1
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Wang K, Duan F, Sun T, Zhang Y, Lu L. Galactooligosaccharides: Synthesis, metabolism, bioactivities and food applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:6160-6176. [PMID: 36632761 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2164244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prebiotics are non-digestible ingredients that exert significant health-promoting effects on hosts. Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) have remarkable prebiotic effects and structural similarity to human milk oligosaccharides. They generally comprise two to eight sugar units, including galactose and glucose, which are synthesized from substrate lactose by microbial β-galactosidase. Enzyme sources from probiotics have received particular interest because of their safety and potential to synthesize specific structures that are particularly metabolized by intestinal probiotics. Owing to advancements in modern analytical techniques, many GOS structures have been identified, which vary in degree of polymerization, glycosidic linkage, and branch location. After intake, GOS adjust gut microbiota which produce short chain fatty acids, and exhibit excellent biological activities. They selectively stimulate the proliferation of probiotics, inhibit the growth and adhesion of pathogenic bacteria, alleviate gastrointestinal, neurological, metabolic and allergic diseases, modulate metabolites production, and adjust ion storage and absorption. Additionally, GOS are safe and stable, with high solubility and clean taste, and thus are widely used as food additives. GOS can improve the appearance, flavor, taste, texture, viscosity, rheological properties, shelf life, and health benefits of food products. This review systemically covers GOS synthesis, structure identifications, metabolism mechanisms, prebiotic bioactivities and wide applications, focusing on recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiyu Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Infant Fecal Fermentations with Galacto-Oligosaccharides and 2′-Fucosyllactose Show Differential Bifidobacterium longum Stimulation at Subspecies Level. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030430. [PMID: 36979988 PMCID: PMC10047592 DOI: 10.3390/children10030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to evaluate the potential of 2′-FL and GOS, individually and combined, in beneficially modulating the microbial composition of infant and toddler (12–18 months) feces using the micro-Matrix bioreactor. In addition, the impacts of GOS and 2′-FL, individually and combined, on the outgrowth of fecal bifidobacteria at (sub)species level was investigated using the baby M-SHIME® model. For young toddlers, significant increases in the genera Bifidobacterium, Veillonella, and Streptococcus, and decreases in Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridium XIVa, and Roseburia were observed in all supplemented fermentations. In addition, GOS, and combinations of GOS and 2′-FL, increased Collinsella and decreased Salmonella, whereas 2′-FL, and combined GOS and 2′-FL, decreased Dorea. Alpha diversity increased significantly in infants with GOS and/or 2′-FL, as well as the relative abundances of the genera Veillonella and Akkermansia with 2′-FL, and Lactobacillus with GOS. Combinations of GOS and 2′-FL significantly stimulated Veillonella, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus. In all supplemented fermentations, Proteobacteria decreased, with the most profound decreases accomplished by the combination of GOS and 2′-FL. When zooming in on the different (sub)species of Bifidobacterium, GOS and 2’-FL were shown to be complementary in stimulating breast-fed infant-associated subspecies of Bifidobacterium longum in a dose-dependent manner: GOS stimulated Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, whereas 2′-FL supported outgrowth of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis.
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3
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Chen Y, Liu Y. Characterization of galacto-oligosaccharides using high-performance anion exchange chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2221-2233. [PMID: 33811795 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of complex oligosaccharide mixtures remains a challenge in the field of analytical chemistry. In this work, two commercial galacto-oligosaccharides samples were characterized using high-performance anion exchange chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The isomeric oligosaccharides were resolved with high resolution. The structures of the individual isomers with a degree of polymerization up to 6 were analyzed using targeted selected ion monitoring with data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry, with additional in-source collision-induced dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Chen
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, California, USA
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4
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Salli K, Hirvonen J, Siitonen J, Ahonen I, Anglenius H, Maukonen J. Selective Utilization of the Human Milk Oligosaccharides 2'-Fucosyllactose, 3-Fucosyllactose, and Difucosyllactose by Various Probiotic and Pathogenic Bacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:170-182. [PMID: 33382612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prebiotic human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are found in human milk, which are not digested by infants but are metabolized by beneficial gut bacteria. We determined the ability of 57 bacterial strains within the Family Lactobacillaceae and genera Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides and potentially pathogenic bacteria to ferment the HMOs 2'-fucosyllactose, 3-fucosyllactose, and difucosyllactose. In addition, prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), lactose, fucose, and glucose were evaluated as carbon sources for these bacterial strains. Bacterial growth was monitored using the automatic Bioscreen C system. Only certain bifidobacteria, such as Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and Bifidobacterium bifidum, as well as Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron utilized the studied HMOs as their sole carbon source, whereas almost all studied bacterial strains were able to utilize GOS, lactose, and glucose. The selectivity in utilization of HMOs by only certain bacteria can be advantageous by promoting beneficial microbes but not supporting the harmful pathogens in contrast to other less selective prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Salli
- Global Health and Nutrition Science, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Johanna Hirvonen
- Global Health and Nutrition Science, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Jani Siitonen
- Manufacturing Technology, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | | | - Heli Anglenius
- Global Health and Nutrition Science, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Johanna Maukonen
- Global Health and Nutrition Science, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
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5
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Zhang M, Luo L, Liu S, Hu H, Huang R, Sun Y, Lei H, Wei X. Detection of galactooligosaccharides with high lactose interference in infant formula using a simple single epimer chromatography. Food Chem 2020; 342:128367. [PMID: 33148428 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Robust and more anti-interference enzymatic quantification of galactooligosaccharide (GOS) is important in consumer protection. However, many methods with harsh conditions could hardly separate GOS's hydrolysates galactose from its structurally similar isomer glucose, since each of them has double epimers, especially to determinate a trace of GOS from large amounts of lactose in the food matrix. The investigation was designed to solve the problem by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (HPLC-ELSD), applying friendly mobile phase and column. Result showed the content of galactose was seldom affected even by a high content of glucose by integrating the peak area of an excellent resolution single epimer. Moreover, the method existed a good linearity and stability (recovery rate at 90.5-105.1%), which met the statutory limit requirement for the quantitative analysis of concentrated GOS in infant formula. It was also helpful for separating and quantifying other sugar or epimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Songbai Liu
- Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd, Guangdong Province, Xinxing, 527400, China
| | - Haoxin Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Riming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yuanming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xiaoqun Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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6
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Logtenberg M, Donners KMH, Vink JCM, van Leeuwen SS, de Waard P, de Vos P, Schols HA. Touching the High Complexity of Prebiotic Vivinal Galacto-oligosaccharides Using Porous Graphitic Carbon Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7800-7808. [PMID: 32551629 PMCID: PMC7378999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are used in infant formula to replace the health effects of human milk oligosaccharides, which appear to be dependent upon the structure of the individual oligosaccharides present. However, a comprehensive overview of the structure-specific effects is still limited as a result of the high structural complexity of GOS. In this study, porous graphitic carbon (PGC) was used as the stationary phase during ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). This approach resulted in the recognition of more than 100 different GOS structures in one single run, including reducing and non-reducing GOS isomers. Using nuclear magnetic resonance-validated structures of GOS trisaccharides, we discovered MS fragmentation rules to distinguish reducing isomers with a mono- and disubstituted terminal glucose by UHPLC-PGC-MS. UHPLC-PGC-MS enabled effective recognition of structural features of individual GOS components in complex GOS preparations and during, e.g., biological conversion reactions. Hence, this study lays the groundwork for future research into structure-specific health effects of GOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon
J. Logtenberg
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kristel M. H. Donners
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jolien C. M. Vink
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sander S. van Leeuwen
- Cluster
Human Nutrition & Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Pieter de Waard
- Magnetic
Resonance Research Facility (MAGNEFY), Wageningen
University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology,
Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
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7
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Böger M, van Leeuwen SS, Lammerts van Bueren A, Dijkhuizen L. Structural Identity of Galactooligosaccharide Molecules Selectively Utilized by Single Cultures of Probiotic Bacterial Strains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13969-13977. [PMID: 31747272 PMCID: PMC6923793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Various β-galactosidase enzymes catalyze the trans-glycosylation reaction with lactose. The resulting galactooligosaccharide (GOS) mixtures are widely used in infant nutrition to stimulate growth of beneficial gut bacteria. GOS consists mainly of compounds with a degree of polymerization (DP) varying from 2-8 and with diverse glycosidic linkages. In recent years, we have elucidated in detail the composition of several commercial GOS mixtures in terms of DP and the structural identity of the individual compounds. In this work, 13 (single) probiotic strains of gut bacteria, belonging to 11 different species, were grown to stationary phase with a Vivinal GOS-derived sample purified to remove lactose and monosaccharides (pGOS). Growth among the probiotic strains varied strongly between 30 and 100% of OD600nm relative to positive controls with glucose. By identifying the components of the pGOS mixture that remain after growth, we showed that strains varied in their consumption of specific GOS compounds. All strains commonly used most of the GOS DP2 pool. Lactobacillus salivarius W57 also utilized the DP3 branched compound β-d-Galp-(1 → 4)-[β-d-Galp-(1 → 2)]-d-Glc. Bifidobacterial strains tended to use GOS with higher DP and branching than lactobacilli; Bifidobacterium breve DSM 20091, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, and Bifidobacterium infantis DSM 20088 were exceptional in using 38, 36, and 35 compounds, respectively, out of the 40 different structures identified in pGOS. We correlated these bacterial GOS consumption profiles with their genomic information and were able to relate metabolic activity with the presence of genome-encoded transporters and carbohydrate-active enzymes. These detailed insights may support the design of synbiotic combinations pairing probiotic bacterial strains with GOS compounds that specifically stimulate their growth. Such synbiotic combinations may be of interest in food/feed and/or pharmacy/medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böger
- Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular
Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alicia Lammerts van Bueren
- Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular
Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Jakobsen LMA, Sundekilde UK, Andersen HJ, Nielsen DS, Bertram HC. Lactose and Bovine Milk Oligosaccharides Synergistically Stimulate B. longum subsp. longum Growth in a Simplified Model of the Infant Gut Microbiome. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3086-3098. [PMID: 31264424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing awareness of the importance of a healthy Bifidobacterium-rich microbiome has led to a need for more knowledge on how different prebiotic carbohydrates specifically impact the infant microbiome, especially as a community instead of single bacterial targets. In this study, we combined proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) metabolomics and molecular biology methods for quantification of bacteria to compare the prebiotic effect of bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMO) and synthetic galacto oligosaccharides (GOS) using mono- and cocultures of eight major bacteria related to a healthy infant microbiome. The results revealed that BMO treatments supported growth of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum and Parabacteroides distasonis, while at the same time growth of Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli was inhibited. In addition, there was a synergistic effect of combining lactose and BMO in regards to reducing C. perfringens, maintaining stable numbers of P. distasonis and simultaneously increasing numbers of the beneficial B. longum subsp. longum. These results indicate that the oligosaccharide composition plays a vital role in shaping the developing microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M A Jakobsen
- Department of Food Science , Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10 , Årslev 5792 , Denmark
| | - Ulrik K Sundekilde
- Department of Food Science , Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10 , Årslev 5792 , Denmark
| | - Henrik J Andersen
- Arla Food Ingredients Group P/S , Sønderhøj 10 , Viby J 8260 , Denmark
| | - Dennis S Nielsen
- Department of Food Science , University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 30 , Frederiksberg C 1958 , Denmark
| | - Hanne C Bertram
- Department of Food Science , Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10 , Årslev 5792 , Denmark
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9
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Theilmann MC, Fredslund F, Svensson B, Lo Leggio L, Abou Hachem M. Substrate preference of an ABC importer corresponds to selective growth on β-(1,6)-galactosides in Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11701-11711. [PMID: 31186348 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are exposed to substantial amounts of dietary β-galactosides. Distinctive preferences for growth on different β-galactosides are observed within Bifidobacterium members, but the basis of these preferences remains unclear. We previously described the first β-(1,6)/(1,3)-galactosidase from Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04. This enzyme is relatively promiscuous, exhibiting only 5-fold higher efficiency on the preferred β-(1,6)-galactobiose than the β-(1,4) isomer. Here, we characterize the solute-binding protein (Bal6GBP) that governs the specificity of the ABC transporter encoded by the same β-galactoside utilization locus. We observed that although Bal6GBP recognizes both β-(1,6)- and β-(1,4)-galactobiose, Bal6GBP has a 1630-fold higher selectivity for the former, reflected in dramatic differences in growth, with several hours lag on less preferred β-(1,4)- and β-(1,3)-galactobiose. Experiments performed in the presence of varying proportions of β-(1,4)/β-(1,6)-galactobioses indicated that the preferred substrate was preferentially depleted from the culture supernatant. This established that the poor growth on the nonpreferred β-(1,4) was due to inefficient uptake. We solved the structure of Bal6GBP in complex with β-(1,6)-galactobiose at 1.39 Å resolution, revealing the structural basis of this strict selectivity. Moreover, we observed a close evolutionary relationship with the human milk disaccharide lacto-N-biose-binding protein from Bifidobacterium longum, indicating that the recognition of the nonreducing galactosyl is essentially conserved, whereas the adjacent position is diversified to fit different glycosidic linkages and monosaccharide residues. These findings indicate that oligosaccharide uptake has a pivotal role in governing selectivity for distinct growth substrates and have uncovered evolutionary trajectories that shape the diversification of sugar uptake proteins within Bifidobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Christine Theilmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Folmer Fredslund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maher Abou Hachem
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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Viborg AH, Katayama T, Arakawa T, Abou Hachem M, Lo Leggio L, Kitaoka M, Svensson B, Fushinobu S. Discovery of α-l-arabinopyranosidases from human gut microbiome expands the diversity within glycoside hydrolase family 42. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:21092-21101. [PMID: 29061847 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.792598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes of the glycoside hydrolase family 42 (GH42) are widespread in bacteria of the human gut microbiome and play fundamental roles in the decomposition of both milk and plant oligosaccharides. All GH42 enzymes characterized so far have β-galactosidase activity. Here, we report the existence of a GH42 subfamily that is exclusively specific for α-l-arabinopyranoside and describe the first representative of this subfamily. We found that this enzyme (BlArap42B) from a probiotic Bifidobacterium species cannot hydrolyze β-galactosides. However, BlArap42B effectively hydrolyzed paeonolide and ginsenoside Rb2, plant glycosides containing an aromatic aglycone conjugated to α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1,6)-β-d-glucopyranoside. Paeonolide, a natural glycoside from the roots of the plant genus Paeonia, is not hydrolyzed by classical GH42 β-galactosidases. X-ray crystallography revealed a unique Trp345-X12-Trp358 sequence motif at the BlArap42B active site, as compared with a Phe-X12-His motif in classical GH42 β-galactosidases. This analysis also indicated that the C6 position of galactose is blocked by the aromatic side chains, hence allowing accommodation only of Arap lacking this carbon. Automated docking of paeonolide revealed that it can fit into the BlArap42B active site. The Glcp moiety of paeonolide stacks onto the aromatic ring of the Trp252 at subsite +1 and C4-OH is hydrogen bonded with Asp249 Moreover, the aglycone stacks against Phe421 from the neighboring monomer in the BlArap42B trimer, forming a proposed subsite +2. These results further support the notion that evolution of metabolic specialization can be tracked at the structural level in key enzymes facilitating degradation of specific glycans in an ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Holm Viborg
- From the Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,the Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2400 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Takane Katayama
- the Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Koyoto 606-8502, Japan.,the Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Arakawa
- From the Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Maher Abou Hachem
- the Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2400 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark, and
| | - Motomitsu Kitaoka
- the Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan
| | - Birte Svensson
- the Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2400 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- From the Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan,
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11
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Comstock SS, Li M, Wang M, Monaco MH, Kuhlenschmidt TB, Kuhlenschmidt MS, Donovan SM. Dietary Human Milk Oligosaccharides but Not Prebiotic Oligosaccharides Increase Circulating Natural Killer Cell and Mesenteric Lymph Node Memory T Cell Populations in Noninfected and Rotavirus-Infected Neonatal Piglets. J Nutr 2017; 147:1041-1047. [PMID: 28490677 PMCID: PMC5443461 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.243774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have antimicrobial and immunomodulatory actions. It has previously been reported that these oligosaccharides contribute to the reduced duration of rotavirus-induced diarrhea in pigs.Objective: We measured the effects of HMOs and prebiotic oligosaccharides on immune cell populations from noninfected and rotavirus-infected pigs. We hypothesized that dietary HMOs would modulate systemic and gastrointestinal immunity.Methods: Colostrum-deprived newborn pigs were fed formula, formula with 4 g HMOs/L (2'-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-neotetraose, 6'-sialyllactose, 3'-sialyllactose, and free sialic acid), or formula with 3.6 g short-chain galactooligosaccharides/L and 0.4 g long-chain fructooligosaccharides/L. On day 10, half of the pigs were infected with the porcine rotavirus strain OSU. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), mesenteric lymph node (MLN), and ileal Peyer's patch immune cell populations were assessed with the use of flow cytometry 5 d postinfection. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing cells were assessed with the use of Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot assay.Results: Infection changed immune cell populations with more systemic natural killer (NK) cells, memory effector T cells, and major histocompatibility complex II+ cells in infected than noninfected pigs (P < 0.06). Regardless of infection status, HMO-fed pigs had nearly twice as many PBMC NK cells, 36% more MLN effector memory T cells, and 5 times more PBMC basophils than formula-fed pigs (P < 0.04). These populations were intermediate in pigs fed prebiotics. PBMCs from HMO-fed noninfected pigs had twice as many IFN-γ-producing cells as did those from formula-fed noninfected pigs (P = 0.017). The PBMCs and MLNs of formula-fed noninfected pigs had 3 times more plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) than those of HMO-fed noninfected and formula-fed infected pigs (P < 0.04). In the MLNs, the formula-fed noninfected pigs had more macrophages, pDCs, and mature DCs (P < 0.04) but fewer immature DCs than HMO-fed noninfected pigs (P = 0.022).Conclusions: Dietary HMOs were more effective than prebiotics in altering systemic and gastrointestinal immune cells in pigs. These altered immune cell populations may mediate the effects of dietary HMOs on rotavirus infection susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Li
- Food Science and Human Nutrition and
| | - Mei Wang
- Food Science and Human Nutrition and
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12
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Thongaram T, Hoeflinger JL, Chow J, Miller MJ. Prebiotic Galactooligosaccharide Metabolism by Probiotic Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4184-4192. [PMID: 28466641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are bifidogenic and lactogenic prebiotics; however, GOS utilization is strain-dependent. In this study, commercially available bifidobacteria and lactobacilli probiotic strains were evaluated for growth in the presence of GOS. Several bifidobacteria and lactobacilli grew on GOS; however, the specific GOS oligomers utilized for growth differed. A subset of probiotic bifidobacteria and lactobacilli revealed three different GOS utilization profiles delineated by the degrees of polymerization (DP) of GOS: (1) utilization of 2 DP GOS, (2) utilization of ≤3 DP GOS, and (3) utilization of all DP GOS. Specifically, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (LA_NCFM) was found to efficiently consume all GOS oligomers. Extracellular β-galactosidase activity in the cell-free supernatant of LA_NCFM correlated with accumulation of galactose. In a LacL-deficient LA_NCFM strain, GOS utilization was abolished. This is the first report of LacL's role in GOS metabolism in LA_NCFM. In vitro GOS utilization should be considered when GOS are delivered with probiotic bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taksawan Thongaram
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois , 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jennifer L Hoeflinger
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois , 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - JoMay Chow
- Abbott Nutrition , 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, Ohio 43219, United States
| | - Michael J Miller
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois , 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Lammerts van Bueren A, Mulder M, Leeuwen SV, Dijkhuizen L. Prebiotic galactooligosaccharides activate mucin and pectic galactan utilization pathways in the human gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40478. [PMID: 28091546 PMCID: PMC5238430 DOI: 10.1038/srep40478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotic carbohydrates that impart changes in the gut bacterial composition of formula-fed infants to more closely resemble that of breast-fed infants. Consuming human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) provides specific bacterial strains with an advantage for colonizing the infant intestine. These same effects are seen in infants after GOS consumption, however GOS are very complex mixtures and the underlying molecular mechanisms of how GOS mimic HMOs are relatively unknown. Here we studied the effects of GOS utilization on a prominent gut symbiont, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, which has been previously shown to consume HMOs via mucin O-glycan degradation pathways. We show that several pathways for targeting O-mucin glycans are activated in B. thetaiotaomicron by GOS, as well as the galactan utilization sytem. Characterization of the endo-galactanase from this system identified activity on various longer GOS substrates while a subset of GOS compounds were identified as potential activators of mucin glycan metabolism in B. thetaiotaomicron. Our results show that GOS functions as an inducer of mucin-glycan pathways while providing a nutrient source in the form of β-(1 → 4)-galactan. These metabolic features of GOS mixtures may serve to explain the beneficial effects that are seen for GOS supplemented infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Lammerts van Bueren
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Mulder
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander van Leeuwen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Godoy AS, Camilo CM, Kadowaki MA, Muniz HDS, Espirito Santo M, Murakami MT, Nascimento AS, Polikarpov I. Crystal structure of β1→6-galactosidase fromBifidobacterium bifidumS17: trimeric architecture, molecular determinants of the enzymatic activity and its inhibition by α-galactose. FEBS J 2016; 283:4097-4112. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mario Tyago Murakami
- Biosciences National Laboratory; National Center for Energy and Materials Research; Campinas Brazil
| | | | - Igor Polikarpov
- Departamento de Física em São Carlos; Universidade de São Paulo; Brazil
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An J, Zhang L, Li L, Liu D, Cheng H, Wang H, Nawaz MZ, Cheng H, Deng Z. An Alternative Approach to Synthesizing Galactooligosaccharides by Cell-Surface Display of β-Galactosidase on Yarrowia lipolytica. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:3819-3827. [PMID: 27090877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An alternative strategy for synthesizing galactooligosaccharides (GOS) from an erythritol-producing yeast Yarrowia lipolytica using surface display technology was demonstrated. The engineered strain CGMCC11369 was developed by fusion of the β-galactosidase gene from Aspergillus oryzae to the YlPir1 gene, which codes for a cell wall protein. β-Galactosidase was effectively displayed on the cell surface of Yarrowia lipolytica start strain CGMCC7326. This engineered strain with surface-displayed β-galactosidase efficiently synthesized GOS from lactose. An amount of 160 g/L GOS was produced within 6 h in a solution of 500 g/L lactose and 5 mg/mL cell (dry weight) at pH 5.5 and 60 °C, with a yield of 51% of consumed lactose monohydrate. This newly developed method was applied with waste yeast paste from erythritol industry at least 10 times. The optimal reaction temperature increased to 60 °C, about 20 °C higher than that of free β-galactosidase, which was helpful for enhancing the reaction rate and GOS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin An
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dawen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huiling Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hengwei Wang
- Innovation & Application Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Muhammad Zohaib Nawaz
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hairong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
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Vongbhavit K, Underwood MA. Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Through Manipulation of the Intestinal Microbiota of the Premature Infant. Clin Ther 2016; 38:716-32. [PMID: 26872618 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In spite of four decades of research, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains the most common gastrointestinal complication in premature infants with high mortality and long-term morbidity. The composition of the intestinal microbiota of the premature infant differs dramatically from that of the healthy term infant and appears to be an important risk factor for NEC. METHODS We review the evidence of an association between intestinal dysbiosis and NEC and summarize published English language clinical trials and cohort studies involving attempts to manipulate the intestinal microbiota in premature infants. FINDINGS Promising NEC prevention strategies that alter the intestinal microbiota include probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, lacteroferrin, and human milk feeding. IMPLICATIONS Shaping the intestinal microbiota of the premature infant through human milk feeding and dietary supplements decreases the risk of NEC. Further studies to identify the ideal microbial composition and the most effective combination of supplements are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannikar Vongbhavit
- Department of Pediatrics, HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakornayok, Thailand; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.
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Viborg AH. Diversity in β-galactosidase Specificities within Bifidobacterium: Towards an Understanding of β-Galactoside Metabolism in the Gut Niche. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2015. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1436.4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Holm Viborg
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
The University of Tokyo
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18
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Viborg AH. Diversity in β-galactosidase Specificities within Bifidobacterium: Towards an Understanding of β-Galactoside Metabolism in the Gut Niche (Jpn. Ed.). TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2015. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1436.4j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Holm Viborg
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences,
The University of Tokyo
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19
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Iverson CD, Lucy CA. Aniline-modified porous graphitic carbon for hydrophilic interaction and attenuated reverse phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1373:17-24. [PMID: 25464992 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) are based on silica. Porous graphitic carbon (PGC) is an attractive alternative to silica-based phases due to its chemical and thermal stability, and unique selectivity. However, native PGC is strongly hydrophobic and in some instances excessively retentive. PGC particles with covalently attached aniline groups (Dimethylaniline-PGC and Aniline-PGC) were synthesized to alter the surface polarity of PGC. First, the diazonium salt of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine or 4-nitroaniline was adsorbed onto the PGC surface. The adsorbed salt was reduced with sodium borohydride and (Aniline-PGC only) the nitro group was further reduced with iron powder to the aniline. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the surface functionalities and that these moieties were introduced to the surface at concentrations of 0.9 and 2.1molecules/nm(2), respectively. These modified PGC phases (especially Aniline-PGC) were evaluated as HILIC and reversed phases. The Dimethylaniline-PGC phase displayed only weak HILIC retention of phenolic solutes. In contrast, the Aniline-PGC phase displayed up to nearly a 7-fold increase in HILIC retention vs. an aniline-silica phase and selectivity that differed from 10 other HILIC phases. Introduction of aniline groups to the PGC surface reduced the RPLC retentivity of PGC up to more than 5-fold and improved the separation efficiency up to 6-fold. The chromatographic performance of Aniline-PGC is demonstrated by separations of nucleotides, nucleosides, carboxylic acids, basic pharmaceuticals, and other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Iverson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Charles A Lucy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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20
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Dai Z, Su D, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Hu B, Ye H, Jabbar S, Zeng X. Immunomodulatory activity in vitro and in vivo of verbascose from mung beans (Phaseolus aureus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10727-10735. [PMID: 25317918 DOI: 10.1021/jf503510h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the immunostimulatory activity of verbascose from mung beans (Phaseolus aureus) was evaluated by using in vitro cell models and in vivo animal models. The results of in vitro experiments showed that verbascose could enhance the ability of devouring neutral red of peritoneal macrophages and promote the release of nitric oxide and immune reactive molecules such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, interferon (IFN)-α, and IFN-γ. Treatment with verbascose at a dose of 200 μg/mL exhibited the best effects. For assay in vivo, administration of verbascose at a medium dose of 90 mg/kg body weight could significantly increase the index of spleen, activity of lysozyme in spleen and serum, hemolysin level in serum, and swelling rate of earlap in the delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) of immunosuppressed mice. All of the results suggested that verbascose had potent immunostimulatory activity and could be explored as a potential natural immunomodulatory agent in functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Dai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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21
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Viborg AH, Fredslund F, Katayama T, Nielsen SK, Svensson B, Kitaoka M, Lo Leggio L, Abou Hachem M. A β1-6/β1-3 galactosidase from Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 gives insight into sub-specificities of β-galactoside catabolism within Bifidobacterium. Mol Microbiol 2014; 94:1024-1040. [PMID: 25287704 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Bifidobacterium genus harbours several health promoting members of the gut microbiota. Bifidobacteria display metabolic specialization by preferentially utilizing dietary or host-derived β-galactosides. This study investigates the biochemistry and structure of a glycoside hydrolase family 42 (GH42) β-galactosidase from the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 (BlGal42A). BlGal42A displays a preference for undecorated β1-6 and β1-3 linked galactosides and populates a phylogenetic cluster with close bifidobacterial homologues implicated in the utilization of N-acetyl substituted β1-3 galactosides from human milk and mucin. A long loop containing an invariant tryptophan in GH42, proposed to bind substrate at subsite + 1, is identified here as specificity signature within this clade of bifidobacterial enzymes. Galactose binding at the subsite - 1 of the active site induced conformational changes resulting in an extra polar interaction and the ordering of a flexible loop that narrows the active site. The amino acid sequence of this loop provides an additional specificity signature within this GH42 clade. The phylogenetic relatedness of enzymes targeting β1-6 and β1-3 galactosides likely reflects structural differences between these substrates and β1-4 galactosides, containing an axial galactosidic bond. These data advance our molecular understanding of the evolution of sub-specificities that support metabolic specialization in the gut niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Holm Viborg
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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