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Liu B, Song R, Xu J, Majhi PK, Yang X, Yang S, Jin Z, Chi YR. Access to Optically Enriched α-Aryloxycarboxylic Esters via Carbene-Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Resolution and Transesterification. Org Lett 2020; 22:3335-3338. [PMID: 32290663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Optically active α-aryloxycarboxylic acids and their derivatives are important functional molecules. Disclosed here is a carbene-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution and transesterification reaction for access to this class of molecules with up to 99% yields and 99:1 er values. Addition of a chiral carbene catalyst to the ester substrate leads to two diastereomeric azolium ester intermediates that can quickly epimerize to each other and thus allows for effective dynamic kinetic resolution to be realized. The optically enriched ester products from our reaction can be quickly transformed to chiral herbicides and other bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.,Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Runjiang Song
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jun Xu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China.,Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Pankaj Kumar Majhi
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Xing Yang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Song Yang
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.,Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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2
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Yao L, Wen J, Liu S, Tan R, Wood NM, Chen W, Zhang S, Zhang X. Highly enantioselective hydrogenation of α-oxy functionalized α,β-unsaturated acids catalyzed by a ChenPhos–Rh complex in CF3CH2OH. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2273-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09089j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Chenphos–Rh complex is demonstrated to be a highly efficient catalyst for asymmetric hydrogenation of α-oxy functionalized α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acidsviaan ionic interaction between the ligand and the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Fourth Military Medical University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Jialin Wen
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Rutgers
- The State University of New Jersey
- Piscataway
| | - Shaodong Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Rutgers
- The State University of New Jersey
- Piscataway
| | - Renchang Tan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Rutgers
- The State University of New Jersey
- Piscataway
| | - Noel Marie Wood
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Rutgers
- The State University of New Jersey
- Piscataway
| | - Weiping Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Fourth Military Medical University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Fourth Military Medical University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Rutgers
- The State University of New Jersey
- Piscataway
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3
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Laghezza A, Montanari R, Lavecchia A, Piemontese L, Pochetti G, Iacobazzi V, Infantino V, Capelli D, De Bellis M, Liantonio A, Pierno S, Tortorella P, Conte Camerino D, Loiodice F. On the metabolically active form of metaglidasen: improved synthesis and investigation of its peculiar activity on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and skeletal muscles. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:555-65. [PMID: 25641779 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Metaglidasen is a fibrate-like drug reported as a selective modulator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), able to lower plasma glucose levels in the absence of the side effects typically observed with thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agents in current use. Herein we report an improved synthesis of metaglidasen's metabolically active form halofenic acid (R)-2 and that of its enantiomer (S)-2. The activity of the two stereoisomers was carefully examined on PPARα and PPARγ subtypes. As expected, both showed partial agonist activity toward PPARγ; the investigation of PPARα activity, however, led to unexpected results. In particular, (S)-2 was found to act as a partial agonist, whereas (R)-2 behaved as an antagonist. X-ray crystallographic studies with PPARγ were carried out to gain more insight on the molecular-level interactions and to propose a binding mode. Given the adverse effects provoked by fibrate drugs on skeletal muscle function, we also investigated the capacity of (R)-2 and (S)-2 to block conductance of the skeletal muscle membrane chloride channel. The results showed a more beneficial profile for (R)-2, the activity of which on skeletal muscle function, however, should not be overlooked in the ongoing clinical trials studying its long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Laghezza
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70126 Bari (Italy)
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4
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Colton IJ, Yin DT, Grochulski P, Kazlauskas RJ. Molecular Basis of Chiral Acid Recognition by Candida rugosa Lipase: X-Ray Structure of Transition State Analog and Modeling of the Hydrolysis of Methyl 2-Methoxy-2-phenylacetate. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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5
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Li S, Zhu SF, Xie JH, Song S, Zhang CM, Zhou QL. Enantioselective Hydrogenation of α-Aryloxy and α-Alkoxy α,β-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids Catalyzed by Chiral Spiro Iridium/Phosphino-Oxazoline Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:1172-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja909810k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University,Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shou-Fei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University,Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jian-Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University,Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Song Song
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University,Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Can-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University,Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University,Tianjin 300071, China
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6
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Fracchiolla G, Laghezza A, Piemontese L, Tortorella P, Mazza F, Montanari R, Pochetti G, Lavecchia A, Novellino E, Pierno S, Conte Camerino D, Loiodice F. New 2-aryloxy-3-phenyl-propanoic acids as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha/gamma dual agonists with improved potency and reduced adverse effects on skeletal muscle function. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6382-93. [PMID: 19775169 DOI: 10.1021/jm900941b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of a new series of 2-aryloxy-3-phenyl-propanoic acids, resulting from the introduction of a linker into the diphenyl system of the previously reported PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist 1, allowed the identification of new ligands with improved potency on PPARalpha and unchanged activity on PPARgamma. For the most interesting stereoisomers S-2 and S-4, X-ray studies in PPARgamma and docking experiments in PPARalpha provided a molecular explanation for their different behavior as full and partial agonists of PPARalpha and PPARgamma, respectively. Due to the adverse effects provoked by hypolipidemic drugs on skeletal muscle function, we also investigated the blocking activity of S-2 and S-4 on skeletal muscle membrane chloride channel conductance and found that these ligands have a pharmacological profile more beneficial compared to fibrates currently used in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fracchiolla
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italia
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7
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Lavecchia A, Cosconati S, Novellino E, Calleri E, Temporini C, Massolini G, Carbonara G, Fracchiolla G, Loiodice F. Exploring the molecular basis of the enantioselective binding of penicillin G acylase towards a series of 2-aryloxyalkanoic acids: A docking and molecular dynamics study. J Mol Graph Model 2007; 25:773-83. [PMID: 16901739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, molecular modeling studies were undertaken in order to shed light on the molecular basis of the observed enantioselectivity of penicillin G acylase (PGA), a well known enzyme for its industrial applications, towards 16 racemic 2-aryloxyalkanoic acids, which have been reported to affect several biological systems. With this intention docking calculations and MD simulations were performed. Docking results indicated that the (S)-enantiomers establish several electrostatic interactions with SerB1, SerB386 and ArgB263 of PGA. Conversely, the absence of specific polar interactions between the (R)-enantiomers and ArgB263 seems to be the main reason for the different binding affinities observed between the two enantiomers. Results of molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that polar interactions are responsible for both the ligand affinity and PGA enantiospecificity. Modeling calculations provided possible explanations for the observed enantioselectivity of the enzyme that rationalize available experimental data and could be the basis for future protein engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lavecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy.
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8
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Jäkel C, Paciello R. High-Throughput and Parallel Screening Methods in Asymmetric Hydrogenation. Chem Rev 2006; 106:2912-42. [PMID: 16836304 DOI: 10.1021/cr040675a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jäkel
- BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Basic Chemicals Research, GCB - M 313, 67098 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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9
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Massolini G, Fracchiolla G, Calleri E, Carbonara G, Temporini C, Lavecchia A, Cosconati S, Novellino E, Loiodice F. Elucidation of the enantioselective recognition mechanism of a penicillin G acylase-based chiral stationary phase towards a series of 2-aryloxy-2-arylacetic acids. Chirality 2006; 18:633-43. [PMID: 16715517 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of structurally related 2-aryloxy-2-arylacetic acids (1-3, 5-16) together with a thioisostere derivative (4) have been synthesized and characterized by GC-MS and 1H NMR. The designed compounds were analyzed on a Penicillin G Acylase chiral stationary phase (PGA-CSP) and the influence of the structure variations on retention and enantioselectivity was investigated. The chromatographic study includes the direct separation of the enantiomers of the synthesized compounds and the determination of the elution order of selected racemic mixtures. 10 out of 16 racemates were separated; high chromatographic enantioseparation factors (alpha > 2) were achieved for some compounds. For the enantiomers of four compounds whose absolute configuration was known (1, 3, 12, 16), the elution order was R:S with the exception of 2-(4-chloro-phenoxy)phenylacetic acid (1), for which the elution order was reversed. Preliminary molecular modeling studies suggest that both polar and charge-transfer interactions as well as steric effects play an important role in determining the retention factors and the enantioselectivities observed.
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10
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Perrone MG, Santandrea E, Scilimati A, Syldatk C, Tortorella V. Screening yeasts for the stereoselective reduction of oxoester clofibrate analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Grazia Perrone M, Santandrea E, Di Nunno L, Scilimati A, Tortorella V, Capitelli F, Bertolasi V. Reaction of caesium 4-chlorophenate and chlorohydrins from threonines: synthesis of clofibrate analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Perrone MG, Santandrea E, Dell'Uomo N, Giannessi F, Milazzo FM, Sciarroni AF, Scilimati A, Tortorella V. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new clofibrate analogues as potential PPARα agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2005; 40:143-54. [PMID: 15694649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clofibrate is a lipid-profile modifying agent belonging to the fibrate class of drugs. Fibrates are known to exhibit their beneficial effects by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) and used in the treatment of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis and for the prevention of heart failure. Hereby, the preparation of two new sets of clofibrate analogues, ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-oxoalkanoates and ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-hydroxyalkanoates is described starting from commercially available 3-oxoalkanoates in fair to good yields. Treatment of 3-oxoalkanoates with SO2Cl2 yielded the corresponding 2-chloro-3-oxoalkanoates, that were then converted into 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-oxoalkanoates by reacting with sodium or caesium 4-chlorophenate. Reduction of the keto group with NaBH4 afforded the corresponding 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-hydroxyalkanoates in very high yields and with variable diastereoselectivity. Biological evaluation of the compounds was performed by a transactivation assay in a transiently transfected monkey kidney fibroblast cell line. The newly synthesised clofibrate analogues failed to show noticeable levels of PPAR activation at concentrations where clofibrate showed an evident activity, suggesting that the structural modifications caused the loss of PPAR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Perrone
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via E.Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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13
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Perrone MG, Santandrea E, Scilimati A, Syldatk C, Tortorella V, Capitelli F, Bertolasi V. Diastereo- and enantioselective bioreduction of ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-oxobutanoate clofibrate analogues by Kluyveromyces marxianus and other whole cell biocatalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Perrone MG, Santandrea E, Scilimati A, Tortorella V, Capitelli F, Bertolasi V. Baker’s yeast-mediated reduction of ethyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-oxoalkanoates intermediates for potential PPARα ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Maligres PE, Krska SW, Humphrey GR. Enantioselective Hydrogenation of α-Aryloxy α,β-Unsaturated Acids. Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Aryloxycarboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2004; 6:3147-50. [PMID: 15330609 DOI: 10.1021/ol0488035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A facile preparation of chiral alpha-aryloxy carboxylic acids via asymmetric hydrogenation of the corresponding unsaturated acids has been discovered. A number of catalysts have been identified that give high product enantioselectivity, and the scope of the reaction has been examined with respect to substitution on the aromatic ring and olefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Maligres
- Department of Process Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
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16
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Jamal SM, Eisenberg MJ, Christopoulos S. Rhabdomyolysis associated with hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Am Heart J 2004; 147:956-65. [PMID: 15199341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2003.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent withdrawal of cerivastatin by the manufacturer has led to an interest in hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) inhibitors and the incidence of myopathy. We review the epidemiology, pharmacology, and presumed mechanisms of statin-induced myopathy, with a particular focus on cerivastatin. METHODS A MEDLINE search of English-language articles published between 1985 and 2003 was performed. Key words included HMG-CoA inhibitors, statins, myopathy, myotoxicity, rhabdomyolysis, adverse events, drug interactions, and cerivastatin. RESULTS The initial trials, which assessed the efficacy of first-generation HMG-CoA inhibitors, did not show a clinically significant increase in the incidence of myopathy. However, on the basis of Food and Drug Administration post-marketing surveys, the rate of cerivastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis appeared to be 10-fold greater than that of the other statins, despite safe pre-clinical profiles. However, no clinical trials have been performed directly comparing the rates of myotoxicity of all commercially available statins. The mechanism of statin-induced myopathy remains unclear. The prevailing theory is that lipophilic statins lead to depletion of intermediates normally formed after cholesterol synthesis within myocytes. Risk factors for the development of myopathy include drug interactions (especially with fibrates) and the coexistence of conditions known to predispose patients to rhabdomyolysis. CONCLUSION The cerivastatin experience emphasizes the need for large safety trials before drug approval and for vigilant post-marketing surveillance. Further research and sound clinical judgment may lead to the identification of high-risk individuals in whom statins should be avoided.
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Calleri E, Massolini G, Loiodice F, Fracchiolla G, Temporini C, Félix G, Tortorella P, Caccialanza G. Evaluation of a penicillin G acylase-based chiral stationary phase towards a series of 2-aryloxyalkanoic acids, isosteric analogs and 2-arylpropionic acids. J Chromatogr A 2002; 958:131-40. [PMID: 12134810 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The chiral recognition properties of a new chiral stationary phase based on immobilized penicillin G acylase were investigated using 35 acidic racemates. Twenty-seven compounds were resolved with high separation factors. The influences of mobile phase pH, type of organic modifier and ionic strength on enantioselective retention were studied. The most important tool for affecting the enantioselectivity was the mobile phase pH and interestingly the retention order of the enantiomers of some analytes could be controlled by this parameter. The analysis time for resolving enantiomers could be adjusted with a minor decrease in enantioselectivity using a high ionic strength mobile phase buffer while both retention and enantioselectivity decreased by adding organic modifier to the mobile phase. Displacement studies have demonstrated that the enzymatically active site and the chiral adsorption site overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Calleri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica, University of Pavia, Italy
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18
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Abstract
Drug-induced myopathy and rhabdomyolysis are rare adverse drug reactions (ADR). They have been seen after the introduction of modern lipid-lowering drugs more regularly. The first description after medication with clofibrate dates back to 1968. Apparently, all fibrates can induce myopathy. It usually starts after a few days of medication, or after prolonged use, showing muscle weakness and/or pain. Concomitantly, the enzyme creatininephosphokinase (CPK) is raised dramatically. Muscular necrosis can follow leading secondarily to kidney failure, and eventually to death. For the class of statins, myopathy was more often seen after their introduction, and it became their most feared adverse effect, especially in combination of statins with other drugs (mibefradil, gemfibrozil, cyclosporin). In animal models the evolution of the disease and the mechanism of action may be elucidated. Though strong epidemiological data are lacking, the incidence of myopathy is probably similar for all lipid-lowering drugs and is in the range of 0.1-0.5% with monotherapy, increasing to 0.5-2.5% with combination therapy. Severe cases of rhabdomyolysis are rarer, but may have a significant mortality. The market success of cerivastatin within a short period has led to 100s of myopathies and some dozens of deaths. Though interactions on metabolism and ensuing high plasma levels can partially explain myopathy as intoxication, there are strong indications that other (endocrine, metabolic, genetic) factors might play a role in the pathophysiology. The patient population at risk should better be defined and withheld from myopathy-inducing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hodel
- HOVAT Pharma Consulting, Neubadstrasse 83, CH-4054 Basel, Switzerland.
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19
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Lipase-mediated kinetic resolution of rigid clofibrate analogues with lipid-modifying activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Sparatore A, Sparatore F. 2-(4-R-phenoxy/phenylthio)alkanoic esters of l-lupinine. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2001; 56:169-74. [PMID: 11409323 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Considering the great pharmacological interest in phenoxy/phenylthioalkanoic esters of open-chain or cyclic aminoalcohols, a set of ten such esters of lupinine was prepared. Initially, their ability to displace [3H]QNB from rat brain preparation was investigated. With the exception of two, all the prepared esters exhibited good affinity to muscarinic receptors (on a non-selective basis), with pKi in the range 6.67-7.68.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sparatore
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, University of Milan, Viale Abruzzi, 42-I-20131 Milan, Italy.
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21
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Ferorelli S, Loiodice F, Tortorella V, Conte-Camerino D, De Luca AM. Carboxylic acids and skeletal muscle chloride channel conductance: effects on the biological activity induced by the introduction of methyl groups on the aromatic ring of chiral alpha-(4-chloro-phenoxy)alkanoic acids. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2001; 56:239-46. [PMID: 11409333 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(01)01041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One or two methyl groups have been introduced on the aromatic ring of two chiral clofibric acid analogs, 2-(4-chloro-phenoxy)propanoic and 2-(4-chloro-phenoxy)butanoic acids. The biological activity of the derivatives obtained (3-6) has been evaluated on the skeletal muscle chloride conductance (gCl). The results confirm the hypothesis of two different sites modulating chloride channel function, an excitatory site that increases channel activity and an inhibitory site that produces a channel block. In fact, this chemical modification strongly reduces the blocking activity of the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers in comparison with the parent compounds, but does not markedly affect the ability of the (R)-enantiomers to increase chloride channel conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ferorelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Ferorelli S, Loiodice F, Longo A, Molfetta A, Tortorella V, Amoroso R. Different behavior toward racemization in basic media from chiral analogs of clofibric acid, the active metabolite of the antilipidemic drug clofibrate. Chirality 2000; 12:697-704. [PMID: 11054827 DOI: 10.1002/1520-636x(2000)12:10<697::aid-chir1>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Some chiral analogs of clofibric acid, the active metabolite of the antilipidemic drug clofibrate, show different configurational stability in basic conditions. Also, extensive racemization occurs when the corresponding optically active acid chlorides are treated with 3 alpha-tropanol, whereas no racemization takes place with 3 alpha-tropanol as hydrochloride salt and with 3 beta-tropanol and 1-methyl-4-hydroxy-piperidine as either the free base or hydrochloride salt. For these aminoalcohols, experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that a ketene intermediate is involved in the racemization process. Formation of intramolecular hydrogen bond is evoked to explain the different ability of aminoalcohols to induce ketene formation and consequent racemization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ferorelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
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Amoroso R, Bettoni G, De Filippis B, Tricca ML. Synthesis of 2-aryloxy acids analogues of clofibrate via dynamic kinetic resolution. Chirality 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-636x(1999)11:5/6<483::aid-chir21>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Amoroso R, Bettoni G, Tricca ML, Loiodice F, Ferorelli S. Direct resolution of α-monoalkyl-α-aryloxyacetic acids via ester or imide derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(97)00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Carotti A, Altomare C, Cellamare S, Monforte A, Bettoni G, Loiodice F, Tangari N, Tortorella V. LFER and CoMFA studies on optical resolution of alpha-alkyl alpha-aryloxy acetic acid methyl esters on DACH-DNB chiral stationary phase. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1995; 9:131-8. [PMID: 7608744 DOI: 10.1007/bf00124403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The HPLC resolution of a series of racemic alpha-substituted alpha-aryloxy acetic acid methyl esters I on a pi-acid N,N'-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane as chiral selector was modelled by linear free energy-related (LFER) equations and comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). Our results indicate that the retention process mainly depends on solute lipophilicity and steric properties, whereas enantioselectivity is primarily influenced by electrostatic and steric interactions. CoMFA provided additional information with respect to the LFER study, allowed the mixing of different subsets of I and led to a quantitative 3D model of steric and electrostatic factors responsible for chiral recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carotti
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, Italy
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Loiodice F, Longo A, Bianco P, Tortorella V. 6-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran carboxylic acids: Synthesis, optical resolution and absolute configuration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0957-4166(95)00111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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28
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Fujita T, Adachi M, Akamatsu M, Asao M, Fukami H, Inoue Y, Iwataki I, Kido M, Koga H, Kobayashi T, Kumita I, Makino K, Oda K, Ogino A, Ohta M, Sakamoto F, Sekiya T, Shimizu R, Takayama C, Tada Y, Ueda I, Umeda Y, Yamakawa M, Yamaura Y, Yoshioka H, Yoshida M, Yoshimoto M, Wakabayashi K. Background and features of emil, a system for database-aided bioanalogous structural transformation of bioactive compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-7208(06)80052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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29
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Graham MJ, Winham MA, Harpur ES, Bonner FW, Gray TJ. The relative hypolipidaemic activity and hepatic effects of ciprofibrate enantiomers in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 48:2163-71. [PMID: 7811297 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)00391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish whether the individual enantiomers of racemic ciprofibrate, a potent hypolipidaemic agent and peroxisome proliferator, differ significantly in either pharmacological potency or toxic potential. After a single oral dose to male Fischer F344 rats at dosages below 10 mg/kg, S(-) ciprofibrate produced slightly, but statistically significantly, greater reductions in plasma concentrations of cholesterol than R(+) ciprofibrate. Similarly, at low concentrations in F344 rat hepatocyte cultures, S(-) ciprofibrate produced slightly, but statistically significantly, greater inductions of peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity than R(+) ciprofibrate. However, after seven daily doses, the differences in pharmacological effects of the two enantiomers were no longer apparent. Furthermore, in contrast to its effects in vitro, R(+) ciprofibrate produced slightly, but statistically significantly, greater inductions of peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity in vivo than S(-) ciprofibrate. These observations may be possibly explained on the basis that following multiple dosing, plasma concentrations of R(+) ciprofibrate 24 hr post-dose were greater than those of its optical antipode. Thus the slightly greater potency of the S(-) enantiomer after a single dose may have been overcome by the greater plasma concentrations of the less potent enantiomer. Both enantiomers produced similar reductions in plasma concentrations of thyroxine. The data indicate that at low dosages S(-) ciprofibrate is a slightly more potent hypolipidaemic agent after a single dose in rats and a slightly more potent peroxisome proliferator at low concentrations in vitro. However, following multiple dosing, both enantiomers produced changes in plasma concentrations of lipids, hepatic enzyme activities and plasma concentrations of thyroxine which were of comparable magnitude to those produced by the racemate. Since these early changes have been linked mechanistically to the chronic toxicity of the racemate in the rat, it could be predicted that the individual enantiomers of ciprofibrate under conditions employed in chronic safety studies, would produce the same spectrum of rodent toxicity as the racemate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Graham
- Department of Toxicology, Sterling Winthrop Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Alnwick, Northumberland, U.K
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Abstract
Fibric acid derivatives may interact with other drugs and the interactions can be of clinical relevance. The pharmacological properties and effects of these drugs which pertain to their potential for drug interactions, are: (a) a very high binding affinity to plasma proteins, especially albumin; (b) the changes produced in vitamin K kinetics; (c) endoplasmic reticulum hyperplasia; (d) induction of cytochrome P450; (e) changes in xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes; (f) their capability to have a direct effect on carbohydrate metabolism and/or regulation; and (g) potential pharmacokinetic interactions with antidiabetic drugs. Other types of interactions may affect the safety and/or the therapeutic efficacy of fibrates. These interactions are not necessarily risky, but may be important in the long term. Other clinically relevant interactions with less commonly used drugs have been described. Fibrates will continue to be used because they have proved to be safe and effective in correcting many types of dyslipidemia by reducing serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides and by increasing high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, they have been proven to decrease morbidity and morality from coronary heart disease. Therefore, awareness of their potential drug interactions is most relevant to their safe clinical therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lozada
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Kansas Medical Center, KU Hospital, Kansas City 66160-7374
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Sirtori CR. Tissue selectivity of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 1993; 60:431-59. [PMID: 8073070 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(93)90031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors are a class of lipid-lowering medications, with a major activity on plasma cholesterol levels, now enjoying a vast popularity among physicians and patients. These drugs, affecting a very early and key step of sterol biosynthesis, differ to a large extent in their physicochemical properties, tissue distribution and side effects in animals, possibly in humans. Some of these agents (namely lovastatin and simvastatin) are strikingly lipophilic and require enzymatic conversion from the lactone to the open-ring forms, whereas pravastatin, active per se, is hydrophilic. Liver uptake of pravastatin is regulated by a carrier-mediated mechanism. Other HMG CoA reductase inhibitors have been designed, with the objective of obtaining high levels of hepato-selectivity. Evaluation of available data in terms of potential advantages in tissue, namely liver selectivity, of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, suggests, that, indeed, altered sterol biosynthesis in a number of tissues may potentially result in the appearance of significant side effects. While there is no clear-cut relationship between tissue selectivity and lipophilicity, the presence of this latter feature seems, in general, to dictate a lesser absorption to peripheral tissues vs the liver. At present, the toxicological profile of major HMG CoA reductase inhibitors appears safe; it is, however, possible that in selected patient groups liver selectivity may offer a considerable therapeutic advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Sirtori
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, University of Milano, Italy
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Morales-Aguilera A, Sampayo-Reyes A. Molecular changes in erythrocyte membranes induced by long-term administration of clofibrate. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 245:89-95. [PMID: 8491258 DOI: 10.1016/0922-4106(93)90115-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that an enantiomer ((S)-(-)-4) of clofibric acid, and the racemate, can block the chloride conductance of skeletal muscle membrane. It has also been reported that several analogs of clofibric acid inhibit the HCO3(-)-Cl- exchange of erythrocytes. Since the two effects are probably similar biophysical membrane phenomena, the possibility of a common molecular mechanism arises. We exposed Sprague-Dawley male rats to long-term administration of clofibrate and 20,25-diazacholesterol (20,25-D) for comparison, at equipotent doses. Clofibrate (but not 20,25-diazacholesterol) produced a significant increase in density of the 220,000 Da band (beta-spectrin) and a decrease, also significant, in density of bands 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.6 (syndeins or ankyrins) and of bands 4.1 and 6. Thus, clofibrate exhibits a manifold effect on the protein profile of the erythrocyte membrane cytoskeleton which, due to the lack of effect of 20-25-D, does not seem to be produced by the hypolipidemic effect per se, and thus deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morales-Aguilera
- División de Farmacología, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
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Sirtori CR, Calabresi L, Werba JP, Franceschini G. Tolerability of fibric acids. Comparative data and biochemical bases. Pharmacol Res 1992; 26:243-60. [PMID: 1437989 DOI: 10.1016/1043-6618(92)90212-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibric acids are an established class of drugs for the treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemias. Although they have been in use for 30 years or longer, some doubts remain as to their relative tolerability, both as a class and as single agents. Some side effects, e.g. lithogenicity, may be related to their mode of action, while others, e.g. the acute muscular syndrome, may be linked to the spatial conformation of the molecule. These disadvantages should, however, be weighed against the additional, potentially therapeutic properties shown by these compounds. In particular, effects on maturity onset diabetes and hyperuricaemia, as well as a very interesting fibrinolytic potential, have been described for some of them. A painstaking comparative analysis of the major literature data pertaining to the clinical toxicological profile of these agents allow to conclude that, while belonging to a chemical class, fibric acids show dramatic differences from one another, in terms of side effects and of additional pharmacodynamic activities. Moreover, in the case of lithogenicity for example, considerable differences exist between normo- and hyperlipidaemic subjects. Overall, newer molecules of more sophisticated design have a significantly improved tolerability profile vs the old clofibrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Sirtori
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, University of Milano, Italy
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Bettoni G, Ferorelli S, Loiodice F, Tangari N, Tortorella V, Gasparrini F, Misiti D, Villani C. Chiral ?-substituted ?-aryloxy acetic acids: Synthesis, absolute configuration, chemical resolution, and direct separation by hplc. Chirality 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.530040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Esbenshade TA, Kamanna VS, Newman HA, Tortorella V, Witiak DT, Feller DR. In vivo and in vitro peroxisome proliferation properties of selected clofibrate analogues in the rat. Structure-activity relationships. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 40:1263-74. [PMID: 2403380 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have examined, relative to clofibric acid (CPIB), the effects of a chemical series of phenoxyacetic acids and of two asymmetric CPIB analogues, the R(+)- and S(-)-enantiomers of 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid (4-CPPA) and 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)butyric acid (4-CPBA), on hepatic peroxisome proliferation both in vivo and in vitro utilizing cholesterol-fed rats and primary cultured rat hepatocytes respectively. Peroxisome proliferation was assessed by measuring changes in peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase (FACO) and microsomal laurate hydroxylase (LH) activities as well as by electron microscopic examination of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine-stained liver slices. CPIB and enantiomers of 4-CPPA and 4-CPBA (0.6 mmol/kg/day for 7 days) produced hepatomegaly, lowered serum cholesterol levels, and caused 4.7- to 12.9-fold and 2.9- to 6.1-fold increases in hepatic FACO and LH activities, respectively, in cholesterol-fed rats. Electron micrographs of liver cells showed an increased number of peroxisomes from cholesterol-fed rats given S(-)-4-CPBA and CPIB. Likewise, these compounds (0.03 to 1.0 mM) induced FACO and LH in primary rat hepatocyte cultures after 72 hr. R(+)- and S(-)-Enantiomers of 4-CPPA produced similar concentration-dependent and maximal increases in both FACO and LH activities, whereas enantiomeric selectivity [S(-) greater than R(+)] for the induction of these two enzymes was observed with the isomers of 4-CPBA. The increases in the activities of FACO and LH caused by S(-)-4-CPBA were similar to those elicited by 1.0 mM CPIB (58.6- and 9.8-fold respectively). These results show that the enantiomers of 4-CPPA and 4-CPBA induce the peroxisome proliferation-associated enzymes FACO and LH in vivo and in vitro, and that the S(-)-isomer of 4-CPBA causes a greater induction of FACO and LH in vitro than its corresponding R(+)-isomer, indicating that these two enzymes are induced in an enantioselective manner. Optimal induction of the peroxisome proliferation-associated enzymes FACO and LH in rat hepatocyte cultures was produced by phenoxyacetic acids possessing (1) a chlorine atom at the 4-position of the phenyl ring, (2) a dimethyl or mono-ethyl substitution at the alpha-carbon atom of the carboxylic acid side chain; and (3) an S(-)-orientation for chiral analogues possessing a mono-ethyl group at the alpha-carbon atom of the carboxylic acid side chain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Esbenshade
- College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Conte-Camerino D, Mambrini M, DeLuca A, Tricarico D, Bryant SH, Tortorella V, Bettoni G. Enantiomers of clofibric acid analogs have opposite actions on rat skeletal muscle chloride channels. Pflugers Arch 1988; 413:105-7. [PMID: 2464159 DOI: 10.1007/bf00581238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The S-(-) isomers of a series of clofibric acid analogs produced only a block of chloride conductance of rat skeletal muscle fibers with increasing concentrations until block was nearly complete. The R-(+) isomers, on the other hand, at low concentrations increased chloride conductance by as much as 9% to 39% and at higher concentrations decreased chloride conductance, but never by more than 27% of the control value. The actions of the enantiomeric pairs to either produce or inhibit myotonic excitability paralleled their ability to block or increase chloride conductance, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Conte-Camerino
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bari, Italy
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