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Bousset‐Alféres CM, Chávez‐Servín JL, Vázquez‐Landaverde PA, Betancourt‐López CA, Caamaño MDC, Ferriz‐Martínez RA, Chávez‐Alabat EF, Lovatón‐Cabrera MG, de la Torre‐Carbot K. Content of industrially produced trans fatty acids in breast milk: An observational study. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:2568-2581. [PMID: 35959266 PMCID: PMC9361450 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk may contain industrially produced trans fatty acids (TFAs), which can affect the content of essential fatty acids (EFAs). This could have significant implications for the child's development. The fatty acids present in breast milk can be modified by adjusting the mother's diet. The objective of this study was to determine the content of industrially produced TFAs present in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk produced by mothers between 18 and 45 years of age in the state of Querétaro, Mexico, based on a longitudinal observational study. The TFA content in the breast milk of 33 lactating women was analyzed using gas chromatography. The mothers’ consumption of TFAs was also estimated by analyzing a log prepared through 24‐hr dietary recall (24HR) obtained in each period. The TFA content in the mothers’ diet was similar across the colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk phases: 1.64 ± 1.25 g, 1.39 ± 1.01, and 1.66 ± 1.13 g, respectively. The total TFA content was 1.529% ± 1.648% for colostrum; 0.748% ± 1.033% for transitional milk and 0.945% ± 1.368% for mature milk. Elaidic acid was the TFA in the highest concentration in all three types of milk. No correlation was found between the content of industrially produced TFAs in breast milk and the anthropometric measurements of the mother or between the estimated consumption of TFAs and the content of TFAs in breast milk. Elaidic acid and total content of TFAs were negatively correlated (p < .05) with the content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (0.394 ± 0.247) (R = −0.382) in colostrum. The concentration of TFAs was found to correlate with the composition of EFAs in milk.
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Wang F, Chen M, Luo R, Huang G, Wu X, Zheng N, Zhang Y, Wang J. Fatty acid profiles of milk from Holstein cows, Jersey cows, buffalos, yaks, humans, goats, camels, and donkeys based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1687-1700. [PMID: 34802741 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the diversity and limitation of determination methods, published data on the fatty acid (FA) compositions of different milk samples have contributed to inaccurate comparisons. In this study, we developed a high-throughput gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to determinate milk FA, and the proposed method had satisfactory linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. We also analyzed the FA compositions of 237 milk samples from Holstein cows, Jersey cows, buffalos, yaks, humans, goats, donkeys, and camels. Holstein, Jersey, goat, and buffalo milks contained high content of even-chain saturated FA, whereas goat milk had higher content of medium- and short-chain FA (MSCFA). Yak and camel milk are potential functional foods due to their high levels of odd- and branched-chain FA and low ratios of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). Human milk contained lower levels of saturated FA, MSCFA, and conjugated linoleic acid, and higher levels of monounsaturated FA and PUFA. As a special nonruminant milk, donkey milk contained low levels of monounsaturated FA and high levels of PUFA and MSCFA. Based on the FA profiles of 8 types of milk, nonruminant milk was distinct from ruminant milk, whereas camel and yak milk were different from other ruminant milks and considered as potential functional foods for balanced human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengen Wang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumchi 830,091, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250,100, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China
| | - Meiqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China
| | - Runbo Luo
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China
| | - Guoxin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China
| | - Xufang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China.
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agriculture University, Urumchi 830,091, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100,193, P. R. China.
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3
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Abstract
The determination of C18 fatty acids (FAs) is a key and difficult aspect in FA profiling, and a qualified method with good chromatographic separation and high sensitivity, as well as easy methylation, is required. A GC-MS method was established to simultaneously determine C18 FAs in milk. To simplify the methylation protocol for milk samples, besides a base-catalyzation methylation (50 °C for 20 min), the necessity of an additional acid-catalyzation was also studied using different temperatures (60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, and 90 °C) and durations (90 min and 150 min). The results showed that the chromatographic resolution was improved, although three co-eluted peaks existed. The base-catalyzation was sufficient, and an additional acid-catalyzation was not necessary. The proposed method was validated with good sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision, and then applied in determining C18 FAs in 20 raw milk and 30 commercial milk samples. UHT milk presented a different profile of C18 FAs from raw milk and PAS milk samples, which indicated that excessive heating could change the profile. Overall, the proposed method is a high-throughput and competent approach for the determination of C18 FAs in milk, and which presents an improvement in chromatographic resolution and sensitivity, as well as a simplification of methylation.
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4
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Toelzer C, Gupta K, Yadav SKN, Borucu U, Davidson AD, Kavanagh Williamson M, Shoemark DK, Garzoni F, Staufer O, Milligan R, Capin J, Mulholland AJ, Spatz J, Fitzgerald D, Berger I, Schaffitzel C. Free fatty acid binding pocket in the locked structure of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Science 2020; 370:725-730. [PMID: 32958580 PMCID: PMC8050947 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many efforts to develop therapies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are focused on the spike (S) protein trimer that binds to the host receptor. Structures of trimeric S protein show its receptor-binding domain in either an up or a down conformation. Toelzer et al. produced SARS-CoV-2 S in insect cells and determined the structure by cryo–electron microscopy. In their dataset, the closed form was predominant and was stabilized by binding linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid. A similar binding pocket appears to be present in previous highly pathogenic coronaviruses, and past studies suggested links between viral infection and fatty acid metabolism. The pocket could be exploited to develop inhibitors that trap S protein in the closed conformation. Science, this issue p. 725 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), represents a global crisis. Key to SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic development is unraveling the mechanisms that drive high infectivity, broad tissue tropism, and severe pathology. Our 2.85-angstrom cryo–electron microscopy structure of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein reveals that the receptor binding domains tightly bind the essential free fatty acid linoleic acid (LA) in three composite binding pockets. A similar pocket also appears to be present in the highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). LA binding stabilizes a locked S conformation, resulting in reduced angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) interaction in vitro. In human cells, LA supplementation synergizes with the COVID-19 drug remdesivir, suppressing SARS-CoV-2 replication. Our structure directly links LA and S, setting the stage for intervention strategies that target LA binding by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Toelzer
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, 1 Tankard's Close, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.,Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre BrisSynBio, 24 Tyndall Ave., Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Kapil Gupta
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, 1 Tankard's Close, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.,Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre BrisSynBio, 24 Tyndall Ave., Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Sathish K N Yadav
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, 1 Tankard's Close, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.,Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre BrisSynBio, 24 Tyndall Ave., Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Ufuk Borucu
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, 1 Tankard's Close, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.,Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre BrisSynBio, 24 Tyndall Ave., Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Andrew D Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Maia Kavanagh Williamson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Deborah K Shoemark
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, 1 Tankard's Close, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.,Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre BrisSynBio, 24 Tyndall Ave., Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Frederic Garzoni
- Imophoron Ltd., St. Philips Central, Albert Rd., St. Philips, Bristol BS2 0XJ, UK
| | - Oskar Staufer
- Department for Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Department for Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Rachel Milligan
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Julien Capin
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, 1 Tankard's Close, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.,Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre BrisSynBio, 24 Tyndall Ave., Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Adrian J Mulholland
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Joachim Spatz
- Department for Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Department for Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Daniel Fitzgerald
- Geneva Biotech Sàrl, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Imre Berger
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, 1 Tankard's Close, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. .,Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre BrisSynBio, 24 Tyndall Ave., Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.,Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.,School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Christiane Schaffitzel
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, 1 Tankard's Close, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. .,Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre BrisSynBio, 24 Tyndall Ave., Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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5
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Vetter W, Darwisch V, Lehnert K. Erucic acid in Brassicaceae and salmon – An evaluation of the new proposed limits of erucic acid in food. NFS JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Xu QB, Zhang YD, Zheng N, Wang Q, Li S, Zhao SG, Wen F, Meng L, Wang JQ. Short communication: Decrease of lipid profiles in cow milk by ultra-high-temperature treatment but not by pasteurization. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1900-1907. [PMID: 31785883 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Triglyceride (TG) and fatty acid profiles of raw (RM), pasteurized (PM, 85°C for 15 s), and indirect UHT-treated (UM, 135°C for 15 s) cow milk were investigated by a lipidomics approach. Ninety-four TG were identified and all were present at significantly lower concentrations in UM than in RM or PM, and free fatty acid contents were significantly higher in UM than in RM and PM, indicating that TG lipolysis occurred to a greater degree in UM than in RM and PM. In addition, UM contained significantly fewer unsaturated fatty acids (14 types) than those in RM and PM, including C14:1n-5, C15:1n-5, C16:1n-7, C17:1n-7, C18:1n9 cis, C18:2n-6 cis, C18:3n-3, C18:3n-6, C20:1, C20:2, C20:3n-6, C20:3n-3, C20:4n-6, and C20:5n-3. However, we detected no significant differences between RM and PM in these fatty acids. In conclusion, UHT treatment, but not pasteurization, caused loss of the nutritional quality and bioactivity of cow milk lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q B Xu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Y D Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - N Zheng
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Q Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - S Li
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - S G Zhao
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - F Wen
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - L Meng
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J Q Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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7
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Krauß S, Vetter W. Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Red Bell Pepper Samples from Germany, The Netherlands, and Spain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4054-4063. [PMID: 30895777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bell pepper is one of the most cultivated crops in the world. By means of δ13C and δ15N values (‰), red bell peppers from Germany, The Netherlands, and Spain could be distinguished from each other. German fruits cultivated under greenhouse conditions were extremely depleted in 13C with δ13C values for fatty acids of partly less than -50‰. The strong depletion in 13C was in accordance with the use of biomethane-derived CO2 as growth regulator in the greenhouses. Seasonal variations in the δ13C values (‰) of German samples were tentatively assigned to varying CO2 enrichment during the annual production cycle. δ13C values (‰) of Dutch samples also correlated with greenhouse production, whereas Spanish samples most likely originated from open field cultivation. Additionally, the use of color measurement as a tool for presorting the samples was investigated in order to slim the scattering ranges of δ13C and δ15N values (‰) for clearer differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Krauß
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b) , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 28 , D-70599 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b) , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 28 , D-70599 Stuttgart , Germany
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8
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Oellig C. Screening for Ricinoleic Acid as a Chemical Marker for Secale cornutum in Rye by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8246-8253. [PMID: 27700105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ricinoleic acid as the characteristic fatty acid of Secale cornutum oil is a good marker for Secale cornutum impurities in cereal. The presented screening for ricinoleic acid in rye by high-performance thin-layer chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPTLC-FLD) offers a selective and sensitive method for the determination of Secale cornutum and is very different from existing gas chromatographic analyses. Lipid extraction was followed by transesterification and solid-phase extraction cleanup; thereafter, extracts were selectively derivatized with 2-naphthoyl chloride and analyzed by HPTLC-FLD with silica gel plates and cyclohexane/diisopropyl ether/formic acid (86:14:1, v/v/v) as mobile phase. For quantitation, the enhanced fluorescence was scanned at 280/>340 nm. Limits of detection and quantitation of 0.1 and 0.4 mg ricinoleic acid/kg of rye were obtained, which enables the determination of Secale cornutum far below the maximum admitted level. With near-100% recoveries and low standard deviations at relevant spiking levels, reliable results were guaranteed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Oellig
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim , Garbenstrasse 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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Appenroth KJ, Sree KS, Böhm V, Hammann S, Vetter W, Leiterer M, Jahreis G. Nutritional value of duckweeds (Lemnaceae) as human food. Food Chem 2016; 217:266-273. [PMID: 27664634 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Duckweeds have been consumed as human food since long. Species of the duckweed genera, Spirodela, Landoltia, Lemna, Wolffiella and Wolffia were analysed for protein, fat, and starch contents as well as their amino acid and fatty acid distribution. Protein content spanned from 20% to 35%, fat from 4% to 7%, and starch from 4% to 10% per dry weight. Interestingly, the amino acid distributions are close to the WHO recommendations, having e.g. 4.8% Lys, 2.7% Met+Cys, and 7.7% Phe+Tyr. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids was between 48 and 71% and the high content of n3 fatty acids resulted in a favourable n6/n3 ratio of 0.5 or less. The phytosterol content in the fastest growing angiosperm, W. microscopica, was 50mgg(-1) lipid. However, the content of trace elements can be adjusted by cultivation conditions. Accordingly, W. hyalina and W. microscopica are recommended for human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-J Appenroth
- University of Jena, Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - K Sowjanya Sree
- Central University of Kerala, Department of Environmental Science, RSTC, Padannakad, Kerala 671314, India.
| | - Volker Böhm
- University of Jena, Institute of Nutrition, Jena, Germany.
| | - Simon Hammann
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Hexadecenoic Fatty Acid Isomers in Human Blood Lipids and Their Relevance for the Interpretation of Lipidomic Profiles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152378. [PMID: 27045677 PMCID: PMC4821613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) are emerging health biomarkers, and in particular the ratio between palmitoleic acid (9cis-16:1) and palmitic acid (16:0) affords the delta-9 desaturase index that is increased in obesity. Recently, other positional and geometrical MUFA isomers belonging to the hexadecenoic family (C16 MUFA) were found in circulating lipids, such as sapienic acid (6cis-16:1), palmitelaidic acid (9trans-16:1) and 6trans-16:1. In this work we report: i) the identification of sapienic acid as component of human erythrocyte membrane phospholipids with significant increase in morbidly obese patients (n = 50) compared with age-matched lean controls (n = 50); and ii) the first comparison of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids (PL) and plasma cholesteryl esters (CE) in morbidly obese patients highlighting that some of their fatty acid levels have opposite trends: increases of both palmitic and sapienic acids with the decrease of linoleic acid (9cis,12cis-18:2, omega-6) in red blood cell (RBC) membrane PL were reversed in plasma CE, whereas the increase of palmitoleic acid was similar in both lipid species. Consequentially, desaturase enzymatic indexes gave different results, depending on the lipid class used for the fatty acid content. The fatty acid profile of morbidly obese subjects also showed significant increases of stearic acid (C18:0) and C20 omega-6, as well as decreases of oleic acid (9cis-18:1) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 omega-3) as compared with lean healthy controls. Trans monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were also measured and found significantly increased in both lipid classes of morbidly obese subjects. These results highlight the C16 MUFA isomers as emerging metabolic marker provided that the assignment of the double bond position and geometry is correctly performed, thus identifying the corresponding lipidomic pathway. Since RBC membrane PL and plasma CE have different fatty acid trends, caution must also be used in the choice of lipid species for the interpretation of lipidomic profiles.
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11
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Hung WL, Hsu BY, Tung YC, Ho CT, Hwang LS. Inhibitory effects of antioxidant vitamins against thiyl radical-induced trans fatty acid formation in PC-12 cells. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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12
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Hsu BY, Hung WL, Ho CT, Cheng IH, Hwang LS. Protective effects of sesamol and ferulic acid on the formation of endogenous trans-arachidonic acid in hAPP J20 mice. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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13
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An Optimized High Throughput Clean-Up Method Using Mixed-Mode SPE Plate for the Analysis of Free Arachidonic Acid in Plasma by LC-MS/MS. Int J Anal Chem 2015; 2015:374819. [PMID: 25873969 PMCID: PMC4383463 DOI: 10.1155/2015/374819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A high throughput sample preparation method was developed utilizing mixed-mode solid phase extraction (SPE) in 96-well plate format for the determination of free arachidonic acid in plasma by LC-MS/MS. Plasma was mixed with 3% aqueous ammonia and loaded into each well of 96-well plate. After washing with water and methanol sequentially, 3% of formic acid in acetonitrile was used to elute arachidonic acid. The collected fraction was injected onto a reversed phase column at 30°C with mobile phase of acetonitrile/water (70 : 30, v/v) and detected by LC-MS/MS coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The calibration curve ranged from 10 to 2500 ng/mL with sufficient linearity (r (2) = 0.9999). The recoveries were in the range of 99.38% to 103.21% with RSD less than 6%. The limit of detection is 3 ng/mL.
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14
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Sokol E, Ulven T, Færgeman NJ, Ejsing CS. Comprehensive and quantitative profiling of lipid species in human milk, cow milk and a phospholipid-enriched milk formula by GC and MS/MS ALL. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015; 117:751-759. [PMID: 26089741 PMCID: PMC4463771 DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a workflow for in-depth analysis of milk lipids that combines gas chromatography (GC) for fatty acid (FA) profiling and a shotgun lipidomics routine termed MS/MSALL for structural characterization of molecular lipid species. To evaluate the performance of the workflow we performed a comparative lipid analysis of human milk, cow milk, and Lacprodan® PL-20, a phospholipid-enriched milk protein concentrate for infant formula. The GC analysis showed that human milk and Lacprodan have a similar FA profile with higher levels of unsaturated FAs as compared to cow milk. In-depth lipidomic analysis by MS/MSALL revealed that each type of milk sample comprised distinct composition of molecular lipid species. Lipid class composition showed that the human and cow milk contain a higher proportion of triacylglycerols (TAGs) as compared to Lacprodan. Notably, the MS/MSALL analysis demonstrated that the similar FA profile of human milk and Lacprodan determined by GC analysis is attributed to the composition of individual TAG species in human milk and glycerophospholipid species in Lacprodan. Moreover, the analysis of TAG molecules in Lacprodan and cow milk showed a high proportion of short-chain FAs that could not be monitored by GC analysis. The results presented here show that complementary GC and MS/MSALL analysis is a powerful approach for characterization of molecular lipid species in milk and milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sokol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
| | - Christer S Ejsing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark
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15
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Isolation of 6,9,12,15-Hexadecatetraenoic Fatty Acid (16:4n-1) Methyl Ester from Transesterified Fish Oil by HSCCC. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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16
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Chen X, Lee KM, Yoon JY. A Polydiacetylenes-Based Sensor for Discriminating Oleic Acid from Stearic Acid and Elaidic Acid. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.10.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Dreiucker J, Vetter W. Fatty acids patterns in camel, moose, cow and human milk as determined with GC/MS after silver ion solid phase extraction. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Muñoz R, Vilaró F, Eras J, Estany J, Tor M. Fast determination of oleic acid in pork by flow injection analysis/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1082-1088. [PMID: 21452386 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In some Mediterranean products such as olive oil or ham, oleic acid is the most abundant component of the total fat. Due to the large volume of trade in these products, it may be necessary to analyze oleic fatty acids in high numbers of samples in short periods of time. However, using classic lipid analysis techniques, it is not always possible to cope with these high demands. To solve this problem, a high-throughput analytical method for oleic fatty acid quantification in pork is presented. The purpose of the method is to avoid liquid chromatography processes using a flow injection analysis (FIA) system based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The use of pentadecanoic fatty acid as an internal standard overcame matrix effects. The oleic FIA technique could be used as a suitable method for discriminating carcass samples for selection and labeling by oleic acid content when large numbers of pork samples must be processed in a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Muñoz
- Departament de Producció Animal, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
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19
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Schlosser S, Vetter W. Fatty acids and polar lipid content of cheese and mould‐contaminated cheese. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schlosser
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Stuttgart, Germany
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20
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Hauff S, Vetter W. Exploring the fatty acids of vernix caseosa in form of their methyl esters by off-line coupling of non-aqueous reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:8270-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Schröder M, Yousefi F, Vetter W. Investigating the day-to-day variations of potential marker fatty acids for organic milk in milk from conventionally and organically raised cows. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Ruiz-Samblás C, González-Casado A, Cuadros-Rodríguez L, García FPR. Application of selected ion monitoring to the analysis of triacylglycerols in olive oil by high temperature-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Talanta 2010; 82:255-60. [PMID: 20685464 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of oils is a very challenging task, since the TAGs have very similar physico-chemical properties. In this work, a high temperature-gas chromatographic method coupled to electron ionization-mass spectrometry (HT-GC/EI-MS), in the Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode, method was developed for the analysis of TAGs in the olive oil; this is a method suitable for routine analysis. This method was developed using commercially available standard TAGs. The TAGs studied were separated according to their equivalent carbon number and degree of unsaturation. The peak assignment was carried out by locating the characteristic fragment ions having the same retention time on the SIM profile such as [RCO+74](+) and [RCO+128](+) ions, due to the fatty acyl residues on sn-1, sn-2 and sn-3 positions of the TAG molecule and the [M-OCOR](+) ions corresponding to the acyl ions. The developed method was very useful to eliminate the interferences that appeared in the mass spectrum since electron ionization can prevent satisfactory interpretation of spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ruiz-Samblás
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s.n., E-18071 Granada, Spain
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23
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Enantioselective Analysis of Chiral Anteiso Fatty Acids in the Polar and Neutral Lipids of Food. Lipids 2010; 45:357-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Hauff S, Rilfors L, Hottinger G, Vetter W. Structure and absolute configuration of an unsaturated anteiso fatty acid from Bacillus megaterium. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1683-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Creation and evaluation of a two-dimensional contour plot of fatty acid methyl esters after off-line coupling of reversed-phase HPLC and GC/EI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2695-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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