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Sun X, Dong X, Yang Y, Fu J, Wang Y, Li Z, Liu Y, Liu H. Palladium-catalyzed cascade 5-exo-trig radical cyclization/aromatic C-H alkylation with unactivated alkyl iodides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2676-2680. [PMID: 33710245 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel and convenient palladium-catalyzed cascade 5-exo-trig radical cyclization/aromatic C-H alkylation with unactivated alkyl iodides has been described. This strategy provides an efficient access to a variety of 3a-methyl-1,2,3,3a,4,8b-hexahydroindeno[1,2-b]pyrrole derivatives, which facilitate access to a series of medically important heterocyclic bioactive molecules. This protocol involves mild catalytic reaction conditions and shows high functional group tolerance with high stereoselectivity. Mechanistic investigations reveal that an alkyl radical pathway is involved in this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo, 255049, P. R. China.
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2
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Gein VL, Nosova NV, Yankin AN, Bazhina AY, Dmitriev MV. An Eco-Friendly Stereoselective Synthesis of Novel Derivatives of Indeno[1,2- b]Pyrrole and Indeno[1,2- c]Pyridazine. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1602061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrei N. Yankin
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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3
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Son M, Park C, Rampogu S, Zeb A, Lee KW. Discovery of Novel Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors as Potential Candidates for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20041000. [PMID: 30823604 PMCID: PMC6412560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20041000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) catalyzes the hydrolysis of neurotransmitter acetylcholine to acetate and choline in a synaptic cleft. Deficits in cholinergic neurotransmitters are linked closely with the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory impairment, and a disordered cognitive function. Since the previously approved AChE inhibitors, donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Reminyl), and rivastigmine (Exelon), have side effects and several studies are being carried out out to develop novel AD drugs, we have applied a three-dimensional quantitative structure−activity relationship (3D QSAR) and structure-based pharmacophore modeling methodologies to identify potential candidate inhibitors against AChE. Herein, 3D QSAR and structure-based pharmacophore models were built from known inhibitors and crystal structures of human AChE in complex with donepezil, galantamine, huperzine A, and huprine W, respectively. The generated models were used as 3D queries to screen new scaffolds from various chemical databases. The hit compounds obtained from the virtual screening were subjected to an assessment of drug-like properties, followed by molecular docking. The final hit compounds were selected based on binding modes and molecular interactions in the active site of the enzyme. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations for AChE in complex with the final hits were performed to evaluate that they maintained stable interactions with the active site residues. The binding free energies of the final hits were also calculated using molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area method. Taken together, we proposed that these hits can be promising candidates for anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minky Son
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Chanin Park
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Shailima Rampogu
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Amir Zeb
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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4
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An Q, Shen J, Liu D, Liu Y, Zhang W. Construction of Chiral-Fused Tricyclic γ-Lactams via a trans-Perhydroindolic Acid-Catalyzed Asymmetric Domino Reaction. Org Lett 2017; 19:2925-2928. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin An
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiefeng Shen
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Delong Liu
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yangang Liu
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- School
of Pharmacy and ‡School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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5
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Xie Q, Zheng Z, Shao B, Fu W, Xia Z, Li W, Sun J, Zheng W, Zhang W, Sheng W, Zhang Q, Chen H, Wang H, Qiu Z. Pharmacophore-based design and discovery of (-)-meptazinol carbamates as dual modulators of cholinesterase and amyloidogenesis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:659-671. [PMID: 28274151 PMCID: PMC6009976 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1265521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional carbamate-type acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors with anti-amyloidogenic properties like phenserine are potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We reported here the design of new carbamates using pharmacophore model strategy to modulate both cholinesterase and amyloidogenesis. A five-feature pharmacophore model was generated based on 25 carbamate-type training set compounds. (-)-Meptazinol carbamates that superimposed well upon the model were designed and synthesized, which exhibited nanomolar AChE inhibitory potency and good anti-amyloidogenic properties in in vitro test. The phenylcarbamate 43 was highly potent (IC50 31.6 nM) and slightly selective for AChE, and showed low acute toxicity. In enzyme kinetics assay, 43 exhibited uncompetitive inhibition and reacted by pseudo-irreversible mechanism. 43 also showed amyloid-β (Aβ) lowering effects (51.9% decrease of Aβ42) superior to phenserine (31% decrease of total Aβ) in SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells at 50 µM. The dual actions of 43 on cholinergic and amyloidogenic pathways indicated potential uses as symptomatic and disease-modifying agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Xie
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxi Zheng
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Biyun Shao
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Wei Fu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xia
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China.,c NPFPC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Wei Sheng
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Qihong Zhang
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- b Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Zhuibai Qiu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Fudan University , Shanghai , P. R. China
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6
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Yu CB, Zhou YG. Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenolysis ofN-Sulfonyl Aminoalcohols via Achiral Enesulfonamide Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Yu CB, Zhou YG. Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenolysis ofN-Sulfonyl Aminoalcohols via Achiral Enesulfonamide Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13365-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Wang HJ, Zhang D, Wang FS, Wu Y, Song H. Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of (−)-physostigmine analogues with modifications at C3a and C5. Chem Res Chin Univ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-013-3066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Yan A, Wang K. Quantitative structure and bioactivity relationship study on human acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3336-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Wu KJ, Li GQ, Li Y, Dai LX, You SL. N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed tandem aza-benzoin/Michael reactions: on site reversal of the reactivity of N-Boc imines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:493-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01769h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Lv W, Xue Y. Prediction of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and characterization of correlative molecular descriptors by machine learning methods. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:1167-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Takahashi J, Hijikuro I, Kihara T, Murugesh MG, Fuse S, Tsumura Y, Akaike A, Niidome T, Takahashi T, Sugimoto H. Design, synthesis and evaluation of carbamate-modified (−)-N1-phenethylnorphysostigmine derivatives as selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1721-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Ul-Haq Z, Mahmood U, Jehangir B. Ligand-based 3D-QSAR studies of physostigmine analogues as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 74:571-81. [PMID: 19843075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural alkaloid Physostigmine is one of the most potent pseudo-irreversible inhibitor of Acetylcholinesterase. It was found to accelerate long-term memory process, but due to its short half life and variable bioavailability, has inconsistent clinical efficacy. 3D-QSAR studies based on the comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis were applied to a set of 40 Physostigmine derivatives which are divided into two classes: A and B. The study was conducted to obtain a highly reliable and extensive dynamic QSAR model based on alignment procedure with co-crystallized Ganstigmine as template. The strategy yielded significant 3D-QSAR models with the cross-validated q(2) values 0.762 and 0.754 for comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis, respectively. Resulted models were validated by external set of eight compounds yielding high correlation coefficient r(2) values of 0.730 and 0.720 for comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis contour maps within the active site of AChE were conducted in order to understand the interactions between the receptor and the Physostigmine derivatives. This study will facilitate the rational design of more potent Physostigmine compounds which might have better activity and reduce toxicity for the treatment of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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14
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Abstract
Chiral substances possess a unique architecture such that, despite sharing identical molecular formulas, atom-to-atom linkages, and bonding distances, they cannot be superimposed. Thus, in the environment of living systems, where specific structure-activity relationships may be required for effect (e.g., enzymes, receptors, transporters, and DNA), the physiochemical and biochemical properties of racemic mixtures and individual stereoisomers can differ significantly. In drug development, enantiomeric selection to maximize clinical effects or mitigate drug toxicity has yielded both success and failure. Further complicating genetic polymorphisms in drug disposition, stereoselective metabolism of chiral compounds can additionally influence pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity. Optically pure pharmaceuticals may undergo racemization in vivo, negating single enantiomer benefits or inducing unexpected effects. Appropriate chiral antidotes must be selected for therapeutic benefit and to minimize adverse events. Enantiomers may possess different carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. Environmental toxicology provides several examples in which compound bioaccumulation, persistence, and toxicity show chiral dependence. In forensic toxicology, chiral analysis has been applied to illicit drug preparations and biological specimens, with the potential to assist in determination of cause of death and aid in the correct interpretation of substance abuse and "doping" screens. Adrenergic agonists and antagonist, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, SSRIs, opioids, warfarin, valproate, thalidomide, retinoic acid, N-acetylcysteine, carnitine, penicillamine, leucovorin, glucarpidase, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenylethylamines, and additional compounds will be discussed to illustrate important concepts in "chiral toxicology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas W Smith
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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15
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Accommodation of physostigmine and its analogues by acetylcholinesterase is dominated by hydrophobic interactions. Biochem J 2009; 417:213-22. [PMID: 18729824 DOI: 10.1042/bj20081276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of the functional architecture of the HuAChE (human acetylcholinesterase) in reactivity toward the carbamates pyridostigmine, rivastigmine and several analogues of physostigmine, that are currently used or considered for use as drugs for Alzheimer's disease, was analysed using over 20 mutants of residues that constitute the interaction subsites in the active centre. Both steps of the HuAChE carbamylation reaction, formation of the Michaelis complex as well as the nucleophilic process, are sensitive to accommodation of the ligand by the enzyme. For certain carbamate/HuAChE combinations, the mode of inhibition shifted from a covalent to a noncovalent type, according to the balance between dissociation and covalent reaction rates. Whereas the charged moieties of pyridostigmine and rivastigmine contribute significantly to the stability of the corresponding HuAChE complexes, no such effect was observed for physostigmine and its analogues, phenserine and cymserine. Moreover, physostigmine-like ligands carrying oxygen instead of nitrogen at position -1 of the tricyclic moiety (physovenine and tetrahydrofurobenzofuran analogues) displayed comparable structure-function characteristics toward the various HuAChE enzymes. The essential role of the HuAChE hydrophobic pocket, comprising mostly residues Trp(86) and Tyr(337), in accommodating (-)-physostigmine and in conferring approximately 300-fold stereoselectivity toward physostigmines, was elucidated through examination of the reactivity of selected HuAChE mutations toward enantiomeric pairs of different physostigmine analogues. The present study demonstrates that certain charged and uncharged ligands, like analogues of physostigmine and physovenine, seem to be accommodated by the enzyme mostly through hydrophobic interactions.
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16
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Luo W, Yu QS, Holloway HW, Parrish D, Greig NH, Brossi A. Syntheses of Tetrahydrofurobenzofurans and Dihydromethanobenzodioxepines from 5-Hydroxy-3-methyl-3H-benzofuran-2-one. Rearrangement and Ring Expansion under Reductive Conditions on Treatment with Hydrides. J Org Chem 2005; 70:6171-6. [PMID: 16050674 DOI: 10.1021/jo0503052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxy-3-methyl-3H-benzofuran-2-one, 5, easily obtained from pyruvic acid and 1,4-cyclohexanedione, was used as a starting material to prepare (+/-)-5-hydroxy-3a-methyl-2,3,3a,8a-tetrahydro-furo[2,3-b]benzofuran, 10, and (+/-)-7-hydroxy-5-methyl-4,5-dihydro-2,5-methano-1,3-benzodioxepine, 14. Reduced reactivity relative to 5-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonylmethylene-3-methyl-3H-benzofuran-2-one, 6, was preliminarily studied. Meanwhile, a plausible mechanism with regard to the formation of 10 and 14, which included cyclization, rearrangement, and ring expansion of hemiacetal, 15, is proposed. Specific carbamates of phenols, 10 and 14, have shown impressive inhibitory activities against human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Luo
- Drug Design & Development Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Gavuzzo E, Pomponi M. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by physostigmine analogs: conformational mobility of cysteine loop due to the steric effect of the alkyl chain. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2002; 16:64-9. [PMID: 11979423 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.10026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a series of physostigmine analogs on acetylcholinesterase activity was investigated. The second-order rate constant k(on) of the enzyme-inhibitor complex correlates with the conformational positioning of aromatic residues, especially Trp84, in the transition state complex. The van der Waals interactions are an important structural element of this conformational change. A transient mobility of the cysteine loop (Cys67-Cys94) was confined only to the presence of a significant steric effect. Even with this limitation, however, the steric effect seems to be an appropriate model for future tests on the "back door" hypothesis involving facilitated opening for faster product clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Gavuzzo
- Ist. di Strutturistica Chimica, CNR Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
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18
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Smith AB, Cho YS, Zawacki LE, Hirschmann R, Pettit GR. First generation design, synthesis, and evaluation of azepine-based cryptophycin analogues. Org Lett 2001; 3:4063-6. [PMID: 11735585 DOI: 10.1021/ol016799g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Azepine-based cryptophycin mimics (+)-4 and (+)-5 have been designed and synthesized. Biological evaluation revealed modest in vitro activity against several human tumor cell lines, thereby supporting the utility of novel scaffolds for the design and synthesis of cryptophycin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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19
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Bertonati C, Marta M, Patamia M, Colella A, Pomponi M. Inhibition of AChE: structure-activity relationship among conformational transition of Trp84 and biomolecular rate constant. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 2001; 15:547-56. [PMID: 11140610 DOI: 10.3109/14756360009040709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study the authors attempt to correlate kinetic constants for carbamylation of AChE, by a series of carbamate inhibitors, with the conformational positioning of Trp84 in transition state complexes of the same carbamates with Torpedo AChE, as obtained by computerized molecular modelling. They present evidence for changes in the distance of the carbamates from the center of the indole ring which can be correlated with the bimolecular rate constants for inhibition. As a result the greater the distance from Trp84, the smaller the bimolecular inhibition constant value, ki (= k2/Ka), becomes. In conclusion, the value of the bimolecular rate constant for selected AChE inhibitors (structural changes that have been hypothesised or natural alkaloids of unknown activity) which possess similar size and rigidity, can be obtained. Under these conditions energy minimization alone seems to be sufficient even to accurately predict protein-substrate interactions that actually occur. Modelling studies also suggest that conformational re-orientation of Trp84 in the transition state could produce an overall movement of the Cys67-Cys94 loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bertonati
- Istituto di Chimica e Chimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, UCSC, Rome, Italy
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20
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Ariel N, Ordentlich A, Barak D, Bino T, Velan B, Shafferman A. The 'aromatic patch' of three proximal residues in the human acetylcholinesterase active centre allows for versatile interaction modes with inhibitors. Biochem J 1998; 335 ( Pt 1):95-102. [PMID: 9742217 PMCID: PMC1219756 DOI: 10.1042/bj3350095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of the functional architecture of the human acetylcholinesterase (HuAChE) active centre in accommodating the non-covalent inhibitors tacrine and huperzine A, or the carbamates pyridostigmine and physostigmine, was analysed using 16 mutants of residues lining the active-centre gorge. Despite the structural diversity of the ligands, certain common properties of the complexes could be observed: (a) replacement of aromatic residues Tyr133, Tyr337 and especially Trp86, resulted in pronounced changes in stability of all the complexes examined; (b) effects due to replacements of the five other aromatic residues along the active-centre gorge, such as the acyl pocket (Phe295, Phe297) or at the peripheral anionic site (Tyr124, Trp286, Tyr341) were relatively small; (c) effects due to substitution of the carboxylic residues in the gorge (Glu202, Glu450) were moderate. These results and molecular modelling indicate that the aromatic side chains of residues Trp86, Tyr133 and Tyr337 form together a continuous 'aromatic patch' lining the wall of the active-centre gorge, allowing for the accommodation of the different ligands via multiple modes of interaction. Studies with HuAChE mutants carrying replacements at positions 86, 133 and 337 indicate that the orientations of huperzine A and tacrine in the HuAChE complexes in solution are significantly different from those observed in X-ray structures of the corresponding complexes with Torpedo californica AChE (TcAChE). These discrepancies may be explained in terms of structural differences between the complexes of HuAChE and TcAChE or, more likely, by the enhanced flexibility of the AChE active-centre gorge in solution as compared with the crystalline state.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ariel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, 70450, Israel
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21
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Pomponi M, Sacchi S, Colella A, Patamia M, Marta M. The role of TRP84 in catalytic power and the specificity of AChE. Biophys Chem 1998; 72:239-46. [PMID: 9691268 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(98)00106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The structure-function relationship between the alkaloids physostigmine, physovenine and the three structurally related compounds were investigated by employing kinetic studies and molecular modeling. Crystallographic data from the X-ray conformation of the Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase complex together with the transition state analog inhibitor m-(N,N,N,-Trimethylammonio) trifluoroacetophenone (TMTFA) was used as template onto which inhibitors were superimposed. Among the structural elements of the active site, TRP84 residue shows a versatile role. In fact, its aromatic electrons not only can be employed in pi-cation interactions, as is the case for ACh, but they can also provide a polarizable surface for van der Waals and London interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pomponi
- Istituto di Chimica e Chimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, UCSC, Rome, Italy.
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Valenti P, Rampa A, Bisi A, Andrisano V, Cavrini V, Fin L, Buriani A, Giusti P. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by tacrine analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)10025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Recanatini M, Cavalli A, Hansch C. A comparative QSAR analysis of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors currently studied for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Chem Biol Interact 1997; 105:199-228. [PMID: 9291997 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(97)00047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Considering the relevance of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as potential agents for the treatment of the Alzheimer's disease, we have undertaken a comparative QSAR analysis aimed at individuating the physico-chemical properties governing the inhibitory activity of such compounds. The QSAR equations for 13 series of derivatives have been calculated and discussed. The series studied are all those we found in the literature suitable for a QSAR analysis and represent the three main classes of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors currently investigated, namely, physostigmine analogues, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridines and benzylamines. The equations we obtained show that, within each class, the main physico-chemical properties affecting the inhibitory activity are almost the same for all the series and can be individuated by the use of proper parameters. The conclusions of this study can be summarized as follows: (a) hydrophobicity plays a critical role in both the physostigmine- and the benzylamine-derived classes; (b) electronic effects are important for the interactions carried out by the variable portion of benzylamine derivatives; and (c) steric factors are also significant, but, as in other cases, the collinearity between steric and hydrophobic parameters does not allow one to draw any final conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Recanatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
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Tomori H, Yoshihara H, Ogura K. Facile Optical Resolution of a Dibenzopyrazinoazepine Derivative and the Nature of Molecular Recognition of Amines by Chiral 2,3-Di-O-(arylcarbonyl)tartaric Acids. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1996. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.69.3581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Le Texier L, Favre E, Ronzani N, Massicot F, Blavet N, Pirotzky E, Godfroid JJ. Structure-activity relationships in platelet-activating factor (PAF). 8. Tetrahydrofuran derivatives as dual PAF antagonists and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: anti-acetylcholinesterase activity and comparative SAR. JOURNAL OF LIPID MEDIATORS AND CELL SIGNALLING 1996; 13:207-22. [PMID: 8816985 DOI: 10.1016/0929-7855(95)00053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofuran derivatives display a dual functionality: they are PAF antagonists and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. In vitro anti-AChE activity and in vivo trials are presented herein. These compounds are competitive and potent AChE inhibitors. Structure-activity relationships are described and compared with PAF-antagonist results. The presence of an onium group, a suitable distance supplied by a chain of 7 or 10 carbon atoms separating the function from the polar head and an appreciable chain hydrophobicity (4 < sigma f < 7) are the main features required for a dual activity. The derivatives are evaluated in a mouse passive avoidance model. Only compounds with both activities are able to reverse scopolamine-induced amnesia. In addition, they display a very weak toxicity.
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Kilbourn MR, Snyder SE, Sherman PS, Kuhl DE. In vivo studies of acetylcholinesterase activity using a labeled substrate, N-[11C]methylpiperdin-4-yl propionate ([11C]PMP). Synapse 1996; 22:123-31. [PMID: 8787128 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199602)22:2<123::aid-syn5>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Two esters, N-[11C]methylpiperidyl acetate ([11C]AMP) and N-[11C]methylpiperidyl propionate ([11C]PMP), were synthesized in no-carrier-added forms and evaluated as in vivo substrates for brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE). After peripheral injection in mice, each ester showed rapid penetration into the brain and a regional retention of radioactivity (striatum > cortex, hippocampus > cerebellum) reflecting known levels of AChE activity in the brain. Regional brain distributions after [11C]PMP administration showed better discrimination between regions of high, intermediate, and low AChE activities. Chromatographic analysis of blood and brain tissue extracts showed rapid and nearly complete hydrolysis of [11C]PMP within 10 min after injection. For both [11C]AMP and [11C]PMP, retention of radioactivity in all regions was reduced by pretreatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), a specific irreversible AChE inhibitor. DFP treatment also significantly increased the proportions of unhydrolyzed ester in both blood and brain. Radioactivity localization in brain after peripheral injection was thus dependent on AChE-catalyzed hydrolysis to the hydrophilic product N-[11C]methylpiperidinol. PET imaging of [11C]AMP or [11C]PMP distributions in monkey brain showed clear accumulation of radioactivity in areas of highest AChE activity (striatum, cortex). These esters are thus in vivo substrates for brain AChE, with potential applications as in vivo imaging agents of enzyme action in the human brain. [11C]PMP, the ester with a slower rate of hydrolysis, appears to be the better candidate radiotracer for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kilbourn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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TheO, O′-dibenzoyl derivative of (R, R)-tartaric acid as a host compound for simple organic ethers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00707084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Greig NH, Pei XF, Soncrant TT, Ingram DK, Brossi A. Phenserine and ring C hetero-analogues: drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 1995; 15:3-31. [PMID: 7898167 DOI: 10.1002/med.2610150103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N H Greig
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Chapter 21. Alzheimer's Disease: Current Therapeutic Approaches. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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