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Zhong Y, Tan P, Lin H, Zhang D, Chen X, Pang J, Mu R. A Review of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide: Preparations, Structures, Physicochemical Properties and Application. Foods 2024; 13:2665. [PMID: 39272434 PMCID: PMC11395056 DOI: 10.3390/foods13172665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is a kind of edible fungus with various functions and a precious medicinal material with a long history. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) is one of the main bioactive substances in GL, with anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, and other biological activities. GLP is closely related to human health, and the research on GLP is getting deeper. This paper reviewed the extraction and purification methods of GLP, the relationship between structure and activity, and the qualitative and quantitative methods. This review provides solutions for the analysis and application of GLP. At the same time, some new methods for extraction, purification and analysis of GLP, the relationship between advanced structures and activity, and future applications of and research into GLP were emphasized. As a kind of bioactive macromolecule, GLP has unique functional properties. Through the comprehensive summary of the extraction, purification, and analysis of GLP and its future prospects, we hope that this review can provide valuable reference for the further study of GLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Zhong
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Pingping Tan
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huanglong Lin
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xianrui Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jie Pang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ruojun Mu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Zhao Q, Wang J, Liang H, Guo W, Chu Y, Liu L, Kang W. Prevention of cyclophosphamide-induced immune suppression by polysaccharides from Apocynum venetum flowers via enhancing immune response, reducing oxidative stress, and regulating gut microbiota in mice. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1354794. [PMID: 38846087 PMCID: PMC11153711 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1354794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Emerging proof suggests that Apocynum venetum flowers polysaccharide (AVFP) has immunomodulatory effects in vitro. However, the action mechanism of AVFA is still unclear in vivo. The purpose of this study is to probe into the potential mechanism of AVFA in immunosuppressed mice by investigating organ index, cytokine levels, anti-oxidative stress capacity, transcriptomics, and gut microbiota. Methods Immunocompromised mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) were divided into six groups. The enzyme-labeled method, hematoxylin and eosin, transcriptomics, and high-throughput sequencing were used to detect the regulatory effects of AVFP on immunocompromised mice and the function of AVFP on the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the intestinal microbiota and biochemical indexes. Results The experimental results illustrated that AVFP has protective effects against CTX-induced immunosuppression in mice by prominently increasing the organ index and levels of anti-inflammatory factors in serum in addition to enhancing the antioxidant capacity of the liver. Meanwhile, it could also signally decrease the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum, the activity of transaminase in serum, and the content of free radicals in the liver, and alleviate the spleen tissue damage induced by CTX. Transcriptomics results discovered that AVFP could play a role in immune regulation by participating in the NF-κB signaling pathway and regulating the immune-related genes Bcl3, Hp, Lbp, Cebpd, Gstp2, and Lcn2. Gut microbiota results illustrated that AVFP could increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria, reduce the abundance of harmful bacteria, and regulate the metabolic function of intestinal microorganisms while dramatically improving the content of SCFAs, modulating immune responses, and improving the host metabolism. The Spearman analysis further evaluated the association between intestinal microbiota and immune-related indicators. Conclusion These findings demonstrated that AVFP could enhance the immune effects of the immunosuppressed mice and improve the body's ability to resist oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Zhao
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinmei Wang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
| | - Haiyang Liang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenjing Guo
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yanhai Chu
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenyi Kang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
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Liu G, Zhang J, Kan Q, Song M, Hou T, An S, Lin H, Chen H, Hu L, Xiao J, Chen Y, Cao Y. Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity of a High Molecular Weight Polysaccharide From Ganoderma lucidum. Front Nutr 2022; 9:846080. [PMID: 35399669 PMCID: PMC8990850 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.846080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) exhibited excellent immunomodulatory activity. Unfortunately, the structure and immunomodulatory activity of GLP are still unclear. GLP was separated into two fractions [high Mw Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RGLP) and low Mw EGLP] using 10 kDa cut-off ultrafiltration membrane. Although the RGLP content was low in GLP, the immunomodulatory activity in RGLP was significantly higher than that of EGLP. Moreover, RGLP was further separated via the Sephacryl column to obtain RGLP-1 showed the best immunomodulatory activity in the macrophage RAW264.7 model. Structural analysis revealed that RGLP-1 was 3,978 kDa and mainly consisted of glucose. Periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and methylation results indicated that RGLP-1 is a β-pyran polysaccharide mainly with 1→3, 1→4, 1→6, and 1→3, 6 glycosyl bonds at a molar ratio of 40.08: 8.11: 5.62: 17.81. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Congo red experiments revealed that RGLP-1 intertwined with each other to form circular aggregates and might possess a globular structure with triple-helix conformation in water. Overall, these results provide RGLP-1 as a potential functional food ingredient or pharmaceutical for immunomodulatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qixin Kan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyu An
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Liuyun Hu
- Infinitus China Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunjiao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Božić Nedeljković B, Ćilerdžić J, Zmijanjac D, Marković M, Džopalić T, Vasilijić S, Stajić M, Vučević D. Immunomodulatory effects of extract of Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) basidiocarps cultivated on alternative substrate. Int J Med Mushrooms 2022; 24:45-59. [DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2022044452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Research of Inonotus obliquus Oligosaccharide in Prevention of Hyperlipidemia. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/1174452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, hot water was used to extract Inonotus obliquus oligosaccharide. DEAE-cellulose and Sepharose G-200 were used to purify Inonotus obliquus oligosaccharide. Inonotus obliquus oligosaccharide IOP-2A was obtained. Its molecular weight Mw is about 1000 Da. The monosaccharide composition and molar ratio were glucose : xylose : galactose : mannose = 54.1 : 13.6 : 13.2 : 6.7. In addition, it also contains a small amount of galactose, gluconic acid, rhamnose, and fucose. IOP-2A contained mainly β-glycosidic bonds. Among them, 1,4-glycosidic bonds accounted for 9.2%, and 1,6-glycosidic bonds accounted for 85.1%. Oligosaccharide macromolecules formed a layered structure. Mouse experiments showed that IOP-2A had the function of preventing hyperlipidemia. At the same time, IOP-2A had a certain protective effect on the liver and kidney. The mechanism of IOP-2A in preventing hyperlipidemia was obtained from the perspective of mouse intestinal flora.
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Xiao L, Ge X, Yang L, Chen X, Xu Q, Rui X, Fan X, Feng L, Zhang Q, Dong M, Li W. Anticancer potential of an exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus helveticus MB2-1 on human colon cancer HT-29 cells via apoptosis induction. Food Funct 2021; 11:10170-10181. [PMID: 33164019 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01345e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the anticancer activity of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) isolated from Lactobacillus helveticus MB2-1. The crude EPS from L. helveticus MB2-1 (LHEPS) was fractionated into three fractions, namely LHEPS-1, LHEPS-2 and LHEPS-3. LHEPS-1 exhibited the most effective anti-proliferative activity, which was associated with a stronger inhibition rate and increased lactate dehydrogenase leakage of human colon cancer HT-29 cells. Flow cytometry analysis and colorimetric assay revealed that LHEPS-1 induced cell cycle arrest by preventing G1 to S transition and increased the apoptosis rate. Furthermore, LHEPS-1 enhanced the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activity of caspases-8/9/3, increased the levels of pro-apoptotic Bax and mitochondrial cytochrome c, while decreased the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 level, indicating that LHEPS-1 might induce the apoptosis of HT-29 cells through a ROS-dependent pathway and a mitochondria-dependent pathway. These findings suggest that LHEPS-1 may be developed as an effective food and/or drug for the prevention and therapeutics of cancer, especially human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China.
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Han P, Li J, Zhong H, Xie J, Zhang P, Lu Q, Li J, Xu P, Chen P, Leng L, Zhou W. Anti-oxidation properties and therapeutic potentials of spirulina. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Li Y, Wang X, Ma X, Liu C, Wu J, Sun C. Natural Polysaccharides and Their Derivates: A Promising Natural Adjuvant for Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:621813. [PMID: 33935714 PMCID: PMC8080043 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.621813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment process of tumor is advanced with the development of immunotherapy. In clinical experience, immunotherapy has achieved very significant results. However, the application of immunotherapy is limited by a variety of immune microenvironment. For a long time in the past, polysaccharides such as lentinan and Ganoderma lucidum glycopeptide have been used in clinic as adjuvant drugs to widely improve the immunity of the body. However, their mechanism in tumor immunotherapy has not been deeply discussed. Studies have shown that natural polysaccharides can stimulate innate immunity by activating upstream immune cells so as to regulate adaptive immune pathways such as T cells and improve the effect of immunotherapy, suggesting that polysaccharides also have a promising future in cancer therapy. This review systematically discusses that polysaccharides can directly or indirectly activate macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells etc., binding to their surface receptors, inducing PI3K/Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Notch and other pathways, promote their proliferation and differentiation, increasing the secretion of cytokines, and improve the state of immune suppression. These results provide relevant basis for guiding polysaccharide to be used as adjuvants of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoran Ma
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jibiao Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, China.,Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
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Patel DK, Dutta SD, Ganguly K, Cho SJ, Lim KT. Mushroom-Derived Bioactive Molecules as Immunotherapeutic Agents: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051359. [PMID: 33806285 PMCID: PMC7961999 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms with enhanced medicinal properties focus on finding such compounds that could modulate the human body's immune systems. Mushrooms have antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties due to the presence of various bioactive components. β-glucans are the major constituent of the mushroom cell wall and play a significant role in their biological activity. This review described the techniques used in the extraction of the active ingredients from the mushroom. We highlighted the structure of the bioactive polysaccharides present in the mushrooms. Therapeutic applications of different mushrooms were also described. It is interesting to note that mushrooms have the potential sources of many bioactive products that can regulate immunity. Thus, the development of functional medicinal food based on the mushroom is vital for human welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K. Patel
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (D.K.P.); (S.D.D.); (K.G.)
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (D.K.P.); (S.D.D.); (K.G.)
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (D.K.P.); (S.D.D.); (K.G.)
| | - Seong-Jun Cho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (D.K.P.); (S.D.D.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-033-250-6491
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Mechanism of Intestinal Flora and Proteomics on Regulating Immune Function of Durio zibethinus Rind Polysaccharide. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6614028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cyclophosphamide was injected intraperitoneally to establish an immunosuppressive mouse model to study the immune regulating effects of Durio zibethinus Murr rind polysaccharide (DZMP) through proteomics and intestinal flora. The results showed that the thymus and spleen indexes of the high-dose DZMP (200 mg/kg) group were significantly increased, and the tissue structure of the spleen was improved compared with the model group (
). The contents of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α in the high-dose group of DZMP were significantly increased (
). Activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were increased in serum (
). In the liver, catalase (CAT) activity was increased (
) while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was decreased and immune activity was increased (
). Proteomics studies showed that the drug group could significantly increase the low-affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor III (FcγRIII) protein and protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) compared with the model group (
). In addition, the result showed that those proteins were likely involved in the regulation of the metabolic pathways of autoimmune thyroid disease, Staphylococcus aureus infection, and NF-κB signaling pathway. Intestinal microbial studies showed that short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content was increased as well as the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Akkermansia, Bacteroides, and Paraprevotella, while the relative abundance of Ruminococcus and Oscillospira was decreased compared with the model group (
). The results showed that DZMP might play a beneficial role in immune regulation by improving intestinal flora.
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Liu C, Choi MW, Xue X, Cheung PCK. Immunomodulatory Effect of Structurally Characterized Mushroom Sclerotial Polysaccharides Isolated from Polyporus rhinocerus on Bone Marrow Dendritic Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12137-12143. [PMID: 31566976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of two high-molecular-weight and structurally different mushroom polysaccharides, an alkali-soluble polysaccharide (mPRSon) and a water-soluble polysaccharide-protein complex (PRW), isolated previously from the sclerotia of Pleurotus rhinocerus, on the maturation of murine bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The effects of mPRSon and PRW on the expression of morphological change, surface molecules, phagocytic activity, and cytokine release in BMDCs were determined by flow cytometry and a mouse cytokine array. The results showed that both mPRSon and PRW could induce phenotypic and functional maturation of BMDCs. At the same time, mPRSon upregulated the expression of membrane phenotypic marker CD86 and PRW markedly upregulated CD40, CD80, and CD86. In addition, mPRSon could bind to the dectin-1 receptor and stimulate the release of MIP-1α, MIP-2, and IL-2, while PRW could bind to complement receptor 3 and toll-like receptor 2 with an upregulation of the expression of IL-2, IL-6, MIP-1α, MIP-2, RANTES, IL-12p40p70, IL-12p70, TIMP-1, IFN-γ, KC, MCP-1, and GCSF. The study provides additional information on how structural differences in sclerotial polysaccharides influence their immunomodulatory activities on BMDCs involving different PAMP receptors. It is anticipated that more understanding of the interactions between the sclerotial polysaccharides and their receptors in immune cells can facilitate their future application for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Liu
- Medical Research Center , The People's Hospital of Longhua , Shenzhen , 518109 , People's Republic of China
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Man Wing Choi
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Xingkui Xue
- Medical Research Center , The People's Hospital of Longhua , Shenzhen , 518109 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peter C K Cheung
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
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The Role of Herbal Bioactive Components in Mitochondria Function and Cancer Therapy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:3868354. [PMID: 31308852 PMCID: PMC6594309 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3868354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic double-membrane organelles which play a well-recognized role in ATP production, calcium homeostasis, oxidation-reduction (redox) status, apoptotic cell death, and inflammation. Dysfunction of mitochondria has long been observed in a number of human diseases, including cancer. Targeting mitochondria metabolism in tumors as a cancer therapeutic strategy has attracted much attention for researchers in recent years due to the essential role of mitochondria in cancer cell growth, apoptosis, and progression. On the other hand, a series of studies have indicated that traditional medicinal herbs, including traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), exert their potential anticancer effects as an effective adjunct treatment for alleviating the systemic side effects of conventional cancer therapies, for reducing the risk of recurrence and cancer mortality and for improving the quality of patients' life. An amazing feature of these structurally diverse bioactive components is that majority of them target mitochondria to provoke cancer cell-specific death program. The aim of this review is to summarize the in vitro and in vivo studies about the role of these herbs, especially their bioactive compounds in the modulation of the disturbed mitochondrial function for cancer therapy.
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Tao S, Lei Z, Huang K, Li Y, Ren Z, Zhang X, Wei G, Chen H. Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of two novel polysaccharides derived from the stem of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Vieira Gomes DC, de Alencar MVOB, dos Reis AC, de Lima RMT, de Oliveira Santos JV, da Mata AMOF, Soares Dias AC, da Costa JS, de Medeiros MDGF, Paz MFCJ, Gayoso e Almendra Ibiapina Moreno LC, Castro e Sousa JMD, Islam MT, Melo Cavalcante AADC. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic/antitumoral bioactives from the phylum Basidiomycota and their possible mechanisms of action. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Li L, Li RC, Song YH, Wu WY, Yin SH, Fu WW, Wu RT, Li W. Effects of a Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide against pancreatic damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:7227-7238. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01990a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at exploring the role of a Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) in pancreatic damage in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330047
- China
| | - Rui-Cheng Li
- School of stomatology
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031
- China
| | - Ye-Hao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330047
- China
| | - Wen-Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330047
- China
| | - Shu-Hua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330047
- China
| | - Wang-Wei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330047
- China
| | - Rui-Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330047
- China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330047
- China
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Lipid-Lowering Effect of the Pleurotus eryngii (King Oyster Mushroom) Polysaccharide from Solid-State Fermentation on Both Macrophage-Derived Foam Cells and Zebrafish Models. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10050492. [PMID: 30966526 PMCID: PMC6415515 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a key risk factor in inducing fatty liver, hypertension, atherosclerosis and cerebrovascular diseases. Previous studies have verified that polysaccharides from fruiting bodies (PEPE) of Pleurotus eryngii (king oyster mushroom) are capable of decreasing the lipid content. In this study, the P. eryngii polysaccharide is obtained by solid-state fermentation (PESF) using lignocellulosic wastes, corn-cobs and wheat bran. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays indicate that PESF has a similar composition to that of PEPE. Meanwhile, PESF has no detectable toxicity and is able to significantly inhibit foam-cell formation in murine macrophage cells (RAW264.7) induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Further verification indicates that PESF has lipid-lowering effects during the lipid absorption phase in a zebrafish hyperlipidemia model. Our findings suggest that the P. eryngii polysaccharide from solid-state fermentation (PESF) can be used as a valuable lipid-lowering food additive or raw materials for producing lipid-lowering drugs.
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Wang B, Liu Q, Huang Y, Yuan Y, Ma Q, Du M, Cai T, Cai Y. Extraction of Polysaccharide from Spirulina and Evaluation of Its Activities. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:3425615. [PMID: 29849703 PMCID: PMC5925140 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3425615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis (PSP) is a kind of water-soluble polysaccharide extracted from Spirulina platensis. It has been proved to have antitumor, antioxidation, antiaging, and antivirus properties. And it has a promising prospect for wide application. OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify an extraction process for high-purity polysaccharide in Spirulina (PSP) through a series of optimization methods and then evaluates its initial antiaging activities. METHODS Four kinds of extraction methods-hot-water extraction, alkali extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and freeze-thaw extraction-were compared to find the optimal one, which was further optimized by response surface methodology. PSP was obtained after the crude PSP was deproteinized and depigmented. The antiaging effects of PSP were preliminarily evaluated through in vitro cell experiments. RESULTS The alkali extraction method was determined as the optimal method, with the optimized extraction process consisting of a solid-liquid ratio of 1 : 50, a pH value of 10.25, a temperature of 89.24°C, and a time of 9.99 h. The final PSP contained 71.65% of polysaccharide and 8.54% of protein. At a concentration of 50 μg/mL, PSP exerted a significant promoting effect on the proliferation and traumatic fusion of human immortalized epidermal cells HaCaT. CONCLUSION An extraction method for high-purity PSP with a high extraction rate was established, and in vitro results suggest antioxidation and antiaging activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyue Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Guangzhou Jiayuan Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yinghong Huang
- Guangzhou Guoyu Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yueling Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qianqian Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Manling Du
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tiange Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Yu Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Cancer Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Liu LQ, Li HS, Nie SP, Shen MY, Hu JL, Xie MY. Tea Polysaccharide Prevents Colitis-Associated Carcinogenesis in Mice by Inhibiting the Proliferation and Invasion of Tumor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020506. [PMID: 29419740 PMCID: PMC5855728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The imbalance between cell proliferation and apoptosis can lead to tumor progression, causing oncogenic transformation, abnormal cell proliferation and cell apoptosis suppression. Tea polysaccharide (TPS) is the major bioactive component in green tea, it has showed antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. In this study, the chemoprophylaxis effects of TPS on colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis, especially the cell apoptosis activation and inhibition effects on cell proliferation and invasion were analyzed. The azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS) was used to induce the colorectal carcinogenesis in mice. Results showed that the tumor incidence was reduced in TPS-treated AOM/DSS mice compared to AOM/DSS mice. TUNEL staining and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry staining showed that the TPS treatment increased significantly the cell apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation among AOM/DSS mice. Furthermore, TPS reduced the expression levels of the cell cycle protein cyclin D1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9. In addition, in vitro studies showed that TPS, suppressed the proliferation and invasion of the mouse colon cancer cells. Overall, our findings demonstrated that TPS could be a potential agent in the treatment and/or prevention of colon tumor, which promoted the apoptosis and suppressed the proliferation and invasion of the mouse colon cancer cells via arresting cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
- Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Hai-Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Ming-Yue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Jie-Lun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Sun P, Sun D, Wang X. Effects of Scutellaria barbata polysaccharide on the proliferation, apoptosis and EMT of human colon cancer HT29 Cells. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 167:90-96. [PMID: 28433181 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A water-soluble polysaccharide SPS2p was isolated from the whole grass of Scutellaria barbata and SPS2p contained 53.6% carbohydrates, 38.5% uronic acid and 8.2% proteins. The molecular weight of SPS2p showed only one molecular weight distribution (2.6×104Da) and the monosaccharide composition of SPS2p showed the presence of arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose at the ratio of 1.31:1.00:3.59:1.59. The results showed that SPS2p could improve the proliferation inhibition rate; SPS2p could also elevate apoptosis rate, apoptosis index and the levels of Bax and Bak, but lower levels of Bcl-2 and FN; SPS2p could up-regulate the expression of E-cadherin mRNA, and down-regulate the expressions of N-cadherin and vimentin mRNA, and the ratio of p-AKT/AKT in HT29 cells. These results indicate that SPS2p can inhibit the proliferation and EMT, and promote the apoptosis in HT29 cells, which may be related to the inhibition of SPS2p on the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengda Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Medical Ethics Committee, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
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Physicochemical Characterization of Polysaccharides with Macrophage Immunomodulatory Activities Isolated from Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/3276430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, four polysaccharide fractions designated as RGP1, RGP2, RGP3, and RGP4 were isolated from red ginseng by DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography, and their macrophage immunomodulatory activities were investigated. The results revealed that the proliferation, NO production, and neutral red phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in groups treated with RGP1 and RGP2 in vitro were increased significantly compared to RGP3 and RGP4. In addition, the level of TNF-α in RAW 264.7 cells was significantly increased in RGP1 and RGP2 groups. All the results consistently indicated that polysaccharide fractions RGP1 and RGP2 had strong macrophage immunomodulatory activities. Furthermore, RGP1 and RGP2 were purified by Sephadex G-100 column and RGP2 was further fractionated into a homogeneous fraction RGP2-1, with the molecular weight of 2.16 × 104 Da. The analysis of monosaccharide composition revealed that RGP1 was composed of arabinose, glucose, and galactose with a relative molecular ratio of 0.02 : 0.88 : 0.10. RGP2-1 was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, glucose, and galactose with a relative molecular ratio of 0.02 : 0.10 : 0.77 : 0.11. These results provided evidences that the neutral polysaccharide fractions RGP1 and RGP2 possessed significant immunomodulatory activity and could be explored as a promising natural immunomodulating agent applied in functional foods or medicines.
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Li WJ, Li L, Zhen WY, Wang LF, Pan M, Lv JQ, Wang F, Yao YF, Nie SP, Xie MY. Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide ameliorates ROS generation and apoptosis in spleen and thymus of immunosuppressed mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 99:199-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Zhao ZZ, Chen HP, Huang Y, Li ZH, Zhang L, Feng T, Liu JK. Lanostane Triterpenoids from Fruiting Bodies of Ganoderma leucocontextum. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2016; 6:103-9. [PMID: 26872455 PMCID: PMC4805654 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-016-0089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Six new lanostane-type triterpenoids, namely leucocontextins S-X (1-6), together with twelve known compounds, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma leucocontextum. Their structures were established by MS and NMR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - He-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zheng-Hui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Ji-Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Zhang Q, Xu Y, Zou S, Zhang X, Cao K, Fan Q. Novel functional polysaccharides from Radix Polygoni Multiflori water extracted residue: Preliminary characterization and immunomodulatory activity. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 137:625-631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Zheng X, Liu Z, Li S, Wang L, Lv J, Li J, Ma X, Fan L, Qian F. Identification and characterization of a cytotoxic polysaccharide from the flower of Abelmoschus manihot. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 82:284-90. [PMID: 26478094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A low molecular weight polysaccharide was identified from the flower of Abelmoschus manihot (Linn.) Medicus, a popular herbal medicine also known as Flos A. manihot. The polysaccharide, AMPS-a, was obtained from the ethanol-extracted debris of Flos A. manihot by successive purification through DEAE-cellulose-52 and Sephadex G-100 column. AMPS-a has an estimated molecular weight of 8.8×10(3)Da and is mainly composed of β-d-glucose, α-d-mannose, α-d-galactose and α-l-fucose at a molar ratio of 1.00:0.91:2.14:1.09. The preliminary structural features were studied by hydrolysis-methylation analysis, GC-MS, FT-IR and (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. AMPS-a contains a backbone composed of repeating units of →6)α-d-Galp-(1→6)α-d-Manp-(1→6)α-d-Galp-(1→ with β-d-Glcp (1→3)α-Fucp-(1→ branching at O-3 of mannose. AMPS-a exhibited potent inhibitory effects on the proliferation of hepatic (SMMC-7721, HepG2) and gastric (MGC-803, MKN-45) cancer cells in vitro, and the sugar branches were indispensible for the cytotoxicity. Our work contributes to the first report of a novel cytotoxic polysaccharide from Flos A. manihot that may provide a potential source of anti-tumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, PR China.
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian 223800, PR China
| | - Liling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Jiajia Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Junsheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Xingmiao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Ling Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Fang Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing 210029, PR China.
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Huang X, Nie S, Xie M. Interaction between gut immunity and polysaccharides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:2943-2955. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1079165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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26
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Li W, Xia X, Tang W, Ji J, Rui X, Chen X, Jiang M, Zhou J, Zhang Q, Dong M. Structural characterization and anticancer activity of cell-bound exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus helveticus MB2-1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3454-3463. [PMID: 25798529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel cell-bound exopolysaccharide (c-EPS) was isolated from Lactobacillus helveticus MB2-1 by ultrasonic extraction, anion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography before being structurally characterized. The c-EPS is a heteropolysaccharide with an average molecular weight of 1.83 × 10(5) Da and is composed of glucose, mannose, galactose, rhamnose, and arabinose at a molar ratio of 3.12:1.01:1.00:0.18:0.16. Methylation analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed that the c-EPS is a linear glucomannogalactan containing repeating units of → 6)-β-D-Manp-(1 → 3)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 3)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 3)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 4)-α-D-Galp-(1 → and trace amounts of Rhap-(1 → and (1 → 4)-Arap residues. Complex formation with Congo red demonstrated a triple-strand helical conformation for the c-EPS. Scanning electron microscopy of the c-EPS revealed many regular feather-like structural units. Topographical examination of c-EPS by atomic force microscopy revealed that the c-EPS formed rounded-to-spherical lumps with different sizes and chain formations. Furthermore, preliminary in vitro tests revealed that c-EPS significantly inhibited the proliferation of HepG-2, BGC-823, and especially HT-29 cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- †College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiudong Xia
- ‡Institute of Agro-Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Weizhi Tang
- †College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Juan Ji
- †College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xin Rui
- †College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- †College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Mei Jiang
- †College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Zhou
- ‡Institute of Agro-Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Qiuqin Zhang
- †College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
| | - Mingsheng Dong
- †College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P. R. China
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