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Huellemeier HA, Eren NM, Payne TD, Schultz ZD, Heldman DR. Monitoring and Characterization of Milk Fouling on Stainless Steel Using a High-Pressure High-Temperature Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:9466-9480. [PMID: 35899940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fouling at interfaces deteriorates the efficiency and hygiene of processes within numerous industrial sectors, including the oil and gas, biomedical device, and food industries. In the food industry, the fouling of a complex food matrix to a heated stainless steel surface reduces production efficiency by increasing heating resistance, pumping requirements, and the frequency of cleaning operations. In this work, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) was used to study the interface formed by the fouling of milk on a stainless steel surface at different flow rates and protein concentrations at high temperatures (135 °C). Subsequently, the QCM-D response was recorded during the cleaning of the foulant. Two phases of fouling were identified. During phase-1, the fouling rate was dependent on the flow rate, while the fouling rate during phase-2 was dependent on the flow rate and protein concentration. During cleaning, foulants deposited at the higher flow rate swelled more than those deposited at the lower flow rate. The composition of the fouling deposits consisted of both protein and mineral species. Two crystalline phases of calcium phosphate, β-tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite, were identified at both flow rates. Stratification in topography was observed across the surface of the QCM-D sensor with a brittle and cracked structure for deposits formed at 0.2 mL/min and a smooth and close-packed structure for deposits formed at 0.1 mL/min. These stratifications in the composition and topography were correlated to differences in the reaction time and flow dynamics at different flow rates. This high-temperature application of QCM-D to complex food systems illuminates the initial interaction between proteins and minerals and a stainless steel surface, which might otherwise be undetectable in low-temperature applications of QCM-D or at larger bench and industrial scales. The methods and results presented here have implications for optimizing processing scenarios that limit fouling formation while also enhancing removal during cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Huellemeier
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Necla M Eren
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Abbott Nutrition Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio 43219, United States
| | - Taylor D Payne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zachary D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dennis R Heldman
- Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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2
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Wang Q, Ma Y. Characterization of calcium phosphate nanoparticles sequestered by phosphopeptides in response to heat treatment. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lei Y, Zhan Z, Saakes M, van der Weijden RD, Buisman CJN. Electrochemical Recovery of Phosphorus from Acidic Cheese Wastewater: Feasibility, Quality of Products, and Comparison with Chemical Precipitation. ACS ES&T WATER 2021; 1:1002-1013. [PMID: 33889867 PMCID: PMC8054673 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.0c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of phosphorus (P) from high-strength acidic waste streams with high salinity and organic loads is challenging. Here, we addressed this challenge with a recently developed electrochemical approach and compared it with the chemical precipitation method via NaOH dosing. The electrochemical process recovers nearly 90% of P (∼820 mg/L) from cheese wastewater in 48 h at 300 mA with an energy consumption of 64.7 kWh/kg of P. With chemical precipitation, >86% of P was removed by NaOH dosing with a normalized cost of 1.34-1.80 euros/kg of P. The increase in wastewater pH caused by NaOH dosing triggered the formation of calcium phosphate sludge instead of condensed solids. However, by electrochemical precipitation, the formed calcium phosphate is attached to the electrode, allowing the subsequent collection of solids from the electrode after treatment. The collected solids are characterized as amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) at 200 mA or a precipitation pH of ≥9. Otherwise, they are a mixture of ACP and hydroxyapatite. The products have sufficient P content (≤14%), of which up to 85% was released within 30 min in 2% citric acid and a tiny amount of heavy metals compared to phosphate rocks. This study paves the way for applying electrochemical removal and recovery of phosphorus from acidic P-rich wastewater and offers a sustainable substitute for mined phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lei
- Wetsus,
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Environmental Technology, Wageningen
University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhengshuo Zhan
- Wetsus,
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Environmental Technology, Wageningen
University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Saakes
- Wetsus,
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Renata D. van der Weijden
- Wetsus,
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Environmental Technology, Wageningen
University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J. N. Buisman
- Wetsus,
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Department
of Environmental Technology, Wageningen
University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Innovative Control of Biofilms on Stainless Steel Surfaces Using Electrolyzed Water in the Dairy Industry. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010103. [PMID: 33419000 PMCID: PMC7825347 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms on food-contact surfaces can lead to recurrent contamination. This work aimed to study the biofilm formation process on stainless steel plates used in the dairy industry: 304 surface finish 2B and electropolished; and the effect of a cleaning and disinfection process using alkaline (AEW) and neutral (NEW) electrolyzed water. Milk fouling during heat processing can lead to type A or B deposits, which were analyzed for composition, surface energy, thickness, and roughness, while the role of raw milk microbiota on biofilm development was investigated. Bacteria, yeasts, and lactic acid bacteria were detected using EUB-338, PF2, and Str-493 probes, respectively, whereas Lis-637 probe detected Listeria sp. The genetic complexity and diversity of biofilms varied according to biofilm maturation day, as evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequence, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization microscopy. From analysis of the experimental designs, a cleaning stage of 50 mg/L NaOH of AEW at 30 °C for 10 min, followed by disinfection using 50 mg/L total available chlorine of NEW at 20 °C for 5 min is a sustainable alternative process to prevent biofilm formation. Fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize the effectiveness of this process.
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Wang Q, Holt C, Nylander T, Ma Y. Salt partition, ion equilibria, and the structure, composition, and solubility of micellar calcium phosphate in bovine milk with added calcium salts. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9893-9905. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Zhao M, Markiewicz-Keszycka M, Beattie RJ, Casado-Gavalda MP, Cama-Moncunill X, O'Donnell CP, Cullen PJ, Sullivan C. Quantification of calcium in infant formula using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics including data fusion. Food Chem 2020; 320:126639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kesseli FP, Lauer CS, Baker I, Mirica KA, Van Citters DW. Identification of a calcium phosphoserine coordination network in an adhesive organo-apatitic bone cement system. Acta Biomater 2020; 105:280-289. [PMID: 31945507 PMCID: PMC7134197 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate-based bone cements have been widely adopted in both orthopedic and dental applications. Phosphoserine (pSer), which has a natural role in biomineralization, has been identified to possess the functionality to react with calcium phosphate phases, such as tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP), and form a uniquely adhesive cement. This study investigated the chemical composition and phase evolution of a heterogeneous calcium phosphate (56% TTCP and 15% α-TCP) and pSer cement system with respect to pH. The coordination network of calcium phosphoserine monohydrate was discovered as the predominant crystalline phase of this adhesive apatitic cement system. Furthermore, it was determined that pH has a significant effect on the reaction kinetics of the system, whereby a lower pH tends to accelerate the reaction rate and favor products with lower Ca/P ratios. These findings provide a better understanding of the reaction and products of this adhesive organo-ceramic cement, which can be compositionally tuned for broad applications in the orthopedic and dental spaces. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The application of self-setting calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) in hard tissue regeneration has been a topic of significant research since their introduction to the field 30 years ago. Traditional CPCs, however, are limited by their suboptimal mechanical properties due to their solely inorganic composition. Recently, it was discovered that monomeric phosphoserine (pSer) is capable of serving as a setting reagent for a subset of CPC systems, resulting in an adhesive organo-ceramic composite. Despite its adhesive functionality and biomedical potential, its reaction chemistry and product composition were not well characterized. The present study identifies a calcium phosphoserine coordination network as the primary crystalline phase of this apatitic cement system and further characterizes compositional tunability of the products with respect to pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fioleda P Kesseli
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States.
| | - Caroline S Lauer
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Ian Baker
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Katherine A Mirica
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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Lam E, McKinnon I, Marchesseau S, Otter D, Zhou P, Hemar Y. The effect of transglutaminase on reconstituted skim milks at alkaline pH. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Lei Y, Song B, van der Weijden RD, Saakes M, Buisman CJN. Electrochemical Induced Calcium Phosphate Precipitation: Importance of Local pH. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11156-11164. [PMID: 28872838 PMCID: PMC5628374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for living organisms and cannot be replaced or substituted. In this paper, we present a simple yet efficient membrane free electrochemical system for P removal and recovery as calcium phosphate (CaP). This method relies on in situ formation of hydroxide ions by electro mediated water reduction at a titanium cathode surface. The in situ raised pH at the cathode provides a local environment where CaP will become highly supersaturated. Therefore, homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation of CaP occurs near and at the cathode surface. Because of the local high pH, the P removal behavior is not sensitive to bulk solution pH and therefore, efficient P removal was observed in three studied bulk solutions with pH of 4.0 (56.1%), 8.2 (57.4%), and 10.0 (48.4%) after 24 h of reaction time. While P removal efficiencies are not generally affected by bulk solution pH, the chemical-physical properties of CaP solids collected on the cathode are still related to bulk solution pH, as confirmed by structure characterizations. High initial solution pH promotes the formation of more crystalline products with relatively high Ca/P molar ratio. The Ca/P molar ratio increases from 1.30 (pH 4.0) to 1.38 (pH 8.2) and further increases to 1.55 (pH 10.0). The formation of CaP precipitates was a typical crystallization process, with an amorphous phase formed at the initial stage which then transforms to the most stable crystal phase, hydroxyapatite, which is inferred from the increased Ca/P molar ratio from 1.38 (day 1) to the theoretical 1.76 (day 11) and by the formation of needle-like crystals. Finally, we demonstrated the efficiency of this system for real wastewater. This, together with the fact that the electrochemical method can work at low bulk pH, without dosing chemicals and a need for a separation process, highlights the potential application of the electrochemical method for P removal and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lei
- Wetsus, Centre
of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Sub-department
Environmental Technology, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bingnan Song
- Wetsus, Centre
of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Sub-department
Environmental Technology, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renata D. van der Weijden
- Wetsus, Centre
of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Sub-department
Environmental Technology, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Michel Saakes
- Wetsus, Centre
of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J. N. Buisman
- Wetsus, Centre
of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Sub-department
Environmental Technology, Wageningen University
and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Wang J, Huang S, Fu N, Jeantet R, Chen XD. Thermal Aggregation of Calcium-Fortified Skim Milk Enhances Probiotic Protection during Convective Droplet Drying. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6003-6010. [PMID: 27420726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria have been reported to confer benefits on hosts when delivered in an adequate dose. Spray-drying is expected to produce dried and microencapsulated probiotic products due to its low production cost and high energy efficiency. The bottleneck in probiotic application addresses the thermal and dehydration-related inactivation of bacteria during process. A protective drying matrix was designed by modifying skim milk with the principle of calcium-induced protein thermal aggregation. The well-defined single-droplet drying technique was used to monitor the droplet-particle conversion and the protective effect of this modified Ca-aggregated milk on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. The Ca-aggregated milk exhibited a higher drying efficiency and superior protection on L. rhamnosus GG during thermal convective drying. The mechanism was explained by the aggregation in milk, causing the lower binding of water in the serum phase and, conversely, local concentrated milk aggregates involved in bacteria entrapment in the course of drying. This work may open new avenues for the development of probiotic products with high bacterial viability and calcium enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Song Huang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- STLO, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA , 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Nan Fu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | - Xiao Dong Chen
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
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Johns PW, Dimler SR, Watson JJ, Tigner M, Caskey PF. Determination of Soluble Calcium and Phosphorus in Commercial Milled Hydroxyapatite. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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