1
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Johansen CM, Boyd EA, Tarnopol DE, Peters JC. Photodriven Sm(III)-to-Sm(II) Reduction for Catalytic Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25456-25461. [PMID: 39226072 PMCID: PMC11421001 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The selectivity of SmI2 as a one electron-reductant motivates the development of methods for reductive Sm-catalysis. Photochemical methods for SmI2 regeneration are desired for catalytic transformations. In particular, returning SmIII-alkoxides to SmII is a crucial step for Sm-turnover in many potential applications. To this end, photochemical conditions for reduction of both SmI3 and a model SmIII-alkoxide to SmI2(THF)n are described here. The Hantzsch ester can serve either as a direct photoreductant or as the reductive quencher for an Ir-based photoredox catalyst. In contrast to previous SmIII reduction methodologies, no Lewis acidic additives or byproducts are involved, facilitating selective ligand coordination to Sm. Accordingly, SmII species can be generated photochemically from SmI3 in the presence of protic, chiral, and/or Lewis basic additives. Both the photoreductant and photoredox methods for SmI2 generation translate to intermolecular ketone-acrylate coupling as a proof-of-concept demonstration of a photodriven, Sm-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Johansen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Emily A Boyd
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Drew E Tarnopol
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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2
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Sinhababu S, Singh RP, Radzhabov MR, Kumawat J, Ess DH, Mankad NP. Coordination-induced O-H/N-H bond weakening by a redox non-innocent, aluminum-containing radical. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1315. [PMID: 38351122 PMCID: PMC10864259 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Several renewable energy schemes aim to use the chemical bonds in abundant molecules like water and ammonia as energy reservoirs. Because the O-H and N-H bonds are quite strong (>100 kcal/mol), it is necessary to identify substances that dramatically weaken these bonds to facilitate proton-coupled electron transfer processes required for energy conversion. Usually this is accomplished through coordination-induced bond weakening by redox-active metals. However, coordination-induced bond weakening is difficult with earth's most abundant metal, aluminum, because of its redox inertness under mild conditions. Here, we report a system that uses aluminum with a redox non-innocent ligand to achieve significant levels of coordination-induced bond weakening of O-H and N-H bonds. The multisite proton-coupled electron transfer manifold described here points to redox non-innocent ligands as a design element to open coordination-induced bond weakening chemistry to more elements in the periodic table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Sinhababu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | | | - Maxim R Radzhabov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jugal Kumawat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, 84604, UT, USA
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, 84604, UT, USA
| | - Neal P Mankad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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3
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Chatgilialoglu C, Barata-Vallejo S, Gimisis T. Radical Reactions in Organic Synthesis: Exploring in-, on-, and with-Water Methods. Molecules 2024; 29:569. [PMID: 38338314 PMCID: PMC10856544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Radical reactions in water or aqueous media are important for organic synthesis, realizing high-yielding processes under non-toxic and environmentally friendly conditions. This overview includes (i) a general introduction to organic chemistry in water and aqueous media, (ii) synthetic approaches in, on, and with water as well as in heterogeneous phases, (iii) reactions of carbon-centered radicals with water (or deuterium oxide) activated through coordination with various Lewis acids, (iv) photocatalysis in water and aqueous media, and (v) synthetic applications bioinspired by naturally occurring processes. A wide range of chemical processes and synthetic strategies under different experimental conditions have been reviewed that lead to important functional group translocation and transformation reactions, leading to the preparation of complex molecules. These results reveal how water as a solvent/medium/reagent in radical chemistry has matured over the last two decades, with further discoveries anticipated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Center of Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Poznan, Poland
| | - Sebastian Barata-Vallejo
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 954, Buenos Aires CP 1113, Argentina
| | - Thanasis Gimisis
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
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4
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Kang WJ, Pan Y, Ding A, Guo H. Organophotocatalytic Alkene Reduction Using Water as a Hydrogen Donor. Org Lett 2023; 25:7633-7638. [PMID: 37844204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemical activation and functionalization of water are considered an ideal method for converting earth-abundant sources into valuable chemicals. Here, we show that a non-activated free water molecule can be applied directly as a hydrogen donor to achieve the carbanion-mediated alkene reduction with 9-HTXTF serving as an organophotocatalyst. Notably, direct syntheses of high-value-added drugs and bioactive molecules are readily achieved by utilizing plentiful energy and an earth-abundant resource, showcasing the usefulness of the protocol in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yuze Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Aishun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, P. R. China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
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5
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Zhang J, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Studer A. Photocatalytic phosphine-mediated water activation for radical hydrogenation. Nature 2023; 619:506-513. [PMID: 37380779 PMCID: PMC10356606 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The chemical activation of water would allow this earth-abundant resource to be transferred into value-added compounds, and is a topic of keen interest in energy research1,2. Here, we demonstrate water activation with a photocatalytic phosphine-mediated radical process under mild conditions. This reaction generates a metal-free PR3-H2O radical cation intermediate, in which both hydrogen atoms are used in the subsequent chemical transformation through sequential heterolytic (H+) and homolytic (H•) cleavage of the two O-H bonds. The PR3-OH radical intermediate provides an ideal platform that mimics the reactivity of a 'free' hydrogen atom, and which can be directly transferred to closed-shell π systems, such as activated alkenes, unactivated alkenes, naphthalenes and quinoline derivatives. The resulting H adduct C radicals are eventually reduced by a thiol co-catalyst, leading to overall transfer hydrogenation of the π system, with the two H atoms of water ending up in the product. The thermodynamic driving force is the strong P=O bond formed in the phosphine oxide by-product. Experimental mechanistic studies and density functional theory calculations support the hydrogen atom transfer of the PR3-OH intermediate as a key step in the radical hydrogenation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
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6
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Boyd EA, Peters JC. Highly Selective Fe-Catalyzed Nitrogen Fixation to Hydrazine Enabled by Sm(II) Reagents with Tailored Redox Potential and p Ka. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37376713 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Controlling product selectivity in multiproton, multielectron reductions of unsaturated small molecules is of fundamental interest in catalysis. For the N2 reduction reaction (N2RR) in particular, parameters that dictate selectivity for either the 6H+/6e- product ammonia (NH3) or the 4H+/4e- product hydrazine (N2H4) are poorly understood. To probe this issue, we have developed conditions to invert the selectivity of a tris(phosphino)borane iron catalyst (Fe), with which NH3 is typically the major product of N2R, to instead favor N2H4 as the sole observed fixed-N product (>99:1). This dramatic shift is achieved by replacing moderate reductants and strong acids with a very strongly reducing but weakly acidic SmII-(2-pyrrolidone) core supported by a hexadentate dianionic macrocyclic ligand (SmII-PH) as the net hydrogen-atom donor. The activity and efficiency of the catalyst with this reagent remain high (up to 69 equiv of N2H4 per Fe and 67% fixed-N yield per H+). However, by generating N2H4 as the kinetic product, the overpotential of this Sm-driven reaction is 700 mV lower than that of the mildest reported set of NH3-selective conditions with Fe. Mechanistic data support assignment of iron hydrazido(2-) species FeNNH2 as selectivity-determining: we infer that protonation of FeNNH2 at Nβ, favored by strong acids, releases NH3, whereas one-electron reduction to FeNNH2-, favored by strong reductants such as SmII-PH, produces N2H4 via reactivity initiated at Nα. Spectroscopic data also implicate a role for SmIII-binding to anionic FeN2- (via an Fe-N2- -SmIII species) with respect to catalytic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Boyd
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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7
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Boekell NG, Bartulovich CO, Maity S, Flowers RA. Accessing Unusual Reactivity through Chelation-Promoted Bond Weakening. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5040-5045. [PMID: 36912617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Highly reducing Sm(II) reductants and protic ligands were used as a platform to ascertain the relationship between low-valent metal-protic ligand affinity and degree of ligand X-H bond weakening with the goal of forming potent proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reductants. Among the Sm(II)-protic ligand reductant systems investigated, the samarium dibromide N-methylethanolamine (SmBr2-NMEA) reagent system displayed the best combination of metal-ligand affinity and stability against H2 evolution. The use of SmBr2-NMEA afforded the reduction of a range of substrates that are typically recalcitrant to single-electron reduction including alkynes, lactones, and arenes as stable as biphenyl. Moreover, the unique role of NMEA as a chelating ligand for Sm(II) was demonstrated by the reductive cyclization of unactivated esters bearing pendant olefins in contrast to the SmBr2-water-amine system. Finally, the SmBr2-NMEA reagent system was found to reduce substrates analogous to key intermediates in the nitrogen fixation process. These results reveal SmBr2-NMEA to be a powerful reductant for a wide range of challenging substrates and demonstrate the potential for the rational design of PCET reagents with exceptionally weak X-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Boekell
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Caroline O Bartulovich
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Sandeepan Maity
- Department of Chemistry, C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752054, India
| | - Robert A Flowers
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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8
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Junge J, Engesser TA, Tuczek F. N 2 Reduction versus H 2 Evolution in a Molybdenum- or Tungsten-Based Small-Molecule Model System of Nitrogenase. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202629. [PMID: 36458957 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum dinitrogen complexes have played a major role as catalytic model systems of nitrogenase. In comparison, analogous tungsten complexes have in most cases found to be catalytically inactive. Herein, a tungsten complex was shown to be supported by a pentadentate tetrapodal (pentaPod) phosphine ligand, under conditions of N2 fixation, primarily catalyzes the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), in contrast to its Mo analogue, which catalytically mediates the nitrogen-reduction reaction (N2 RR). DFT calculations were employed to evaluate possible mechanisms and identify the most likely pathways of N2 RR and HER activities exhibited by Mo- and W-pentaPod complexes. Two mechanisms for N2 RR by PCET are considered, starting from neutral (M(0) cycle) and cationic (M(I) cycle) dinitrogen complexes (M=Mo, W). The latter was found to be energetically more favorable. For HER three scenarios are treated; that is, through bimolecular reactions of early M-Nx Hy intermediates, pure hydride intermediates or mixed M(H)(Nx Hy ) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Junge
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Strasse 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias A Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Strasse 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Strasse 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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9
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Yamamoto A, Liu X, Arashiba K, Konomi A, Tanaka H, Yoshizawa K, Nishibayashi Y, Yoshida H. Coordination Structure of Samarium Diiodide in a Tetrahydrofuran-Water Mixture. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5348-5356. [PMID: 36728764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemoselective reductive conversion of organic and inorganic compounds has been developed by the combination of samarium(II) diiodide (SmI2) and water. Despite the extensive previous studies to elucidate the role of water in the reactivity of SmI2, the direct structural data of the reactive Sm2+-water complexes, SmI2(H2O)n, in an organic solvent-water mixture have not been reported experimentally so far. Herein, we performed the structure analysis of the Sm2+-water complex in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the presence of water by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy using high-energy X-rays (Sm K-edge, 46.8 keV). The analysis revealed the dissociation of the Sm2+-I bonds in the presence of ≥ eight equivalents of water in the THF-water mixture. The origin of the peak shift in the UV/visible absorption spectra after the addition of water into SmI2/THF solution was proposed based on electron transitions simulated with time-dependent density-functional-theory calculations using optimized structures in THF or water. The obtained structural information provides the fundamental insights for elucidating the reactivity and chemoselectivity in the Sm2+-water complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto615-8520, Japan
| | - Xueshi Liu
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuya Arashiba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Asuka Konomi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Daido University, Minami-ku, Nagoya457-8530, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto615-8520, Japan.,Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Hisao Yoshida
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto615-8520, Japan
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10
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Near ambient N2 fixation on solid electrodes versus enzymes and homogeneous catalysts. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:184-201. [PMID: 37117902 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Mo/Fe nitrogenase enzyme is unique in its ability to efficiently reduce dinitrogen to ammonia at atmospheric pressures and room temperature. Should an artificial electrolytic device achieve the same feat, it would revolutionize fertilizer production and even provide an energy-dense, truly carbon-free fuel. This Review provides a coherent comparison of recent progress made in dinitrogen fixation on solid electrodes, homogeneous catalysts and nitrogenases. Specific emphasis is placed on systems for which there is unequivocal evidence that dinitrogen reduction has taken place. By establishing the cross-cutting themes and synergies between these systems, we identify viable avenues for future research.
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11
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Tanabe Y, Nishibayashi Y. Recent advances in catalytic nitrogen fixation using transition metal–dinitrogen complexes under mild reaction conditions. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Boyd EA, Peters JC. Sm(II)-Mediated Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer: Quantifying Very Weak N-H and O-H Homolytic Bond Strengths and Factors Controlling Them. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21337-21346. [PMID: 36346706 PMCID: PMC10281198 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of alcohols to the single-electron reductant samarium diiodide (SmI2) results in substantial O-H bond weakening, affording potent proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reagents. However, poorly defined speciation of SmI2 in tetrahydrofuran (THF)/alcohol mixtures limits reliable thermodynamic analyses of such systems. Rigorous determination of bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) values in such Sm systems, important to evaluating their reactivity profiles, motivates studies of model Sm systems where contributing factors can be teased apart. Here, a bulky and strongly chelating macrocyclic ligand ((tBu2ArOH)2Me2cyclam) maintains solubility, eliminates dimerization pathways, and facilitates clean electrochemical behavior in a well-defined functional model for the PCET reactivity of SmII with coordinating proton sources. Direct measurement of thermodynamic parameters enables reliable experimental estimation of the BDFEs in 2-pyrrolidone and MeOH complexes of ((tBu2ArO)2Me2cyclam)SmII, thereby revealing exceptionally weak N-H and O-H BDFEs of 27.2 and <24.1 kcal mol-1, respectively. Expanded thermochemical cycles reveal that this bond weakening stems from the very strongly reducing SmII center and the formation of strong SmIII-alkoxide (and -pyrrolidonate) interactions in the PCET products. We provide a detailed analysis comparing these BDFE values with those that have been put forward for SmI2 in THF in the presence of related proton donors. We suggest that BDFE values for the latter systems may in fact be appreciably higher than the system described herein. Finally, protonation and electrochemical reduction steps necessary for the regeneration of the PCET donors from SmIII-alkoxides are demonstrated, pointing to future strategies aimed at achieving (electro)catalytic turnover using SmII-based PCET reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Boyd
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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13
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Ali T, Wang H, Iqbal W, Bashir T, Shah R, Hu Y. Electro-Synthesis of Organic Compounds with Heterogeneous Catalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 10:e2205077. [PMID: 36398622 PMCID: PMC9811472 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electro-organic synthesis has attracted a lot of attention in pharmaceutical science, medicinal chemistry, and future industrial applications in energy storage and conversion. To date, there has not been a detailed review on electro-organic synthesis with the strategy of heterogeneous catalysis. In this review, the most recent advances in synthesizing value-added chemicals by heterogeneous catalysis are summarized. An overview of electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction processes as well as paired electrocatalysis is provided, and the anodic oxidation of alcohols (monohydric and polyhydric), aldehydes, and amines are discussed. This review also provides in-depth insight into the cathodic reduction of carboxylates, carbon dioxide, CC, C≡C, and reductive coupling reactions. Moreover, the electrocatalytic paired electro-synthesis methods, including parallel paired, sequential divergent paired, and convergent paired electrolysis, are summarized. Additionally, the strategies developed to achieve high electrosynthesis efficiency and the associated challenges are also addressed. It is believed that electro-organic synthesis is a promising direction of organic electrochemistry, offering numerous opportunities to develop new organic reaction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Ali
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua321004China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua321004China
| | - Waseem Iqbal
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità della CalabriaRendeCS87036Italy
| | - Tariq Bashir
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy TechnologiesSoochow UniversitySuzhou215006China
| | - Rahim Shah
- Institute of Chemical SciencesUniversity of SwatSwatKhyber Pakhtunkhwa19130Pakistan
| | - Yong Hu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua321004China
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced StudiesZhejiang Normal UniversityHangzhou311231China
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14
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MacArdle SG, Rees DC. Solvent Deuterium Isotope Effects of Substrate Reduction by Nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21125-21135. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán G. MacArdle
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, United States
| | - Douglas C. Rees
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California91125, United States
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15
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Kim S, Kim J, Zhong H, Panetti GB, Chirik PJ. Catalytic N–H Bond Formation Promoted by a Ruthenium Hydride Complex Bearing a Redox-Active Pyrimidine-Imine Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20661-20671. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Junho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Hongyu Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Grace B. Panetti
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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16
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Yang X, Reijerse EJ, Bhattacharyya K, Leutzsch M, Kochius M, Nöthling N, Busch J, Schnegg A, Auer AA, Cornella J. Radical Activation of N-H and O-H Bonds at Bismuth(II). J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16535-16544. [PMID: 36053726 PMCID: PMC9479083 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of unconventional strategies for the activation of ammonia (NH3) and water (H2O) is of capital importance for the advancement of sustainable chemical strategies. Herein we provide the synthesis and characterization of a radical equilibrium complex based on bismuth featuring an extremely weak Bi-O bond, which permits the in situ generation of reactive Bi(II) species. The ensuing organobismuth(II) engages with various amines and alcohols and exerts an unprecedented effect onto the X-H bond, leading to low BDFEX-H. As a result, radical activation of various N-H and O-H bonds─including ammonia and water─occurs in seconds at room temperature, delivering well-defined Bi(III)-amido and -alkoxy complexes. Moreover, we demonstrate that the resulting Bi(III)-N complexes engage in a unique reactivity pattern with the triad of H+, H-, and H• sources, thus providing alternative pathways for main group chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Yang
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Edward J. Reijerse
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Kochius
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nils Nöthling
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Julia Busch
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alexander Schnegg
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alexander A. Auer
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Coordination-induced bond weakening is a phenomenon wherein ligand X-H bond homolysis occurs in concert with the energetically favorable oxidation of a coordinating metal complex. The coupling of these two processes enables thermodynamically favorable proton-coupled electron transfer reductions to form weak bonds upon formal hydrogen atom transfer to substrates. Moreover, systems utilizing coordination-induced bond weakening have been shown to facilitate the dehydrogenation of feedstock molecules including water, ammonia, and primary alcohols under mild conditions. The formation of exceptionally weak substrate X-H bonds via small molecule homolysis is a powerful strategy in synthesis and has been shown to enable nitrogen fixation under mild conditions. Coordination-induced bond weakening has also been identified as an integral process in biophotosynthesis and has promising applications in renewable chemical fuel storage systems. This review presents a discussion of the advances made in the study of coordination-induced bond weakening to date. Because of the broad range of metal and ligand species implicated in coordination-induced bond weakening, each literature report is discussed individually and ordered by the identity of the low-valent metal. We then offer mechanistic insights into the basis of coordination-induced bond weakening and conclude with a discussion of opportunities for further research into the development and applications of coordination-induced bond weakening systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Boekell
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Robert A Flowers
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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18
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Xie D, Zhang S. Selective Reduction of Quinolinones Promoted by a SmI 2/H 2O/MeOH System. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8757-8763. [PMID: 35698844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The selective reduction of quinolin-2(1H)-ones promoted by a SmI2/H2O/MeOH system is reported for the first time. The reaction is effectively carried out to afford 3,4-dihydroquinoline-2(1H)-ones under mild conditions in a one-pot fashion with good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengbing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Dushu Lake Campus, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Songlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Dushu Lake Campus, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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19
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Rao CN, Reissig HU. Samarium(II)‐Promoted Cyclizations of Non‐activated Indolyl Sulfinyl Imines to Polycyclic Tertiary Carbinamines. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chintada Nageswara Rao
- Freie Universität Berlin: Freie Universitat Berlin Institut für Chemie und Biochemie 14195 Berlin GERMANY
| | - Hans-Ulrich Reissig
- Freie Universität Berlin Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Takustr. 3 14195 Berlin GERMANY
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20
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Maity S. Tools and techniques for solution‐phase structural understanding of SmI
2
–additive complexes. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepan Maity
- Department of Chemistry C. V. Raman Global University Bhubaneswar Odisha India
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21
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Agarwal RG, Coste SC, Groff BD, Heuer AM, Noh H, Parada GA, Wise CF, Nichols EM, Warren JJ, Mayer JM. Free Energies of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reagents and Their Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1-49. [PMID: 34928136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We present an update and revision to our 2010 review on the topic of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reagent thermochemistry. Over the past decade, the data and thermochemical formalisms presented in that review have been of value to multiple fields. Concurrently, there have been advances in the thermochemical cycles and experimental methods used to measure these values. This Review (i) summarizes those advancements, (ii) corrects systematic errors in our prior review that shifted many of the absolute values in the tabulated data, (iii) provides updated tables of thermochemical values, and (iv) discusses new conclusions and opportunities from the assembled data and associated techniques. We advocate for updated thermochemical cycles that provide greater clarity and reduce experimental barriers to the calculation and measurement of Gibbs free energies for the conversion of X to XHn in PCET reactions. In particular, we demonstrate the utility and generality of reporting potentials of hydrogenation, E°(V vs H2), in almost any solvent and how these values are connected to more widely reported bond dissociation free energies (BDFEs). The tabulated data demonstrate that E°(V vs H2) and BDFEs are generally insensitive to the nature of the solvent and, in some cases, even to the phase (gas versus solution). This Review also presents introductions to several emerging fields in PCET thermochemistry to give readers windows into the diversity of research being performed. Some of the next frontiers in this rapidly growing field are coordination-induced bond weakening, PCET in novel solvent environments, and reactions at material interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi G Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Scott C Coste
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Benjamin D Groff
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Abigail M Heuer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hyunho Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Giovanny A Parada
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey 08628, United States
| | - Catherine F Wise
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Eva M Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - James M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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22
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Ramírez-Solís A, Boekell NG, León-Pimentel CI, Saint-Martin H, Bartulovich CO, Flowers RA. Ammonia Solvation vs Aqueous Solvation of Samarium Diiodide. A Theoretical and Experimental Approach to Understanding Bond Activation Upon Coordination to Sm(II). J Org Chem 2021; 87:1689-1697. [PMID: 34775764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coordination-induced desolvation or ligand displacement by cosolvents and additives is a key feature responsible for the reactivity of Sm(II)-based reagent systems. High-affinity proton donor cosolvents such as water and glycols also demonstrate coordination-induced bond weakening of the O-H bond, facilitating reduction of a broad range of substrates. In the present work, the coordination of ammonia to SmI2 was examined using Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations and mechanistic studies, and the SmI2-ammonia system is compared to the SmI2-water system. The coordination number and reactivity of the SmI2-ammonia solvent system were found to be similar to those of SmI2-water but exhibited an order of magnitude greater rate of arene reduction by SmI2-ammonia than by SmI2-water at the same concentrations of cosolvent. In addition, upon coordination of ammonia to SmI2, the Sm(II)-ammonia solvate demonstrates one of the largest degrees of N-H bond weakening reported in the literature compared to known low-valent transition metal ammonia complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ramírez-Solís
- Depto. de Física, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, México
| | - Nicholas G Boekell
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | | | | | - Caroline O Bartulovich
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Robert A Flowers
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepan Maity
- Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities Invertis University Bareilly Uttar Pradesh 243123 India
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24
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Visible light enables catalytic formation of weak chemical bonds with molecular hydrogen. Nat Chem 2021; 13:969-976. [PMID: 34253889 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of weak chemical bonds at or near thermodynamic potential is a fundamental challenge in chemistry, with applications ranging from catalysis to biology to energy science. Proton-coupled electron transfer using molecular hydrogen is an attractive strategy for synthesizing weak element-hydrogen bonds, but the intrinsic thermodynamics presents a challenge for reactivity. Here we describe the direct photocatalytic synthesis of extremely weak element-hydrogen bonds of metal amido and metal imido complexes, as well as organic compounds with bond dissociation free energies as low as 31 kcal mol-1. Key to this approach is the bifunctional behaviour of the chromophoric iridium hydride photocatalyst. Activation of molecular hydrogen occurs in the ground state and the resulting iridium hydride harvests visible light to enable spontaneous formation of weak chemical bonds near thermodynamic potential with no by-products. Photophysical and mechanistic studies corroborate radical-based reaction pathways and highlight the uniqueness of this photodriven approach in promoting new catalytic chemistry.
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25
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Zhao X, Cacherat B, Hu Q, Ma D. Recent advances in the synthesis of ent-kaurane diterpenoids. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:119-138. [PMID: 34263890 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00028d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2015 to 2020The ent-kaurane diterpenoids are integral parts of tetracyclic natural products that are widely distributed in terrestrial plants. These compounds have been found to possess interesting bioactivities, ranging from antitumor, antifungal and antibacterial to anti-inflammatory activities. Structurally, the different tetracyclic moieties of ent-kauranes can be seen as the results of intramolecular cyclizations, oxidations, C-C bond cleavages, degradation, or rearrangements, starting from their parent skeleton. During the past decade, great efforts have been made to develop novel strategies for synthesizing these natural products. The purpose of this review is to describe the recent advances in the total synthesis of ent-kaurane diterpenoids covering the period from 2015 to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Bastien Cacherat
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Qifei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Dawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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26
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Derosa J, Garrido-Barros P, Peters JC. Electrocatalytic Reduction of C-C π-Bonds via a Cobaltocene-Derived Concerted Proton-Electron Transfer Mediator: Fumarate Hydrogenation as a Model Study. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9303-9307. [PMID: 34138550 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reductive concerted proton-electron transfer (CPET) is poorly developed for the reduction of C-C π-bonds, including for activated alkenes that can succumb to deleterious pathways (e.g., a competing hydrogen evolution reaction or oligomerization) in a standard electrochemical reduction. We demonstrate herein that selective hydrogenation of the C-C π-bond of fumarate esters can be achieved via electrocatalytic CPET (eCPET) using a CPET mediator comprising cobaltocene with a tethered Brønsted base. High selectivity for electrocatalytic hydrogenation is observed only when the mediator is present. Mechanistic analysis sheds light on two distinct kinetic regimes based on the substrate concentration: low fumarate concentrations operate via rate-limiting CPET followed by an electron-transfer/proton-transfer (ET/PT) step, whereas high concentrations operate via CPET followed by a rate-limiting ET/PT step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Derosa
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Pablo Garrido-Barros
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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27
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Tanabe Y, Nishibayashi Y. Comprehensive insights into synthetic nitrogen fixation assisted by molecular catalysts under ambient or mild conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5201-5242. [PMID: 33651046 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01341b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N2 is fixed as NH3 industrially by the Haber-Bosch process under harsh conditions, whereas biological nitrogen fixation is achieved under ambient conditions, which has prompted development of alternative methods to fix N2 catalyzed by transition metal molecular complexes. Since the early 21st century, catalytic conversion of N2 into NH3 under ambient conditions has been achieved by using molecular catalysts, and now H2O has been utilized as a proton source with turnover frequencies reaching the values found for biological nitrogen fixation. In this review, recent advances in the development of molecular catalysts for synthetic N2 fixation under ambient or mild conditions are summarized, and potential directions for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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28
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Masero F, Perrin MA, Dey S, Mougel V. Dinitrogen Fixation: Rationalizing Strategies Utilizing Molecular Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:3892-3928. [PMID: 32914919 PMCID: PMC7986120 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dinitrogen (N2 ) is the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, but its inertness hinders its use as a nitrogen source in the biosphere and in industry. Efficient catalysts are hence required to ov. ercome the high kinetic barriers associated to N2 transformation. In that respect, molecular complexes have demonstrated strong potential to mediate N2 functionalization reactions under mild conditions while providing a straightforward understanding of the reaction mechanisms. This Review emphasizes the strategies for N2 reduction and functionalization using molecular transition metal and actinide complexes according to their proposed reaction mechanisms, distinguishing complexes inducing cleavage of the N≡N bond before (dissociative mechanism) or concomitantly with functionalization (associative mechanism). We present here the main examples of stoichiometric and catalytic N2 functionalization reactions following these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Masero
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Marie A. Perrin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Subal Dey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Victor Mougel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
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29
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Ashida Y, Nishibayashi Y. Catalytic conversion of nitrogen molecule into ammonia using molybdenum complexes under ambient reaction conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1176-1189. [PMID: 33443504 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07146c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation using homogeneous transition metal complexes under mild reaction conditions is a challenging topic in the field of chemistry. Several successful examples of the catalytic conversion of nitrogen molecule into ammonia using various transition metal complexes in the presence of reductants and proton sources have been reported so far, together with detailed investigations on the reaction mechanism. Among these, only molybdenum complexes have been shown to serve as effective catalysts under ambient reaction conditions, in stark contrast with other transition metal-catalysed reactions that proceed at low reaction temperature such as -78 °C. In this feature article, we classify the molybdenum-catalysed reactions into four types: reactions via the Schrock cycle, reactions via dinuclear reaction systems, reactions via direct cleavage of the nitrogen-nitrogen triple bond of dinitrogen, and reactions via the Chatt-type cycle. We describe these catalytic systems focusing on the catalytic activity and mechanistic investigations. We hope that the present feature article provides useful information to develop more efficient nitrogen fixation systems under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Ashida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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30
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Tomanik M, Hsu IT, Herzon SB. Fragment Coupling Reactions in Total Synthesis That Form Carbon-Carbon Bonds via Carbanionic or Free Radical Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1116-1150. [PMID: 31869476 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fragment coupling reactions that form carbon-carbon bonds are valuable transformations in synthetic design. Advances in metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in the early 2000s brought a high level of predictability and reliability to carbon-carbon bond constructions involving the union of unsaturated fragments. By comparison, recent years have witnessed an increase in fragment couplings proceeding via carbanionic and open-shell (free radical) intermediates. The latter has been driven by advances in methods to generate and utilize carbon-centered radicals under mild conditions. In this Review, we survey a selection of recent syntheses that have implemented carbanion- or radical-based fragment couplings to form carbon-carbon bonds. We aim to highlight the strategic value of these disconnections in their respective settings and to identify extensible lessons from each example that might be instructive to students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tomanik
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ian Tingyung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seth B Herzon
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, USA
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31
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Tomanik M, Hsu IT, Herzon SB. Fragmentverknüpfungen in der Totalsynthese – Bildung von C‐C‐Bindungen über intermediäre Carbanionen oder freie Radikale. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tomanik
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect St New Haven CT USA
| | - Ian Tingyung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect St New Haven CT USA
| | - Seth B. Herzon
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect St New Haven CT USA
- Department of Pharmacology Yale University 333 Cedar St New Haven CT USA
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32
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Liu C, Qi Y, Liu Y. Recent Development of Samarium Diiodide and Other Samarium Reagents in Organic Transformation. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202011034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Maity S, Hoz S. Mechanistic Vistas of Trivalent Nitrogen Compound Reduction by Samarium Diiodide. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepan Maity
- Department of Applied Science and Humanities Invertis University Bareilly UP 243123 India
| | - Shmaryahu Hoz
- Department of Chemistry Bar-Ilan University Ramat Gan 5290002 Israel
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34
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Engesser TA, Kindjajev A, Junge J, Krahmer J, Tuczek F. A Chatt-Type Catalyst with One Coordination Site for Dinitrogen Reduction to Ammonia. Chemistry 2020; 26:14807-14812. [PMID: 32815654 PMCID: PMC7756349 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With [Mo(N2)(P2MePP2Ph)] the first Chatt‐type complex with one coordination site catalytically converting N2 to ammonia is presented. Employing SmI2 as reductant and H2O as proton source 26 equivalents of ammonia are generated. Analogous Mo0‐N2 complexes supported by a combination of bi‐ and tridentate phosphine ligands are catalytically inactive under the same conditions. These findings are interpreted by analyzing structural and spectroscopic features of the employed systems, leading to the conclusion that the catalytic activity of the title complex is due to the strong activation of N2 and the unique topology of the pentadentate tetrapodal (pentaPod) ligand P2MePP2Ph. The analogous hydrazido(2‐) complex [Mo(NNH2)(P2MePP2Ph)](BArF)2 is generated by protonation with HBArF in ether and characterized by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy. Importantly, it is shown to be catalytically active as well. Along with the fact that the structure of the title complex precludes dimerization this demonstrates that the corresponding catalytic cycle follows a mononuclear pathway. The implications of a PCET mechanism on this reactive scheme are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 10, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrei Kindjajev
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 10, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jannik Junge
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 10, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Krahmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 10, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 10, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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35
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Schild DJ, Drover MW, Oyala PH, Peters JC. Generating Potent C-H PCET Donors: Ligand-Induced Fe-to-Ring Proton Migration from a Cp*Fe III-H Complex Demonstrates a Promising Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18963-18970. [PMID: 33103877 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Highly reactive organometallic species that mediate reductive proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions are an exciting area for development in catalysis, where a key objective focuses on tuning the reactivity of such species. This work pursues ligand-induced activation of a stable organometallic complex toward PCET reactivity. This is studied via the conversion of a prototypical Cp*FeIII-H species, [FeIII(η5-Cp*)(dppe)H]+ (Cp* = C5Me5-, dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane), to a highly reactive, S = 1/2 ring-protonated endo-Cp*H-Fe relative, triggered by the addition of CO. Our assignment of the latter ring-protonated species contrasts with its previous reported formulation, which instead assigned it as a hypervalent 19-electron hydride, [FeIII(η5-Cp*)(dppe)(CO)H]+. Herein, pulse EPR spectroscopy (1,2H HYSCORE, ENDOR) and X-ray crystallography, with corresponding DFT studies, cement its assignment as the ring-protonated isomer, [FeI(endo-η4-Cp*H)(dppe)(CO)]+. A less sterically shielded and hence more reactive exo-isomer can be generated through oxidation of a stable Fe0(exo-η4-Cp*H)(dppe)(CO) precursor. Both endo- and exo-ring-protonated isomers are calculated to have an exceptionally low bond dissociation free energy (BDFEC-H ≈ 29 kcal mol-1 and 25 kcal mol-1, respectively) cf. BDFEFe-H of 56 kcal mol-1 for [FeIII(η5-Cp*)(dppe)H]+. These weak C-H bonds are shown to undergo proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) to azobenzene to generate diphenylhydrazine and the corresponding closed-shell [FeII(η5-Cp*)(dppe)CO]+ byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J Schild
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Marcus W Drover
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Paul H Oyala
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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36
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Shevick SL, Wilson CV, Kotesova S, Kim D, Holland PL, Shenvi RA. Catalytic hydrogen atom transfer to alkenes: a roadmap for metal hydrides and radicals. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12401-12422. [PMID: 33520153 PMCID: PMC7810138 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04112b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen atom transfer from metal hydrides to alkenes appears to underlie widely used catalytic methods – the mechanistic implications are fascinating.
Hydrogen atom transfer from a metal hydride (MHAT) has emerged as a powerful, if puzzling, technique in chemical synthesis. In catalytic MHAT reactions, earth-abundant metal complexes generate stabilized and unstabilized carbon-centered radicals from alkenes of various substitution patterns with robust chemoselectivity. This perspective combines organic and inorganic perspectives to outline challenges and opportunities, and to propose working models to assist further developments. We attempt to demystify the putative intermediates, the basic elementary steps, and the energetic implications, especially for cage pair formation, collapse and separation. Distinctions between catalysts with strong-field (SF) and weak-field (WF) ligand environments may explain some differences in reactivity and selectivity, and provide an organizing principle for kinetics that transcends the typical thermodynamic analysis. This blueprint should aid practitioners who hope to enter and expand this exciting area of chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia L Shevick
- Department of Chemistry , Scripps Research , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA
| | - Conner V Wilson
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , 225 Prospect St. , New Haven , CT 06511 , USA
| | - Simona Kotesova
- Department of Chemistry , Scripps Research , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA
| | - Dongyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , 225 Prospect St. , New Haven , CT 06511 , USA
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , 225 Prospect St. , New Haven , CT 06511 , USA
| | - Ryan A Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry , Scripps Research , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA
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37
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Castillo-Lora J, Delley MF, Laga SM, Mayer JM. Two-Electron-Two-Proton Transfer from Colloidal ZnO and TiO 2 Nanoparticles to Molecular Substrates. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7687-7691. [PMID: 32838515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transfers of multiple electrons and protons are challenging yet central to many energy-conversion processes and other chemical and biochemical reactions. Semiconducting oxides can hold multiple redox equivalents. This study describes the 2e-/2H+ transfer reactivity of photoreduced ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticle (NP) colloids with molecular 2e-/2H+ acceptors, to form new O-H, N-H, and C-H bonds. The reaction stoichiometries were monitored by NMR and optical spectroscopies. Faster 2e-/2H+ transfer rates were observed for substrates forming O-H or N-H bonds, presumably due to initial hydrogen bonding at the oxide surface. Chemically reduced ZnO NPs stabilized by Na+ or Ca2+ also engage in 2e-/2H+ transfer reactivity, showing that protons transferred in these processes are inherent to the oxide nanoparticles and do not exclusively stem from photoreduction. These results highlight the potential of ZnO and TiO2 for multiple proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Castillo-Lora
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 255 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Murielle F Delley
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 255 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Stephanie M Laga
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 255 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - James M Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 255 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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38
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Bezdek MJ, Pelczer I, Chirik PJ. Coordination-Induced N–H Bond Weakening in a Molybdenum Pyrrolidine Complex: Isotopic Labeling Provides Insight into the Pathway for H 2 Evolution. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Máté J. Bezdek
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - István Pelczer
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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39
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Bruch QJ, Connor GP, McMillion ND, Goldman AS, Hasanayn F, Holland PL, Miller AJM. Considering Electrocatalytic Ammonia Synthesis via Bimetallic Dinitrogen Cleavage. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quinton J. Bruch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gannon P. Connor
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Noah D. McMillion
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Alexander J. M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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40
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Azizi K, Madsen R. Radical condensation between benzylic alcohols and acetamides to form 3-arylpropanamides. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7800-7806. [PMID: 34123070 PMCID: PMC8163310 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02948c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A new radical condensation reaction is developed where benzylic alcohols and acetamides are coupled to generate 3-arylpropanamides with water as the only byproduct. The transformation is performed with potassium tert-butoxide as the only additive and gives rise to a variety of 3-arylpropanamides in good yields. The mechanism has been investigated experimentally with labelled substrates, trapping experiments and spectroscopic measurements. The findings indicate a radical pathway where potassium tert-butoxide is believed to serve a dual role as both base and radical initiator. The radical anion of the benzylic alcohol is proposed as the key intermediate, which undergoes coupling with the enolate of the amide to form the new C–C bond. Subsequent elimination to the corresponding cinnamamide and olefin reduction then affords the 3-arylpropanamides. Benzylic alcohols and acetamides are coupled into 3-arylpropanamides by a new radical condensation through the radical anion of the alcohol.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Azizi
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Robert Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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41
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Zheng Y, Cao CS, Ma W, Chen T, Wu B, Yu C, Huang Z, Yin J, Hu HS, Li J, Zhang WX, Xi Z. 2-Butene Tetraanion Bridged Dinuclear Samarium(III) Complexes via Sm(II)-Mediated Reduction of Electron-Rich Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10705-10714. [PMID: 32408744 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
While reduction reactions are ubiquitous in chemistry, it is very challenging to further reduce electron-rich compounds, especially the anionic ones. In this work, the reduction of 1,3-butadienyl dianion, the anionic conjugated olefin, has been realized by divalent rare-earth metal compounds (SmI2), resulting in the formation of novel 2-butene tetraanion bridged disamarium(III) complexes. Density functional theory (DFT) analyses reveal two features: (i) the single electron transfer (SET) from 4f atomic orbitals (AOs) of each Sm center to the antibonding π*-orbitals of 1,3-butadienyl dianion is feasible and the new HOMO formed by the bonding interaction between Sm 5d orbitals (AOs) and the π*-orbitals of 1,3-butadienyl dianion can accept favorably 2e- from 4f AOs of Sm(II); (ii) the 2-butene tetraanionic ligand serves as a unique 10e- donating system, in which 4e- act as two σ-donation bonding interactions while the rest 6e- as three π-donation bonding interactions. The disamarium(III) complexes represent a unique class of the bridged bis-alkylidene rare-earth organometallic complexes. The ligand-based reductive reactivity of 2-butene tetraanion bridged disamarium(III) complexes demonstrates that 2-butene tetraanionic ligand serves as a 3e- reductant toward cyclooctatetraene (COT) to provide doubly COT-supported disamarabutadiene complexes. The reaction of the disamarium(III) complexes with Cp*Li produces the doubly Cp*-coordinated Sm(III) complexes via salt metathesis. In addition, the reaction with Mo(CO)6 affords the oxycyclopentadienyl dinuclear complex via CO insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chang-Su Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wangyang Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianyang Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Botao Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhe Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianhao Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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42
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Chalkley MJ, Drover MW, Peters JC. Catalytic N 2-to-NH 3 (or -N 2H 4) Conversion by Well-Defined Molecular Coordination Complexes. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5582-5636. [PMID: 32352271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation, the six-electron/six-proton reduction of N2, to give NH3, is one of the most challenging and important chemical transformations. Notwithstanding the barriers associated with this reaction, significant progress has been made in developing molecular complexes that reduce N2 into its bioavailable form, NH3. This progress is driven by the dual aims of better understanding biological nitrogenases and improving upon industrial nitrogen fixation. In this review, we highlight both mechanistic understanding of nitrogen fixation that has been developed, as well as advances in yields, efficiencies, and rates that make molecular alternatives to nitrogen fixation increasingly appealing. We begin with a historical discussion of N2 functionalization chemistry that traverses a timeline of events leading up to the discovery of the first bona fide molecular catalyst system and follow with a comprehensive overview of d-block compounds that have been targeted as catalysts up to and including 2019. We end with a summary of lessons learned from this significant research effort and last offer a discussion of key remaining challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Chalkley
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Marcus W Drover
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jonas C Peters
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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43
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Abe T, Hirao S, Yamashiro T. A metal-, oxidant-, and fluorous solvent-free synthesis of α-indolylketones enabled by an umpolung strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10183-10186. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04795c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have developed the first transition metal-, oxidant-, and fluorous solvent-free α-indolization of ketones using ammonium salts and enamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Abe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
- Ishikari-tobetsu
- Japan
| | - Seiya Hirao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
- Ishikari-tobetsu
- Japan
| | - Toshiki Yamashiro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
- Ishikari-tobetsu
- Japan
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44
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Bruch QJ, Connor GP, Chen CH, Holland PL, Mayer JM, Hasanayn F, Miller AJM. Dinitrogen Reduction to Ammonium at Rhenium Utilizing Light and Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:20198-20208. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quinton J. Bruch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gannon P. Connor
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - James M. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Alexander J. M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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45
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Kuo JL, Gunasekara T, Hansen A, Vibbert HB, Bohle F, Norton JR, Grimme S, Quinlivan PJ. Thermodynamics of H+/H•/H–/e– Transfer from [CpV(CO)3H]−: Comparisons to the Isoelectronic CpCr(CO)3H. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L. Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Thilina Gunasekara
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hunter B. Vibbert
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Fabian Bohle
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jack R. Norton
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrick J. Quinlivan
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
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46
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Nimkar A, Maity S, Flowers RA, Hoz S. Contrasting Effect of Additives on Photoinduced Reactions of SmI 2. Chemistry 2019; 25:10499-10504. [PMID: 31150561 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The work described herein compares the effect of additives (HMPA, methanol, ethylene glycol, pinacol, N-methylethanolamine) on thermal and photochemical reactions of samarium diiodide (SmI2 ). In thermal reactions, additives that coordinate to SmI2 induce a significant increase in reaction rate. In photochemical reactions, the presence of an electronegative atom with a highly localized negative charge on the substrate leads to a rate deceleration. In order to benefit from the columbic interaction with the positively charged samarium cation, these substrates react preferentially by an inner sphere reduction mechanism. The addition of ligands prevents this close interaction causing rate retardation. Furthermore, studies demonstrate that excited state quenching of SmII by ethylene glycol and other additives indicate that it is unlikely to be the major cause for the observed rate retardation. This effect provides a simple diagnostic tool to distinguish between an inner and an outer sphere reduction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amey Nimkar
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Sandeepan Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18015, USA
| | - Robert A Flowers
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18015, USA
| | - Shmaryahu Hoz
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
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47
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Ashida Y, Arashiba K, Tanaka H, Egi A, Nakajima K, Yoshizawa K, Nishibayashi Y. Molybdenum-Catalyzed Ammonia Formation Using Simple Monodentate and Bidentate Phosphines as Auxiliary Ligands. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:8927-8932. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Daido University, Minami-ku, Nagoya 457-8530, Japan
| | - Akihito Egi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | | | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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48
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Gour J, Gatadi S, Malasala S, Yaddanpudi MV, Nanduri S. A Microwave-Assisted SmI 2-Catalyzed Direct N-Alkylation of Anilines with Alcohols. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7488-7494. [PMID: 31066282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A new protocol for the alkylation of aromatic amines has been described using alcohols in the presence of SmI2 as a catalyst with the generation of water as the sole byproduct. The reaction proceeds under MW conditions and selectively generates monoalkylated amines. This protocol features a broad substrate scope and good functional-group tolerance with moderate to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Gour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Hyderabad 500 037 , India
| | - Srikanth Gatadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Hyderabad 500 037 , India
| | - Satyaveni Malasala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Hyderabad 500 037 , India
| | - Madhavi Venkata Yaddanpudi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Hyderabad 500 037 , India
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Hyderabad 500 037 , India
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49
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Turlik A, Chen Y, Scruse AC, Newhouse TR. Convergent Total Synthesis of Principinol D, a Rearranged Kaurane Diterpenoid. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8088-8092. [PMID: 31042866 PMCID: PMC7192013 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of principinol D, a rearranged kaurane diterpenoid, is reported. This grayanane natural product is constructed via a convergent fragment coupling approach, wherein the central seven-membered ring is synthesized at a late stage. The bicyclo[3.2.1]octane fragment is accessed by a Ni-catalyzed α-vinylation reaction. Strategic reductions include a diastereoselective SmI2-mediated ketone reduction with PhSH and a new protocol for selective ester reduction in the presence of ketones. The convergent strategy reported herein may be an entry point to the larger class of kaurane diterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Turlik
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Yifeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Anthony C. Scruse
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Timothy R. Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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50
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Kim D, Rahaman SMW, Mercado BQ, Poli R, Holland PL. Roles of Iron Complexes in Catalytic Radical Alkene Cross-Coupling: A Computational and Mechanistic Study. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:7473-7485. [PMID: 31025567 PMCID: PMC6953484 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A growing and useful class of alkene coupling reactions involve hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from a metal-hydride species to an alkene to form a free radical, which is responsible for subsequent bond formation. Here, we use a combination of experimental and computational investigations to map out the mechanistic details of iron-catalyzed reductive alkene cross-coupling, an important representative of the HAT alkene reactions. We are able to explain several observations that were previously mysterious. First, the rate-limiting step in the catalytic cycle is the formation of the reactive Fe-H intermediate, elucidating the importance of the choice of reductant. Second, the success of the catalytic system is attributable to the exceptionally weak (17 kcal/mol) Fe-H bond, which performs irreversible HAT to alkenes in contrast to previous studies on isolable hydride complexes where this addition was reversible. Third, the organic radical intermediates can reversibly form organometallic species, which helps to protect the free radicals from side reactions. Fourth, the previously accepted quenching of the postcoupling radical through stepwise electron transfer/proton transfer is not as favorable as alternative mechanisms. We find that there are two feasible pathways. One uses concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) from an iron(II) ethanol complex, which is facilitated because the O-H bond dissociation free energy is lowered by 30 kcal/mol upon metal binding. In an alternative pathway, an O-bound enolate-iron(III) complex undergoes proton shuttling from an iron-bound alcohol. These kinetic, spectroscopic, and computational studies identify key organometallic species and PCET steps that control selectivity and reactivity in metal-catalyzed HAT alkene coupling, and create a firm basis for elucidation of mechanisms in the growing class of HAT alkene cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - S. M. Wahidur Rahaman
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, INPT, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, INPT, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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