1
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Cheng Z, Xu H, Hu Z, Zhu M, Houk KN, Xue XS, Jiao N. Carbene-Assisted Arene Ring-Opening. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16963-16970. [PMID: 38691630 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the significant achievements in dearomatization and C-H functionalization of arenes, the arene ring-opening remains a largely unmet challenge and is underdeveloped due to the high bond dissociation energy and strong resonance stabilization energy inherent in aromatic compounds. Herein, we demonstrate a novel carbene assisted strategy for arene ring-opening. The understanding of the mechanism by our DFT calculations will stimulate wide application of bulk arene chemicals for the synthesis of value-added polyconjugated chain molecules. Various aryl azide derivatives now can be directly converted into valuable polyconjugated enynes, avoiding traditional synthesis including multistep unsaturated precursors, poor selectivity control, and subsequent transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The simple conditions required were demonstrated in the late-stage modification of complex molecules and fused ring compounds. This chemistry expands the horizons of carbene chemistry and provides a novel pathway for arene ring-opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Xu
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California─Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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2
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Jiang J, Fang W, Lu B, Li W, Yu Q, Zeng X. Hydrogen-Bonded Complex of the Parent Phosphinidene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400490. [PMID: 38421349 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The diatomic molecule PH is very reactive, and it serves as the parent compound for phosphinidenes featuring a monovalent phosphorus atom. Herein, we report the characterization and reactivity of a rare hydrogen-bonded complex of PH. Specifically, the molecular complex between PH and HCl has been generated by photolysis of chlorophosphine (H2PCl) at 254 nm in a solid Ar-matrix at 10 K. The IR spectrum of the complex HP⋅⋅⋅HCl and quantum chemical calculations at the UCCSD(T)-F12a/haTZ level consistently prove that the phosphorus atom acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor with a binding energy (D0) of -0.6 kcal mol-1. In line with the observed absorption at 341 nm for the binary complex, the triplet phosphinidene PH undergoes prototype H-Cl bond insertion by reformation of H2PCl upon photoexcitation at 365 nm. However, this hydrogen-bonded complex is unstable in the presence of N2 and HCl, as both molecules prefers stronger interactions with HCl than PH in the observed complexes HP⋅⋅⋅HCl⋅⋅⋅N2 and HP⋅⋅⋅2HCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Weixing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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3
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He M, Hu C, Wei R, Wang XF, Liu LL. Recent advances in the chemistry of isolable carbene analogues with group 13-15 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3896-3951. [PMID: 38436383 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbenes (R2C:), compounds with a divalent carbon atom containing only six valence shell electrons, have evolved into a broader class with the replacement of the carbene carbon or the RC moiety with main group elements, leading to the creation of main group carbene analogues. These analogues, mirroring the electronic structure of carbenes (a lone pair of electrons and an empty orbital), demonstrate unique reactivity. Over the last three decades, this area has seen substantial advancements, paralleling the innovations in carbene chemistry. Recent studies have revealed a spectrum of unique carbene analogues, such as monocoordinate aluminylenes, nitrenes, and bismuthinidenes, notable for their extraordinary properties and diverse reactivity, offering promising applications in small molecule activation. This review delves into the isolable main group carbene analogues that are in the forefront from 2010 and beyond, spanning elements from group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl), group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) and group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). Specifically, this review focuses on the potential amphiphilic species that possess both lone pairs of electrons and vacant orbitals. We detail their comprehensive synthesis and stabilization strategies, outlining the reactivity arising from their distinct structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian He
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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4
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Saint-Denis TG, Wheeler TA, Chen Q, Balázs G, Settineri NS, Scheer M, Tilley TD. A Ruthenophosphanorcaradiene as a Synthon for an Ambiphilic Metallophosphinidene. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4369-4374. [PMID: 38335065 PMCID: PMC10885142 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Reaction of the ruthenium carbene complex Cp*(IPr)RuCl (1) (IPr = 1,3-bis(Dipp)imidazol-2-ylidene; Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) with sodium phosphaethynolate (NaOCP) led to intramolecular dearomatization of one of the Dipp substituents on the Ru-bound carbene to afford a Ru-bound phosphanorcaradiene, 2. Computations by DFT reveal a transition state characterized by a concerted process whereby CO migrates to the Ru center as the P atom adds to the π system of the aryl group. The phosphanorcaradiene possesses ambiphilic properties and reacts with both nucleophilic and electrophilic substrates, resulting in rearomatization of the ligand aryl group with net P atom transfer to give several unusual metal-bound, P-containing main-group moieties. These new complexes include a metallo-1-phospha-3-azaallene (Ru─P═C═NR), a metalloiminophosphanide (Ru─P═N─R), and a metallophosphaformazan (Ru─P(═N─N═CPh2)2). Reaction of 2 with the carbene 2,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMe4) produced the corresponding phosphaalkene DippP═IMe4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Saint-Denis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - T Alexander Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Qingchuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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5
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Qian W, Schreiner PR, Mardyukov A. Preparation and Photochemistry of Parent Triplet Vinylarsinidene. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:930-935. [PMID: 38143310 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Vinyl pnictinidenes are an elusive family of molecules that have been suggested as key intermediates in multiple chemical reactions and commonly display a predisposition toward open-shell electronic ground states (as is evident from quantum chemical computations). However, owing to their expected extremely high reactivity, no vinyl pnictinidene has ever been isolated and characterized spectroscopically. Here, we report the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of vinylarsinidene, a higher congener of vinylnitrene. As we demonstrate, triplet vinylarsinidene can be prepared through the low-temperature photolysis of diazidovinylarsine at 10 K in an argon matrix. The title compound can also be generated through high-vacuum flash pyrolysis of the diazide at 700 °C and trapped analogously. Triplet vinylarsinidene was characterized by IR and UV/vis spectroscopy and displayed remarkably rich unimolecular photochemistry. Upon selective photoirradiation, it rearranges to vinylidenearsine, 2H-arsirene, triplet ethynylarsinidene or an arsinidene (H-As) acetylene complex. The formation mechanisms of these products were rationalized with DFT and CASPT2 computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Qian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Artur Mardyukov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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6
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Lu B, Zeng X. Phosphinidenes: Fundamental Properties and Reactivity. Chemistry 2023:e202303283. [PMID: 38108540 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphinidenes are heavy congeners of nitrenes that have been broadly used as in situ reagents in synthetic phosphorus chemistry and also serve as versatile ligands in coordination with transition metals. However, the detection of free phosphinidenes is largely challenged by their high reactivity and also the lack of suitable synthetic methods, rendering the knowledge about the fundamental properties of this class of low-valent phosphorus compounds limited. Recently, an increasing number of free phosphinidenes bearing prototype structural and bonding properties have been prepared for the first time, thus enabling the exploration of their distinct reactivity from the nitrene analogues. This Concept article will discuss the experimental approaches for the generation of the highly unstable phosphinidenes and highlight their distinct reactivity from the nitrogen analogues so as to stimuate future studies about their potential applications in phosphorus chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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7
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Kuroki K, Ito T, Takaya J. Reversible Boron-Insertion into Aromatic C-C Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312980. [PMID: 37735101 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Formation of borabicyclo[3.2.0]heptadiene derivatives was achieved via boron-insertion into aromatic C-C bonds in the photo-promoted skeletal rearrangement reaction of triarylboranes bearing an ortho-phosphino substituent (ambiphilic phosphine-boranes). The borabicyclo[3.2.0]heptadiene derivatives were fully characterized by NMR and X-ray analyses. The dearomatized products were demonstrated to undergo the reverse reaction in the dark at room temperature, realizing photochemical and thermal interconversion between triarylboranes and boron-doped bicyclic systems. Experimental and theoretical studies revealed that sequential two electrocyclic reactions involving E/Z-isomerization of an alkene moiety proceed via a highly strained trans-borepin intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Kuroki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Tatsuyoshi Ito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Jun Takaya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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8
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Segizbayev M, Tho Nguyen M, Gusev DG, Dmitrienko A, Pilkington M, van der Est A, Nikonov GI. A Guanidine-Supported π-Complex of Germanium Amenable to Intramolecular C-C Cleavage in Arene and Ge Atom Transfer. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301981. [PMID: 37732936 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The germylone dimNHCGe (dimNHC=diimino N-heterocyclic carbene) reacts with azides N3 R (R=SiMe3 or p-tolyl) to furnish the first examples of germanium π-complexes, i. e. guanidine-ligated compounds (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge (NHI=N-heterocyclic imine, R=SiMe3 ) and (dimNHI-Tol)Ge (R=p-tolyl). DFT calculations suggest that these species are formed by a Staudinger type replacement of dinitrogen in the azide by a nucleophilic germylone, leading to a transient carbene adduct of iminogermylidene. Heating a solution of compound (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge to 70 °C results in extrusion of the iminogermylidene that further aggregates to produce the known [Me3 SiNGe]4 tetramer, whereas the imidazolylidene fragment transforms into an unusual heptatriene species that can be considered as a product of carbene insertion into the C-C bond of a pendant Ar substituent at the imidazolylidene nitrogen of the dimNHC. Reaction of (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge with tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone results in the net transfer of a germanium atom and formation of the free diimino-guanidine ligand. This ligand also forms when (dimNHI-SiMe3 )Ge is treated with azide N3 (p-Tol), with the germanium product being [(p-Tol)NGe]n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medet Segizbayev
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Dmitry G Gusev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave W, Waterloo, Ontario N2 L 3 C5, Canada
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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9
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Zhu H, Fujimori S, Kostenko A, Inoue S. Dearomatization of C 6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Main Group Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301973. [PMID: 37535350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The dearomatization reaction is a powerful method for transformation of simple aromatic compounds to unique chemical architectures rapidly in synthetic chemistry. Over the past decades, the chemistry in this field has evolved significantly and various important organic compounds such as crucial bioactive molecules have been synthesized through dearomatization. In general, photochemical conditions or assistance by transition metals are required for dearomatization of rigid arenes. Recently, main-group elements, especially naturally abundant elements in the Earth's crust, have attracted attention as they have low toxicity and are cost-effective compared to the late transition metals. In recent decades, a variety of low-valent main-group molecules, which enable the activation of stable aromatic compounds under mild conditions, have been developed. This minireview highlights the developments in the chemistry of dearomatization of C6 aromatic hydrocarbons by main-group compounds leading to the formation of seven-membered EC6 (E=main-group elements) ring or cycloaddition products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyuan Zhu
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
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10
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Parr JM, Crimmin MR. Carbon-carbon bond activation by Mg, Al, and Zn complexes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11012-11021. [PMID: 37860653 PMCID: PMC10583701 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03336h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Examples of carbon-carbon bond activation reactions at Mg, Al, and Zn are described in this review. Several distinct mechanisms for C-C bond activation at these metals have been proposed, with the key C-C bond activation step occurring by (i) α-alkyl elimination, (ii) β-alkyl elimination, (iii) oxidative addition, or (iv) an electrocyclic reaction. Many of the known pathways involve an overall 2-electron redox process. Despite this, the direct oxidative addition of C-C bonds to these metals is relatively rare, instead most reactions occur through initial installation of the metal on a hydrocarbon scaffold (e.g. by a cycloaddition reaction or hydrometallation) followed by an α-alkyl or β-alkyl elimination step. Emerging applications of Mg, Al, and Zn complexes as catalysts for the functionalisation of C-C bonds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Parr
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Science Research Hub, Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane, White City London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Science Research Hub, Imperial College London 82 Wood Lane, White City London W12 0BZ UK
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11
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Abstract
Heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s have been in the focus of molecular main group chemistry for nearly 30 years. During this time, the diradical concept has evolved and the focus has shifted to the rational design of diradical(oid)s for specific applications. This review article begins with some important theoretical considerations of the diradical and tetraradical concept. Based on these theoretical considerations, the design of diradical(oid)s in terms of ligand choice, steric, symmetry, electronic situation, element choice, and reactivity is highlighted with examples. In particular, heteroatom-centered diradical reactions are discussed and compared with closed-shell reactions such as pericyclic additions. The comparison between closed-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a concerted manner, and open-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a stepwise fashion, along with considerations of diradical(oid) design, provides a rational understanding of this interesting and unusual class of compounds. The application of diradical(oid)s, for example in small molecule activation or as molecular switches, is also highlighted. The final part of this review begins with application-related details of the spectroscopy of diradical(oid)s, followed by an update of the heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s and tetraradical(oid)s published in the last 10 years since 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonas Bresien
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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12
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Löwe P, Wünsche MA, Purtscher FRS, Gamper J, Hofer TS, Wilm LFB, Röthel MB, Dielmann F. Terminal methylene phosphonium ions: precursors for transient monosubstituted phosphinocarbenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7928-7935. [PMID: 37502319 PMCID: PMC10370551 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02899b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolable singlet carbenes are among the most important tools in chemistry, but generally require the interaction of two substituents with the electron deficient carbon atom. We herein report a synthetic approach to monosubstituted phosphinocarbenes via deprotonation of hitherto unknown diprotic terminal methylene phosphonium ions. Two methylene phosphonium salts bearing bulky N-heterocyclic imine substituents at the phosphorus atom were isolated and fully characterized. Deprotonation studies indicate the formation of transient monosubstituted carbenes that undergo intermolecular cycloadditions or intramolecular Buchner ring expansion to afford a cycloheptatriene derivative. The reaction mechanism of the latter transformation was elucidated using DFT calculations, which reveal the ambiphilic nature of the phosphinocarbene enabling the insertion into the aromatic C-C bond. Additional computational studies on the role of substituent effects are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Löwe
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Marius A Wünsche
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Felix R S Purtscher
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Jakob Gamper
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Thomas S Hofer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Lukas F B Wilm
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Maike B Röthel
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
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13
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Xu F, Zhu J. Probing a General Strategy to Break the C-C Bond of Benzene by a Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Aluminyl Anion. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203216. [PMID: 36349746 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative addition of C-C bonds in aromatic hydrocarbons by low valent main group species has attracted considerable attention from both theoretical and experimental chemists due to the big challenge in breaking their aromaticity. Herein, a general strategy to break the C-C bonds in benzene by cyclic (alkyl)(amino)aluminyl anion is demonstrated via density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results suggest that the activation of the C-C bond of benzene by this anion is both kinetically and thermodynamically unfavorable whereas introducing electron-withdrawing groups makes such C-C bond activation becomes favorable both kinetically and thermodynamically. Such a sharp change on the kinetics and thermodynamics could be rationalized by the frontier molecular orbital theory by decreasing the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals of the mono- and disubstituted benzenes. Aromaticity is found to stabilize the transition state for the ring open step. All these findings can help develop the chemistry of small-molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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14
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Loh YK, Melaimi M, Munz D, Bertrand G. An Air-Stable "Masked" Bis(imino)carbene: A Carbon-Based Dual Ambiphile. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2064-2069. [PMID: 36649656 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbenes, once considered laboratory curiosities, now serve as powerful tools in the chemical and material sciences. To date, all stable singlet carbenes are single-site ambiphiles. Here we describe the synthesis of a carbene which is a carbon-based dual ambiphile (both single-site and dual-site). The key is to employ imino substituents derived from a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC), which imparts a 1,3-dipolar character to the carbene. Its dual ambiphilic nature is consistent with the ability to activate simple organic molecules in both 1,1- and 1,3-fashion. Furthermore, its 1,3-ambiphilicity facilitates an unprecedented reversible intramolecular dearomative [3 + 2] cycloaddition with a proximal arene substituent, giving the carbene the ability to "mask" itself as an air-stable cycloadduct. We perceive that the concept of dual ambiphilicity opens a new dimension for future carbene chemistry, expanding the repertoire of applications beyond that known for classical single-site ambiphilic carbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kai Loh
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Dominik Munz
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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15
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Zhu H, Kostenko A, Franz D, Hanusch F, Inoue S. Room Temperature Intermolecular Dearomatization of Arenes by an Acyclic Iminosilylene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1011-1021. [PMID: 36597967 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel nontransient acyclic iminosilylene (1), bearing a bulky super silyl group (-SitBu3) and N-heterocyclic imine ligand with a methylated backbone, was prepared and isolated. The methylated backbone is the feature of 1 that distinguishes it from the previously reported nonisolable iminosilylenes, as it prevents the intramolecular silylene center insertion into an aromatic C-C bond of an aryl substituent. Instead, 1 exhibits an intermolecular Büchner-ring-expansion-type reactivity; the silylene is capable of dearomatization of benzene and its derivatives, giving the corresponding silicon analogs of cycloheptatrienes, i.e. silepins, featuring seven-membered SiC6 rings with nearly planar geometry. The ring expansion reactions of 1 with benzene and 1,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene are reversible. Similar reactions of 1 with N-heteroarenes (pyridine and DMAP) proceed more rapidly and irreversibly forming the corresponding azasilepins, also with nearly planar seven-membered SiNC5 rings. DFT calculations reveal an ambiphilic nature of 1 that allows the intermolecular aromatic C-C bond insertion to occur. Additional computational studies, which elucidate the inherent reactivity of 1, the role of the substituent effect, and reaction mechanisms behind the ring expansion transformations, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyuan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Daniel Franz
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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16
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Zechovský J, Kertész E, Kremláček V, Hejda M, Mikysek T, Erben M, Růžička A, Jambor R, Benkő Z, Dostál L. Exploring Differences between Bis(aldimino)- and amino-aldimino- N, C, N-Pincer-Stabilized Pnictinidenes: Limits of Synthesis, Structure, and Reversible Tautomerization-Controlled Oxidation. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zechovský
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Erik Kertész
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vít Kremláček
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hejda
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Mikysek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Erben
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltán Benkő
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry and ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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17
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Qiu S, Zhang X, Hu C, Chu H, Li Q, Ruiz DA, Liu LL, Tung C, Kong L. Unveiling Hetero‐Enyne Reactivity of Aryliminoboranes: Dearomative Hetero‐Diels–Alder‐Like Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205814. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Hongxu Chu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Qianli Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 China
| | - David A. Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chen‐Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Lingbing Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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18
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Qiu S, Zhang X, Hu C, Chu H, Li Q, Ruiz DA, Liu LL, Tung CH, Kong L. Unveiling Hetero‐Enyne Reactivity of Aryliminoboranes: Dearomative Hetero‐Diels‐Alder‐Like Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qiu
- Shandong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Hongxu Chu
- Shandong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Qianli Li
- Liaocheng University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - David A Ruiz
- Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Southern University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Shandong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Lingbing Kong
- Shandong University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 27 Shanda Nanlu 250100 Jinan CHINA
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19
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20
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Zhang X, Liu LL. Modulating the Frontier Orbitals of an Aluminylene for Facile Dearomatization of Inert Arenes**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116658. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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21
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Qiu L, Zhang Q, Wei D, Tian R, Duan Z. Insight into fragmentation of a phosphirane to form phosphinidene complexes: an illustration with the 1-phenylselenylphosphirane W(CO) 5 complex. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3046-3050. [PMID: 35133395 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04208d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations with 1-phenylselenylphosphirane complex 1 provide an insight into phosphirane fragmentation to phosphinidene complexes. FMO and ELF analyses show that the cleavage of two P-C σ bonds of phosphirane proceeds via an asynchronous concerted pathway. Transient [PhSeP-W(CO)5] was generated by dissociation of 1 at 90 °C and trapped with different reagents. The 1-phenoxylphosphirane complex undergoes [1 + 2] retroaddition at a comparatively higher temperature which implies that the lone pair of the adjacent atom center of phosphorus plays a major role in phosphirane fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Qiu
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.
| | - Qiaoyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.
| | - Rongqiang Tian
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.
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22
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Zhang X, Liu LL. Modulating the Frontier Orbitals of an Aluminylene for Facile Dearomatization of Inert Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- SUSTech: Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry 1088 Xueyuandadao 518055 Shenzhen CHINA
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23
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Li H, Tian R, Duan Z. Intramolecular Activation of Enones by Electrophilic Phosphinidene Complexes to Construct 2-Phosphafurans. Org Lett 2022; 24:767-770. [PMID: 35005968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a facile and highly atom-economic approach to 2-phosphafurans by using simple 2-chloroethylphosphine and acetylenic ketones. The key step of this protocol utilizes the Lewis acidity of electrophilic phosphinidenes to induce an intramolecular cyclization with enones. Dearomative hetero-Diels-Alder reactions of 2-phosphafurans provide two series of bicyclic phosphacycles. This rare synthetic application of Lewis acidity of electrophilic phosphinidene complexes represents a new frontier of phosphinidene chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- College of Chemistry, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Rongqiang Tian
- College of Chemistry, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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24
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Zhu B, Jiang J, Lu B, Li X, Jiang X, Rauhut G, Zeng X. Phosphenic isocyanate (O2PNCO): Gas-phase generation, characterization, and photodecomposition reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10703-10706. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphenic isocyanate (O2PNCO), a novel phosphorus-containing small molecule has been generated by thermolysis of a dioxaphospholane-based precursor. The characterization of O2PNCO with IR and UV-vis spectroscopy in solid N2 and...
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25
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Ruan P, Tang Q, Yang Z, Liu X, Feng X. Enantioselective formal [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of 1,3,5-triazinanes to construct tetrahydropyrimidin-4-one derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:1001-1004. [PMID: 34939630 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06549a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A chiral Lewis acid-catalyzed enantioselective formal [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of 1,3,5-triazinanes with azlactones or β,γ-unsaturated pyrazole amides was developed to synthesize chiral tertiary/quaternary tetrahydropyrimidin-4-one derivatives with good yields and enantioselectivities. Two competitive reaction pathways were proposed based on experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Qiong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Zun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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26
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Han Z, Gates DP. Metathesis of P=C Bonds Catalyzed by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:14594-14599. [PMID: 34459044 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic metathesis of C=C bonds is a textbook reaction that has no parallel in the widely studied area of multiple bonds involving heavier p-block elements. A high-yielding P=C bond metathesis of phosphaalkenes (ArP=CPh2 , Ar=Mes, o-Tol, Ph) has been discovered that is catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC=Me2 IMe, Me2 Ii Pr). The products are cyclic oligomers formally derived from ArP=PAr [i. e. cyclo-(ArP)n ; n=3, 4, 5, 6] and Ph2 C=CPh2 . Preliminary mechanistic studies of this remarkable transformation have established NHC=PAr (Ar=Mes, o-Tol, Ph) as key phosphinidene transfer agents. In addition, novel cyclic intermediates, such as, cyclo-(ArP)2 CPh2 and cyclo-(ArP)4 CPh2 have also been observed. This work represents a rare application of non-metal-based catalysts for transformations involving main-group elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Derek P Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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27
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Qiu X, Sang Y, Wu H, Xue XS, Yan Z, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Wang X, Tan H, Song S, Zhang G, Zhang X, Houk KN, Jiao N. Cleaving arene rings for acyclic alkenylnitrile synthesis. Nature 2021; 597:64-69. [PMID: 34280952 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic chemistry is built around the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. However, the development of methods for selective carbon-carbon bond cleavage is a largely unmet challenge1-6. Such methods will have promising applications in synthesis, coal liquefaction, petroleum cracking, polymer degradation and biomass conversion. For example, aromatic rings are ubiquitous skeletal features in inert chemical feedstocks, but are inert to many reaction conditions owing to their aromaticity and low polarity. Over the past century, only a few methods under harsh conditions have achieved direct arene-ring modifications involving the cleavage of inert aromatic carbon-carbon bonds7,8, and arene-ring-cleavage reactions using stoichiometric transition-metal complexes or enzymes in bacteria are still limited9-11. Here we report a copper-catalysed selective arene-ring-opening reaction strategy. Our aerobic oxidative copper catalyst converts anilines, arylboronic acids, aryl azides, aryl halides, aryl triflates, aryl trimethylsiloxanes, aryl hydroxamic acids and aryl diazonium salts into alkenyl nitriles through selective carbon-carbon bond cleavage of arene rings. This chemistry was applied to the modification of polycyclic aromatics and the preparation of industrially important hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid derivatives. Several examples of the late-stage modification of complex molecules and fused ring compounds further support the potential broad utility of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueqian Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zixi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yachong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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28
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Hierlmeier G, Uttendorfer MK, Wolf R. Di- tert-butyldiphosphatetrahedrane as a building block for phosphaalkenes and phosphirenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2356-2359. [PMID: 33576360 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07103j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable 'mixed' diphosphatetrahedrane (tBuCP)2 (1) - which is both the elusive dimeric form of the phosphaalkyne tBuCP and an isolobal analogue of the important industrial feedstock P4 - was recently isolated for the first time; however, its chemistry remains unexplored. Herein we report that treatment of 1 with various N-heterocyclic carbenes readily yields unusual, unsaturated organophosphorus motifs. These results demonstrate the significant potential of 1 as a building block for the synthesis of previously unknown organophosphorus compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Hierlmeier
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Regensburg 93040, Germany.
| | - Maria K Uttendorfer
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Regensburg 93040, Germany.
| | - Robert Wolf
- Universität Regensburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Regensburg 93040, Germany.
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29
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Kong RY, Crimmin MR. Chemoselective C−C σ‐Bond Activation of the Most Stable Ring in Biphenylene**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y. Kong
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London, Molecular Science Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Mark R. Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London, Molecular Science Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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30
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Kong RY, Crimmin MR. Chemoselective C-C σ-Bond Activation of the Most Stable Ring in Biphenylene*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2619-2623. [PMID: 33049105 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemoselective cleavage of a six-membered aromatic ring in biphenylene is reported using an aluminum(I) complex. This type of selectivity is unprecedented. In every example of transition metal mediated C-C σ-bond activation reported to date, the reaction occurs at the central four-membered ring of biphenylene. Insight into the origin of chemoselectivity was obtained through a detailed mechanistic analysis (isolation of an intermediate, DFT studies, activation strain analysis). In conclusion, the divergent reactivity can be attributed to differences in both the symmetry and radial extension of the frontier molecular orbitals of the aluminum(I) fragment compared to that of common transition metal fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Science Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Science Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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31
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Wang J, Wei D, Duan Z, Mathey F. Cleavage of the Inert C(sp 2)-Ar σ-Bond of Alkenes by a Spatial Constrained Interaction with Phosphinidene. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20973-20978. [PMID: 33284022 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
[1 + 2] cycloaddition is a classical reaction between the electrophilic phosphinidene and an alkene. However, a spatial constraint blocks this well-known reaction and enables an unprecedented chemoselective C(sp2)-Ar σ-bond insertion of the alkene. The theoretical calculations demonstrate that this C-C bond cleavage is energetically feasible and thermodynamically favored through an electrophilic rearrangement and concomitant 1,9-aryl migration without involving any strained intermediate.
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32
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Wang M, Yang T, Tian R, Wei D, Duan Z, Mathey F. The chemistry of phosphirane-substituted phosphinidene complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9707-9710. [PMID: 32699865 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04501b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thermolysis of the 1,1'-biphosphirane pentacarbonylmetal complex offers access to 3,4-dihydro-1,2-diphosphete and diphosphorus (P2) intermediates. A control reaction proves that this step-wise reaction is initiated by the dissociation of a W(CO)5 group. DFT calculations predict that further transformations proceed via a transient phosphiranylphosphinidene complex. The formation of the 3,4-dihydro-1,2-diphosphete derivative is thermodynamically favored, while a kinetic process provides the diphosphorus (P2) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Tingting Yang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Rongqiang Tian
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - François Mathey
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
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33
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Cao L, Yan X, Xi C. Marriage of simple alkenes or alkynes and organophosphorus compounds through group IV metallocenes. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Prasad Raiguru B, Nayak S, Ranjan Mishra D, Das T, Mohapatra S, Priyadarsini Mishra N. Synthetic Applications of Cyclopropene and Cyclopropenone: Recent Progress and Developments. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabita Nayak
- Department of ChemistryRavenshaw University Cuttack Odisha India
| | | | - Tapaswini Das
- Department of ChemistryRavenshaw University Cuttack Odisha India
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35
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Kong RY, Crimmin MR. Activation and Functionalization of C-C σ Bonds of Alkylidene Cyclopropanes at Main Group Centers. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11967-11971. [PMID: 32589418 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum(I) and magnesium(I) compounds are reported for the C-C σ-bond activation of strained alkylidene cyclopropanes. These reactions result in the formal addition of the C-C σ bond to the main group center either at a single site (Al) or across a metal-metal bond (Mg-Mg). Mechanistic studies suggest that rather than occurring by a concerted oxidative addition, these reactions involve stepwise processes in which substrate binding to the main group metal acts as a precursor to α- or β-alkyl migration steps that break the C-C σ bond. This mechanistic understanding is used to develop the magnesium-catalyzed hydrosilylation of the C-C σ bonds of alkylidene cyclopropanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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36
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Guo R, Jiang J, Hu C, Liu LL, Cui P, Zhao M, Ke Z, Tung CH, Kong L. BNN-1,3-dipoles: isolation and intramolecular cycloaddition with unactivated arenes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7053-7059. [PMID: 34122998 PMCID: PMC8159347 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02162h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mono-base-stabilized 1,2-diboranylidenehydrazine derivatives featuring a 1,3-dipolar BNN skeleton are obtained by dehydrobromination of [ArB(Br)NH]2 (Ar = 2,6-diphenylphenyl (Dpp), Ar = 2,6-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phenyl (Dmp) or Ar = 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl (Mes*)) with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). Depending on the Ar substituents, such species can be isolated as a crystalline solid (Ar = Mes*) or generated as reactive intermediates undergoing spontaneous intramolecular aminoboration of the proximal arene rings via [3 + 2] cycloaddition (Ar = Dpp or Dmp). The latter reactions showcase the 1,3-dipolar reactivity toward unactivated arenes at ambient temperature. In addition, double cycloaddition of the isolable BNN species with two CO2 molecules affords a bicyclic species consisting of two fused five-membered BN2CO rings. The electronic structures of these BNN species and the mechanisms of these cascade reactions are interrogated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Jingxing Jiang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Ping Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Meihua Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Lingbing Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China .,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
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37
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Ward RJ, Rungthanaphatsophon P, Del Rosal I, Kelley SP, Maron L, Walensky JR. Divergent uranium- versus phosphorus-based reduction of Me 3SiN 3 with steric modification of phosphido ligands. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5830-5835. [PMID: 34094084 PMCID: PMC8159289 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02261f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an example of a two-electron metal- and ligand-based reduction of Me3SiN3 using uranium(iv) complexes with varying steric properties. Reaction of (C5Me5)2U(CH3)[P(SiMe3)(Ph)] with Me3SiN3 produces the imidophosphorane complex, (C5Me5)2U(CH3)[N
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P(SiMe3)2(Ph)] through oxidation of phosphorus. However, a similar reaction with a more sterically encumbering phosphido ligand, (C5Me5)2U(CH3)[P(SiMe3)(Mes)] forms the U(iv) complex, (C5Me5)2U[κ2-(N,N)–N(SiMe3)P(Mes)N(SiMe3)]. In probing the mechanism of this reaction, a U(vi) bis(imido) complex, (C5Me5)2U(NSiMe3){N[P(SiMe3)(Mes)]} was isolated. DFT calculations show an intramolecular reductive cycloaddition reaction leads to the formation of the U(iv) bis(amido)phosphane from the U(vi) bis(imido) complex. This is a rare example of the isolation of a reaction intermediate in f element chemistry. We describe an example of a two-electron metal- and ligand-based reduction of Me3SiN3 using uranium(iv) complexes with varying steric properties. With uranium-based reduction, a U(vi) intermediate is isolated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | | | - Iker Del Rosal
- Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR, UMR 5215 LPCNO 135 Avenue de Ranguiel 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Steven P Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | - Laurent Maron
- Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR, UMR 5215 LPCNO 135 Avenue de Ranguiel 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Justin R Walensky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA
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38
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Wang M, Xu Y, Wei D, Tian R, Duan Z, Mathey F. Transition-Metal-Like Reversible Cycloadditions of [tBuSP-W(CO) 5 ] with Alkenes and Alkynes. Chemistry 2019; 25:15036-15039. [PMID: 31647591 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
tert-Butylthiophosphinidene complex [tBuSP-W(CO)5 ] was generated by dissociation of 1-(tert-butylthio)phosphirane-W(CO)5 complex under mild conditions. The formation of transient [tBuSP-W(CO)5 ] was indicated by trapping reactions with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, alkynes, phenanthrene-9,10-dione, and methanol. The LUMO of [MeSP-W(CO)5 ] is significantly lower in energy than those of [Me2 NP-W(CO)5 ], [MeOP-W(CO)5 ], and [Me2 PP-W(CO)5 ]. The HOMO of [MeSP-W(CO)5 ] contains a significant contribution from the in-plane lone pair of P and the LUMO shows a typical π* characteristic. Since stabilized by sulfur lone pair and coordinated by W(CO)5 , [tBuSP-W(CO)5 ] undergoes facile and reversible cycloadditions with alkenes and alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for, Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for, Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for, Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Rongqiang Tian
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for, Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for, Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - François Mathey
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for, Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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39
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Kornev AN, Panova YS, Sushev VV, Dorado Daza DF, Novikov AS, Cherkasov AV, Fukin GK, Abakumov GA. The Nature of P(σ2λ3↔σ2λ1) Dualism: 3a,6a-Diaza-1,4-diphosphapentalene as a Form of Stabilized Singlet Phosphinidene. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:16144-16153. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N. Kornev
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin str., 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Yulia S. Panova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin str., 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav V. Sushev
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin str., 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Diego F. Dorado Daza
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin str., 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Novikov
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton V. Cherkasov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin str., 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Georgy K. Fukin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin str., 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Gleb A. Abakumov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin str., 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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40
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Liu LL, Zhou J, Cao LL, Stephan DW. Phosphaaluminirenes: Synthons for Main Group Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16971-16982. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Levy L. Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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41
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Zhao X, Chu X, Rauhut G, Chen C, Song C, Lu B, Zeng X. Phosphorus Analogues of Methyl Nitrite and Nitromethane: CH
3
OPO and CH
3
PO
2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12164-12169. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhao
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xianxu Chu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Guntram Rauhut
- Institute for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Changyun Chen
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Chao Song
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Bo Lu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- Department of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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42
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Zhao X, Chu X, Rauhut G, Chen C, Song C, Lu B, Zeng X. Phosphorus Analogues of Methyl Nitrite and Nitromethane: CH
3
OPO and CH
3
PO
2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhao
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xianxu Chu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Guntram Rauhut
- Institute for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Changyun Chen
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Chao Song
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Bo Lu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- Department of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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43
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Hicks J, Vasko P, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Reversible, Room-Temperature C-C Bond Activation of Benzene by an Isolable Metal Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11000-11003. [PMID: 31251586 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The activation of C-C bonds is of fundamental interest in the construction of complex molecules from petrochemical feedstocks. In the case of the archetypal aromatic hydrocarbon benzene, C-C cleavage is thermodynamically disfavored, and is brought about only by transient highly reactive species generated in situ. Here we show that the oxidative addition of the C-C bond in benzene by an isolated metal complex is not only possible, but occurs at room temperature and reversibly at a single aluminium center in [(NON)Al]- (where NON = 4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene). Selectivity over C-H bond activation is achieved kinetically and allows for the generation of functionalized acyclic products from benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QR , United Kingdom
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QR , United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center , University of Jyväskylä , P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FI-40014 , Finland
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QR , United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QR , United Kingdom
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44
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Liu LL, Zhou J, Cao LL, Kim Y, Stephan DW. Reversible Intramolecular Cycloaddition of Phosphaalkene to an Arene Ring. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8083-8087. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Levy L. Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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45
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Heider Y, Willmes P, Mühlhausen D, Klemmer L, Zimmer M, Huch V, Scheschkewitz D. A Three-Membered Cyclic Phosphasilene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1939-1944. [PMID: 30548984 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Small unsaturated phosphacycles are versatile reagents owing to their strain and the added functionality of the double bond and the phosphorus lone pair. Herein we report the synthesis and isolation of the smallest possible cyclic phosphasilene as a stable adduct with an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC). First reactivity studies show a) that the PSi2 ring is a competent ligand to the Fe(CO)4 fragment via the phosphorus lone pair and b) that the abstraction of the NHC by BPh3 results in the rapid head-to-head or head-to-tail dimerization of the PSi2 unit. The relatively facile NHC cleavage indicates that the P=Si double bond is available for further manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Heider
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Philipp Willmes
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniel Mühlhausen
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lukas Klemmer
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Huch
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus, C4.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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46
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Chandrasena L, Samedov K, McKenzie I, Mozafari M, West R, Gates DP, Percival PW. Free Radical Reactivity of a Phosphaalkene Explored Through Studies of Radical Isotopologues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:297-301. [PMID: 30450733 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Muonium (Mu), an H atom analogue, is employed to probe the addition of free radicals to the P=C bond of a phosphaalkene. Specifically, two unprecedented muoniated free radicals, MesP. -CMu(Me)2 (1 a, minor product) and MesPMu-C. Me2 (1 b, major product), were detected by muon spin spectroscopy (μSR) when a solution of MesP=CMe2 (1: Mes=2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) was exposed to a beam of positive muons (μ+ ). The μ+ serves as a source of Mu (that is, Mu=μ+ +e- ). To confirm the identity of the major product 1 b, its spectral features were compared to its isotopologue, MesPH-C. (Me)CH2 Mu (2 a). Conveniently, 2 a is the sole product of the reaction of MesPH(CMe=CH2 ) (2) with Mu. For all observed radicals, muon, proton, and phosphorus hyperfine coupling constants were determined by μSR and compared to DFT-calculated values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalangi Chandrasena
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kerim Samedov
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Iain McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.,Centre for Molecular and Materials Science, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Mina Mozafari
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Robert West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Derek P Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Paul W Percival
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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47
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Liu LL, Zhou J, Kim Y, Cao LL, Stephan DW. Oligomerization of phosphaalkynes mediated by bulky N-heterocyclic carbenes: avenues to novel phosphorus frameworks. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14242-14245. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03185e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of RCP (R = tBu or Ad (admantyl)) with NHCs (SIMes, 1a; IMes, 1b and IDipp, 1d), leading to 1,2,3-triphosphetenes 2 and 3, a triphosphole 4, and a di-1,2-dihydro-1,2-diphosphete-substituted diphosphene 5, are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Levy L. Cao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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Liu LL, Cao LL, Zhou J, Stephan DW. Facile Cleavage of the P=P Double Bond in Vinyl-Substituted Diphosphenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
| | - Levy L. Cao
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George Street Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
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Liu LL, Cao LL, Zhou J, Stephan DW. Facile Cleavage of the P=P Double Bond in Vinyl-Substituted Diphosphenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:273-277. [PMID: 30444313 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of the cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC) 1 with phosphaalkynes generate the kinetically unstable CAAC-derived phosphirenes 4 and 5, which undergo rearrangement/dimerization reactions to give the vinyl-substituted diphosphenes 2, 3, and 6. The P=P double bond scission of 2 or 3 is unprecedentedly effected by S8 , [AuCl(tht)], or MeOTf at room temperature, which affords a dithiophosphorane 7, a phosphepine Au complex 8, or phosphepinium cations 9 and 10, respectively. The cationic species feature little homoaromaticity while representing the first examples of the phosphorus-containing analogue of the tropylium ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Levy L Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
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Chandrasena L, Samedov K, McKenzie I, Mozafari M, West R, Gates DP, Percival PW. Free Radical Reactivity of a Phosphaalkene Explored Through Studies of Radical Isotopologues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lalangi Chandrasena
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Kerim Samedov
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Iain McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
- Centre for Molecular and Materials Science; TRIUMF; 4004 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T 2A3 Canada
| | - Mina Mozafari
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Robert West
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Derek P. Gates
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Paul W. Percival
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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