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Malarvannan M, Ravichandiran V, Paul D. Advances in analytical technologies for emerging drug modalities and their separation challenges in LC-MS systems. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1732:465226. [PMID: 39111181 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The last few years have seen a rise in the identification and development of bio-therapeutics through the use of cutting-edge delivery methods or bio-formulations, which has created bio-analytical difficulties. Every year, new bio-pharmaceutical product innovations come out, but the analytical development of these products is challenging. Quantifying the products and components of conjugated molecular structures is essential for preclinical and clinical research in order to guide therapeutic development, given their intrinsic complexity. Furthermore, a significant amount of information is needed for the measurement of these unique modalities by LC-MS techniques. Numerous LC-MS based methods have been developed, including AEX-HPLC-MS, RP-IP-LCMS, HILIC-MS, LCHRMS, Microflow-LC-MS, ASMS, Hybrid LBA/LC-MS, and more. However, these methods continue to face problems, prompting the development of alternative approaches. Therefore, developing bio-molecules that are this complicated and, low in concentration requires a skilled LC-MS based approach and knowledgeable personnel. This review covers general novel modalities classifications, sample preparation techniques, current status and bio-analytical strategies for analyzing various novel modalities, including gene bio-therapeutics, oligonucleotides, antibody-drug conjugates, monoclonal antibodies and PROTACs. It also covers how these strategies have been used in the past and how they are being used now to address challenges in the development of LC-MS based methods, as well as improvement strategies, current advancements and recent developed methods. We additionally covered on the benefits and drawbacks of different LC-MS based techniques for the examination of bio-pharmaceutical products and the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malarvannan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Maniktala, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - V Ravichandiran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Maniktala, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India
| | - David Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Maniktala, Kolkata, West Bengal 700054, India.
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Verscheure L, Detremmerie S, Stals H, De Vos J, Sandra P, Lynen F, Borgions F, Sandra K. Multidimensional LC-MS with 1D multi-method option and parallel middle-up and bottom-up MS acquisition for in-depth characterization of antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1726:464947. [PMID: 38724406 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are large and highly heterogeneous species typically characterized using a plethora of analytical methodologies. There is a trend within the biopharmaceutical industry to combine several of these methods in one analytical platform to simultaneously assess multiple structural attributes. Here, a protein analyzer for the fully automated middle-up and bottom-up liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of charge, size and hydrophobic variants is described. The multidimensional set-up combines a multi-method option in the first dimension (1D) (choice between size exclusion - SEC, cation exchange - CEX or hydrophobic interaction chromatography - HIC) with second dimension (2D) on-column reversed-phase (RPLC) based desalting, denaturation and reduction prior to middle-up LC-MS analysis of collected 1D peaks and parallel on-column trypsin digestion of denatured and reduced peaks in the third dimension (3D) followed by bottom-up LC-MS analysis in the fourth dimension (4D). The versatile and comprehensive workflow is applied to the characterization of charge, hydrophobic and size heterogeneities associated with an engineered Fc fragment and is complemented with hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) MS and FcRn affinity chromatography - native MS to explain observations in a structural/functional context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesa Verscheure
- RIC group, President Kennedypark 6, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Hilde Stals
- Argenx, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jelle De Vos
- RIC group, President Kennedypark 6, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Pat Sandra
- RIC group, President Kennedypark 6, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Koen Sandra
- RIC group, President Kennedypark 6, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Bouvarel T, Camperi J, Guillarme D. Multi-dimensional technology - Recent advances and applications for biotherapeutic characterization. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300928. [PMID: 38471977 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the latest advancements and applications in multi-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (mD-LC-MS), covering aspects such as inter-laboratory studies, digestion strategy, trapping column, and multi-level analysis. The shift from an offline to an online workflow reduces sample processing artifacts, analytical variability, analysis time, and the labor required for data acquisition. Over the past few years, this technique has demonstrated sufficient maturity for application across a diverse range of complex products. Moreover, there is potential for this strategy to evolve into an integrated process analytical technology tool for the real-time monitoring of monoclonal antibody quality. This review also identifies emerging trends, including its application to new modalities, the possibility of evaluating biological activity within the mD-LC set-up, and the consideration of multi-dimensional capillary electrophoresis as an alternative to mD-LC. As mD-LC-MS continues to evolve and integrate emerging trends, it holds the potential to shape the next generation of analytical tools, offering exciting possibilities for enhanced characterization and monitoring of complex biopharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bouvarel
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julien Camperi
- Cell Therapy Engineering and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Kumar S, Peruri V, Rathore AS. An Online Two-Dimensional Approach to Characterizing the Charge-Based Heterogeneity of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies Using a 2D-CEX-AEX-MS Workflow. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2801-2810. [PMID: 37994779 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of product quality attributes such as charge heterogeneity is an upmost requisite for the release of a monoclonal antibody (mAb). Analytical techniques, such as cation-exchange chromatography (CEX), accomplish this, causing the mAb to separate into acidic, main species, and basic variants. Here, an online volatile-salt-containing two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) method coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) was performed to characterize the charge heterogeneity of mAbs using CEX chromatography in the first dimension (D1) and anion-exchange chromatography (AEX) in the second dimension (D2). The main peak of the CEX profile of D1 was transferred through a 2D heart-cut method to D2 for further analysis by the AEX-MS method. In the CEX method, mAb A showed 10 distinct variants, while the AEX method resulted in eight variants. However, a total of 13 variants were successfully resolved for mAb A in the 2D method. Similarly, mAb B exhibited seven variants in the CEX method and four variants in the AEX method, but the 2D-LC method revealed a total of nine variants for mAb B. Likewise, mAb C displayed seven variants in CEX and seven variants in AEX, whereas the 2D-LC method unveiled a total of 11 variants for mAb C. Additionally, native MS analysis revealed that the resolved charge variants were identified as amidation, oxidation, and isomerization of Asp variants in the main peak, which were not resolved in stand-alone methods. The present study demonstrates how 2D-LC can assist in identifying minor variations in charge distribution or conformation of mAb variants that would otherwise not be picked up by a single analytical method alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vineela Peruri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Phung W, Bakalarski CE, Hinkle TB, Sandoval W, Marty MT. UniDec Processing Pipeline for Rapid Analysis of Biotherapeutic Mass Spectrometry Data. Anal Chem 2023; 95:11491-11498. [PMID: 37478487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in native mass spectrometry (MS) and denatured intact protein MS have made these techniques essential for biotherapeutic characterization. As MS analysis has increased in throughput and scale, new data analysis workflows are needed to provide rapid quantitation from large datasets. Here, we describe the UniDec processing pipeline (UPP) for the analysis of batched biotherapeutic intact MS data. UPP is built into the UniDec software package, which provides fast processing, deconvolution, and peak detection. The user and programming interfaces for UPP read a spreadsheet that contains the data file names, deconvolution parameters, and quantitation settings. After iterating through the spreadsheet and analyzing each file, it returns a spreadsheet of results and HTML reports. We demonstrate the use of UPP to measure the correct pairing percentage on a set of bispecific antibody data and to measure drug-to-antibody ratios from antibody-drug conjugates. Moreover, because the software is free and open-source, users can easily build on this platform to create customized workflows and calculations. Thus, UPP provides a flexible workflow that can be deployed in diverse settings and for a wide range of biotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Phung
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Corey E Bakalarski
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Trent B Hinkle
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael T Marty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Yang Y, Zhang F, Gan Y, Zhang HM, Liu P, Mah A, Gennaro L, Schöneich C. In-Depth Characterization of Acidic Variants Induced by Metal-Catalyzed Oxidation in a Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5867-5876. [PMID: 36972215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of antibody charge heterogeneity is an important task for antibody drug development. Recently, a correlation between acidic charge heterogeneity and metal-catalyzed oxidation has been observed for antibody drugs. However, to date, the acidic variants induced by metal-catalyzed oxidation have not been elucidated. In addition, it is challenging to satisfactorily explain the induced acidic charge heterogeneity, as the existing analytical workflows, which relied on either untargeted or targeted peptide mapping analysis, could lead to incomplete identification of the acidic variants. In this work, we present a new characterization workflow by combining untargeted and targeted analyses to thoroughly identify and characterize the induced acidic variants in a highly oxidized IgG1 antibody. As a part of this workflow, a tryptic peptide mapping method was also developed for accurate determination of the relative extent of site-specific carbonylation, where a new hydrazone reduction procedure was established to minimize under-quantitation artifacts caused by incomplete reduction of hydrazones during sample preparation. In summary, we identified 28 site-specific oxidation products, which are located on 26 residues and of 11 different modification types, as the sources of the induced acidic charge heterogeneity. Many of the oxidation products were reported for the first time in antibody drugs. More importantly, this study provides new insights to understanding acidic charge heterogeneity of antibody drugs in the biotechnology industry. Additionally, the characterization workflow presented in this study can be applied as a platform approach in the biotechnology industry to better address the need for in-depth characterization of antibody charge variants.
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