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Mboup M, Aduramigba-Modupe A, Maazou ARS, Olasanmi B, Mengesha W, Meseka S, Dieng I, Bandyopadhyay R, Menkir A, Ortega-Beltran A. Performance of testers with contrasting provitamin A content to evaluate provitamin A maize for resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1167628. [PMID: 37235022 PMCID: PMC10206313 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1167628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), millions of people depend on maize as a primary staple. However, maize consumers in SSA may be exposed to malnutrition due to vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and unsafe aflatoxin levels, which can lead to serious economic and public health problems. Provitamin A (PVA) biofortified maize has been developed to alleviate VAD and may have additional benefits such as reduced aflatoxin contamination. In this study, maize inbred testers with contrasting PVA content in grain were used to identify inbred lines with desirable combining ability for breeding to enhance their level of resistance to aflatoxin. Kernels of 120 PVA hybrids generated by crossing 60 PVA inbreds with varying levels of PVA (5.4 to 51.7 µg/g) and two testers (low and high PVA, 14.4 and 25.0 µg/g, respectively) were inoculated with a highly toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxin had a negative genetic correlation with β-carotene (r = -0.29, p < 0.0001) and PVA (r = -0.23, p < 0.0001), indicating that hybrids with high PVA content accumulated less aflatoxin than those with low to medium PVA. Both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects of lines and testers were significant for aflatoxin accumulation, number of spores, PVA, and other carotenoids, with additive gene actions playing a prominent role in regulating the mode of inheritance (GCA/SCA ratio >0.5). Eight inbreds had combined significant negative GCA effects for aflatoxin accumulation and spore count with significant positive GCA effects for PVA. Five testcrosses had combined significant negative SCA effects for aflatoxin with significant positive SCA effects for PVA. The high PVA tester had significant negative GCA effects for aflatoxin, lutein, β-carotene, and PVA. The study identified lines that can be used as parents to develop superior hybrids with high PVA and reduced aflatoxin accumulation. Overall, the results point out the importance of testers in maize breeding programs to develop materials that can contribute to controlling aflatoxin contamination and reducing VAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mboup
- Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute (including Health and Agriculture), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A.O. Aduramigba-Modupe
- Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A.-R. S. Maazou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - B. Olasanmi
- Department of Crop and Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - W. Mengesha
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - S. Meseka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - I. Dieng
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - R. Bandyopadhyay
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A. Menkir
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A. Ortega-Beltran
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
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Maazou ARS, Adetimirin VO, Gedil M, Meseka S, Mengesha W, Menkir A. Suitability of testers to characterize provitamin a content and agronomic performance of tropical maize inbred lines. Front Genet 2022; 13:955420. [PMID: 36003335 PMCID: PMC9394681 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.955420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency poses health risks for children, pregnant women, and nursing mothers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Southeast Asia. Provitamin A–biofortified maize varieties can contribute to minimizing the adverse effects of vitamin A deficiency in areas where maize is a staple food crop. Identifying suitable testers is important to breed provitamin A–biofortified hybrid maize. This study was therefore conducted to 1) assess the suitability of maize inbred lines with contrasting levels of provitamin A (one with high and one with low provitamin A concentration) to assess the combining ability of maize inbred lines in accumulating provitamin A and other carotenoids, and grain yield, 2) confirm the mode of inheritance of provitamin A and grain yield, and 3) identify promising inbred lines with desirable combining ability effects for use to develop high-yielding provitamin A–biofortified hybrids. The inbreds crossed to the two inbred testers were evaluated in four environments for the carotenoid content and eight environments for the agronomic performance. The combined analysis of variance revealed a significant genetic variation among the testcrosses for all carotenoids, grain yield, and other agronomic traits. The mode of inheritance for grain yield, other agronomic traits, provitamin A, and other carotenoids was regulated by both additive and non-additive gene effects with a prominence of additive gene effects. The high provitamin A tester that displayed positive GCA effects for β-carotene and provitamin A content, broader agronomic performance of testcrosses, and higher levels of provitamin A in testcrosses can be considered suitable for breeding programs developing provitamin A–biofortified hybrids. The inbred lines TZI2012, TZI2142, TZI2130, TZI2065-2, TZI2161, TZI2025, TZI1278, TZI1314, TZI1304, and TZI2032 with positive GCA effects for grain yield and provitamin A content could be used as parental lines to develop source population of new inbred lines and high-yielding hybrids with elevated levels of provitamin A. The best performing hybrids are promising for release as high-yielding provitamin A maize hybrids after further evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoul-Raouf Sayadi Maazou
- Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute (including Health and Agriculture), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Victor O. Adetimirin
- Department of Crop and Horticultural Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Melaku Gedil
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Silvestro Meseka
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Wende Mengesha
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abebe Menkir
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Abebe Menkir,
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Oluwaseun O, Badu-Apraku B, Adebayo M, Abubakar AM. Combining Ability and Performance of Extra-Early Maturing Provitamin A Maize Inbreds and Derived Hybrids in Multiple Environments. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070964. [PMID: 35406944 PMCID: PMC9003292 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Availability of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids with elevated provitamin A (PVA) levels and tolerance to contrasting stresses would improve food self-sufficiency and combat malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study was conducted to (i) analyze selected PVA inbreds of extra-early maturity for carotenoid content, (ii) estimate the combining abilities of the inbred lines for grain yield and other agronomic traits, (iii) assign inbred lines to distinct heterotic groups (HGs), (iv) identify testers among the inbred lines, and (v) determine grain yield and stability of the PVA hybrids across contrasting environments. Thirty-three extra-early maturing inbred lines selected for high carotenoid content were crossed with four inbred testers to obtain 132 testcrosses. The testcrosses, six tester × tester crosses and two hybrid checks, were evaluated across three Striga-infested, four drought and five optimal growing environments in Nigeria, 2014–2016. Results of the chemical analysis revealed that inbred lines TZEEIOR 109, TZEEIOR 30, TZEEIOR 41, TZEEIOR 97, TZEEIOR 42, and TZEEIOR 140 had intermediate PVA levels. Both additive and nonadditive gene actions were important in the inheritance of grain yield and other measured traits under stress and optimal environments. However, additive gene action was preponderant over the nonadditive gene action. The inbred lines were classified into three HGs across environments. Inbreds TZEEIOR 249 and TZEEIOR 30 were identified as testers for HGs I and II, respectively. The hybrid TZEEI 79 × TZEEIOR 30 was the most outstanding in terms of grain yield and was stable across environments. This hybrid should be tested extensively in on-farm trials for consistency in performance and commercialized to combat malnutrition and food insecurity in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatise Oluwaseun
- Department of Crop Production and Soil Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso PMB 4000, Nigeria; (O.O.); (M.A.)
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan PMB 5320, Nigeria;
| | - Baffour Badu-Apraku
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan PMB 5320, Nigeria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +234-810-848-2590
| | - Moses Adebayo
- Department of Crop Production and Soil Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso PMB 4000, Nigeria; (O.O.); (M.A.)
| | - Adamu Masari Abubakar
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, Ibadan PMB 5320, Nigeria;
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Zhao X, Liang K, Zhu H. Carotenoids in Cereals and Related Foodstuffs: A Review of Extraction and Analysis Methods. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2027438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Food Monitoring and Evaluation Center, Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Kehong Liang
- Food Monitoring and Evaluation Center, Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Food Monitoring and Evaluation Center, Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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Antioxidant and Starch-Hydrolyzing Enzymes Inhibitory Properties of Striga-Resistant Yellow-Orange Maize Hybrids. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226874. [PMID: 34833966 PMCID: PMC8617639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the health benefits derived from cereals are attributed to their bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the levels of the bioactive compounds, and the antioxidant and starch-hydrolyzing enzymes inhibitory properties of six pipeline Striga-resistant yellow-orange maize hybrids (coded AS1828-1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11) in vitro. The maize hybrids were grown at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria. The bioactive compounds (total phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, and phytate) levels, antioxidant (DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging capacity and reducing power) and starch-hydrolyzing enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) inhibitory activities of the maize hybrids were determined by spectrophotometry. At the same time, carotenoids were quantified using a reverse-phase HPLC system. The ranges of the bioactive compounds were: 11.25-14.14 mg GAE/g (total phenolics), 3.62-4.67 mg QE/g (total flavonoids), 3.63-6.29 mg/g (tannins), 3.66-4.31% (phytate), 8.92-12.11 µg/g (total xanthophylls), 2.42-2.89 µg/g (total β-carotene), and 3.17-3.77 µg/g (total provitamin A carotenoids). Extracts of the maize hybrids scavenged DPPH• (SC50: 9.07-26.35 mg/mL) and ABTS•+ (2.65-7.68 TEAC mmol/g), reduced Fe3+ to Fe2+ (0.25 ± 0.64-0.43 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g), and inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase, with IC50 ranges of 26.28-52.55 mg/mL and 47.72-63.98 mg/mL, respectively. Among the six clones of the maize hybrids, AS1828-9 had the highest (p < 0.05) levels of tannins and phytate and the strongest antioxidant and starch-hydrolyzing enzymes inhibitory activities. Significant correlations were observed between total phenolics and the following: ABTS•+ (p < 0.01, r = 0.757), DPPH• SC50 (p < 0.01, r = -0.867), reducing power (p < 0.05, r = 0.633), α-amylase IC50 (p < 0.01, r = -0.836) and α-glucosidase IC50 (p < 0.05, r = -0.582). Hence, the Striga-resistant yellow-orange maize hybrids (especially AS1828-9) may be beneficial for alleviating oxidative stress and postprandial hyperglycemia.
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Sobukola OP, Ajayi FF, Faloye OR, Henshaw FO, Sanni SA, Bodunde G, Agbonlahor M. Characterization of some quality attributes of vacuum fried yellow fleshed cassava chips from different varieties using designed experiment. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olajide P. Sobukola
- Department of Food Science and Technology Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta Nigeria
| | | | - Opeyemi R. Faloye
- Department of Food Science and Technology Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta Nigeria
| | - Folake O. Henshaw
- Department of Food Science and Technology Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta Nigeria
| | - Silifat A. Sanni
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta Nigeria
| | - Goke Bodunde
- Department of Horticulture Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta Nigeria
| | - Mure Agbonlahor
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management National Open University of Nigeria Lagos Nigeria
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Alamu EO, Maziya-Dixon B, Menkir A, Irondi EA, Olaofe O. Bioactive Composition and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Fresh Orange Maize Hybrids: Impacts of Genotype, Maturity Stages, and Processing Methods. Front Nutr 2021; 8:640563. [PMID: 33718422 PMCID: PMC7943467 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.640563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds in foods are responsible for their biological activities, but biotic and abiotic factors may influence their levels. This study evaluated the impact of three genotypes (designated 4, 5, and 7), maturity stages (20, 27, and 34 days after pollination) and processing methods (hydrothermal and dry-heating) on the bioactive constituents (carotenoids, phytate, tannins, vitamin C) and 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH*) scavenging activity of fresh orange maize hybrids. Freshly harvested maize cobs of each genotype were subjected to hydrothermal processing at 100°C and dry-heating with husks and without husks. Carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, and total β-carotene) contents of fresh and processed samples were analyzed using HPLC; other bioactive constituents and DPPH* scavenging ability were determined using spectrophotometric methods. Genotype had a significant effect on the levels of carotenoids (p < 0.001) and vitamin C (p < 0.05), while genotype (p < 0.001), and processing methods (p < 0.001) had significant effects on DPPH* SC50. Maturity stages, processing methods and their interaction also had significant effects (p < 0.001) on the levels of all the bioactive constituents. A positive moderate to strong correlation was observed between (p < 0.001) α-carotene and the following: lutein (r = 0.57), β-cryptoxanthin (r = 0.69), total β-carotene (r = 0.62). However, the relationship between α-carotene and zeaxanthin was positive but weak (r = 0.39). A positive moderate correlation (p < 0.001) was observed between lutein and the following: β-cryptoxanthin (r = 0.57), total β-carotene (r = 0.58), and zeaxanthin (r = 0.52). A positive strong correlation (p < 0.001) was observed between β-cryptoxanthin and each of total β-carotene (r = 0.92) and zeaxanthin (r = 0.63); total β-carotene and zeaxanthin (r = 0.65); while the association between vitamin C and DPPH* SC50 was negative and weak (r = −0.38). Generally, genotype 4 and harvesting at 34 days after pollination had the best combination of bioactive constituents and DPPH* scavenging ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Oladeji Alamu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Southern Africa Research and Administration Hub (SARAH) Campus, Lusaka, Zambia.,Food and Nutrition Sciences Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bussie Maziya-Dixon
- Food and Nutrition Sciences Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abebe Menkir
- Maize Breeding Unit, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria
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Beswa D, Siwela M, Amonsou EO, Kolanisi U. Grain Quality, Provitamin A Carotenoid Profiles, and Sensory Quality of Provitamin A-Biofortified Maize Stiff Porridges. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121909. [PMID: 33371178 PMCID: PMC7766323 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Provitamin A-biofortified maize could contribute to the alleviation of vitamin A deficiency (VAD), which is prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa due to a high consumption of starchy, maize-based diets. Four varieties of provitamin A biofortified maize were studied for grain colour, grain texture, thousand kernel weight, and hectolitre mass. Provitamin A biofortified maize stiff porridges were prepared and their retained provitamin A was determined using lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, and β-carotene (all-trans and cis isomers) as standards. Provitamin A concentration in the biofortified porridges ranged from 2.24 to 3.18 µg/g and retention from 91-105%. Descriptive sensory analysis and the 5-point facial hedonic test were used to evaluate the sensory quality of the porridges. The biofortified maize porridges were described as sticky, fine, with high intensity residual grain, and having a slightly bitter aftertaste with a cooked maize flavour and aroma, whereas the intensities of these attributes were insignificant in white maize porridge. About 33% of the consumer sample (N = 60) liked the porridges and 28% disliked the porridges, whilst approximately 38% of the consumers were neutral. The findings suggest that biofortified maize stiff porridge can deliver a significant amount of provitamin A to targeted consumers, but the acceptance of biofortified maize still needs to be improved on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniso Beswa
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Muthulisi Siwela
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-33-260-5459
| | - Eric O. Amonsou
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Unathi Kolanisi
- Department of Consumer Sciences, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3882, South Africa;
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Elemosho AO, Irondi EA, Alamu EO, Ajani EO, Maziya-Dixon B, Menkir A. Characterization of Striga-Resistant Yellow-Orange Maize Hybrids for Bioactive, Carbohydrate, and Pasting Properties. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.585865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the bioactive constituents and physicochemical components in cereals can provide insights into their potential health benefits and food applications. This study evaluated some bioactive constituents, carbohydrate profiles and pasting properties of 16 Striga-resistant hybrids, with yellow-orange kernel color and semi-flint to flint kernel texture, grown in two replications at two field locations in Nigeria. Carotenoids were quantified using HPLC, while other analyses were carried out using standard laboratory methods. The ranges of major carotenoids (μg/g) across the two locations varied from 2.6 to 9.6 for lutein, from 2.1 to 9.7 for zeaxanthin, from 0.8 to 2.9 for β-cryptoxanthin, from 1.4 to 4.1 for β-carotene; with total xanthophylls and provitamin A carotenoids (pVAC) ranging from 5.4 to 17.1 and 1.4 to 4.1 μg/g, respectively. Tannins content ranged from 2.1 to 7.3 mg/g, while phytate ranged from 0.4 to 7.1%. Starch, free sugar, amylose and amylopectin ranged from 40.1 to 88.9%, 1.09 to 6.5%, 15.0 to 34.1%, and 65.9 to 85.0%, respectively. Peak and final viscosities ranged from 57.8 to 114.9 and 120.3 to 261.6 Rapid Visco Units (RVU), respectively. Total xanthophylls, β-carotene, tannins, phytate, sugar, amylose and amylopectin levels, as well as peak and final viscosities, varied significantly (p < 0.05) across the hybrids. Amylose was significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with total xanthophylls, β-carotene, pVAC, phytate and pasting temperature (r = 0.3, 0.3, 0.4, 0.3, 0.3, respectively), but starch significantly correlated with tannins (r = 0.3). Hence, the Striga-resistant yellow-orange maize hybrids have a good combination of bioactive constituents, carbohydrate profile and pasting properties, which are partly influenced by hybrid.
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Alamu EO, Maziya-Dixon B, Menkir A, Ogunlade AO, Olaofe O. Harvesting time and roasting effects on colour properties, xanthophylls, phytates, tannins and vitamin C contents of orange maize hybrid. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21327. [PMID: 33288812 PMCID: PMC7721804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofortified maize varieties form an essential part of a nutritious diet; available evidence suggests that different processing methods may affect the final food products. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of processing (roasting) and harvesting time on the bioactive components (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, phytate, tannin and vitamin C) and colour properties (L*, a*, b*), of biofortified orange maize. The orange maize hybrids used for the study were obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) diverse lines with high provitamin A (PVA) content. The results showed that harvesting time and roasting methods significantly (P ≤ 0.001) affected the colour properties. The positive values of ∆b* 30.7, 36.0 and 38.1 at 20 days after pollination (DAP), 27DAP and 34DAP, respectively showed that the intensity of orange colour increased with delay in harvesting time. In unprocessed freshly harvested orange hybrid maize; lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, tannin and vitamin C increased with an increase in harvesting time. For roasted hybrid, the mean concentrations of all the bioactive components increased with increases in harvesting time except for tannin and vitamin C that showed a decrease at 20DAP and 27DAP. The results revealed that processing and time of harvest affect the levels of non-provitamin A carotenoids, tannins, phytic acid, Vitamin C and the colour properties of biofortified maize genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel O Alamu
- Food and Nutrition Sciences Laboratory, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Southern Africa Research and Administration Hub (SARAH), Campus, PO Box 310142, 10101, Chelstone, Lusaka, Zambia.
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 7th Floor, Grosvenor House, 125 High Street, Croydon, CRO 9XP, England, UK.
| | - Busie Maziya-Dixon
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Abebe Menkir
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adebayo O Ogunlade
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olorunfemi Olaofe
- Department of Chemistry, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, P.M.B.5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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Akinsola OT, Alamu EO, Otegbayo BO, Menkir A, Maziya-Dixon B. Evaluation of Quality and Acceptability of Snack (Kokoro) Produced From Synthetic Provitamin A Maize (Zea mays) Genotypes. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.576217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kokoro from provitamin A (PVA) maize genotypes, produced through conventional breeding, was studied to improve the indigenous white maize-based snack deficient in provitamin A carotenoid commonly consumed in South-western Nigeria. The chemical composition, carotenoid retention, and acceptability of Kokoro from three PVA maize genotypes and one landrace yellow maize variety (control) were estimated. Chemical composition showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in parameters with high crude fat content (23.21–32.11%). The sensory evaluation result revealed that Kokoro from DT STR SYN2-Y (control) was the most acceptable, while among the PVA Kokoro, PVA SYN HGBC1 was acceptable. The pre-processing for the estimated carotenoids (μg g−1); lutein, zeaxanthin, total β-carotene, and PVA in maize genotypes ranged from 10.38 to 12.87, 6.03 to 10.97, 3.83 to 6.18, and 5.96 to 8.43, while after processing to Kokoro, total β-carotene ranged from 1.47 to 3.10 μg g−1 and total PVA content 2.43–4.00 μg g−1. The carotenoid retention in Kokoro from PVA maize genotypes ranged from zeaxanthin 5.89–8.39%; lutein 2.74–4.45%; total β-carotene 38.24–66.14%, and total PVA 37.98–67.05%. Degradation of carotenoid was observed due to the unit operations in the processing method that led to the exposure of the food matrix to direct sunlight, heat, light, metals, and oxygen resulting in the formation of cis-isomers and loss of provitamin A quantity. The maize genotype PVASYNHGBC0 had the highest PVA value and carotenoid retention after processing. The study observed that PVA retention of Kokoro was genotype-dependent, and genotype PVASYNHGBC0 (Provitamin A maize HGA cycle zero) retained the highest carotenoid content. Also, PVASYNHGBC0 (for all the servings' size; 100 and 150 g) in all age groups had the highest percentage contribution of vitamin A to the recommended daily allowance. However, further improvement in the carotenoid content of maize genotypes is needed to enable the production of nutritious Kokoro with higher vitamin A percentage contribution and retinol equivalent.
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Park CH, Park SY, Park YJ, Kim JK, Park SU. Metabolite Profiling and Comparative Analysis of Secondary Metabolites in Chinese Cabbage, Radish, and Hybrid xBrassicoraphanus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13711-13719. [PMID: 33190495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We profiled and quantified primary and secondary metabolites in the leaves and roots of xBrassicoraphanus (Baemuchae), Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis (Chinese cabbage), and Raphanus sativus (radish). We obtained 72 metabolites from leaves and 68 metabolites from both leaves and roots of xBrassicoraphanus, Chinese cabbage, and radish. The metabolic profiles in this study revealed intermediate-level production of most metabolites from different parts of Baemuchae compared with that from different parts of Chinese cabbage and radishes. This was supported by the results of principal component analyses for the detected metabolites, which indicated that the Baemuchae group was located between the Chinese cabbage and radish groups. In particular, several amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine) played the main role in phenylpropanoid and glucosinolate biosynthesis and were positively correlated with phenolic compounds, indolic glucosinolates, and aliphatic glucosinolates, respectively, in different parts. Furthermore, analysis of different species revealed the presence of 10 different glucosinolates, 10 phenolics, and 7 carotenoids, and their levels varied in the roots and leaves of the studied species. Among the leaves of the three species, Chinese cabbage had the highest total glucosinolate level, which was 3.14 times higher than the lowest level observed in radish. Baemuchae had the highest total phenolic compound level, which was 2.87 times higher than the lowest level found in Chinese cabbage, and radish had the highest carotenoid level, which was 12.41 times higher than the lowest one observed in Chinese cabbage. In the roots of Baemuchae, Chinese cabbage, and radish, glucosinolate levels did not vary significantly. Chinese cabbage contained the highest total phenolic compound level, which was 2.38 times higher than the lowest level found in radish, and the highest total carotenoid level, which was 2.49 times higher than the lowest level observed in Baemuchae. This metabolomic study provided chemical composition information that can be applied to future breeding strategies and comprehensively described the relationship among metabolites detected in the three plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ha Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yun Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Park
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Sowa M, Mourao L, Sheftel J, Kaeppler M, Simons G, Grahn M, Davis CR, von Lintig J, Simon PW, Pixley KV, Tanumihardjo SA. Overlapping Vitamin A Interventions with Provitamin A Carotenoids and Preformed Vitamin A Cause Excessive Liver Retinol Stores in Male Mongolian Gerbils. J Nutr 2020; 150:2912-2923. [PMID: 32455433 PMCID: PMC8023580 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is a public health problem in some countries. Fortification, supplementation, and increased provitamin A consumption through biofortification are efficacious, but monitoring is needed due to risk of excessive VA intake when interventions overlap. OBJECTIVES Two studies in 28-36-d-old male Mongolian gerbils simulated exposure to multiple VA interventions to determine the effects of provitamin A carotenoid consumption from biofortified maize and carrots and preformed VA fortificant on status. METHODS Study 1 was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 85) with high-β-carotene maize, orange carrots, and VA fortification at 50% estimated gerbil needs, compared with white maize and white carrot controls. Study 2 was a 2 × 3 factorial design (n = 66) evaluating orange carrot and VA consumption through fortification at 100% and 200% estimated needs. Both studies utilized 2-wk VA depletion, baseline evaluation, 9-wk treatments, and liver VA stores by HPLC. Intestinal scavenger receptor class B member 1 (Scarb1), β-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase (Bco1), β-carotene 9',10'-oxygenase (Bco2), intestine-specific homeobox (Isx), and cytochrome P450 26A1 isoform α1 (Cyp26a1) expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR in study 2. RESULTS In study 1, liver VA concentrations were significantly higher in orange carrot (0.69 ± 0.12 μmol/g) and orange maize groups (0.52 ± 0.21 μmol/g) compared with baseline (0.23 ± 0.069 μmol/g) and controls. Liver VA concentrations from VA fortificant alone (0.11 ± 0.053 μmol/g) did not differ from negative control. In study 2, orange carrot significantly enhanced liver VA concentrations (0.85 ± 0.24 μmol/g) relative to baseline (0.43 ± 0.14 μmol/g), but VA fortificant alone (0.42 ± 0.21 μmol/g) did not. Intestinal Scarb1 and Bco1 were negatively correlated with increasing liver VA concentrations (P < 0.01, r2 = 0.25-0.27). Serum retinol concentrations did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Biofortified carrots and maize without fortification prevented VA deficiency in gerbils. During adequate provitamin A dietary intake, preformed VA intake resulted in excessive liver stores in gerbils, despite downregulation of carotenoid absorption and cleavage gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Sowa
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luciana Mourao
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jesse Sheftel
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mikayla Kaeppler
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gabrielle Simons
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael Grahn
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christopher R Davis
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Philipp W Simon
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin V Pixley
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Biofortified Crops for Combating Hidden Hunger in South Africa: Availability, Acceptability, Micronutrient Retention and Bioavailability. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060815. [PMID: 32575819 PMCID: PMC7353603 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In many poorer parts of the world, biofortification is a strategy that increases the concentration of target nutrients in staple food crops, mainly by genetic manipulation, to alleviate prevalent nutrient deficiencies. We reviewed the (i) prevalence of vitamin A, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies; (ii) availability of vitamin A, iron and Zn biofortified crops, and their acceptability in South Africa. The incidence of vitamin A and iron deficiency among children below five years old is 43.6% and 11%, respectively, while the risk of Zn deficiency is 45.3% among children aged 1 to 9 years. Despite several strategies being implemented to address the problem, including supplementation and commercial fortification, the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies is still high. Biofortification has resulted in the large-scale availability of βcarotene-rich orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (OFSP), while provitamin A biofortified maize and Zn and/or iron biofortified common beans are at development stages. Agronomic biofortification is being investigated to enhance yields and concentrations of target nutrients in crops grown in agriculturally marginal environments. The consumer acceptability of OFSP and provitamin A biofortified maize were higher among children compared to adults. Accelerating the development of other biofortified staple crops to increase their availability, especially to the target population groups, is essential. Nutrition education should be integrated with community health programmes to improve the consumption of the biofortified crops, coupled with further research to develop suitable recipes/formulations for biofortified foods.
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Silva METD, Correa KDP, Martins MA, da Matta SLP, Martino HSD, Coimbra JSDR. Food safety, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic activities, and in vivo protein quality of microalga Scenedesmus obliquus in Wistar rats. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Titcomb T, Kaeppler M, Cook M, Simon P, Tanumihardjo S. Carrot leaves improve color and xanthophyll content of egg yolk in laying hens but are not as effective as commercially available marigold fortificant. Poult Sci 2019; 98:5208-5213. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Kim S, Kim SJ, Jo ES, Gil K, Kim NY, Park JS, Park D, Park SY, Hwang KW. Anti-pancreatic-cancer effect of a newly bred cabbage line, Amtak-ssamchae, is mediated by a reduction in regulatory-T-cell recruitment. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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18
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Titcomb TJ, Kaeppler MS, Sandoval Cates SB, Shannon JM, Simon PW, Tanumihardjo SA. Carrot Leaves Maintain Liver Vitamin A Concentrations in Male Mongolian Gerbils Regardless of the Ratio of α- to β-Carotene When β-Carotene Equivalents Are Equalized. J Nutr 2019; 149:951-958. [PMID: 31050738 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carrots are an important horticultural crop that contain provitamin A carotenoids (PACs). Orange carrots have high concentrations of α-carotene, which upon central cleavage yields 1 retinal and 1 α-retinal molecule. The leaves of carrot plants are a source of PACs when consumed. OBJECTIVE Male Mongolian gerbils aged 27-30 d were used to assess the bioefficacy of carrot leaves to maintain vitamin A (VA) status and investigate whether the ratio of α- to β-carotene (α:β-carotene) affected bioefficacy. METHODS After 3 wk depletion, baseline gerbils were killed (n = 6) and the remaining gerbils (n = 60) were divided into 6 groups to receive 4 VA-deficient, carrot leaf-fortified feeds (1:1.4, 1:2.5, 1:5.0, and 1:80 α:β-carotene ratio) equalized to 4.8 nmol/g β-carotene equivalents (βCEs), or VA-deficient feed with (VA+) or without (VA-) retinyl acetate supplements. Carrot-leaf powder from 4 carrot plants with differing α:β-carotene ratios was used. After 4 wk, gerbils were killed and tissues were collected and analyzed for retinoids by HPLC. RESULTS VA+ had higher total liver VA (means ± SD 0.91 ± 0.29 μmol) than all other groups (range: 0.40-0.62) (P ≤ 0.03), and the carrot leaf treatments did not differ from baseline (0.55 ± 0.09 μmol). VA- (0.40 ± 0.23 μmol VA/liver) did not differ from the leaf-fed groups, but 30% became VA deficient (defined as <0.1 μmol VA/g liver). α-Retinol accumulated in livers and lungs and was correlated to total α-carotene consumption (R2 = 0.83 and 0.88, respectively; P < 0.0001). Bioefficacy factors ranged from 4.2 to 6.2 μg βCE to 1 μg retinol. CONCLUSIONS Carrot leaves maintain VA status and prevent deficiency in gerbils regardless of the α:β-carotene ratio. The bioconversion of PACs from carrot leaves to retinol is similar to what has been reported for other green leafy vegetables, making the consumption of carrot leaves a viable method to improve dietary PAC intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Titcomb
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Mikayla S Kaeppler
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Jamie M Shannon
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Philipp W Simon
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Does kernel position on the cob affect zeaxanthin, lutein and total carotenoid contents or quality parameters, in zeaxanthin-biofortified sweet-corn? Food Chem 2019; 277:490-495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Titcomb TJ, Sheftel J, Sowa M, Gannon BM, Davis CR, Palacios-Rojas N, Tanumihardjo SA. β-Cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin are highly bioavailable from whole-grain and refined biofortified orange maize in humans with optimal vitamin A status: a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:793-802. [PMID: 30321275 PMCID: PMC8483000 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Biofortification of staple crops with β-carotene is a strategy to reduce vitamin A deficiency, and several varieties are available in some African countries. β-Cryptoxanthin (BCX)-enhanced maize is currently in field trials. To our knowledge, maize BCX bioavailability has not been assessed in humans. Serum retinol 13C content and xanthophyll concentrations are proposed effectiveness biomarkers for biofortified maize adoption. Objective We determined the relative difference in BCX and zeaxanthin bioavailability from whole-grain and refined BCX-biofortified maize during chronic feeding compared with white maize and evaluated short-term changes in 13C-abundance in serum retinol. Design After a 7-d washout, 9 adults (mean ± SD age: 23.4 ± 2.3 y; 5 men) were provided with muffins made from BCX-enhanced whole-grain orange maize (WGOM), refined orange maize (ROM), or refined white maize (RWM) for 12 d in a randomized, blinded, crossover study followed by a 7-d washout. Blood was drawn on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 19. Carotenoid areas under the curve (AUCs) were compared by using a fixed-effects model. 13C-Abundance in serum retinol was determined by using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope-ratio mass spectrometry on days 0, 12, and 19. Vitamin A status was determined by 13C-retinol isotope dilution postintervention. Results The serum BCX AUC was significantly higher for WGOM (1.70 ± 0.63 μmol ⋅ L-1 ⋅ d) and ROM (1.66 ± 1.08 μmol ⋅ L-1 ⋅ d) than for RWM (-0.06 ± 0.13 μmol ⋅ L-1 ⋅ d; P < 0.003). A greater increase occurred in serum BCX from WGOM muffins (131%) than from ROM muffins (108%) (P ≤ 0.003). Zeaxanthin AUCs were higher for WGOM (0.94 ± 0.33) and ROM (0.96 ± 0.47) than for RWM (0.05 ± 0.12 μmol ⋅ L-1 ⋅ d; P < 0.003). The intervention did not affect predose serum retinol 13C-abundance. Vitamin A status was within an optimal range (defined as 0.1-0.7 μmol/g liver). Conclusions BCX and zeaxanthin were highly bioavailable from BCX-biofortified maize. The adoption of BCX maize could positively affect consumers' BCX and zeaxanthin intakes and associated health benefits. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02800408.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Titcomb
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jesse Sheftel
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Margaret Sowa
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Bryan M Gannon
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Christopher R Davis
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Azmach G, Menkir A, Spillane C, Gedil M. Genetic Loci Controlling Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Diverse Tropical Maize Lines. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:1049-1065. [PMID: 29378820 PMCID: PMC5844293 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and use of genetic markers associated with carotenoid levels can help to exploit the genetic potential of maize for provitamin A accumulation more effectively. Provitamin A carotenoids are classes of carotenoids that are precursors of vitamin A, an essential micronutrient in humans. Vitamin A deficiency is a global public health problem affecting millions of people, especially in developing countries. Maize is one of the most important staple crops targeted for provitamin A biofortification to help alleviate vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of maize endosperm carotenoids was conducted using a panel of 130 diverse yellow maize tropical inbred lines genotyped with Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) SNP markers. Numerous significant association signals co-localizing with the known carotenoid biosynthesis genes crtRB1, lcyE and ZEP1 were identified. The GWAS confirmed previously reported large effects of the two major carotenoid biosynthesis genes lcyE and crtRB1 In addition, significant novel associations were detected for several transcription factors (e.g., RING zinc finger domain and HLH DNA-binding domain super family proteins) that may be involved in regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in maize. When the GWAS was re-conducted by including the major effects of lcyE and crtRB1 genes as covariates, a SNP in a gene coding for an auxin response factor 20 transcription factor was identified which displayed an association with β-carotene and provitamin A levels. Our study provides a foundation for design and implementation of genomics-assisted selection strategies for provitamin A maize breeding in tropical regions, and advances efforts toward identification of additional genes (and allelic variants) involved in the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girum Azmach
- Maize Breeding and Genetics Division, Bako National Maize Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Bako, Ethiopia
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abebe Menkir
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Charles Spillane
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland
| | - Melaku Gedil
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Cuong DM, Kim JK, Jeon J, Kim TJ, Park JS, Park SU. Expression of Carotenoid Biosynthetic Genes and Carotenoid Biosynthesis during Seedling Development of Momordica charantia. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids belong to a large group of secondary metabolites, and have pivotal roles in plants, including photosynthesis and phytohormone synthesis, pigmentation, and membrane stabilization. Additionally, carotenoids are potent antioxidants, and their health benefits are becoming increasingly prominent. In recent years, carotenoids have been studied in many plants. Furthermore, gene expression, as well as carotenoid accumulation in different parts of the bitter melon, has been investigated; however, it has not been studied in bitter melon seedlings. In this study, carotenoid accumulation and transcript levels of McGGPPS1, McGGPPS2, McPSY, McPDS, McZDS, McLCYB, McLCYE1, McLCYE2, McCXHB, and McZEP, involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, were analyzed during seedling development using HPLC and qRT-PCR. The major carotenoids that accumulated in the bitter melon seedlings were lutein and E-β-carotene. The expression of most carotenoid biosynthetic genes increased during seedling development, consistent with the accumulation of violaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, 13Z-β-carotene, E-β-carotene, and 9Z-β-carotene in bitter melon seedlings. The results of this study provide a firm basis for comprehending the link between gene expression and carotenoid concentration in bitter melon seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Manh Cuong
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Jin Jeon
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Jong Seok Park
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
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Kalu OO, Ojimelukwe PC, Ukom AN. Evaluation of the Effect of Planting Distance and Harvesting Time on the Carotenoids and Phytochemicals of Selected Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato Varieties. INTERNATIONAL LETTERS OF NATURAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56431/p-687ww9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the carotenoid profile and concentration (by HPLC) and the phytochemical content of two OFSP varieties (Umuspo 3 and Ex-Igbariam) planted at three distances (20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm) and harvested in two different periods (12th and 16th weeks after planting) respectively. Carotene contents of the outer peel and inner flesh of the sweet potato varieties were also determined. The results showed wide variation in the carotenoid and phytochemical content among the varieties at different planting spaces and harvest periods. Umuspo 3 planted at 20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm had significantly greater carotenoid concentration than Ex-Igbariam variety. The predominant carotenoid was β-carotene with highest concentration obtained from 40 cm planting distance (92.82µg/g) and 30 cm (80.97µg/g) for Umuspo 3. Ex-Igbariam at 30 cm planting distance contained 2.51µg/g β-carotene when harvested after 16th weeks. Also the highest β-carotene concentration was from Umuspo 3 flesh sample planted 30 and 40 cm (409.45 and 441.15 mg/100g) and the peel for samples planted 30 and 40 cm (490.47 and 640.69 mg/100g, respectively) at the 12th week of harvest. Flavonoids were present in significant amounts (310.62mg/100g) in Umuspo 3 planted at 30 cm and harvested after 12th week while in total polyphenol, significant quantities of ≈42.12mg/100g was present in Ex-Igbariam spaced at 30 cm and 40 cm and harvested after 16th week. Provitamin A carotenoid was calculated and Umuspo 3 pro-vitamin A carotenoid was significantly higher (p< 0.05) with highest concentration (742.26 RE/100g) present in samples from 40 cm planting distance. The results showed that planting space and harvesting period had significant impact on the carotenoid and phytochemical concentrations of OFSP varieties. Planting distances of 30 and 40 cm are recommended for high carotenoid content in the two sweet potato varieties.
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Cuong DM, Arasu MV, Jeon J, Park YJ, Kwon SJ, Al-Dhabi NA, Park SU. Medically important carotenoids from Momordica charantia and their gene expressions in different organs. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24:1913-1919. [PMID: 29551944 PMCID: PMC5851905 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids, found in the fruit and different organs of bitter melon (Momordica charantia), have attracted great attention for their potential health benefits in treating several major chronic diseases. Therefore, study related to the identification and quantification of the medically important carotenoid metabolites is highly important for the treatment of various disorderes. The present study involved in the identification and quantification of the various carotenoids present in the different organs of M. charantia and the identification of the genes responsible for the accumulation of the carotenoids with respect to the transcriptome levels were investigated. In this study, using the transcriptome database of bitter melon, a partial-length cDNA clone encoding geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (McGGPPS2), and several full-length cDNA clones encoding geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (McGGPPS1), zeta-carotene desaturase (McZDS), lycopene beta-cyclase (McLCYB), lycopene epsilon cyclases (McLCYE1 and McLCYE2), beta-carotene hydroxylase (McCHXB), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (McZEP) were identified in bitter melon. The expression levels of the mRNAs encoding these eight putative biosynthetic enzymes, as well as the accumulation of lycopene, α-carotene, lutein, 13Z-β-carotene, E-β-carotene, 9Z-β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and violaxanthin were investigated in different organs from M. charantia as well as in the four different stages of its fruit maturation. Transcripts were found to be constitutively expressed at high levels in the leaves where carotenoids were also found at the highest levels. Collectively, these results indicate that the putative McGGPPS2, McZDS, McLCYB, McLCYE1, McLCYE2, and McCHXB enzymes might be key factors in controlling carotenoid content in bitter melon. In conclusion, the over expression of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes from M. charantia crops to increase the yield of these medically important carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Manh Cuong
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Addiriyah Research Chair for Environmental Studies, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jin Jeon
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ji Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Jae Kwon
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, 29 Geumgu-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Addiriyah Research Chair for Environmental Studies, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding authors.
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Kalu OO, Ojimelukwe PC, Ukom AN. Evaluation of the Effect of Planting Distance and Harvesting Time on the Carotenoids and Phytochemicals of Selected Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato Varieties. INTERNATIONAL LETTERS OF NATURAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.66.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the carotenoid profile and concentration (by HPLC) and the phytochemical content of two OFSP varieties (Umuspo 3 and Ex-Igbariam) planted at three distances (20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm) and harvested in two different periods (12thand 16thweeks after planting) respectively. Carotene contents of the outer peel and inner flesh of the sweet potato varieties were also determined. The results showed wide variation in the carotenoid and phytochemical content among the varieties at different planting spaces and harvest periods. Umuspo 3 planted at 20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm had significantly greater carotenoid concentration than Ex-Igbariam variety. The predominant carotenoid was β-carotene with highest concentration obtained from 40 cm planting distance (92.82µg/g) and 30 cm (80.97µg/g) for Umuspo 3. Ex-Igbariam at 30 cm planting distance contained 2.51µg/g β-carotene when harvested after 16thweeks. Also the highest β-carotene concentration was from Umuspo 3 flesh sample planted 30 and 40 cm (409.45 and 441.15 mg/100g) and the peel for samples planted 30 and 40 cm (490.47 and 640.69 mg/100g, respectively) at the 12thweek of harvest. Flavonoids were present in significant amounts (310.62mg/100g) in Umuspo 3 planted at 30 cm and harvested after 12thweek while in total polyphenol, significant quantities of ≈42.12mg/100g was present in Ex-Igbariam spaced at 30 cm and 40 cm and harvested after 16thweek. Provitamin A carotenoid was calculated and Umuspo 3 pro-vitamin A carotenoid was significantly higher (p< 0.05) with highest concentration (742.26 RE/100g) present in samples from 40 cm planting distance. The results showed that planting space and harvesting period had significant impact on the carotenoid and phytochemical concentrations of OFSP varieties. Planting distances of 30 and 40 cm are recommended for high carotenoid content in the two sweet potato varieties.
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Sowa M, Yu J, Palacios-Rojas N, Goltz SR, Howe JA, Davis CR, Rocheford T, Tanumihardjo SA. Retention of Carotenoids in Biofortified Maize Flour and β-Cryptoxanthin-Enhanced Eggs after Household Cooking. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7320-7328. [PMID: 31457305 PMCID: PMC6645162 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biofortification of crops to enhance provitamin A carotenoids is a strategy to increase the intake where vitamin A deficiency presents a widespread problem. Heat, light, and oxygen cause isomerization and oxidation of carotenoids, reducing provitamin A activity. Understanding provitamin A retention is important for assessing efficacy of biofortified foods. Retention of carotenoids in high-xanthophyll and high-β-carotene maize was assessed after a long-term storage at three temperatures. Carotenoid retention in high-β-cryptoxanthin maize was determined in muffins, non-nixtamalized tortillas, porridge, and fried puffs made from whole-grain and sifted flour. Retention in eggs from hens fed high-β-cryptoxanthin maize was assessed after frying, scrambling, boiling, and microwaving. Loss during storage in maize was accelerated with increasing temperature and affected by genotype. Boiling whole-grain maize into porridge resulted in the highest retention of all cooking and sifting methods (112%). Deep-fried maize and scrambled eggs had the lowest carotenoid retention rates of 67-78 and 84-86%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Sowa
- Interdepartmental
Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Linden Dr., 53706 Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jiaoying Yu
- Interdepartmental
Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Linden Dr., 53706 Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Natalia Palacios-Rojas
- Global
Maize Program, International Center for
Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMYT), Km 45, Carr. Mex-Veracruz, Col. El Batan, 56130 Texcoco, Edo. De Mexico, Mexico
| | - Shellen R. Goltz
- Interdepartmental
Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Linden Dr., 53706 Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Julie A. Howe
- Interdepartmental
Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Linden Dr., 53706 Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Christopher R. Davis
- Interdepartmental
Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Linden Dr., 53706 Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Torbert Rocheford
- Department
of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, AW-101 Turner Hall, MC046, 1102 S. Goodwin Avenue, 61801 Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Sherry A. Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental
Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Linden Dr., 53706 Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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Transcriptome analysis and metabolic profiling of green and red kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) seedlings. Food Chem 2017; 241:7-13. [PMID: 28958560 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) is a rich source of numerous health-benefiting compounds, including vitamins, glucosinolates, phenolic compounds, and carotenoids. However, the genetic resources for exploiting the phyto-nutritional traits of kales are limited. To acquire precise information on secondary metabolites in kales, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of green and red kale seedlings. Kale transcriptome datasets revealed 37,149 annotated genes and several secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes. HPLC analysis revealed 14 glucosinolates, 20 anthocyanins, 3 phenylpropanoids, and 6 carotenoids in the kale seedlings that were examined. Red kale contained more glucosinolates, anthocyanins, and phenylpropanoids than green kale, whereas the carotenoid contents were much higher in green kale than in red kale. Ultimately, our data will be a valuable resource for future research on kale bio-engineering and will provide basic information to define gene-to-metabolite networks in kale.
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Sheftel J, Gannon BM, Davis CR, Tanumihardjo SA. Provitamin A-biofortified maize consumption increases serum xanthophylls and 13C-natural abundance of retinol in Zambian children. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1508-1514. [PMID: 28836851 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217728500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants that undergo C4 photosynthesis, such as maize, are enriched in the stable isotope of carbon (13C) compared with other dietary plants and foods. Consumption of maize that has been biofortified to contain elevated levels of provitamin A carotenoids (orange maize) increased the abundance of 13C in serum retinol of Mongolian gerbils. We evaluated this method in humans to determine if it has potential for further use in intervention effectiveness studies. A random subset of samples from a two-month randomized controlled feeding trial of rural three- to five-year old Zambian children were used to determine the impact of orange maize intake on serum carotenoid concentrations ( n = 88) and 13C-natural abundance in serum retinol ( n = 77). Concentrations of β-cryptoxanthin (a xanthophyll provitamin A carotenoid) and the dihydroxy xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin, which do not have vitamin A activity, were elevated in children consuming orange maize compared with those consuming a white maize control ( P < 0.001), while β-carotene was not different ( P > 0.3). Furthermore, 13C natural abundance was higher after two months' intervention in the orange maize group compared with the white maize group ( P = 0.049). Predictions made from equations developed in the aforementioned gerbil study estimated that maize provided 11% (2-21%, 95% confidence interval) of the recent dietary vitamin A to these children. These results demonstrate that orange maize is efficacious at providing retinol to the vitamin A pool in children through provitamin A carotenoids, as monitored by the change in 13C enrichment, which was not reflected in serum β-carotene concentrations. Further effectiveness studies in countries who have adopted orange maize should consider determining differences in retinol 13C-enrichment among target groups in addition to profiling serum xanthophyll carotenoids with specific emphasis on zeaxanthin. Impact statement Maize biofortified with provitamin A carotenoids (orange) has been released in some African markets. Responsive and sensitive methods to evaluate dissemination effectiveness are needed. This study investigated methods to evaluate effectiveness of orange maize consumption using serum from Zambian children fed orange maize for two months. Many varieties of orange maize contain higher amounts of the xanthophyll carotenoids in addition to β-carotene compared with typical varieties. This study uniquely showed higher concentrations of the maize xanthophylls lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin in children who consumed orange maize compared with white. Furthermore, maize is a C4 plant and is therefore naturally enriched with 13C. Higher 13C was detected in the serum retinol of the orange maize consumers with no change in serum β-carotene concentration suggesting preferential bioconversion to retinol. The combined analyses of serum zeaxanthin specifically and 13C-natural abundance of retinol could prove useful in effectiveness studies between orange maize adopters and non-adopters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Sheftel
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Bryan M Gannon
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Christopher R Davis
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Min BR, Marsh LE, Brathwaite K, Daramola AO. Effects of Tissue Culture and Mycorrhiza Applications in Organic Farming on Concentrations of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Capacities in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Rhizomes and Leaves. J Food Sci 2017; 82:873-881. [PMID: 28231393 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue culture and mycorrhiza applications can provide disease-free seedlings and enhanced nutrient absorption, respectively, for organic farming. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is rich in phytochemicals and has various health-protective potentials. This study was aimed at determining effects of tissue culture and mycorrhiza applications alone or in combinations in organic farming on phytochemical contents (total phenolics and flavonoids [TP and TF, respectively], gingerol and shogaol homologues, phenolic acids, and carotenoids) and antioxidant capacities (DPPH [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl] radical scavenging, oxygen radical absorbance (ORAC), and iron-chelating capacities [ICC]) in solvent-extractable (Free) and cell-wall-matrix-bound (Bound) fractions of ginger rhizome and Free fraction of the leaves in comparison with non-organics. Concentrations of the phytochemicals and antioxidant capacities, except for carotenoids and ICC, were significantly higher in organic ginger rhizomes and leaves than in non-organics regardless of the fractions and treatments (P < 0.05). Mycorrhiza application in organic farming significantly increased levels of TP, TF, gingerols, and ORAC in the Free fraction of the rhizome (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the combined application of tissue culture and mycorrhiza significantly increased concentrations of TF and gingerols and ORAC in the Free fraction of the rhizome (P < 0.05), suggesting their synergistic effects. Considerable amounts of phenolics were found in the Bound fractions of the rhizomes. Six-gingerol, ferulic acid, and lutein were predominant ones among gingerols, phenolic acids, and carotenoids, respectively, in ginger rhizomes. The results suggest that organic farming with mycorrhiza and tissue culture applications can increase concentrations of phytochemicals and antioxidant capacities in ginger rhizomes and leaves and therefore improve their health-protective potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungrok R Min
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, 21853, U.S.A
| | - Lurline E Marsh
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, 21853, U.S.A
| | - Keegan Brathwaite
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, 21853, U.S.A
| | - Adebola O Daramola
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, 21853, U.S.A
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Gannon BM, Pixley KV, Tanumihardjo SA. Maize Milling Method Affects Growth and Zinc Status but Not Provitamin A Carotenoid Bioefficacy in Male Mongolian Gerbils. J Nutr 2017; 147:337-345. [PMID: 28148686 PMCID: PMC5320399 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.241935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin A (VA) and zinc deficiencies are prevalent. Maize is a common staple, and milling affects nutrient and nutrient-modifier profiles.Objective: We investigated the interaction of maize milling methods (i.e., whole grain compared with refined) in male Mongolian gerbils aged 29-35 d with conventionally bred provitamin A-biofortified (orange) or white maize on VA and zinc status.Methods: Study 1 (n = 67) was a 2 × 3 milling (whole compared with refined) by VA [no-vitamin A placebo group (VA-), orange, and VA-supplemented group (VA+)] design, with 4 wk of VA depletion followed by six 4-wk treatments (n = 10/treatment). Study 2 (n = 33) was a 2 × 2 milling-by-zinc [no-zinc placebo group (Zn-) compared with zinc-supplemented group (Zn+)] design, including 2 wk of VA depletion followed by four 3-wk treatments (n = 8-9/treatment). For study 1, positive and negative control groups were given supplemental VA at equimolar amounts to β-carotene equivalents consumed by the orange groups (74 ± 5 nmol/d) or placebo, respectively. For study 2, positive and negative control groups were given 152 μg Zn/d or placebo, respectively.Results: Milling significantly affected zinc concentration, providing 44-45% (whole grain) or 9-14% (refined) NRC requirements. In study 1, orange maize improved liver VA concentrations (mean ± SD: 0.28 ± 0.08 μmol/g) compared with the white maize groups (0.072 ± 0.054 μmol/g). Provitamin A bioefficacy was similar. In study 2, neither zinc nor milling influenced liver retinol. Refined Zn- gerbils weighed less than others by day 14 (46.6 ± 7.1 compared with 56.5 ± 3.5 g, respectively; P < 0.0001). Milling affected pancreas zinc concentrations (refined Zn-: 21.1 ± 1.8 μg Zn/g; whole Zn-: 32.5 ± 5.8 μg Zn/g).Conclusions: Whole-grain intake improved zinc and did not affect provitamin A bioefficacy. Other factors affected by milling (e.g., shelf life, preference, aflatoxin fractioning) need to be considered to maximize health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Gannon
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, and
| | - Kevin V Pixley
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, and
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Muzhingi T, Palacios-Rojas N, Miranda A, Cabrera ML, Yeum KJ, Tang G. Genetic variation of carotenoids, vitamin E and phenolic compounds in Provitamin A biofortified maize. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:793-801. [PMID: 27173638 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofortified maize is not only a good vehicle for provitamin A carotenoids for vitamin A deficient populations in developing countries but also a source of vitamin E, tocochromanols and phenolic compounds, which have antioxidant properties. Using high-performance liquid chromatography and a total antioxidant performance assay, the present study analyzed the antioxidant variation and antioxidant activity of 36 provitamin A improved maize hybrids and one common yellow maize hybrid. RESULTS The ranges of major carotenoids in provitamin A carotenoids biofortified maize were zeaxanthin [1.2-13.2 µg g-1 dry weight (DW)], β-cryptoxanthin (1.3-8.8 µg g-1 DW) and β-carotene (1.3-8.0 µg g-1 DW). The ranges of vitamin E compounds identified in provitamin A carotenoids biofortified maize were α-tocopherol (3.4-34.3 µg g-1 DW), γ-tocopherol (5.9-54.4 µg g-1 DW), α-tocotrienol (2.6-19.5 µg g-1 DW) and γ-tocotrienol (45.4 µg g-1 DW). The ranges of phenolic compounds were γ-oryzanol (0.0-0.8 mg g-1 DW), ferulic acid (0.4-3.6 mg g-1 DW) and p-coumaric acid (0.1-0.45 mg g-1 DW). There was significant correlation between α-tocopherol and cis isomers of β-carotene (P < 0.01). Tocotrienols were correlated with α-tocopherol and γ-oryzanol (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Genotype was significant in determining the variation in β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol contents (P < 0.01). A genotype × environment interaction was observed for γ-tocopherol content (P < 0.01). © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawanda Muzhingi
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Natalia Palacios-Rojas
- Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CIMMYT Research Station, Km. 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, 56130, 00174, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Miranda
- Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CIMMYT Research Station, Km. 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, 56130, 00174, Mexico
| | - Maria L Cabrera
- Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CIMMYT Research Station, Km. 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, 56130, 00174, Mexico
| | - Kyung-J Yeum
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Glocal Campus, Chungju-Si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 380-701, South Korea
| | - Guangwen Tang
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
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Park MH, Sangwanangkul P, Baek DR. Changes in carotenoid and chlorophyll content of black tomatoes ( Lycopersicone sculentum L.) during storage at various temperatures. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 25:57-65. [PMID: 29379358 PMCID: PMC5775087 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Black tomatoes have a unique color and higher lycopene content than typical red tomatoes. Here, black tomatoes were investigated how maturation stage and storage temperature affected carotenoid and chlorophyll accumulation. Immature fruits were firmer than mature fruits, but failed to develop their distinctive color and contained less lycopene when stored at 8 °C. Hunter a* values of black tomatoes increased with storage temperature and duration; storage of immature fruits at high temperature favored lycopene accumulation. Chlorophyll levels of black tomatoes declined during storage, but differences between mature and immature tomatoes stored at 12 °C were minimal. β-Carotene levels of black tomatoes increased during early storage, but rapidly declined beginning 13 d post-harvest. The highest lycopene and chlorophyll levels were observed in mature black tomatoes stored at 12 °C for 13 d; these conditions also yielded the best quality fruit. Thus, the unique pigmentation properties of black tomatoes can be precisely controlled by standardizing storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Me-Hea Park
- Postharvest Technology Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Peerapong Sangwanangkul
- Postharvest Technology Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ryeol Baek
- Postharvest Technology Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
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Mok IK, Yoon JR, Pan CH, Kim SM. Development, Quantification, Method Validation, and Stability Study of a Novel Fucoxanthin-Fortified Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6196-6202. [PMID: 27455130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To extend the scope of application of fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid, whole milk (WM) and skimmed milk (SM) were fortified with fucoxanthin isolated from the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum to a final 8 μg/mL milk solution concentration. Using these liquid systems, a fucoxanthin analysis method implementing extraction and HPLC-DAD was developed and validated by accuracy, precision, system suitability, and robustness tests. The current method demonstrated good linearity over the range of 0.125-100 μg/mL fucoxanthin with R(2) = 1.0000, and all validation data supported its adequacy for use in fucoxanthin analysis from milk solution. To investigate fucoxanthin stability during milk production and distribution, fucoxanthin content was examined during storage, pasteurization, and drying processes under various conditions. Fucoxanthin in milk solutions showed better stabilizing effect in 1 month of storage period. Degradation rate constant (k) on fucoxanthin during this storage period suggested that fucoxanthin stability might be negatively correlated with decrease of temperature and increase of protein content such as casein and whey protein in milk matrix. In a comparison between SM and WM, fucoxantin in SM always showed better stability than that in WM during storage and three kinds of drying processes. This effect was also deduced to relate with protein content. In the pasteurization step, >91% of fucoxanthin was retained after three pasteurization processes even though the above trend was not found. This study demonstrated for the first time that milk products can be used as a basic food matrix for fucoxanthin application and that protein content in milk is an important factor for fucoxanthin stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Kyoon Mok
- Department of Food Processing and Distribution, Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ro Yoon
- Department of Food Processing and Distribution, Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25457, Republic of Korea
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Gannon BM, Pungarcher I, Mourao L, Davis CR, Simon P, Pixley KV, Tanumihardjo SA. 13C Natural Abundance of Serum Retinol Is a Novel Biomarker for Evaluating Provitamin A Carotenoid-Biofortified Maize Consumption in Male Mongolian Gerbils. J Nutr 2016; 146:1290-7. [PMID: 27281810 PMCID: PMC4926851 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.230300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crops such as maize, sorghum, and millet are being biofortified with provitamin A carotenoids to ensure adequate vitamin A (VA) intakes. VA assessment can be challenging because serum retinol concentrations are homeostatically controlled and more sensitive techniques are resource-intensive. OBJECTIVES We investigated changes in serum retinol relative differences of isotope amount ratios of (13)C/(12)C (δ(13)C) caused by natural (13)C fractionation in C3 compared with C4 plants as a biomarker to detect provitamin A efficacy from biofortified (orange) maize and high-carotene carrots. METHODS The design was a 2 × 2 × 2 maize (orange compared with white) by carrot (orange compared with white) by a VA fortificant (VA+ compared with VA-) in weanling male Mongolian gerbils (n = 55), which included a 14-d VA depletion period and a 62-d treatment period (1 baseline and 8 treatment groups; n = 5-7/group). Liver VA and serum retinol were quantified, purified by HPLC, and analyzed by GC combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry for (13)C. RESULTS Treatments affected liver VA concentrations (0.048 ± 0.039 to 0.79 ± 0.24 μmol/g; P < 0.0001) but not overall serum retinol concentrations (1.38 ± 0.22 μmol/L). Serum retinol and liver VA δ(13)C were significantly correlated (R(2) = 0.92; P < 0.0001). Serum retinol δ(13)C differentiated control groups that consumed white maize and white carrots (-27.1 ± 1.2 δ(13)C‰) from treated groups that consumed orange maize and white carrots (-21.6 ± 1.4 δ(13)C‰ P < 0.0001) and white maize and orange carrots (-30.6 ± 0.7 δ(13)C‰ P < 0.0001). A prediction model demonstrated the relative contribution of orange maize to total dietary VA for groups that consumed VA from mixed sources. CONCLUSIONS Provitamin A efficacy and quantitative estimation of the relative contribution to dietary VA were demonstrated with the use of serum retinol δ(13)C. This method could be used for maize efficacy or effectiveness studies and with other C4 crops biofortified with provitamin A carotenoids (e.g., millet, sorghum). Advantages include no extrinsic tracer dose, 1 blood sample, and higher sensitivity than serum retinol concentrations alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Gannon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences
| | - India Pungarcher
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences
| | - Luciana Mourao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences
| | - Christopher R Davis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences
| | - Philipp Simon
- Department of Horticulture, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, and
| | - Kevin V Pixley
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
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Awobusuyi TD, Siwela M, Kolanisi U, Amonsou EO. Provitamin A retention and sensory acceptability of amahewu, a non-alcoholic cereal-based beverage made with provitamin A-biofortified maize. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:1356-1361. [PMID: 25913617 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin A deficiency is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Amahewu is a popular southern African lactic acid fermented non-alcoholic maize-based beverage, which is deficient in vitamin A. In this study, provitamin A retention and sensory acceptability of amahewu processed using provitamin A-biofortified maize and three types of inoculums during fermentation (malted maize, wheat bran and Lactobacillus starter culture) were investigated. RESULTS The total provitamin A content of amahewu samples, estimated as β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and α-carotene content, ranged from 3.3 to 3.8 g kg(-1) (dry weight). Provitamin A was substantially retained (79- 90% β-carotene equivalent) in amahewu after fermentation. Amahewu samples prepared with added starter cultures had the lowest retention of provitamin A. Consumers (approx. 69%) liked provitamin A-biofortified amahewu either moderately or very much. Principal component analysis of amahewu sensory data showed that 71% of variation was due to maize types and 18% of variation could be due to the inoculum used during fermentation. Amahewu samples prepared using provitamin A-biofortified maize were slightly more liked (mean score: 7.0 ± 1.2) compared to those of white maize reference samples. The use of starter culture combined with either malted maize or wheat bran as inoculum during fermentation improved the taste and aroma of amahewu and hence its acceptability. CONCLUSION Provitamin A is substantially retained in amahewu after fermentation. The slightly high acceptability of amahewu prepared using provitamin A-biofortified maize compared to that of white maize thus suggests that fermented product like amahewu can potentially be used to deliver provitamin A to vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope D Awobusuyi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Muthulisi Siwela
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Unathi Kolanisi
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Eric O Amonsou
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Karadas F, Erdoğan S, Kor D, Oto G, Uluman M. The Effects of Different Types of Antioxidants (Se, Vitamin E and Carotenoids) in Broiler Diets on the Growth Performance, Skin Pigmentation and Liver and Plasma Antioxidant Concentrations. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/18069061-2015-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D Kor
- Yüzüncü Yıl University, Turkey
| | - G Oto
- Yüzüncü Yıl University, Turkey
| | - M Uluman
- Kars Directorate of Provincial Food Agriculture and Livestock, Turkey
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BESWA D, DLAMINI NR, SIWELA M, AMONSOU EO, KOLANISI U. Effect of Amaranth addition on the nutritional composition and consumer acceptability of extruded provitamin A-biofortified maize snacks. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.6813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniso BESWA
- University of Venda, South Africa; University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Alamu EO, Maziya-Dixon B, Menkir A, Olaofe O. Effects of Husk and Harvesting Time on Provitamin A Activity and Sensory Properties of Boiled Fresh Orange Maize Hybrids. J FOOD QUALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfq.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Oladeji Alamu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA); PMB 5320, Oyo Road Ibadan 20001 Nigeria
| | - Bussie Maziya-Dixon
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA); PMB 5320, Oyo Road Ibadan 20001 Nigeria
| | - Abebe Menkir
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA); PMB 5320, Oyo Road Ibadan 20001 Nigeria
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Yan F, Fan K, He J, Gao M. Ultrasonic-Assisted Solvent Extraction of Carotenoids From Rapeseed Meal: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology. J FOOD QUALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfq.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Yan
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Life Science; Yangtze University; Jingzhou Hubei Province 434025 China
- Jingchu Food Research and Development Center; Yangtze University; Jingzhou Hubei Province 434025 China
| | - Kai Fan
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Life Science; Yangtze University; Jingzhou Hubei Province 434025 China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Life Science; Yangtze University; Jingzhou Hubei Province 434025 China
| | - Mengxiang Gao
- Department of Food Science and Technology; College of Life Science; Yangtze University; Jingzhou Hubei Province 434025 China
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De Moura FF, Miloff A, Boy E. Retention of provitamin a carotenoids in staple crops targeted for biofortification in Africa: cassava, maize and sweet potato. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 55:1246-69. [PMID: 24915386 PMCID: PMC4353306 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.724477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
HarvestPlus, part of the Consultative Group on Internation Agriculture research (CGIAR) Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH) uses conventional plant breeding techniques to develop staple food crops that are rich in micronutrients, a food-based approach to reduce micronutrient malnutrition known as biofortification. The nutritional breeding targets are established based on the food intake of target populations, nutrient losses during storage and processing and bioavailability. This review collates the evidence on the retention of provitamin A carotenoid (pVAC) after processing, cooking, and storing of the staple crops targeted for pVAC biofortification: cassava, maize, and sweet potato. Sun drying was more detrimental to the pVAC levels (27-56% retention) in cassava than shade (59%) or oven (55-91%) drying, while the pVAC retention levels (66-96%) in sweet potato were not significantly different among the various drying methods. Overall, boiling and steaming had higher pVAC retention (80-98%) compared to baking (30-70%) and frying (18-54%). Gari, the most frequently consumed form of cassava in West Africa had the lowest pVAC retention (10-30%). The pVAC retention of maize grain and cassava and sweet potato flour reached levels as low as 20% after 1-4 months of storage and was highly dependent on genotype. Therefore, we recommend that an evaluation of the pVAC degradation rate among different genotypes be performed before a high pVAC crop is promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana F. De Moura
- HarvestPlus c/o International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington DC, USA and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Alexander Miloff
- HarvestPlus c/o International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington DC, USA and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Erick Boy
- HarvestPlus c/o International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington DC, USA and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
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Heying EK, Tanumihardjo JP, Vasic V, Cook M, Palacios-Rojas N, Tanumihardjo SA. Biofortified orange maize enhances β-cryptoxanthin concentrations in egg yolks of laying hens better than tangerine peel fortificant. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11892-900. [PMID: 25393127 DOI: 10.1021/jf5037195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The xanthophyll β-cryptoxanthin provides vitamin A and has other purported health benefits. Laying hens deposit xanthophyll carotenoids into egg yolk. Hens (n = 8/group) were fed conventional-bred high β-cryptoxanthin biofortified (orange) maize, tangerine peel-fortified white maize, lutein-fortified yellow maize, or white maize for 40 d to investigate yolk color changes using L*a*b* scales, yolk carotenoid enhancement, and hen vitamin A status. Yolks from hens fed orange maize had scores indicating a darker, orange color and mean higher β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene concentrations (8.43 ± 1.82, 23.1 ± 4.8, 0.16 ± 0.08 nmol/g, respectively) than other treatments (P < 0.0001). Yolk retinol concentrations (mean: 14.4 ± 3.42 nmol/g) were similar among groups and decreased with time (P < 0.0001). Hens fed orange maize had higher liver retinol (0.53 ± 0.20 μmol/g liver) than other groups (P < 0.0001). β-Cryptoxanthin-biofortified eggs could be another choice for consumers, providing enhanced color through a provitamin A carotenoid and supporting eggs' status as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Heying
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, ‡Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Gannon B, Kaliwile C, Arscott SA, Schmaelzle S, Chileshe J, Kalungwana N, Mosonda M, Pixley K, Masi C, Tanumihardjo SA. Biofortified orange maize is as efficacious as a vitamin A supplement in Zambian children even in the presence of high liver reserves of vitamin A: a community-based, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:1541-50. [PMID: 25411289 PMCID: PMC4232019 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.087379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofortification is a strategy to relieve vitamin A (VA) deficiency. Biofortified maize contains enhanced provitamin A concentrations and has been bioefficacious in animal and small human studies. OBJECTIVE The study sought to determine changes in total body reserves (TBRs) of vitamin A with consumption of biofortified maize. DESIGN A randomized, placebo-controlled biofortified maize efficacy trial was conducted in 140 rural Zambian children. The paired (13)C-retinol isotope dilution test, a sensitive biomarker for VA status, was used to measure TBRs before and after a 90-d intervention. Treatments were white maize with placebo oil (VA-), orange maize with placebo (orange), and white maize with VA in oil [400 μg retinol activity equivalents (RAEs) in 214 μL daily] (VA+). RESULTS In total, 133 children completed the trial and were analyzed for TBRs (n = 44 or 45/group). Change in TBR residuals were not normally distributed (P < 0.0001); median changes (95% CI) were as follows: VA-, 13 (-19, 44) μmol; orange, 84 (21, 146) μmol; and VA+, 98 (24, 171) μmol. Nonparametric analysis showed no statistical difference between VA+ and orange (P = 0.34); both were higher than VA- (P = 0.0034). Median (95% CI) calculated liver reserves at baseline were 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) μmol/g liver, with 59% >1 μmol/g, the subtoxicity cutoff; none were <0.1 μmol/g, the deficiency cutoff. The calculated bioconversion factor was 10.4 μg β-carotene equivalents/1 μg retinol by using the middle 3 quintiles of change in TBRs from each group. Serum retinol did not change in response to intervention (P = 0.16) but was reduced with elevated C-reactive protein (P = 0.0029) and α-1-acid glycoprotein (P = 0.0023) at baseline. CONCLUSIONS β-Carotene from maize was efficacious when consumed as a staple food in this population and could avoid the potential for hypervitaminosis A that was observed with the use of preformed VA from supplementation and fortification. Use of more sensitive methods other than serum retinol alone, such as isotope dilution, is required to accurately assess VA status, evaluate interventions, and investigate the interaction of VA status and infection. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01814891.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Gannon
- From the Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI (BG, SAA, SS, and SAT); National Food and Nutrition Commission of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (CK, MM, and CM); Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia (JC and NK); and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico (KP)
| | - Chisela Kaliwile
- From the Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI (BG, SAA, SS, and SAT); National Food and Nutrition Commission of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (CK, MM, and CM); Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia (JC and NK); and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico (KP)
| | - Sara A Arscott
- From the Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI (BG, SAA, SS, and SAT); National Food and Nutrition Commission of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (CK, MM, and CM); Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia (JC and NK); and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico (KP)
| | - Samantha Schmaelzle
- From the Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI (BG, SAA, SS, and SAT); National Food and Nutrition Commission of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (CK, MM, and CM); Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia (JC and NK); and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico (KP)
| | - Justin Chileshe
- From the Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI (BG, SAA, SS, and SAT); National Food and Nutrition Commission of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (CK, MM, and CM); Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia (JC and NK); and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico (KP)
| | - Ngándwe Kalungwana
- From the Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI (BG, SAA, SS, and SAT); National Food and Nutrition Commission of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (CK, MM, and CM); Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia (JC and NK); and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico (KP)
| | - Mofu Mosonda
- From the Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI (BG, SAA, SS, and SAT); National Food and Nutrition Commission of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (CK, MM, and CM); Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia (JC and NK); and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico (KP)
| | - Kevin Pixley
- From the Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI (BG, SAA, SS, and SAT); National Food and Nutrition Commission of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (CK, MM, and CM); Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia (JC and NK); and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico (KP)
| | - Cassim Masi
- From the Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI (BG, SAA, SS, and SAT); National Food and Nutrition Commission of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (CK, MM, and CM); Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia (JC and NK); and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico (KP)
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- From the Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI (BG, SAA, SS, and SAT); National Food and Nutrition Commission of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (CK, MM, and CM); Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia (JC and NK); and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico (KP)
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Alamu OE, Menkir A, Maziya-Dixon B, Olaofe O. Effects of husk and harvest time on carotenoid content and acceptability of roasted fresh cobs of orange maize hybrids. Food Sci Nutr 2014; 2:811-20. [PMID: 25493200 PMCID: PMC4256587 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major public health problem in many developing countries. Orange maize is preferred as green maize and consumed roasted on the cob, especially in Nigeria. This research work was to evaluate the effects of harvest time and husk on the carotenoid contents and sensory properties of roasted orange maize hybrids. The results showed that husk (roasting forms) and harvesting time had significant effects (P ≤ 0.001) on the carotenoids and the sensory properties. There was general increase in β-carotene and provitamin A (PVA) values as the harvesting time increases. The β-carotene and PVA values for roasted orange maize hybrids with husk were higher than those for roasted without husk. Hybrid 5 had the highest β-carotene concentration and PVA value at 27 days after pollination (DAP) and 34DAP when unprocessed and roasted without husk. This information can help researchers in choosing proper roasting methods to increase the retention of high levels of β-carotene and PVA in orange maize that can be delivered to consumers through nutrition education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladeji E Alamu
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)P.M.B. 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Abebe Menkir
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)P.M.B. 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Bussie Maziya-Dixon
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)P.M.B. 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Gutiérrez-Uribe JA, Rojas-García C, García-Lara S, Serna-Saldivar SO. Effects of Lime-Cooking on Carotenoids Present in Masa and Tortillas Produced from Different Types of Maize. Cereal Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-07-13-0145-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet A. Gutiérrez-Uribe
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Biotecnología y Alimentos, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL, C.P. 64849, México
| | - Carlos Rojas-García
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Biotecnología y Alimentos, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL, C.P. 64849, México
| | - Silverio García-Lara
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Biotecnología y Alimentos, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL, C.P. 64849, México
| | - Sergio O. Serna-Saldivar
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Escuela de Biotecnología y Alimentos, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL, C.P. 64849, México
- Corresponding author. Phone: +52 81 83284322. Fax: +52 81 8328 4262
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Park SY, Choi SR, Lim SH, Yeo Y, Kweon SJ, Bae YS, Kim KW, Im KH, Ahn SK, Ha SH, Park SU, Kim JK. Identification and quantification of carotenoids in paprika fruits and cabbage, kale, and lettuce leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-014-4081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pillay K, Siwela M, Derera J, Veldman FJ. Provitamin A carotenoids in biofortified maize and their retention during processing and preparation of South African maize foods. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 51:634-44. [PMID: 24741156 PMCID: PMC3982005 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Provitamin A-biofortified maize may contribute to alleviating vitamin A deficiency (VAD), in developing countries. However, processing the maize into food products may reduce its provitamin A content. The aims of this study were to determine the composition of provitamin A carotenoids in biofortified maize varieties as well as to assess their retention during processing of popular maize foods consumed in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The non-provitamin A carotenoid, zeaxanthin and the provitamin A carotenoids, β-cryptoxanthin, and trans and cis isomers of β-carotene, and other unidentified trans and cis isomers of β-carotene were detected in varying concentrations in the maize. Milling provitamin A-biofortified maize into mealie meal resulted in a higher retention of carotenoids compared to milling into samp. The highest retention of provitamin A carotenoids was observed in cooked phutu and cooked samp, whilst cooking into thin porridge resulted in the lowest retention of provitamin A carotenoids. In phutu, 96.6 ± 20.3% β-cryptoxanthin and 95.5 ± 13.6% of the β-carotene were retained after cooking. In samp, 91.9 ± 12.0% β-cryptoxanthin and 100.1 ± 8.8% β-carotene; and in thin porridge, 65.8 ± 4.6% β-cryptoxanthin and 74.7 ± 3.0% β-carotene were retained after cooking. This study demonstrates that provitamin A retention in maize is affected by the cooking method (and hence cooked food form) and therefore cooking methods that result in a good retention of provitamin A need to be identified and recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthee Pillay
- />Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Muthulisi Siwela
- />Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - John Derera
- />African Centre for Crop Improvement, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Frederick J. Veldman
- />Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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Schmaelzle S, Gannon B, Crawford S, Arscott SA, Goltz S, Palacios-Rojas N, Pixley KV, Simon PW, Tanumihardjo SA. Maize genotype and food matrix affect the provitamin A carotenoid bioefficacy from staple and carrot-fortified feeds in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:136-43. [PMID: 24341827 PMCID: PMC4125541 DOI: 10.1021/jf403548w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biofortification to increase provitamin A carotenoids is an agronomic approach to alleviate vitamin A deficiency. Two studies compared biofortified foods using in vitro and in vivo methods. Study 1 screened maize genotypes (n = 44) using in vitro analysis, which demonstrated decreasing micellarization with increasing provitamin A. Thereafter, seven 50% biofortified maize feeds that hypothesized a one-to-one equivalency between β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene were fed to Mongolian gerbils. Total liver retinol differed among the maize groups (P = 0.0043). Study 2 assessed provitamin A bioefficacy from 0.5% high-carotene carrots added to 60% staple-food feeds, followed by in vitro screening. Liver retinol was highest in the potato and banana groups, maize group retinol did not differ from baseline, and all treatments differed from control (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene have similar bioefficacy; meal matrix effects influence provitamin A absorption from carrot; and in vitro micellarization does not predict bioefficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Schmaelzle
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Bryan Gannon
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Serra Crawford
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Sara A. Arscott
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Shellen Goltz
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Kevin V. Pixley
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT),
Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Philipp W. Simon
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Sherry A. Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
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Nolan JM, Beatty S, Meagher KA, Howard AN, Kelly D, Thurnham DI. Verification of Meso-Zeaxanthin in Fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5:335. [PMID: 25717420 PMCID: PMC4337966 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7110.1000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives The carotenoids lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z), and meso-zeaxanthin (MZ) accumulate in the central retina (the macula), where they are collectively known as macular pigment (MP). MP has been shown to enhance visual function in both diseased and non-diseased retinae, and therefore an understanding and confirmation of, the origins of these carotenoids is needed. Studies have shown that L and Z are present in many foodstuffs found in a typical Western diet (e.g. spinach, kale, peppers, yellow corn and eggs). It has been shown that MZ is generated from L in the primate retina and earlier reports suggested that MZ was present in some fish species. Recently, however, one research group reported that MZ is not present in fish and suggested that the earlier reports showing MZ in these marine species were a methodological artefact. The current study was designed to investigate the reason for the contradiction, and test for the presence of MZ in fish and some other foods. Methods Raw fruits, vegetables and fish were extracted for carotenoid analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. Results MZ was not detected in any of the fruits or vegetables tested in our study. However, using retention time matching, absorption spectrum comparison, and sample spiking, we verified the presence of MZ in salmon skin, sardine skin, trout skin and trout flesh. Conclusion This study confirmed the presence MZ in nature, and in the human food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Nolan
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Stephen Beatty
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Katie A Meagher
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | | | - David Kelly
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - David I Thurnham
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
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Ahmad FT, Asenstorfer RE, Soriano IR, Mares DJ. Effect of temperature on lutein esterification and lutein stability in wheat grain. J Cereal Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Gallon CZ, Fuller SC, Fanning KJ, Smyth HE, Pun S, Martin IF, O'Hare TJ. Increase in β-ionone, a carotenoid-derived volatile in zeaxanthin-biofortified sweet corn. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7181-7187. [PMID: 23767984 DOI: 10.1021/jf402326e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are responsible for the yellow color of sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata), but are also potentially the source of flavor compounds from the cleavage of carotenoid molecules. The carotenoid-derived volatile, β-ionone, was identified in both standard yellow sweet corn ('Hybrix5') and a zeaxanthin-enhanced experimental variety ('HZ') designed for sufferers of macular degeneration. As β-ionone is highly perceivable at extremely low concentration by humans, it was important to confirm if alterations in carotenoid profile may also affect flavor volatiles. The concentration of β-ionone was most strongly correlated (R(2) > 0.94) with the β-arm carotenoids, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin, and to a lesser degree (R(2) = 0.90) with the α-arm carotenoid, zeinoxanthin. No correlation existed with either lutein (R(2) = 0.06) or antheraxanthin (R(2) = 0.10). Delaying harvest of cobs resulted in a significant increase of both carotenoid and β-ionone concentrations, producing a 6-fold increase of β-ionone in 'HZ' and a 2-fold increase in 'Hybrix5', reaching a maximum of 62 μg/kg FW and 24 μg/kg FW, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Z Gallon
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, QAAFI, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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