three different systems, thereby demonstrating that thermodynamic and kinetic properties can be tractably modified with little to no prior knowledge or intuition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Mendels
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, South Ellise, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Juan J de Pablo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, South Ellise, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wood EL, Greco C, Ivanov DA, Kremer K, Daoulas KC. Mesoscopic Modeling of a Highly-Ordered Sanidic Polymer Mesophase and Comparison With Experimental Data. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2285-2298. [PMID: 35290739 PMCID: PMC8958507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c10599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Board-shaped polymers
form sanidic mesophases: assemblies of parallel
lamellae of stacked polymer backbones separated by disordered side
chains. Sanidics vary significantly with respect to polymer order
inside their lamellae, making them “stepping stones”
toward the crystalline state. Therefore, they are potentially interesting
for studying crystallization and technological applications. Building
on earlier mesoscopic models of the most disordered sanidics Σd, we focus on the other extreme, near-crystalline order, and
develop a generic model that captures a highly ordered Σr mesophase. Polymers are described by generic hindered-rotation
chains. Anisotropic nonbonded potentials, with strengths comparable
to the thermal energy, mimic board-like monomer shapes. Lamellae equilibrated
with Monte Carlo simulations, for a broad range of model parameters,
have intralamellar order typical for Σr mesophases:
periodically stacked polymers that are mutually registered along their
backbones. Our mesophase shows registration on both monomer and chain
levels. We calculate scattering patterns and compare with data published
for highly ordered sanidic mesophases of two different polymers: polyesters
and polypeptoids. Most of the generic structural features that were
identified in these experiments are present in our model. However,
our mesophase has correlations between chains located in different
lamellae and is therefore closer to the crystalline state than the
experimental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Wood
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cristina Greco
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dimitri A Ivanov
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Semenov Prospect 1, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia.,Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse, CNRS UMR 7361, 15 Jean Starcky, F-68057 Mulhouse, France.,Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave, 354340, Sochi, Russia
| | - Kurt Kremer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kostas Ch Daoulas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Reisjalali M, Manurung R, Carbone P, Troisi A. Development of hybrid coarse-grained atomistic models for rapid assessment of local structuring of polymeric semiconductors. MOLECULAR SYSTEMS DESIGN & ENGINEERING 2022; 7:294-305. [PMID: 35646391 PMCID: PMC9074845 DOI: 10.1039/d1me00165e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Decades of work in the field of computational study of semiconducting polymers using atomistic models illustrate the challenges of generating equilibrated models for this class of materials. While adopting a coarse-grained model can be helpful, the process of developing a suitable model is particularly non-trivial and time-consuming for semiconducting polymers due to a large number of different interactions with some having an anisotropic nature. This work introduces a procedure for the rapid generation of a hybrid model for semiconducting polymers where atoms of secondary importance (those in the alkyl side chains) are transformed into coarse-grained beads to reduce the computational cost of generating an equilibrated structure. The parameters are determined from easy-to-equilibrate simulations of very short oligomers and the model is constructed to enable a very simple back-mapping procedure to reconstruct geometries with atomistic resolution. The model is illustrated for three related polymers containing DPP (diketopyrrolopyrrole) to evaluate the transferability of the potential across different families of polymers. The accuracy of the model, determined by comparison with the results of fully equilibrated simulations of the same material before and after back-mapping, is fully satisfactory for two out of the three cases considered. We noticed that accuracy can be determined very early in the workflow so that it is easy to assess when the deployment of this method is advantageous. The hybrid representation can be used to evaluate directly the electronic properties of structures sampled by the simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Reisjalali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown St L69 7ZD Liverpool UK
| | - Rex Manurung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown St L69 7ZD Liverpool UK
| | - Paola Carbone
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science Oxford Road M13 9PL Manchester UK
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown St L69 7ZD Liverpool UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Temperature-Dependent Conformation Behavior of Isolated Poly(3-hexylthiopene) Chains. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030550. [PMID: 35160539 PMCID: PMC8840214 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We use atomistic as well as coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to study the conformation of a single poly(3-hexylthiopene) chain as a function of temperature. We find that mainly bundle and toroid structures appear with bundles becoming more abundant for decreasing temperatures. We compare an atomistic and a Martini-based coarse-grained model which we find in very good agreement. We further illustrate how the temperature dependence of P3HT can be connected to that of simple Lennard–Jones model polymers in a vacuum. Upon adding solvent (THF) we observe the occurrence of a prominent swelling of the molecular size at a temperature of about 220 K. This swelling is in close agreement with the interpretation of recent spectroscopic experiments which allows us to explain the experimental observations by an increased frequency of bundle structures.
Collapse
|
30
|
Sivaraman G, Jackson NE. Coarse-Grained Density Functional Theory Predictions via Deep Kernel Learning. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:1129-1141. [PMID: 35020388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Scalable electronic predictions are critical for soft materials design. Recently, the Electronic Coarse-Graining (ECG) method was introduced to renormalize all-atom quantum chemical (QC) predictions to coarse-grained (CG) resolutions using deep neural networks (DNNs). While DNNs can learn complex representations that prove challenging for kernel-based methods, they are susceptible to overfitting and the overconfidence of uncertainty estimations. Here, we develop ECG within a GPU-accelerated Deep Kernel Learning (DKL) framework to enable CG QC predictions using range-separated hybrid density functional theory (DFT), obtaining a 107 speedup relative to naive all-atom QC. By treating the predicted electronic properties as random Gaussian Processes, DKL incorporates CG mapping degeneracy by learning the distribution of electronic energies as a function of CG configuration. DKL-ECG accurately reproduces molecular orbital energies from range-separated DFT while facilitating efficient training via active learning using the uncertainties provided by DKL. We show that while active learning algorithms enable efficient sampling of a more diverse configurational space relative to random sampling, all explored query methods exhibit comparable performance for the examined system. We attribute this result to the significant overlap of the feature space and output property distributions across multiple temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Sivaraman
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nicholas E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Modarresi M, Zozoulenko IV. Why does solvent treatment increase conductivity of PEDOT:PSS? Insight from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22073-22082. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02655d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most important conducting polymers. In its pristine form its electrical conductivity is low, but it can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude by...
Collapse
|
32
|
Alessandri R, Barnoud J, Gertsen AS, Patmanidis I, de Vries AH, Souza PCT, Marrink SJ. Martini 3 Coarse‐Grained Force Field: Small Molecules. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Alessandri
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Barnoud
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Anders S. Gertsen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of Denmark Fysikvej 310 Lyngby DK‐2800 Kgs. Denmark
| | - Ilias Patmanidis
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Alex H. de Vries
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Paulo C. T. Souza
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J. Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Khot A, Savoie BM. How
side‐chain
hydrophilicity modulates morphology and charge transport in mixed conducting polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Khot
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Peng Z, Xian K, Cui Y, Qi Q, Liu J, Xu Y, Chai Y, Yang C, Hou J, Geng Y, Ye L. Thermoplastic Elastomer Tunes Phase Structure and Promotes Stretchability of High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2106732. [PMID: 34636085 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Top-performance organic solar cells (OSCs) consisting of conjugated polymer donors and nonfullerene small molecule acceptors (NF-SMAs) deliver rapid increases in efficiencies. Nevertheless, many of the polymer donors exhibit high stiffness and small molecule acceptors are very brittle, which limit their applications in wearable devices. Here, a simple and effective strategy is reported to improve the stretchability and reduce the stiffness of high-efficiency polymer:NF-SMA blends and simultaneously maintain the high efficiency by incorporating a low-cost commercial thermoplastic elastomer, polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene (SEBS). The microstructure, mechanical properties, and photovoltaic performance of PM6:N3 with varied SEBS contents and the molecular weight dependence of SEBS on microstructure and mechanical properties are thoroughly characterized. This strategy for mechanical performance improvement exhibits excellent applicability in some other OSC blend systems, e.g., PBQx-TF:eC9-2Cl and PBDB-T:ITIC. More crucially, the elastic modulus of such complex ternary blends can be nicely predicted by a mechanical model. Therefore, incorporating thermoplastic elastomers is a widely applicable and cost-effective strategy to improve mechanical properties of nonfullerene OSCs and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiang Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Kaihu Xian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qingchun Qi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yubo Chai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Chunming Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Jianhui Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Reisjalali M, Burgos-Mármol JJ, Manurung R, Troisi A. Local structuring of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based oligomers from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19693-19707. [PMID: 34525153 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03257g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The microscopic structure of high mobility semiconducting polymers is known to be essential for their performance but it cannot be easily deduced from the available experimental data. A series of short oligomers of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based materials that display high charge mobility are studied by molecular dynamics simulations to understand their local structuring at an atomic level. Different analyses are proposed to compare the ability of different oligomers to form large aggregates and their driving force. The simulations show that the tendency for this class of materials to form aggregates is driven by the interaction between DPP fragments, but this is modulated by the other conjugated fragments of the materials which affect the rigidity of the polymer and, ultimately, the size of the aggregates that are formed. The main structural features and the electronic structure of the oligomers are fairly similar above the glass transition temperature and at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Reisjalali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Place, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | | | - Rex Manurung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Place, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Place, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Thallmair S, Javanainen M, Fábián B, Martinez-Seara H, Marrink SJ. Nonconverged Constraints Cause Artificial Temperature Gradients in Lipid Bilayer Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9537-9546. [PMID: 34398598 PMCID: PMC8404198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Molecular dynamics
(MD) simulations have become an indispensable
tool to investigate phase separation in model membrane systems. In
particular, simulations based on coarse-grained (CG) models have found
widespread use due to their increased computational efficiency, allowing
for simulations of multicomponent lipid bilayers undergoing phase
separation into liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered domains. Here,
we show that a significant temperature difference between molecule
types can artificially arise in CG MD membrane simulations with the
standard Martini simulation parameters in GROMACS. In particular,
the linear constraint solver (LINCS) algorithm does not converge with
its default settings, resulting in serious temperature differences
between molecules in a time step-dependent manner. We demonstrate
that the underlying reason for this behavior is the presence of highly
constrained moieties, such as cholesterol. Their presence can critically
impact numerous structural and dynamic membrane properties obtained
from such simulations. Furthermore, any preference of these molecules
toward a certain membrane phase can lead to spatial temperature gradients,
which can amplify the degree of phase separation or even induce it
in compositions that would otherwise mix well. We systematically investigated
the effect of the integration time step and LINCS settings on membrane
properties. Our data show that for cholesterol-containing membranes,
a time step of 20 fs should be combined with at least lincs_iter = 2 and lincs_order = 12, while using a time
step of 30 fs requires at least lincs_iter =
3 and lincs_order = 12 to bring the temperature
differences to a level where they do not perturb central membrane
properties. Moreover, we show that in cases where stricter LINCS settings
are computationally too demanding, coupling the lipids in multiple
groups to the temperature bath offers a practical workaround to the
problem, although the validity of this approach should be further
verified. Finally, we show that similar temperature gradients can
also emerge in atomistic simulations using the CHARMM force field
in combination with settings that allow for a 5 fs integration step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Thallmair
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth-Moufang-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Balázs Fábián
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hector Martinez-Seara
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Na J, Chang R. Morphological Stability of Organic Photovoltaics:
Coarse‐grained
Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Na
- Department of Chemistry Kwangwoon University Seoul 01897 Republic of Korea
| | - Rakwoo Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry University of Seoul Seoul 02504 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Delavari N, Gladisch J, Petsagkourakis I, Liu X, Modarresi M, Fahlman M, Stavrinidou E, Linares M, Zozoulenko I. Water Intake and Ion Exchange in PEDOT:Tos Films upon Cyclic Voltammetry: Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Investigation. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Delavari
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Johannes Gladisch
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Petsagkourakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Group of Scientific Visualization, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Center (SeRC), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Alessandri R, Grünewald F, Marrink SJ. The Martini Model in Materials Science. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008635. [PMID: 33956373 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Martini model, a coarse-grained force field initially developed with biomolecular simulations in mind, has found an increasing number of applications in the field of soft materials science. The model's underlying building block principle does not pose restrictions on its application beyond biomolecular systems. Here, the main applications to date of the Martini model in materials science are highlighted, and a perspective for the future developments in this field is given, particularly in light of recent developments such as the new version of the model, Martini 3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Alessandri
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Grünewald
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Khot A, Savoie BM. Top–Down Coarse-Grained Framework for Characterizing Mixed Conducting Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Khot
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cohen AE, Jackson NE, de Pablo JJ. Anisotropic Coarse-Grained Model for Conjugated Polymers: Investigations into Solution Morphologies. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Cohen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Nicholas E. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Choi YK, Park SJ, Park S, Kim S, Kern NR, Lee J, Im W. CHARMM-GUI Polymer Builder for Modeling and Simulation of Synthetic Polymers. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:2431-2443. [PMID: 33797913 PMCID: PMC8078172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular modeling and simulations are invaluable tools for polymer science and engineering, which predict physicochemical properties of polymers and provide molecular-level insight into the underlying mechanisms. However, building realistic polymer systems is challenging and requires considerable experience because of great variations in structures as well as length and time scales. This work describes Polymer Builder in CHARMM-GUI (http://www.charmm-gui.org/input/polymer), a web-based infrastructure that provides a generalized and automated process to build a relaxed polymer system. Polymer Builder not only provides versatile modeling methods to build complex polymer structures, but also generates realistic polymer melt and solution systems through the built-in coarse-grained model and all-atom replacement. The coarse-grained model parametrization is generalized and extensively validated with various experimental data and all-atom simulations. In addition, the capability of Polymer Builder for generating relaxed polymer systems is demonstrated by density calculations of 34 homopolymer melt systems, characteristic ratio calculations of 170 homopolymer melt systems, a morphology diagram of poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) block copolymers, and self-assembly behavior of amphiphilic poly(ethylene oxide-b-ethylethane) block copolymers in water. We hope that Polymer Builder is useful to carry out innovative and novel polymer modeling and simulation research to acquire insight into structures, dynamics, and underlying mechanisms of complex polymer-containing systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeol Kyo Choi
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Sang-Jun Park
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Soohyung Park
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Seonghoon Kim
- School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Nathan R. Kern
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Jumin Lee
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Wonpil Im
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Souza PCT, Alessandri R, Barnoud J, Thallmair S, Faustino I, Grünewald F, Patmanidis I, Abdizadeh H, Bruininks BMH, Wassenaar TA, Kroon PC, Melcr J, Nieto V, Corradi V, Khan HM, Domański J, Javanainen M, Martinez-Seara H, Reuter N, Best RB, Vattulainen I, Monticelli L, Periole X, Tieleman DP, de Vries AH, Marrink SJ. Martini 3: a general purpose force field for coarse-grained molecular dynamics. Nat Methods 2021; 18:382-388. [PMID: 33782607 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The coarse-grained Martini force field is widely used in biomolecular simulations. Here we present the refined model, Martini 3 ( http://cgmartini.nl ), with an improved interaction balance, new bead types and expanded ability to include specific interactions representing, for example, hydrogen bonding and electronic polarizability. The updated model allows more accurate predictions of molecular packing and interactions in general, which is exemplified with a vast and diverse set of applications, ranging from oil/water partitioning and miscibility data to complex molecular systems, involving protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions and material science applications as ionic liquids and aedamers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C T Souza
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. .,Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS and University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - Riccardo Alessandri
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Barnoud
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Intangible Realities Laboratory, University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Bristol, UK
| | - Sebastian Thallmair
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ignacio Faustino
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fabian Grünewald
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ilias Patmanidis
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Haleh Abdizadeh
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart M H Bruininks
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tsjerk A Wassenaar
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter C Kroon
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Josef Melcr
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Nieto
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS and University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Valentina Corradi
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hanif M Khan
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Domański
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hector Martinez-Seara
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nathalie Reuter
- Department of Chemistry and Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert B Best
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luca Monticelli
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS and University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Xavier Periole
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - D Peter Tieleman
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alex H de Vries
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Material, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Banin U, Waiskopf N, Hammarström L, Boschloo G, Freitag M, Johansson EMJ, Sá J, Tian H, Johnston MB, Herz LM, Milot RL, Kanatzidis MG, Ke W, Spanopoulos I, Kohlstedt KL, Schatz GC, Lewis N, Meyer T, Nozik AJ, Beard MC, Armstrong F, Megarity CF, Schmuttenmaer CA, Batista VS, Brudvig GW. Nanotechnology for catalysis and solar energy conversion. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:042003. [PMID: 33155576 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abbce8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This roadmap on Nanotechnology for Catalysis and Solar Energy Conversion focuses on the application of nanotechnology in addressing the current challenges of energy conversion: 'high efficiency, stability, safety, and the potential for low-cost/scalable manufacturing' to quote from the contributed article by Nathan Lewis. This roadmap focuses on solar-to-fuel conversion, solar water splitting, solar photovoltaics and bio-catalysis. It includes dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), perovskite solar cells, and organic photovoltaics. Smart engineering of colloidal quantum materials and nanostructured electrodes will improve solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency, as described in the articles by Waiskopf and Banin and Meyer. Semiconductor nanoparticles will also improve solar energy conversion efficiency, as discussed by Boschloo et al in their article on DSSCs. Perovskite solar cells have advanced rapidly in recent years, including new ideas on 2D and 3D hybrid halide perovskites, as described by Spanopoulos et al 'Next generation' solar cells using multiple exciton generation (MEG) from hot carriers, described in the article by Nozik and Beard, could lead to remarkable improvement in photovoltaic efficiency by using quantization effects in semiconductor nanostructures (quantum dots, wires or wells). These challenges will not be met without simultaneous improvement in nanoscale characterization methods. Terahertz spectroscopy, discussed in the article by Milot et al is one example of a method that is overcoming the difficulties associated with nanoscale materials characterization by avoiding electrical contacts to nanoparticles, allowing characterization during device operation, and enabling characterization of a single nanoparticle. Besides experimental advances, computational science is also meeting the challenges of nanomaterials synthesis. The article by Kohlstedt and Schatz discusses the computational frameworks being used to predict structure-property relationships in materials and devices, including machine learning methods, with an emphasis on organic photovoltaics. The contribution by Megarity and Armstrong presents the 'electrochemical leaf' for improvements in electrochemistry and beyond. In addition, biohybrid approaches can take advantage of efficient and specific enzyme catalysts. These articles present the nanoscience and technology at the forefront of renewable energy development that will have significant benefits to society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Banin
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - N Waiskopf
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - L Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Boschloo
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Freitag
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E M J Johansson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Sá
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Tian
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M B Johnston
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - L M Herz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R L Milot
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - M G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - W Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - I Spanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - K L Kohlstedt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - G C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States of America
| | - N Lewis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Beckman Institute, 210 Noyes Laboratory, 127-72 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States of America
| | - T Meyer
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Chemistry, United States of America
| | - A J Nozik
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, United States of America
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, Department of Chemistry, 80309, United States of America
| | - M C Beard
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, United States of America
| | - F Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C F Megarity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C A Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, United States of America
| | - V S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, United States of America
| | - G W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, 06520-8107, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lee CK, Lu C, Yu Y, Sun Q, Hsieh CY, Zhang S, Liu Q, Shi L. Transfer learning with graph neural networks for optoelectronic properties of conjugated oligomers. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:024906. [PMID: 33445906 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the remarkable progress of machine learning (ML) techniques in chemistry, modeling the optoelectronic properties of long conjugated oligomers and polymers with ML remains challenging due to the difficulty in obtaining sufficient training data. Here, we use transfer learning to address the data scarcity issue by pre-training graph neural networks using data from short oligomers. With only a few hundred training data, we are able to achieve an average error of about 0.1 eV for the excited-state energy of oligothiophenes against time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. We show that the success of our transfer learning approach relies on the relative locality of low-lying electronic excitations in long conjugated oligomers. Finally, we demonstrate the transferability of our approach by modeling the lowest-lying excited-state energies of poly(3-hexylthiophene) in its single-crystal and solution phases using the transfer learning models trained with the data of gas-phase oligothiophenes. The transfer learning predicted excited-state energy distributions agree quantitatively with TDDFT calculations and capture some important qualitative features observed in experimental absorption spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chengqiang Lu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Big Data Analysis and Application, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| | - Qiming Sun
- Tencent America, Palo Alto, California 94306, USA
| | | | | | - Qi Liu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Big Data Analysis and Application, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yoshimoto Y, Sugiyama S, Shimada S, Kaneko T, Takagi S, Kinefuchi I. Molecular Insights into the Mechanical Properties of Polymer–Fullerene Bulk Heterojunctions for Organic Photovoltaic Applications. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yoshimoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Sou Sugiyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Shimada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kaneko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shu Takagi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ikuya Kinefuchi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Munshi J, Chen W, Chien T, Balasubramanian G. Transfer Learned Designer Polymers For Organic Solar Cells. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:134-142. [PMID: 33410685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials have been examined extensively over the past two decades for solar cell applications because of the potential for device flexibility, low-temperature solution processability, and negligible environmental impact. However, discovery of new candidate OPV materials, especially polymer-based electron donors, that demonstrate notable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), is nontrivial and time-intensive exercise given the extensive set of possible chemistries. Recent progress in machine learning accelerated materials discovery has facilitated to address this challenge, with molecular line representations, such as Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry Systems (SMILES), gaining popularity as molecular fingerprints describing the donor chemical structures. Here, we employ a transfer learning based recurrent neural (LSTM) model, which harnesses the SMILES molecular fingerprints as an input to generate novel designer chemistries for OPV devices. The generative model, perfected on a small focused OPV data set, predicts new polymer repeat units with potentially high PCE. Calculations of the similarity coefficient between the known and the generated polymers corroborate the accuracy of the model predictability as a function of the underlying chemical specificity. The data-enabled framework is sufficiently generic for use in accelerated machine learned materials discovery for various chemistries and applications, mining the hitherto available experimental and computational data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Munshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - TeYu Chien
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Ganesh Balasubramanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Grünewald F, Kroon PC, Souza PCT, Marrink SJ. Protocol for Simulations of PEGylated Proteins with Martini 3. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2199:315-335. [PMID: 33125658 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0892-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enhancement of proteins by PEGylation is an active area of research. However, the interactions between polymer and protein are far from fully understood. To gain a better insight into these interactions or even make predictions, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can be applied to study specific protein-polymer systems at molecular level detail. Here we present instructions on how to simulate PEGylated proteins using the latest iteration of the Martini coarse-grained (CG) force-field. CG MD simulations offer near atomistic information and at the same time allow to study complex biological systems over longer time and length scales than fully atomistic-level simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grünewald
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C Kroon
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paulo C T Souza
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Marmolejo-Valencia AF, Mata-Pinzón Z, Amador-Bedolla C. Charge-transfer electronic states in organic solar cells: a TDDFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16806-16815. [PMID: 34323261 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00723h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The prediction of new organic photovoltaic materials in organic solar cells (OSCs) must include a precise description of charge-transfer states because they are involved in electron-transfer processes such as charge separation and charge recombination which govern the device efficiency. Also, as the experimental performance of an optoelectronic device is measured for nonequilibrium nanostructures, computational approaches need models that can incorporate morphology effects. Usually, this aspect is treated by molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) methodologies; however, methodologies and formalisms to calculate the electron-transfer processes are still controversial and sometimes do not connect their information with the phase morphologies. In this work we propose a simple and fast characterization of electron-transfer processes to find the rate constants by analysing the distribution of vertical excitation energies of both local excitation (LE) and charge-transfer (CT) states using TD-DFT calculations in the donor-acceptor pair structures which were extracted from MDS. This proposal assumes that conformational changes are prevented and equilibria are not achieved while the electron-transfer events take effect, and thus the only pathway that connects the LE and CT states is their surface crossing point where an ideal distribution might exist. Different density functionals and dialectric models were tested. The results indicate a close relationship between the proposal and experimental data for electron-transfer events, suggesting the application of this method in the rational design of new photovoltaic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres F Marmolejo-Valencia
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, CDMX 04510, Mexico.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mabuchi T, Huang SF, Tokumasu T. Influence of Ionomer Loading and Substrate Wettability on the Morphology of Ionomer Thin Films Using Coarse-Grained Solvent Evaporation Simulations. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Mabuchi
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira,
Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Sheng-Feng Huang
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira,
Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Tokumasu
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira,
Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|