1
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Reed KB, Pruitt E, Hansa Raj KC, Sharma AR, Medina-Bolivar F, Shields RC. Effect of peanut stilbenoids, arachidin-1 and arachidin-3, on Streptococcus mutans growth and acid production. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38225899 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2302316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the effect of prenylated peanut stilbenoids on the growth, biofilm accumulation and acid production of the dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans. Prior research with the non-prenylated stilbenes, resveratrol and piceatannol, has shown that these molecules are active against S. mutans. Here we sought to determine if the addition of a prenyl group to the stilbene backbone increased anti-S. mutans activities. Two prenylated stilbenes, arachidin-1 and arachidin-3, were produced using a peanut hairy root production system. Compared to resveratrol and piceatannol, both arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 led to greater inhibition of S. mutans planktonic growth. This effect also led to reduced biofilm formation, by inhibiting growth, instead of a specific action against biofilm cells. Lastly, sub-MIC concentrations of arachidin-3 reduced the acid production of S. mutans above the 'critical pH' that leads to tooth enamel erosion. In summary, stilbenoids have anti-S. mutans activity, and prenylation enhances this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Bryant Reed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Erin Pruitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - K C Hansa Raj
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Amit Raj Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
| | - Fabricio Medina-Bolivar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, USA
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2
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Olas B. The Cardioprotective Properties of Selected Nuts: Their Functional Ingredients and Molecular Mechanisms. Foods 2024; 13:242. [PMID: 38254543 PMCID: PMC10814286 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuts have been known as a nutritious food since ancient times and can be considered part of our original diet: they are one of the few foods that have been eaten in the same form for thousands of years. They consist of various dry fruits and seeds, with the most common species being almonds (Prunus dulcis), hazelnuts (Corylus avellana), cashews (cashew nuts, Anacardium occidentale), pistachios (Pistacia vera), walnuts (Italian nuts, Juglans regia), peanuts (Arachia hypogaca), Brazil nuts (Bartholletia excels), pecans (Corya illinoinensis), macadamia nuts (Macademia ternifolia) and pine nuts. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have found nuts to possess a range of bioactive compounds with cardioprotective properties, and hence, their consumption may play a role in preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The present work reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the functional ingredients of various nuts (almonds, Brazil nuts, cashew nuts, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, peanuts, pecan nuts, pine nuts, pistachios, and walnuts) and the molecular mechanisms of their cardioprotective action. The data indicate that almonds, walnuts and pistachios are the best nut sources of bioactive ingredients with cardioprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Olas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/3, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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3
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Lui ACW, Pow KC, Lin N, Lam LPY, Liu G, Godwin ID, Fan Z, Khoo CJ, Tobimatsu Y, Wang L, Hao Q, Lo C. Regioselective stilbene O-methylations in Saccharinae grasses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3462. [PMID: 37308495 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
O-Methylated stilbenes are prominent nutraceuticals but rarely produced by crops. Here, the inherent ability of two Saccharinae grasses to produce regioselectively O-methylated stilbenes is reported. A stilbene O-methyltransferase, SbSOMT, is first shown to be indispensable for pathogen-inducible pterostilbene (3,5-bis-O-methylated) biosynthesis in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Phylogenetic analysis indicates the recruitment of genus-specific SOMTs from canonical caffeic acid O-methyltransferases (COMTs) after the divergence of Sorghum spp. from Saccharum spp. In recombinant enzyme assays, SbSOMT and COMTs regioselectively catalyze O-methylation of stilbene A-ring and B-ring respectively. Subsequently, SOMT-stilbene crystal structures are presented. Whilst SbSOMT shows global structural resemblance to SbCOMT, molecular characterizations illustrate two hydrophobic residues (Ile144/Phe337) crucial for substrate binding orientation leading to 3,5-bis-O-methylations in the A-ring. In contrast, the equivalent residues (Asn128/Asn323) in SbCOMT facilitate an opposite orientation that favors 3'-O-methylation in the B-ring. Consistently, a highly-conserved COMT is likely involved in isorhapontigenin (3'-O-methylated) formation in wounded wild sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum). Altogether, our work reveals the potential of Saccharinae grasses as a source of O-methylated stilbenes, and rationalize the regioselectivity of SOMT activities for bioengineering of O-methylated stilbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C W Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kah Chee Pow
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nan Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lydia Pui Ying Lam
- Center for Crossover Education, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Tegata Gakuen-machi 1-1, Akita City, Akita, 010-8502, Japan
| | - Guoquan Liu
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ian D Godwin
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhuming Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chen Jing Khoo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Lanxiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Quan Hao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- China Spallation Neutron Source, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523000, China.
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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4
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Induction of the Prenylated Stilbenoids Arachidin-1 and Arachidin-3 and Their Semi-Preparative Separation and Purification from Hairy Root Cultures of Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27186118. [PMID: 36144847 PMCID: PMC9504991 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prenylated stilbenoids such as arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 are stilbene derivatives that exhibit multiple pharmacological activities. We report an elicitation strategy using different combinations of cyclodextrin, hydrogen peroxide, methyl jasmonate and magnesium chloride to increase arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 production in peanut hairy root cultures. The treatment of hairy root cultures with cyclodextrin with hydrogen peroxide selectively enhanced arachidin-1 yield (132.6 ± 20.4 mg/L), which was 1.8-fold higher than arachidin-3. Similarly, cyclodextrin combined with methyl jasmonate selectively enhanced arachidin-3 yield (178.2 ± 6.8 mg/L), which was 5.5-fold higher than arachidin-1. Re-elicitation of the hairy root cultures further increased the levels of arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 by 24% and 42%, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of the culture medium was consecutively fractionated by normal- and reversed-phase column chromatography, followed by semi-preparative HPLC purification on a C18 column to yield arachidin-1 with a recovery rate of 32% and arachidin-3 with a recovery rate of 39%, both at higher than 95% purity. This study provided a sustainable strategy to produce high-purity arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 using hairy root cultures of peanuts combined with column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC.
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5
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The Crystal Structure of 2-Amino-4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)-6-Methoxy-4H-Benzo[h]chromene-3-Carbonitrile: Antitumor and Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Inhibition Mechanism Studies. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12050737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The target compound, 2-amino-4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-methoxy-4H-benzo[h]chromene -3-carbonitrile (4), was synthesized via the reaction of 4-methoxynaphthalen-1-ol (1), 2,3-dichlorobenzaldehyde (2), and malononitrile (3) in an ethanolic piperidine solution under microwave irradiation. The synthesized β-enaminonitrile derivative (4) was characterized by spectral data and X-ray diffraction. The in vitro anti-proliferative profile was conducted against five cancer cell lines and was assessed for compound 4, which revealed strong and selective cytotoxic potency. This derivative showed promising inhibition efficacy against the EGFR and VEGFR-2 kinases in comparison to Sorafenib as a reference inhibitor. Lastly, the docking analysis into the EGFR and VEGFR-2 active sites was performed to clarify our biological findings.
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6
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Bo S, Chang SK, Zhu H, Jiang Y, Yang B. Naturally occurring prenylated stilbenoids: food sources, biosynthesis, applications and health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8083-8106. [PMID: 35373665 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2056131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated stilbenoids are a unique class of natural phenolic compounds consisting of C6-C2-C6 skeleton with prenyl substitution. They are potential nutraceuticals and dietary supplements presented in some edible plants. Prenylated stilbenoids demonstrate promising health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial activities. This review reports the structure, bioactivity and potential application of prenylated stilbeniods in food industry. Edible sources of these compounds are compiled and summarized. Structure-activity relationship of prenylated stilbenoids are also highlighted. The biosynthesis strategies of prenylated stilbenoids are reviewed. The findings of these compounds as food preservative, nutraceuticals and food additive are discussed. This paper combines the up-to-date information and gives a full image of prenylated stilbenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Bo
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Mingrou L, Guo S, Ho C, Bai N. Review on chemical compositions and biological activities of peanut (
Arachis hypogeae
L.). J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14119. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Mingrou
- College of Food Science and Technology Northwest University Xi’an China
| | - Sen Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology Northwest University Xi’an China
| | - Chi‐Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science Rutgers University New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Naisheng Bai
- College of Food Science and Technology Northwest University Xi’an China
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8
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Sobolev VS, Walk TE, Arias RS, Massa AN, Orner VA, Lamb MC. Transformation of Major Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea) Stilbenoid Phytoalexins Caused by Selected Microorganisms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1101-1110. [PMID: 35061949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The peanut plant accumulates defensive stilbenoid phytoalexins in response to the presence of soil fungi, which in turn produce phytoalexin-detoxifying enzymes for successfully invading the plant host. Aspergillus spp. are opportunistic pathogens that invade peanut seeds; most common fungal species often produce highly carcinogenic aflatoxins. The purpose of the present research was to evaluate the in vitro dynamics of peanut phytoalexin transformation/detoxification by important fungal species. This work revealed that in feeding experiments, Aspergillus spp. from section Flavi were capable of degrading the major peanut phytoalexin, arachidin-3, into its hydroxylated homolog, arachidin-1, and a benzenoid, SB-1. However, Aspergillus niger from section Nigri as well as other fungal and bacterial species tested, which are not known to be involved in the infection of the peanut plant, were incapable of changing the structure of arachidin-3. The results of feeding experiments with arachidin-1 and resveratrol are also reported. The research provided new knowledge on the dynamics of peanut stilbenoid transformations by essential fungi. These findings may contribute to the elucidation of the phytoalexin detoxification mechanism involved in the infection of peanut by important toxigenic Aspergillus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Sobolev
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Travis E Walk
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Renee S Arias
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Alicia N Massa
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Valerie A Orner
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Marshall C Lamb
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
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9
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Bodoira R, Cecilia Cittadini M, Velez A, Rossi Y, Montenegro M, Martínez M, Maestri D. An overview on extraction, composition, bioactivity and food applications of peanut phenolics. Food Chem 2022; 381:132250. [PMID: 35121321 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peanuts contain a diverse and vast array of phenolic compounds having important biological properties. They are allocated mostly in the seed coat (skin), an industrial waste with minor and undervalued applications. In the last few years, a considerable amount of scientific knowledge about extraction, composition, bioactivities and health benefits of peanut skin phenolics has been generated. The present review was focused on four main aspects: a) extraction methods and technologies for obtaining peanut skin phenolics with an emphasis on green-solvent extraction processes; b) variations in chemical profiles including those due to genetic variability, extraction methodologies and process-related issues; c) bioactive properties, especially antioxidant activities in food and biological systems; d) update of promising food applications. The revision was also aimed at identifying areas where knowledge is insufficient and to set priorities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Bodoira
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC - CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina
| | - M Cecilia Cittadini
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV - CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina
| | - Alexis Velez
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA - CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina
| | - Yanina Rossi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB - CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Argentina
| | - Mariana Montenegro
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB - CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Argentina
| | - Marcela Martínez
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV - CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina
| | - Damián Maestri
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV - CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina.
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10
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Ren FC, Wang LX, Lv YF, Hu JM, Zhou J. Structure Revision of Four Classes of Prenylated Aromatic Natural Products Based on a Rule for Diagnostic 13C NMR Chemical Shifts. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10982-10990. [PMID: 33274942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Errors in elucidating the structures of four natural classes of prenylated aromatic compounds with 2,3-epoxy, 2,3-dihydroxy, and cyclization with an ortho-phenolic hydroxyl to give a pyran or furan ring moiety are frequent and inevitable. Based on rigorous literature research and a series of chemical transformation experiments, a rule for the rapid determination of these four classes of prenylated derivates based on 13C NMR data was formulated, and 57 corrections featuring these fragments were accordingly reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Cai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, and College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yong-Feng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiang-Miao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Valletta A, Iozia LM, Leonelli F. Impact of Environmental Factors on Stilbene Biosynthesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:E90. [PMID: 33406721 PMCID: PMC7823792 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stilbenes are a small family of polyphenolic secondary metabolites that can be found in several distantly related plant species. These compounds act as phytoalexins, playing a crucial role in plant defense against phytopathogens, as well as being involved in the adaptation of plants to abiotic environmental factors. Among stilbenes, trans-resveratrol is certainly the most popular and extensively studied for its health properties. In recent years, an increasing number of stilbene compounds were subjected to investigations concerning their bioactivity. This review presents the most updated knowledge of the stilbene biosynthetic pathway, also focusing on the role of several environmental factors in eliciting stilbenes biosynthesis. The effects of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, ultrasonication, mechanical stress, salt stress, drought, temperature, ozone, and biotic stress are reviewed in the context of enhancing stilbene biosynthesis, both in planta and in plant cell and organ cultures. This knowledge may shed some light on stilbene biological roles and represents a useful tool to increase the accumulation of these valuable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Valletta
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Maria Iozia
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Leonelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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12
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Kalli S, Araya-Cloutier C, de Bruijn WJC, Chapman J, Vincken JP. Induction of promising antibacterial prenylated isoflavonoids from different subclasses by sequential elicitation of soybean. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 179:112496. [PMID: 33070076 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Elicited soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill, Leguminosae) seedlings can produce prenylated isoflavonoids from different subclasses, namely pterocarpans (glyceollins), isoflavones and coumestans. These prenylated isoflavonoids serve as defence compounds and can possess antimicrobial activity. Recently, we showed that priming with reactive oxygen species (ROS) specifically stimulated the production of glyceollins in Rhizopus spp.-elicited soybean seedlings (ROS + R). In this study, we achieved diversification of the inducible subclasses of prenylated isoflavonoids in soybean, by additional stimulation of two prenylated isoflavones and one prenylated coumestan. This was achieved by using a combination of the relatively long-lived ROS representative, H2O2, with AgNO3 prior to microbial elicitation. Microbial elicitation was performed with a live preparation of either a phytopathogenic fungus, Rhizopus spp. or a symbiotic bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. B. subtilis induced 30% more prenylated isoflavones than Rhizopus spp. in (H2O2 + AgNO3)-treated seedlings, without significantly compromising the total levels of glyceollins, compared to (ROS + R)-treated seedlings. The most abundant prenylated isoflavone induced was 6-prenyl daidzein, which constituted 60% of the total isoflavones. The prenylated coumestan, phaseol, was also induced in the (H2O2 + AgNO3)-treated and microbially elicited seedlings. Based on previously developed quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, 6-prenyl daidzein and phaseol were predicted to be promising antibacterials. Overall, we show that treatment with H2O2 and AgNO3 prior to microbial elicitation leads to the production of promising antibacterial isoflavonoids from different subclasses. Extracts rich in prenylated isoflavonoids may potentially be applied as natural antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kalli
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter J C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - John Chapman
- Unilever R&D, Bronland 14, 6708 WH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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13
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Hussein HA, Fadhil GF. Theoretical investigation of
para
amino‐dichloro chalcone isomers, part I: A DFT structure—stability study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haval A. Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceUniversity of Duhok Duhok Kurdistan Region Iraq
| | - Ghazwan F. Fadhil
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceUniversity of Duhok Duhok Kurdistan Region Iraq
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14
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Sobolev V, Walk T, Arias R, Massa A, Lamb M. Inhibition of Aflatoxin Formation in Aspergillus Species by Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea) Seed Stilbenoids in the Course of Peanut-Fungus Interaction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6212-6221. [PMID: 31099566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Common soil fungi, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are opportunistic pathogens that invade preharvest peanut seeds. These fungi often produce carcinogenic aflatoxins that pose a threat to human and animal health through food chains and cause significant economic losses worldwide. Detection of aflatoxins and further processing of crops are mandated to ensure that contaminated agricultural products do not enter food channels. Under favorable conditions, the fungus-challenged peanut seeds produce phytoalexins, structurally related stilbenoids, capable of retarding fungal development. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the potential influence of peanut phytoalexins on fungal development and aflatoxin formation in the course of peanut-fungus interaction. The present research revealed that during such interaction, aflatoxin formation was completely suppressed in A. flavus and A. parasiticus strains tested, when low concentrations of spores were introduced to wounded preincubated peanuts. In most of the experiments, when fungal spore concentrations were 2 orders of magnitude higher, the spores germinated and produced aflatoxins. Of all experimental seeds that showed fungal growth, 57.7% were aflatoxin-free after 72 h of incubation. The research provided new knowledge on the aflatoxin/phytoalexin formation in the course of peanut-fungus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sobolev
- National Peanut Research Laboratory , Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson , Georgia 39842 , United States
| | - Travis Walk
- National Peanut Research Laboratory , Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson , Georgia 39842 , United States
| | - Renee Arias
- National Peanut Research Laboratory , Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson , Georgia 39842 , United States
| | - Alicia Massa
- National Peanut Research Laboratory , Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson , Georgia 39842 , United States
| | - Marshall Lamb
- National Peanut Research Laboratory , Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson , Georgia 39842 , United States
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15
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Vroemans R, Verhaegen Y, Dieu MTT, Dehaen W. Assembly of fully substituted triazolochromenes via a novel multicomponent reaction or mechanochemical synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:2689-2697. [PMID: 30410630 PMCID: PMC6204814 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A new metal-free one-pot three-component procedure towards fully substituted triazolochromenes has been developed, starting from commercially available materials. Salicylaldehydes and nitroalkenes were reacted under solvent-free conditions, followed by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the intermediate 3-nitro-2H-chromenes with organic azides in a one-pot two-step sequence. The triazolochromenes were formed with complete regioselectivity and new biologically relevant structures were synthesized via extension of the developed procedure and via postfunctionalization. The mechanochemical synthesis was carried out for several salicylaldehydes and gave a clear improvement in the yield of the corresponding triazolochromenes and consequently showed to be a viable alternative for solid salicylaldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby Vroemans
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yenthel Verhaegen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - My Tran Thi Dieu
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- The University of Danang, University of Science and Education, 459 Ton Duc Thang, Lien Chieu, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Huang L, Yin X, Sun X, Yang J, Rahman MZ, Chen Z, Wang X. Expression of a Grape VqSTS36-Increased Resistance to Powdery Mildew and Osmotic Stress in Arabidopsis but Enhanced Susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis and Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2985. [PMID: 30274342 PMCID: PMC6213015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stilbene synthase genes make a contribution to improving the tolerances of biotic and abiotic stress in plants. However, the mechanisms mediated by these STS genes remain unclear. To provide insight into the role of STS genes defense against biotic and abiotic stress, we overexpressed VqSTS36 in Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato (Micro-Tom) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. VqSTS36-transformed Arabidopsis lines displayed an increased resistance to powdery mildew, but both VqSTS36-transformed Arabidopsis and tomato lines showed the increased susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea. Besides, transgenic Arabidopsis lines were found to confer tolerance to salt and drought stress in seed and seedlings. When transgenic plants were treated with a different stress, qPCR assays of defense-related genes in transgenic Arabidopsis and tomato suggested that VqSTS36 played a specific role in different phytohormone-related pathways, including salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid signaling pathways. All of these results provided a better understanding of the mechanism behind the role of VqSTS36 in biotic and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiangjing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiaomeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Jinhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Mohammad Zillur Rahman
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhiping Chen
- Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai 201699, China.
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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17
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Abstract
Resveratrol is among the best-known secondary plant metabolites because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. It also is an important allelopathic chemical widely credited with the protection of plants from pathogens. The ecological role of resveratrol in natural habitats is difficult to establish rigorously, because it does not seem to accumulate outside plant tissue. It is likely that bacterial degradation plays a key role in determining the persistence, and thus the ecological role, of resveratrol in soil. Here, we report the isolation of an Acinetobacter species that can use resveratrol as a sole carbon source from the rhizosphere of peanut plants. Both molecular and biochemical techniques indicate that the pathway starts with the conversion of resveratrol to 3,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The aldehydes are oxidized to substituted benzoates that subsequently enter central metabolism. The gene that encodes the enzyme responsible for the oxidative cleavage of resveratrol was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli to establish its function. Its physiological role in the resveratrol catabolic pathway was established by knockouts and by the reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) demonstration of expression during growth on resveratrol. The results establish the presence and capabilities of resveratrol-degrading bacteria in the rhizosphere of the peanut plants and set the stage for studies to evaluate the role of the bacteria in plant allelopathy.IMPORTANCE In addition to its antioxidant properties, resveratrol is representative of a broad array of allelopathic chemicals produced by plants to inhibit competitors, herbivores, and pathogens. The bacterial degradation of such chemicals in the rhizosphere would reduce the effects of the chemicals. Therefore, it is important to understand the activity and ecological role of bacteria that biodegrade resveratrol near the plants that produce it. This study describes the isolation from the peanut rhizosphere of bacteria that can grow on resveratrol. The characterization of the initial steps in the biodegradation process sets the stage for the investigation of the evolution of the catabolic pathways responsible for the biodegradation of resveratrol and its homologs.
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18
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Ko C, Lai Y, Zeng Y, Lin R, Deng J, Chiou RY, Wu S. Stilbenes: A potential preservative for sausage products. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih‐Yuan Ko
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineSecond Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhou China
- Fujian Province Center for Respiratory MedicineQuanzhou China
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismSecond Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhou China
- Department of Clinical ResearchHi‐Q Biomedical LaboratoryQuanzhou China
| | - Ying‐Jang Lai
- Department of Food ScienceNational Quemoy UniversityQuemoy Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Ming Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineSecond Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhou China
- Fujian Province Center for Respiratory MedicineQuanzhou China
| | - Ru‐Hai Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismSecond Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityQuanzhou China
| | - Jie‐Ren Deng
- Department of Food SciencesNational Chiayi UniversityChiayi Taiwan
| | | | - She‐Ching Wu
- Department of Food SciencesNational Chiayi UniversityChiayi Taiwan
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19
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Sobolev V, Arias R, Goodman K, Walk T, Orner V, Faustinelli P, Massa A. Suppression of Aflatoxin Production in Aspergillus Species by Selected Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Stilbenoids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:118-126. [PMID: 29207242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a soil fungus that commonly invades peanut seeds and often produces carcinogenic aflatoxins. Under favorable conditions, the fungus-challenged peanut plant produces and accumulates resveratrol and its prenylated derivatives in response to such an invasion. These prenylated stilbenoids are considered peanut antifungal phytoalexins. However, the mechanism of peanut-fungus interaction has not been sufficiently studied. We used pure peanut stilbenoids arachidin-1, arachidin-3, and chiricanine A to study their effects on the viability of and metabolite production by several important toxigenic Aspergillus species. Significant reduction or virtually complete suppression of aflatoxin production was revealed in feeding experiments in A. flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius. Changes in morphology, spore germination, and growth rate were observed in A. flavus exposed to the selected peanut stilbenoids. Elucidation of the mechanism of aflatoxin suppression by peanut stilbenoids could provide strategies for preventing plant invasion by the fungi that produce aflatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sobolev
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Renee Arias
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Kerestin Goodman
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Travis Walk
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Valerie Orner
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Paola Faustinelli
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Alicia Massa
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
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20
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Yang T, Fang L, Sanders S, Jayanthi S, Rajan G, Podicheti R, Thallapuranam SK, Mockaitis K, Medina-Bolivar F. Stilbenoid prenyltransferases define key steps in the diversification of peanut phytoalexins. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:28-46. [PMID: 29158266 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Defense responses of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) to biotic and abiotic stresses include the synthesis of prenylated stilbenoids. Members of this compound class show several protective activities in human disease studies, and the list of potential therapeutic targets continues to expand. Despite their medical and biological importance, the biosynthetic pathways of prenylated stilbenoids remain to be elucidated, and the genes encoding stilbenoid-specific prenyltransferases have yet to be identified in any plant species. In this study, we combined targeted transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to discover prenyltransferase genes in elicitor-treated peanut hairy root cultures. Transcripts encoding five enzymes were identified, and two of these were functionally characterized in a transient expression system consisting of Agrobacterium-infiltrated leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana We observed that one of these prenyltransferases, AhR4DT-1, catalyzes a key reaction in the biosynthesis of prenylated stilbenoids, in which resveratrol is prenylated at its C-4 position to form arachidin-2, whereas another, AhR3'DT-1, added the prenyl group to C-3' of resveratrol. Each of these prenyltransferases was highly specific for stilbenoid substrates, and we confirmed their subcellular location in the plastid by fluorescence microscopy. Structural analysis of the prenylated stilbenoids suggested that these two prenyltransferase activities represent the first committed steps in the biosynthesis of a large number of prenylated stilbenoids and their derivatives in peanut. In summary, we have identified five candidate prenyltransferases in peanut and confirmed that two of them are stilbenoid-specific, advancing our understanding of this specialized enzyme family and shedding critical light onto the biosynthesis of bioactive stilbenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Yang
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72401; Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72401
| | - Lingling Fang
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72401
| | - Sheri Sanders
- Pervasive Technology Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408
| | - Srinivas Jayanthi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 47408
| | - Gayathri Rajan
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408
| | - Ram Podicheti
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408
| | | | - Keithanne Mockaitis
- Pervasive Technology Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408; Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408
| | - Fabricio Medina-Bolivar
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72401; Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72401.
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21
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Nayak SN, Agarwal G, Pandey MK, Sudini HK, Jayale AS, Purohit S, Desai A, Wan L, Guo B, Liao B, Varshney RK. Aspergillus flavus infection triggered immune responses and host-pathogen cross-talks in groundnut during in-vitro seed colonization. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9659. [PMID: 28851929 PMCID: PMC5574979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination, caused by fungal pathogen Aspergillus flavus, is a major quality and health problem delimiting the trade and consumption of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) worldwide. RNA-seq approach was deployed to understand the host-pathogen interaction by identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for resistance to in-vitro seed colonization (IVSC) at four critical stages after inoculation in J 11 (resistant) and JL 24 (susceptible) genotypes of groundnut. About 1,344.04 million sequencing reads have been generated from sixteen libraries representing four stages in control and infected conditions. About 64% and 67% of quality filtered reads (1,148.09 million) were mapped onto A (A. duranensis) and B (A. ipaёnsis) subgenomes of groundnut respectively. About 101 million unaligned reads each from J 11 and JL 24 were used to map onto A. flavus genome. As a result, 4,445 DEGs including defense-related genes like senescence-associated proteins, resveratrol synthase, 9s-lipoxygenase, pathogenesis-related proteins were identified. In A. flavus, about 578 DEGs coding for growth and development of fungus, aflatoxin biosynthesis, binding, transport, and signaling were identified in compatible interaction. Besides identifying candidate genes for IVSC resistance in groundnut, the study identified the genes involved in host-pathogen cross-talks and markers that can be used in breeding resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spurthi N Nayak
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India
| | - Gaurav Agarwal
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Tifton, GA, USA
- University of Georgia, Department of Plant Pathology, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Manish K Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Hari K Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashwin S Jayale
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shilp Purohit
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Aarthi Desai
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Liyun Wan
- Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Baozhu Guo
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Boshou Liao
- Oil Crops Research Institute (OCRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India.
- The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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22
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Costa M, Dias TA, Brito A, Proença F. Biological importance of structurally diversified chromenes. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:487-507. [PMID: 27494166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Compounds incorporating the chromene scaffold are largely present in natural products and display a wide variety of biological activities. Their low toxicity combined to the broad pharmacological properties have inspired medicinal chemists in the search for new therapeutic agents. This review covers the literature between 1993 and on the biological activity of 2H- and 4H-chromenes, both from natural and synthetic origin. Includes a section that identifies a selection of chromene-based natural products, followed by recent literature on bioactive natural chromenes and the corresponding source, covering plants and fruits. Synthetic chromenes are equally important and a separate section addresses the use of these derivatives as new leads for drug discovery. Different biological targets were identified, namely those associated with anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and antipsychotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Tatiana A Dias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Brito
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Proença
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
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23
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Sambangi P, Rani PU. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RESVERATROL AND COUMARIC ACID ON TWO MAJOR GROUNDNUT PESTS AND THEIR EGG PARASITOID BEHAVIOR. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91:230-245. [PMID: 26890503 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Groundnut, Arachis hypogea L., is one of the plant species that synthesizes phenolic compounds, resveratrol and coumaric acid. They are induced as a defense strategy in plant in response to feeding lepidopterans. The present study investigated the role of resveratrol and coumaric acid in producing antiherbivore effects as a direct defense against two major groundnut pests, Spodoptera litura F. and Amsacta albistriga W., and in indirect defense by attracting the egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis Ishii under laboratory conditions. The phenolic compounds deterred the feeding of both pests and caused reduction in the larval weights in a dose-dependent manner in leaf disk bioassays. Antioxidant mechanisms of larvae fed with these phenols were measured by estimating the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), and catalase (CAT). Enzyme activities increased significantly in experimental larvae, more so in resveratrol-treated than in coumaric acid treated larvae. Feeding larvae with resveratrol and coumaric acid resulted in enhanced activities of detoxifying enzymes, carboxyl esterase (EST), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the midgut tissues of both species, indicating the toxic nature of these compounds. Trichogramma chilonis was more attracted toward coumaric acid treatments in Y-olfactometer tests than to resveratrol. This study contributes to the understanding of the roles of resveratrol and coumaric acid in direct as well as indirect defense, we infer a possible utilization of these compounds in alternate measures of groundnut pest control in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyusha Sambangi
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Taranaka, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Pathipati Usha Rani
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Taranaka, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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24
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Sobolev VS, Krausert NM, Gloer JB. New Monomeric Stilbenoids from Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Seeds Challenged by an Aspergillus flavus Strain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:579-584. [PMID: 26672388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two new stilbene derivatives have been isolated from peanut seeds challenged by an Aspergillus flavus strain, along with chiricanine B, which has not been previously reported from peanuts, as well as a stilbenoid reported previously only as a synthetic product. The structures of these new putative phytoalexins were determined by analysis of (1)H and (13)C NMR, HRESIMS, MS(n), and UV data. The new stilbenoids were named arahypin-13 (21), arahypin-14 (22), and arahypin-15 (23). Together with other known bioactive peanut stilbenoids that were also produced in the challenged seeds, these new compounds may play a defensive role against invasive fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Sobolev
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , P.O. Box 509, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States
| | - Nicole M Krausert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , 230 North Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - James B Gloer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , 230 North Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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25
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Arias RS, Dang PM, Sobolev VS. RNAi-mediated Control of Aflatoxins in Peanut: Method to Analyze Mycotoxin Production and Transgene Expression in the Peanut/Aspergillus Pathosystem. J Vis Exp 2015:e53398. [PMID: 26709851 PMCID: PMC4694054 DOI: 10.3791/53398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimates that 25% of the food crops in the world are contaminated with aflatoxins. That represents 100 million tons of food being destroyed or diverted to non-human consumption each year. Aflatoxins are powerful carcinogens normally accumulated by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus in cereals, nuts, root crops and other agricultural products. Silencing of five aflatoxin-synthesis genes by RNA interference (RNAi) in peanut plants was used to control aflatoxin accumulation following inoculation with A. flavus. Previously, no method existed to analyze the effectiveness of RNAi in individual peanut transgenic events, as these usually produce few seeds, and traditional methods of large field experiments under aflatoxin-conducive conditions were not an option. In the field, the probability of finding naturally contaminated seeds is often 1/100 to 1/1,000. In addition, aflatoxin contamination is not uniformly distributed. Our method uses few seeds per transgenic event, with small pieces processed for real-time PCR (RT-PCR) or small RNA sequencing, and for analysis of aflatoxin accumulation by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). RNAi-expressing peanut lines 288-72 and 288-74, showed up to 100% reduction (p ≤ 0.01) in aflatoxin B1 and B2 compared to the control that accumulated up to 14,000 ng · g(-1) of aflatoxin B1 when inoculated with aflatoxigenic A. flavus. As reference, the maximum total of aflatoxins allowable for human consumption in the United States is 20 ng · g(-1). This protocol describes the application of RNAi-mediated control of aflatoxins in transgenic peanut seeds and methods for its evaluation. We believe that its application in breeding of peanut and other crops will bring rapid advancement in this important area of science, medicine and human nutrition, and will significantly contribute to the international effort to control aflatoxins, and potentially other mycotoxins in major food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée S Arias
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service;
| | - Phat M Dang
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
| | - Victor S Sobolev
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
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Aisyah S, Gruppen H, Slager M, Helmink B, Vincken JP. Modification of Prenylated Stilbenoids in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Seedlings by the Same Fungi That Elicited Them: The Fungus Strikes Back. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9260-9268. [PMID: 26458982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oryzae were compared for inducing the production of prenylated stilbenoids in peanut seedlings. The fungus was applied at two different time points: directly after soaking (day 1) or after 2 days of germination (day 3). Aspergillus- and Rhizopus-elicited peanut seedlings accumulated an array of prenylated stilbenoids, with overlap in compounds induced, but also with compounds specific to the fungal treatment. The differences were confirmed to be due to modification of prenylated stilbenoids by the fungus itself. Each fungus appeared to deploy different strategies for modification. The content of prenylated stilbenoids modified by fungi accounted for around 8% to 49% (w/w) of total stilbenoids. The contents of modified prenylated stilbenoids were higher when the fungus was applied on day 1 instead of day 3. Altogether, type of fungus and time point of inoculation appeared to be crucial parameters for optimizing accumulation of prenylated stilbenoids in peanut seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Aisyah
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry Education, Indonesia University of Education , Setiabudi 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathijs Slager
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bianca Helmink
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Peanuts are important dietary food source of resveratrol with potent antioxidant properties implicated in reducing risk of cancer, cardiovascular and Alzheimer's disease, and delaying aging. Resveratrol is a naturally occurring stilbene phytoalexin phenolic compound produced in response to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. This paper is a review of trans-resveratrol and related stilbenes from peanuts--their chemical structures, mechanisms for their biosynthesis, and concentrations in comparison with other major food sources. It will also discuss trans-resveratrol's absorption, bioavailability, and major health benefits; processes to enhance their biosynthesis in peanuts by biotic and abiotic stresses; process optimization for enhanced levels in peanuts and their potential food applications; and methods used for its extraction and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Sales
- a Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia , Griffin , GA , 30223-1797 , USA
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Phan-Thien KY, Wright GC, Lee NA. Peanut antioxidants: Part 2. Quantitation of free and matrix-bound phytochemicals in five selected genotypes with diverse antioxidant capacity by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rapid and simultaneous in situ assessment of aflatoxins and stilbenes using silica plate imprinting mass spectrometry imaging. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90901. [PMID: 24595464 PMCID: PMC3942477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A fast and direct combination of techniques for simultaneous mycotoxin and phytoalexin identification in peanut skin and kernel is described. Silica Plate Imprinting Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (SPILDI-MSI) is a powerful technique that exhibits great advantages, such as solvent-free and matrix-free characteristics, as well as no sample preparation or separation steps. It also permits accurate identification of mycotoxins and phytoalexins with unique fingerprint profiles in just a few seconds. Results are expressed as chemical images of the 4 identified types of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) and a stilbenoid (resveratrol). Also, SPILDI-MSI allows the comparison between the spatial distribution of aflatoxins and resveratrol found in kernel and skin. This novel application has proven to be useful for instantaneous qualitative assessment of aflatoxins and stilbenoids both in the peanut skin and kernel and offers precise tracking of fungal contamination in nuts and other foodstuffs.
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Liu Z, Wu J, Huang D. New stilbenoids isolated from fungus-challenged black skin peanut seeds and their adipogenesis inhibitory activity in 3T3-L1 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4155-4161. [PMID: 23560846 DOI: 10.1021/jf400144s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
One new stilbene derivative (3,5,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-5'-isopentenylstilbene, MIP) and two new stilbene dimers (arahypin-11 and arahypin-12) together with three known stilbenoids (arachidin-1, arachidin-3, and SB-1) were isolated from black skin peanut seeds challenged by the fungal strain Rhizopus oligoporus . The structures of the three new compounds were elucidated by analysis of HRESIMS, UV, 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The antiadipogenic and cytotoxic effects of the isolated compounds were investigated using 3T3-L1 cells at a concentration range of 1-10 μM. Among the compounds tested, arachidin-1 inhibited the 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation dose-dependently, whereas arahypin-11 and arahypin-12 exhibited significant cytotoxicity in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Liu
- Food Science and Technology Programme, ‡Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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31
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Sobolev VS. Production of phytoalexins in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seed elicited by selected microorganisms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1850-1858. [PMID: 23387286 DOI: 10.1021/jf3054752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Under favorable conditions, the peanut plant demonstrates appreciable resistance to fungal invasion by producing and accumulating phytoalexins, antimicrobial stilbenoids. This mechanism for resistance is little understood, yet it is crucial for breeding and genetically modifying peanut plants to develop new cultivars with fungal resistance. The dynamics of phytoalexin production in peanut seeds and embryos challenged by selected important fungi and bacteria was investigated. Different biotic agents selectively elicited production of major peanut stilbenoids, resveratrol, arachidin-1, arachidin-3, and SB-1. Aspergillis species, compared to other biotic agents, were more potent elicitors of stilbenoids. Embryos demonstrated significantly higher production of stilbenoids compared to cotyledons and may serve as a convenient source of genetic material in isolating genes for peanut plant defense enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Sobolev
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States.
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32
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Ahuja I, Kissen R, Bones AM. Phytoalexins in defense against pathogens. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:73-90. [PMID: 22209038 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants use an intricate defense system against pests and pathogens, including the production of low molecular mass secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity, which are synthesized de novo after stress and are collectively known as phytoalexins. In this review, we focus on the biosynthesis and regulation of camalexin, and its role in plant defense. In addition, we detail some of the phytoalexins produced by a range of crop plants from Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Vitaceae and Poaceae. This includes the very recently identified kauralexins and zealexins produced by maize, and the biosynthesis and regulation of phytoalexins produced by rice. Molecular approaches are helping to unravel some of the mechanisms and reveal the complexity of these bioactive compounds, including phytoalexin action and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Ahuja
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Fowler ZL, Shah K, Panepinto JC, Jacobs A, Koffas MAG. Development of non-natural flavanones as antimicrobial agents. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25681. [PMID: 22039419 PMCID: PMC3198455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With growing concerns over multidrug resistance microorganisms, particularly strains of bacteria and fungi, evolving to become resistant to the antimicrobial agents used against them, the identification of new molecular targets becomes paramount for novel treatment options. Recently, the use of new treatments containing multiple active ingredients has been shown to increase the effectiveness of existing molecules for some infections, often with these added compounds enabling the transport of a toxic molecule into the infecting species. Flavonoids are among the most abundant plant secondary metabolites and have been shown to have natural abilities as microbial deterrents and anti-infection agents in plants. Combining these ideas we first sought to investigate the potency of natural flavonoids in the presence of efflux pump inhibitors to limit Escherichia coli growth. Then we used the natural flavonoid scaffold to synthesize non-natural flavanone molecules and further evaluate their antimicrobial efficacy on Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and the fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Of those screened, we identified the synthetic molecule 4-chloro-flavanone as the most potent antimicrobial compound with a MIC value of 70 µg/mL in E. coli when combined with the inhibitor Phe-Arg-ß-naphthylamide, and MICs of 30 µg/mL in S. cerevesiae and 30 µg/mL in C. neoformans when used alone. Through this study we have demonstrated that combinatorial synthesis of non-natural flavonones can identify novel antimicrobial agents with activity against bacteria and fungi but with minimal toxicity to human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L. Fowler
- Praxair, Inc. BioPharma Research and Development, Burr Ridge, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Karan Shah
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - John C. Panepinto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Amy Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Mattheos A. G. Koffas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rensalear Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Wu Z, Song L, Huang D. Food grade fungal stress on germinating peanut seeds induced phytoalexins and enhanced polyphenolic antioxidants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5993-6003. [PMID: 21545178 DOI: 10.1021/jf200776w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of food grade fungus Rhizopus oligosporus stress on phytochemicals and phytoalexins of germinating peanut seeds were investigated by comparing the metabolic profiles of ungerminated (UG), germinated (G), and germinated seeds under fungal stress (GS). Three types of peanut seeds with different skin color (red, reddish brown, and black) were compared in the process. The polyphenolic contents were analyzed and correlated with antioxidant capacity for specific free radicals including peroxyl radical ROO(•) (ORAC), hydroxyl radical HO(•) (HORAC), superoxide radical O(2)(•-) (SORAC), and DPPH radical. The polyphenolic fingerprints analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS(n) showed that phenolic acids (coumaric, sinapinic, and ferulic acids derivatives) were the major group of phenolic compounds in ungerminated seeds. G or GS increased the level of phenolic acids, phytoalexins, and antioxidant capacity values in reddish and red peanuts but not in black peanuts. From the LC-MS(n) spectral data, 45 compounds were identified tentatively in the germinated peanuts, including 14 coumaric acids, 3 ferulic acids, 4 sinapinic acids, 2 hydroxybenzoic acids, 1 caffeic acid, 2 flavonoids, and 19 stilbenoids derivatives. Reddish brown germinated peanuts produced the highest amount of phytoalexins after GS with 55 compounds detected. Forty-five of these compounds were suggested as stilbenoid phytoalexins derivatives. The high content of phytoalexins may enhance the bioactivity of peanut seeds as functional food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Wu
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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35
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Lopes RM, Agostini-Costa TDS, Gimenes MA, Silveira D. Chemical composition and biological activities of Arachis species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4321-4330. [PMID: 21425852 DOI: 10.1021/jf104663z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Arachis hypogaea , known as the peanut, is native to South America. Peanut contains several active components including flavonoids, phenolic acids, phytosterols, alkaloids, and stilbenes. Some therapeutic effects have been reported for peanut seed extracts, such as antioxidative, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities. This paper aims to give an overview of the chemical composition, focusing on secondary metabolites, and of the biological activity of A. hypogaea, to stimulate new studies about species of the Arachis genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Miranda Lopes
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília , Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília DF, Brazil
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36
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Park BH, Lee HJ, Lee YR. Total synthesis of chiricanine A, arahypin-1, trans-arachidin-2, trans-arachidin-3, and arahypin-5 from peanut seeds. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:644-649. [PMID: 21348467 DOI: 10.1021/np100696f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The first and efficient syntheses of the naturally occurring prenylated stilbenes chiricanine A (2), arahypin-1 (3), trans-arachidin-2 (4), trans-arachidin-3 (5), and arahypin-5 (6) are described. Syntheses of 2 and 3 were accomplished by either a convergent sequence or a one-step reaction starting from pinosylvin. Syntheses of 4, 5, and 6 were achieved from (E)-3,5-bis-methoxymethyl-4'-triisopropylsilyloxystilbene obtained by a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction between a benzaldehyde possessing bis-methoxymethyl ether groups and a benzyl phosphonate with a triisopropylsilyloxy group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Ho Park
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
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37
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Sobolev VS, Khan SI, Tabanca N, Wedge DE, Manly SP, Cutler SJ, Coy MR, Becnel JJ, Neff SA, Gloer JB. Biological activity of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) phytoalexins and selected natural and synthetic Stilbenoids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:1673-82. [PMID: 21314127 PMCID: PMC3063522 DOI: 10.1021/jf104742n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.), when infected by a microbial pathogen, is capable of producing stilbene-derived compounds that are considered antifungal phytoalexins. In addition, the potential health benefits of other stilbenoids from peanuts, including resveratrol and pterostilbene, have been acknowledged by several investigators. Despite considerable progress in peanut research, relatively little is known about the biological activity of the stilbenoid phytoalexins. This study investigated the activities of some of these compounds in a broad spectrum of biological assays. Since peanut stilbenoids appear to play roles in plant defense mechanisms, they were evaluated for their effects on economically important plant pathogenic fungi of the genera Colletotrichum, Botrytis, Fusarium, and Phomopsis. We further investigated these peanut phytoalexins, together with some related natural and synthetic stilbenoids (a total of 24 compounds) in a panel of bioassays to determine their anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities in mammalian cells. Several of these compounds were also evaluated as mammalian opioid receptor competitive antagonists. Assays for adult mosquito and larvae toxicity were also performed. The results of these studies reveal that peanut stilbenoids, as well as related natural and synthetic stilbene derivatives, display a diverse range of biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Sobolev
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Dawson, Georgia 39842, United States.
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38
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Huang CP, Au LC, Chiou RYY, Chung PC, Chen SY, Tang WC, Chang CL, Fang WH, Lin SB. Arachidin-1, a peanut stilbenoid, induces programmed cell death in human leukemia HL-60 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:12123-12129. [PMID: 21067217 DOI: 10.1021/jf102993j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The stilbenoids, arachidin-1 (Ara-1), arachidin-3, isopentadienylresveratrol, and resveratrol, have been isolated from germinating peanut kernels and characterized as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. Resveratrol possesses anticancer activity, and studies have indicated that it induces programmed cell death (PCD) in human leukemia HL-60 cells. In this study, the anticancer activity of these stilbenoids was determined in HL-60 cells. Ara-1 had the highest efficacy in inducing PCD in HL-60 cells, with an approximately 4-fold lower EC50 than resveratrol. Ara-1 treatment caused mitochondrial membrane damage, activation of caspases, and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor, resulting in chromosome degradation and cell death. Therefore, Ara-1 induces PCD in HL-60 cells through caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. Ara-1 demonstrates its efficacy as an anticancer agent by inducing caspase-independent cell death, which is an alternative death pathway of cancer cells with mutations in key apoptotic genes. These findings indicate the merits of screening other peanut stilbenoids for anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Po Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Sobolev VS, Neff SA, Gloer JB, Khan SI, Tabanca N, De Lucca AJ, Wedge DE. Pterocarpenes elicited by Aspergillus caelatus in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seeds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:2099-2107. [PMID: 21030054 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The substituted pterocarpenes named aracarpene-1 (1) and aracarpene-2 (2) were isolated from wounded peanut seeds challenged by a strain of Aspergillus caelatus. The structures of these putative phytoalexins were determined by interpretation of NMR and MS data. The aracarpenes were investigated for their antifungal and antibacterial activities as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities in mammalian cells. Aracarpene-2 demonstrated high antibacterial properties against tested gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, whereas aracarpene-1 displayed low antibacterial properties against the same bacteria. Both compounds had no antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. Together with peanut stilbenoids that are also produced in the challenged seeds, these compounds may represent a class of low-molecular weight peanut metabolites with a defensive role(s) against pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Sobolev
- National Peanut Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Dawson, GA 39842, USA.
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40
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Yang MH, Lin YJ, Kuo CH, Ku KL. Medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum as a potent elicitor in production of t-resveratrol and t-piceatannol in peanut calluses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:9518-22. [PMID: 20687553 DOI: 10.1021/jf102107p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytoalexins t-resveratrol and t-piceatannol, the well-known health-promoting active components in plants, are secondary metabolites generated upon biotic or abiotic stresses. We have reported UV-irradiated peanut callus is a potent means to produce these compounds (J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 3877). In this work, the effects of fungi and chemical elicitors on induction of t-resveratrol and t-piceatannol were examined. Results showed the investigated fungi Botryodiplodia theobromae and Reishi Ganoderma lucidum were generally more effective than chemical stress methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and sucrose. As high as 15.46+/-9.85 microg of t-resveratrol and 6.93+/-2.03 microg of t-piceatannol could be elicited in each gram of callus by sterilized G. lucidum mycelium (80 mg). Although much more sterilized G. ludicum mycelia was required to induce similar level of t-resveratrol and t-piceatannol in comparison to the sterilized B. theobromae mycelia (1 mg), uptake of the G. ludicum mycelium may provide a variety of health-promoting effects. Our findings suggest G. ludicum mycelium-treated peanut callus is a good source of bioactive components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Yang
- Department of Food Technology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu, Taichung 433, Taiwan
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41
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Yang MH, Kuo CH, Hsieh WC, Ku KL. Investigation of microbial elicitation of trans-resveratrol and trans-piceatannol in peanut callus led to the application of chitin as a potential elicitor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:9537-9541. [PMID: 20704182 DOI: 10.1021/jf1022725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that the invasion of microbes such as fungi in some plants, including peanut, can induce the biosynthesis of stilbenoids such as trans-resveratrol and trans-piceatannol. However, in a recent study it was found that not all kinds of microorganisms possessed such potential. The Gram-negative bacterium Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum isolated from the peanut callus failed to act as an elicitor. After systematic investigation, the different inductive effects between fungi and Gram-negative bacteria were attributed to the chitin content of the cell wall. Results showed significantly more trans-resveratrol and trans-piceatannol was induced by fungi (8.92-16.35 and 2.15-7.01 microg/g of fresh calluses, respectively) than by bacteria (1.77-2.72 and 0.16-0.52 microg/g of fresh calluses, respectively), regardless of species and viability. Such great differences prompted the direct utilization of chitin, the distinctive component of fungal cell wall, as an elicitor. The results that trans-resveratrol induced by chitin was about two-thirds the amount induced by sterilized fungi, whereas trans-piceatannol (2.55+/-0.60 microg/g) was close to that by sterilized fungi, revealed chitin is not only an important fungal constituent responsible for the induction of trans-resveratrol and trans-piceatannol but also an efficient elicitor by itself. These findings suggested sterilized fungi and chitin can be used as a safe and fast elicitor, as far as the risk of viable microbes is concerned, to induce trans-resveratrol and trans-piceatannol in the well-controlled peanut tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Yang
- Department of Food Technology, Hungkuang University, 34 Chung-Chie Road, Shalu, Taichung 433, Taiwan
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42
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Condori J, Sivakumar G, Hubstenberger J, Dolan MC, Sobolev VS, Medina-Bolivar F. Induced biosynthesis of resveratrol and the prenylated stilbenoids arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 in hairy root cultures of peanut: Effects of culture medium and growth stage. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2010; 48:310-8. [PMID: 20138774 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that hairy root cultures of peanut provide a controlled, sustainable and scalable production system that can be induced to produce stilbenoids. However to leverage peanut hairy roots to study the biosynthesis of this polyphenolic biosynthetic pathway, growing conditions and elicitation kinetics of these tissue cultures must be defined and understood. To this end, a new peanut cv. Hull hairy root (line 3) that produces resveratrol and its prenylated analogues arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 upon sodium acetate-mediated elicitation was established. Two culture media were compared for impact on root growth and stilbenoid biosynthesis/secretion. The levels of ammonium, nitrate, phosphate and residual sugars were monitored along growth and elicitation period. A modified MS (MSV) medium resulted in higher root biomass when compared to B5 medium. The stilbenoid profile after elicitation varied depending on the age of the culture (6, 9, 12, and 15-day old). After elicitation at day 9 (exponential growth in MSV medium), over 90% of the total resveratrol, arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 accumulated in the medium. Our studies demonstrate the benefits of the hairy root culture system to study the biosynthesis of stilbenoids including valuable prenylated polyphenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Condori
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 639, State University, AR 72467, USA
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