1
|
Yin L, Zhang Z, Huang S, Wang Z, Huang C. Brønsted Acid Triggers [6/7 + 1] Cascade Cyclization by N-Alkyl Amine C(sp 3)-N Cleavage: Mild Synthesis of Benzo[1,4]oxazepane and Dihydrobenzo[1,5]oxazocine. J Org Chem 2024; 89:13629-13640. [PMID: 39219061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A catalyst-free mild synthesis was reported to produce medium-ring oxazepane and oxazocine derivatives from aminomaleimides and N-alkyl amines. The substrate and acidic additives were employed to cleave the C(sp3)-N bond as a one-carbon synthon for C-C and C-O coupling, thus facilitating the [n + 1] cascade cyclization reaction, which enabled the construction of seven- and eight-membered N,O-heterocycles at room temperature. The method exhibits abroad substrate scope and remarkable tolerance toward various functional groups (seven-membered 28 examples, eight-membered 8 examples, and activated N-alkyl amine 12 examples) and utilization of natural products (2 examples).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Green Chemical Conversion of Yunnan Provincial Education Department, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Chiral Functional Substance Research and Application, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, PR China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Green Chemical Conversion of Yunnan Provincial Education Department, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Chiral Functional Substance Research and Application, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, PR China
| | - Shuntao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Green Chemical Conversion of Yunnan Provincial Education Department, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Chiral Functional Substance Research and Application, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, PR China
| | - Zhuoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Green Chemical Conversion of Yunnan Provincial Education Department, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Chiral Functional Substance Research and Application, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, PR China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Green Chemical Conversion of Yunnan Provincial Education Department, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Chiral Functional Substance Research and Application, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang F, Lang Q, Chen GQ, Zhang X. Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Unsymmetrical Benzophenones via Iridium- f-phamidol Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:6159-6163. [PMID: 39023325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
A sequence of f-phamidol-based tetradentate phosphine ligands have been developed and successfully used in iridium-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of benzophenones to deliver chiral benzhydrols in almost quantitative yields and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% yield and up to >99% ee). Moreover, the catalytic system shows a broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance. The synthetic utilities of this methodology have been showcased by gram-scale experiments and the formal synthesis of levocetirizine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanping Huang
- Medi-X Pingshan, and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwei Lang
- Medi-X Pingshan, and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen-Qiang Chen
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Medi-X Pingshan, and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515031, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matralis AN, Kaklamanis L, Perrea D, Kourounakis AP. Effect of a new squalene synthase inhibitor on an ApoE -/- mouse model of atherosclerosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 90:117378. [PMID: 37336084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Ηypercholesterolemia/hyperlipidemia in conjunction with oxidative stress and inflammatory processes contribute synergistically to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We hereby evaluated the antiatherosclerotic effect of the multi-target derivative 4-methyl-2-(10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)morpholin-2-ol hydrobromide 1 in apoE-/- mice; compound 1 is a potent antihyperlipidemic agent acting through Squalene Synthase inhibition, while it has exhibited an outstanding antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in various experimental animal models. The new analogue was evaluated in terms of its antiatherosclerotic/antioxidant effect in the ApoE-/- transgenic mouse model. Its toxicity profile was also assessed by measuring the levels of four sensitive indicators of liver toxicity. Prolonged administration of 1 in ApoE-/- mice fed with a western-type (wt) diet efficiently reduced the aortic atheromatic lesions, an effect that took place through a cholesterol lowering independent manner. In addition, 1 displayed a significant reduction not only of glucose but also of oxidative stress levels, while it did not cause any toxicity. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that the antiatherosclerotic effect of a Squalene Synthase inhibitor is studied in this specific atherosclerosis mouse model. As a result, compound 1 may serve as a promising starting point towards developing new bioactive analogues against the onset and subsequent development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexios N Matralis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; Bio-innovation Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Athens, Greece.
| | - Loukas Kaklamanis
- Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Department of Pathology, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Perrea
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research "N.S. Christeas", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki P Kourounakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar Rathod P, Krishnaveni K, Leelavathi P. A facile synthesis of benzimidazole-fused oxazepinoquinolines via Pd-catalysed C N cross-coupling. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
5
|
Mishra DR, Panda BS, Nayak S, Panda J, Mohapatra S. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of 5‐Membered
N
‐Heterocycles via Rhodium Catalysed Cascade Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak R. Mishra
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Bhabani S. Panda
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Sabita Nayak
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Jasmine Panda
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Seetaram Mohapatra
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Transition-metal-catalyzed switchable divergent cycloaddition of para-quinone methides and vinylethylene carbonates: Access to different sized medium-sized heterocycles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
7
|
Zhang M, Gao S, Tang J, Chen L, Liu A, Sheng S, Zhang AQ. Asymmetric synthesis of chiral organosilicon compounds via transition metal-catalyzed stereoselective C-H activation and silylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8250-8263. [PMID: 34323898 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02839a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This feature article details the progress of transition metal-catalyzed stereoselective sp2 and sp3 C-H activation and silylation in the synthesis of chiral organosilicon compounds, and the asymmetric C-H silylation includes intramolecular cyclizing silylation and intermolecular silylation. The silylating reagents include monohydrosilanes, dihydrosilanes, silacylcobutanes and disilanes. In general, catalytic systems include a transition metal salt as the catalyst and a chiral ligand. No external chiral ligand is required in some cases where the chiral substrates act as the source of chirality. Many kinds of silylated compounds with central, axial, planar, or helical chirality have been constructed via C-H activation by asymmetric rhodium, iridium or palladium catalysis. Some pharmacophores and material building blocks were successfully introduced into the target molecules. Some silylated products proved to be useful in medicinal chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and materials science. Besides reaction development, mechanisms for stereoselective C-H activation and silylation are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University (Yaohu Campus), 99 Ziyangdadao Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Reddy MK, Bhajammanavar V, Baidya M. Annulation Cascade of Sulfamate-Derived Cyclic Imines with Glycine Aldimino Esters: Synthesis of 1,3-Benzoxazepine Scaffolds. Org Lett 2021; 23:3868-3872. [PMID: 33956452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient (3 + 2) cycloaddition triggered annulation is reported to access 1,3-benzoxazepine frameworks. With amine base, sulfamate-derived cyclic imines readily react with glycine aldimino esters to furnish benzo-fused seven-membered heterocyclic products in good yields. The cascade reaction involves the formation of one C-C, one C-N, and one C-O bond along with the cleavage of two C-N bonds and one S-O bond. The synthesis of o-tyrosine analogues has also been accomplished from annulation products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mallu Kesava Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinod Bhajammanavar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahiuddin Baidya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Statin therapy reduces plasma angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) concentrations in hypercholesterolemic patients via reduced liver X receptor (LXR) activation. Atherosclerosis 2020; 315:68-75. [PMID: 33242792 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Statins suppress hepatic mRNA expression of ANGPTL3 encoding angiopoietin-like 3 in healthy subjects, but it is unknown if plasma ANGPTL3 concentrations are affected by statins prescribed to hypercholesterolemic patients in clinical practice. We therefore investigated the effect of statin treatment on plasma ANGPTL3 concentrations in hypercholesterolemic patients. In addition, we explored the underlying mechanism by which statins regulate ANGPTL3 in vitro. METHODS Plasma ANGPTL3 concentrations were measured in 93 genetically confirmed familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) patients who were using statin therapy and 61 statin naïve FH patients. Moreover, concentrations were measured in 14 hypercholesterolemic patients who discontinued their statin treatment for 4 weeks. In vitro studies were performed with Huh7 human hepatoma cells. RESULTS Plasma ANGPTL3 concentrations were 15% lower in statin treated FH patients compared to statin naïve FH patients (145 (120-193) vs. 167 (135-220) ng/ml, p = 0.012). Statin discontinuation resulted in a 21% (p<0.001) increase of plasma ANGPTL3 concentrations. Simvastatin reduced ANGPTL3 mRNA expression and ANGPTL3 secretion of Huh7 cells. Liver X receptor (LXR) activation with T0901317 increased ANGPTL3 mRNA expression and ANGPTL3 secretion by 6- and 3-fold, respectively. Adding simvastatin did not mitigate this effect but adding the LXR antagonist GSK2230 to simvastatin-incubated Huh7 cells diminished simvastatin-induced reductions in ANGPTL3 mRNA expression and ANGPTL3 secretion. Simvastatin reduced intracellular oxysterol concentrations. Oxysterols are endogenous LXR ligands, implying that simvastatin suppresses ANGPTL3 secretion via reduced oxysterol-mediated LXR activation. CONCLUSIONS Statins lower plasma ANGPTL3 concentrations in hypercholesterolemic patients, likely due to decreased oxysterol-mediated LXR activation.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kourounakis AP, Bavavea E. New applications of squalene synthase inhibitors: Membrane cholesterol as a therapeutic target. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000085. [PMID: 32557793 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Squalene synthase (SQS) inhibitors, mostly known as antihyperlipidemic agents for controlling blood cholesterol levels, have been increasingly used to study alterations of the cholesterol content in cell membranes. As such, SQS inhibitors have been demonstrated to control cellular activities related to cancer cell proliferation and migration, neuron degeneration, and parasite growth. While the mechanisms behind the effects of cellular cholesterol are still being revealed in detail, the evidence for SQS as a therapeutic target for several seemingly unrelated diseases is increasing. SQS inhibitors may be the next promising candidates targeting the three remaining primary therapeutic areas, beyond cardiovascular disease, which still need to be addressed; their application as anticancer, antimicrobial, and antineurodegenerative agents appears promising for new drug discovery projects underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki P Kourounakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eugenia Bavavea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Claraz A, Courant T, Masson G. Electrochemical Intramolecular Oxytrifluoromethylation of N-Tethered Alkenyl Alcohols: Synthesis of Functionalized Morpholines. Org Lett 2020; 22:1580-1584. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301,
Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
| | - Thibaut Courant
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301,
Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301,
Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oshimoto K, Zhou B, Tsuji H, Kawatsura M. Synthesis of substituted benzo[b][1,4]oxazepine derivatives by the reaction of 2-aminophenols with alkynones. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:415-419. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02450f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel synthetic method accessing benzo[b][1,4]oxazepines that are one of the rare classes of benzoxazepine derivatives by reaction of 2-aminophenols with alkynones in 1,4-dioxane at 100 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Oshimoto
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Humanities & Sciences
- Nihon University
- Tokyo 156-8550
- Japan
| | - Biao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Humanities & Sciences
- Nihon University
- Tokyo 156-8550
- Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tsuji
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Humanities & Sciences
- Nihon University
- Tokyo 156-8550
- Japan
| | - Motoi Kawatsura
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Humanities & Sciences
- Nihon University
- Tokyo 156-8550
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhong LJ, Wang HY, Ouyang XH, Li JH, An DL. Benzylic C–H heteroarylation of N-(benzyloxy)phthalimides with cyanopyridines enabled by photoredox 1,2-hydrogen atom transfer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8671-8674. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03619f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Visible light initiated α-C(sp3)–H hetroarylation of N-(benzyloxy)phthalimides with cyanopyridines via 1,2-hydrogen atom transfer is depicted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long-Jin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
| | - Hong-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
- Nanchang Hangkong University
- Nanchang 330063
- China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle
| | - De-Lie An
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- Hunan University
- Changsha 410082
- China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
A new route to 1,2,3-triazole fused benzooxazepine and benzodiazepine analogues through metal-free intramolecular azide-olefin oxidative cycloaddition. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
He M, Chen N, Wang J, Peng S. Rhodium-Catalyzed Regiodivergent [3 + 2] and [5 + 2] Cycloadditions of Quinolinium Ylides with Alkynes. Org Lett 2019; 21:5167-5171. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min He
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Nuan Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shiyong Peng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Evaluation of potential inhibitors of squalene synthase based on virtual screening and in vitro studies. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 80:390-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
17
|
Poursan S, Ahadi S, Balalaie S, Rominger F, Bijanzadeh HR. Design and Synthesis of Novel Functionalized Fused Oxazepine and Diazepine Analogues Containing Coumarin Backbone through Domino Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samane Poursan
- Peptide Chemistry Research CenterK. N. Toosi University of Technology, P. O. Box 15875–4416, Tehran Iran
| | - Somayeh Ahadi
- Peptide Chemistry Research CenterK. N. Toosi University of Technology, P. O. Box 15875–4416, Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research CenterK. N. Toosi University of Technology, P. O. Box 15875–4416, Tehran Iran
- Medical Biology Research CenterKermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah Iran
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universitaet Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 D-69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Hamid Reza Bijanzadeh
- Department of Environmental SciencesFaculty of Natural Resources and Marine SciencesTarbiat Modares University, Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
In this review, 9 compounds with insufficient absorption characteristics, safety or efficacy were selected from among the compounds for which the author was in charge of development between 2000 and 2005, in order to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) approaches used to develop these compounds. Optimization of the PK characteristics of a compound at the early stage of chemical design was found to be the most important factor for successful development. For example, (i) selecting class I or II drugs in the biopharmaceutical classification system, while avoiding efflux transporters, and introducing an appropriate dissociation moiety into a compound to make it soluble lead to sufficient drug absorption; (ii) designing compounds whose production of reactive metabolites, such as acyl glucuronide, does not largely affect total metabolism, yet helps to prevent abnormal PK caused by reactive metabolites. Other factors include (i) selection of a drug efficacy evaluation system based on the correct understanding of the relationship between PK and pharmacodynamics (PD) helps to solve species differences in PD; (ii) the establishment of a nonclinical study based on the identification of the involvement of specific cytochrome P450 molecules in the total metabolic clearance of a drug (fm,CYPs) helps to solve species differences in PK; and (iii) PK analysis using the tube model for hepatic extraction kinetics, and knowledge of the fm,CYPs of the victim drug, lead to successful drug-drug interaction (DDI) prediction. I hope that this review aids in future drug discovery or development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Iga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang B, Yao W, Xia XF, Wang D. Mn-Catalyzed 1,6-conjugate addition/aromatization of para-quinone methides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:4547-4557. [PMID: 29873652 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01057a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of ferrocenyl triazole ligands have been synthesized and characterized, which proved to be effective for the Mn-catalyzed 1,6-conjugate addition/aromatization of para-quinone methides with good to high yields under mild conditions. This protocol provided an efficient and practical route to the synthetically interesting functionalized quinones, methines and their analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bobin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Matralis AN, Kourounakis AP. Optimizing the Pharmacological Profile of New Bifunctional Antihyperlipidemic/Antioxidant Morpholine Derivatives. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:98-104. [PMID: 30655954 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the causal risk factors directly promoting the development of coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis are reactive oxygen species and elevated low-density lipoprotein plasma levels. We hereby designed new potent squalene synthase (SQS) inhibitors that may simultaneously tackle the oxidative stress induced by lipid peroxidation. Using previously developed morpholine derivatives as a starting point, we conducted extensive structural changes by either substituting or modifying the morpholine ring, aiming at an optimal SQS-antioxidant pharmacological profile. Compounds 2, 3, and 7 emerged as the most potent bifunctional analogues, displaying IC50 values for SQS inhibition of 0.014, 0.16, and 0.51 μΜ, respectively, and further significantly decreasing lipid peroxidation of hepatic microsomal membranes. The aforementioned activities were also confirmed in vivo since the most promising derivative 2 exhibited a remarkable antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effect. In conclusion, rational drug design accompanied by structure-activity relationship studies led to compounds combining improved antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activity that may serve as multifunctional agents against atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexios N. Matralis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki P. Kourounakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mahoney CE, Pirman D, Chubukov V, Sleger T, Hayes S, Fan ZP, Allen EL, Chen Y, Huang L, Liu M, Zhang Y, McDonald G, Narayanaswamy R, Choe S, Chen Y, Gross S, Cianchetta G, Padyana AK, Murray S, Liu W, Marks KM, Murtie J, Dorsch M, Jin S, Nagaraja N, Biller SA, Roddy T, Popovici-Muller J, Smolen GA. A chemical biology screen identifies a vulnerability of neuroendocrine cancer cells to SQLE inhibition. Nat Commun 2019; 10:96. [PMID: 30626880 PMCID: PMC6327044 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant metabolism of cancer cells is well appreciated, but the identification of cancer subsets with specific metabolic vulnerabilities remains challenging. We conducted a chemical biology screen and identified a subset of neuroendocrine tumors displaying a striking pattern of sensitivity to inhibition of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway enzyme squalene epoxidase (SQLE). Using a variety of orthogonal approaches, we demonstrate that sensitivity to SQLE inhibition results not from cholesterol biosynthesis pathway inhibition, but rather surprisingly from the specific and toxic accumulation of the SQLE substrate, squalene. These findings highlight SQLE as a potential therapeutic target in a subset of neuroendocrine tumors, particularly small cell lung cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Pirman
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Victor Chubukov
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Taryn Sleger
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sebastian Hayes
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zi Peng Fan
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Eric L Allen
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co. Ltd., 998 Halei Road, Pudong, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingling Huang
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co. Ltd., 998 Halei Road, Pudong, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Meina Liu
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co. Ltd., 998 Halei Road, Pudong, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjia Zhang
- Shanghai ChemPartner Co. Ltd., 998 Halei Road, Pudong, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Sung Choe
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stefan Gross
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Anil K Padyana
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stuart Murray
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kevin M Marks
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Murtie
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marion Dorsch
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shengfang Jin
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Scott A Biller
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Roddy
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Janeta Popovici-Muller
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Decibel Therapeutics, 1325 Boylston Street, Suite 500, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Gromoslaw A Smolen
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Celsius Therapeutics, 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hou M, Yan G, Ma X, Luo J, Hou X, Zhou M, Pu C, Han X, Zhang W, Zhang M, Shi J, Li R. Identification of hit compounds for squalene synthase: Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, molecular docking, binding free energy calculation, and molecular dynamic simulation. JOURNAL OF CHEMOMETRICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cem.2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Hou
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - G. Yan
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - X. Ma
- Jiyuan Vocational and technical College; Jiyuan 459000 China
| | - J. Luo
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - X. Hou
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - M. Zhou
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - C. Pu
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - X. Han
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - W. Zhang
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - M. Zhang
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| | - J. Shi
- Individualized Medication Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chengdu 610072 Sichuan China
| | - R. Li
- Cancer center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Sichuan 610041 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Suzuki N, Ito T, Matsui H, Takizawa M. Anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of a squalene synthase inhibitor, TAK-475 active metabolite-I, in immune cells simulating mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD)-like condition. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1429. [PMID: 27652005 PMCID: PMC5005254 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
TAK-475 (lapaquistat acetate) and its active metabolite-I (TAK-475 M-I) inhibit squalene synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to squalene. FPP is a substrate for synthesis of other mevalonate-derived isoprenoids (MDIs) such as farnesol (FOH), geranlygeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), and geranylgeraniol. In patients with MKD, a rare autosomal recessive disorder, defective activity of mevalonate kinase leads to a shortage of MDIs. MDIs especially GGPP are required for prenylation of proteins, which is a posttranslation modification necessary for proper functioning of proteins like small guanosine triphosphatases. Malfunction of prenylation of proteins results in upregulation of the inflammatory cascade, leading to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β (IL-1β), eventually leading to episodic febrile attacks. In vitro, TAK-475 M-I incubation in a concentration dependent manner increased levels of FPP, GGPP, and FOH in human monocytic THP-1 cells. In subsequent experiments, THP-1 cells or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were incubated with simvastatin, which inhibits hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and thereby decreases levels of the precursors of MDIs, leading to the depletion of MDIs as expected in MKD patients. Increased levels of GGPP and FPP attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-1β production in THP-1 cells and human PBMCs in statin-treated conditions. The MDIs also significantly reduced the damaged cell ratio in this active MKD-like condition. Moreover, TAK-475 M-I directly inhibited LPS-induced IL-1β production from statin-treated THP-1 cells. These results show anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of MDIs via TAK-475 M-I treatment in statin-treated immune cells, suggesting that possible therapeutic effects of TAK-475 treatment in MKD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Suzuki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555 Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ito
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555 Japan
| | - Hisanori Matsui
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555 Japan
| | - Masayuki Takizawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Deep eutectic solvent as a highly efficient reaction media for the one-pot synthesis of benzo-fused seven-membered heterocycles. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
25
|
Chatupheeraphat A, Liao H, Mader S, Sako M, Sasai H, Atodiresei I, Rueping M. Asymmetrische Brønsted‐Säure‐katalysierte Substitution von Diarylmethanolen mit Thiolen und Alkoholen zur Synthese von chiralen Thioethern und Ethern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsuan‐Hung Liao
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Steffen Mader
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Makoto Sako
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) Osaka University Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sasai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) Osaka University Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Iuliana Atodiresei
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institut für Organische Chemie RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabien
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chatupheeraphat A, Liao HH, Mader S, Sako M, Sasai H, Atodiresei I, Rueping M. Asymmetric Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Substitution of Diaryl Methanols with Thiols and Alcohols for the Synthesis of Chiral Thioethers and Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4803-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adisak Chatupheeraphat
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Hsuan-Hung Liao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Steffen Mader
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Makoto Sako
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR); Osaka University; Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sasai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR); Osaka University; Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Iuliana Atodiresei
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC); Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jarava-Barrera C, Parra A, López A, Cruz-Acosta F, Collado-Sanz D, Cárdenas DJ, Tortosa M. Copper-Catalyzed Borylative Aromatization of p-Quinone Methides: Enantioselective Synthesis of Dibenzylic Boronates. ACS Catal 2016; 6:442-446. [PMID: 27088045 PMCID: PMC4831668 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In this report, we establish that
DM-Segphos copper(I) complexes
are efficient catalysts for the enantioselective borylation of para-quinone methides. This method provides straightforward
access to chiral monobenzylic and dibenzylic boronic esters, with
enantiomeric ratios up to 96:4, using a commercially available chiral
phosphine. Standard manipulations of the C–B bond afford a
variety of chiral diaryl derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jarava-Barrera
- Departamento
de Química
Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Parra
- Departamento
de Química
Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora López
- Departamento
de Química
Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabio Cruz-Acosta
- Departamento
de Química
Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Collado-Sanz
- Departamento
de Química
Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego J. Cárdenas
- Departamento
de Química
Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariola Tortosa
- Departamento
de Química
Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shen J, Xue L, Lin X, Cheng G, Cui X. The base-promoted synthesis of multisubstituted benzo[b][1,4]oxazepines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3292-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09877g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A variety of substituted benzo[b][1,4]oxazepines have been prepared via base-promoted intramolecular O-arylation from N-(2-haloaryl)enaminones under metal-free conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhai Shen
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences
- Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Xiamen 361021
| | - Lulu Xue
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences
- Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Xiamen 361021
| | - Xing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences
- Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Xiamen 361021
| | - Guolin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences
- Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Xiamen 361021
| | - Xiuling Cui
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences
- Huaqiao University & Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine
- Ministry of Education
- Xiamen 361021
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shaabani A, Hooshmand SE. Isocyanide and Meldrum's acid-based multicomponent reactions in diversity-oriented synthesis: from a serendipitous discovery towards valuable synthetic approaches. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11701e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions, which lead to synthesis of target compounds with inherent molecular diversity, greater efficiency and atom economy, are single step types of reactions made from three or more reactants attract the attention of all chemists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Shaabani
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Shahid Beheshti University, G. C
- Tehran
- Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Synthesis and anti-bacterial evaluation of novel thio- and oxazepino[7,6-b]quinolines. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-015-0698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
31
|
Lee T, Wilson TW, Berg R, Ryberg P, Hartwig JF. Rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective silylation of arene C-H bonds: desymmetrization of diarylmethanols. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6742-5. [PMID: 25948056 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a Rh-catalyzed, enantioselective silylation of arene C-H bonds directed by a (hydrido)silyl group. (Hydrido)silyl ethers that are formed in situ by hydrosilylation of benzophenone or its derivatives undergo asymmetric C-H silylation in high yield with excellent enantioselectivity in the presence of [Rh(cod)Cl]2 and a chiral bisphosphine ligand. The stereoselectivity of this process also allows enantioenriched diarylmethanols to react with site selectivity at one aryl group over the other. Enantioenriched benzoxasiloles from the silylation process undergo a range of transformations to form C-C, C-O, C-I, or C-Br bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taegyo Lee
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tyler W Wilson
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert Berg
- ‡SP Process Development AB, Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Forskargatan 20, SE-15136 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Per Ryberg
- ‡SP Process Development AB, Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Forskargatan 20, SE-15136 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - John F Hartwig
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Park J, Matralis AN, Berghuis AM, Tsantrizos YS. Human isoprenoid synthase enzymes as therapeutic targets. Front Chem 2014; 2:50. [PMID: 25101260 PMCID: PMC4106277 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human body, the complex biochemical network known as the mevalonate pathway is responsible for the biosynthesis of all isoprenoids, which consists of a vast array of metabolites that are vital for proper cellular functions. Two key isoprenoids, farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) are responsible for the post-translational prenylation of small GTP-binding proteins, and serve as the biosynthetic precursors to numerous other biomolecules. The down-stream metabolite of FPP and GGPP is squalene, the precursor to steroids, bile acids, lipoproteins, and vitamin D. In the past, interest in prenyl synthase inhibitors focused mainly on the role of the FPP in lytic bone diseases. More recently pre-clinical and clinical studies have strongly implicated high levels of protein prenylation in a plethora of human diseases, including non-skeletal cancers, the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we focus mainly on the potential therapeutic value of down-regulating the biosynthesis of FPP, GGPP, and squalene. We summarize the most recent drug discovery efforts and the structural data available that support the current on-going studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeok Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Albert M Berghuis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Youla S Tsantrizos
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Chemistry, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sheeba MM, Muthu Tamizh M, Farrugia LJ, Endo A, Karvembu R. Chiral (η6-p-Cymene)ruthenium(II) Complexes Containing Monodentate Acylthiourea Ligands for Efficient Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om4010548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mani Mary Sheeba
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
| | - Manoharan Muthu Tamizh
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
- Interdisciplinary School of Indian System of
Medicine, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, India
| | - Louis J. Farrugia
- WESTChem School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Akira Endo
- Department of Materials
and Life Sciences, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Ramasamy Karvembu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rubab SL, Nisar B, Raza AR, Ullah N, Tahir MN. Asymmetric synthesis of 4,1-benzoxazepine-2,5-diones--effect of the halogen of (2S)-α-haloacids. Molecules 2013; 19:139-48. [PMID: 24366090 PMCID: PMC6270870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel chiral 4,1-benzoxazepine-2,5-diones have been unusually synthesized in a single step by exploiting the chiral pool methodology. Substituted anthranilic acids afford N-acylanthranilic acids and (3R)-3-alkyl-4,1-benzoxazepines-2,5-dione upon coupling with α-chloroacids or α-bromoacids, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Laila Rubab
- Ibn-e-Sina Block, Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan; E-Mails: (S.L.R.); (B.N.)
| | - Bushra Nisar
- Ibn-e-Sina Block, Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan; E-Mails: (S.L.R.); (B.N.)
| | - Abdul Rauf Raza
- Ibn-e-Sina Block, Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan; E-Mails: (S.L.R.); (B.N.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.R.R.); (N.U.); Tel.: +92-48-600-7432 (A.R.R.); Fax: +92-48-923-0799 (A.R.R.); Tel.: +96-63-860-7527 (N.U.); Fax: +96-63-860-4277 (N.U.)
| | - Nisar Ullah
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.R.R.); (N.U.); Tel.: +92-48-600-7432 (A.R.R.); Fax: +92-48-923-0799 (A.R.R.); Tel.: +96-63-860-7527 (N.U.); Fax: +96-63-860-4277 (N.U.)
| | - Muhammad Nawaz Tahir
- Department of Physics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ji F, Lv MF, Yi WB, Cai C. Synthesis of 1,4-Benzoxazepine Derivativesviaa Novel Domino Aziridine Ring-Opening and Isocyanide-Insertion Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
36
|
Ichikawa M, Ohtsuka M, Ohki H, Ota M, Haginoya N, Itoh M, Shibata Y, Sugita K, Ishigai Y, Terayama K, Kanda A, Usui H. Discovery of DF-461, a Potent Squalene Synthase Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:932-6. [PMID: 24900587 DOI: 10.1021/ml400151c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the development of a new trifluoromethyltriazolobenzoxazepine series of squalene synthase inhibitors. Structure-activity studies and pharmacokinetics optimization on this series led to the identification of compound 23 (DF-461), which exhibited potent squalene synthase inhibitory activity, high hepatic selectivity, excellent rat hepatic cholesterol synthesis inhibitory activity, and plasma lipid lowering efficacy in nonrodent repeated dose studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ichikawa
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masami Ohtsuka
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohki
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ota
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Haginoya
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masao Itoh
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Shibata
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugita
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ishigai
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Koji Terayama
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Akira Kanda
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Usui
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Stereoselective Synthesis of (3R)-3-Alkyl-4,1-Benzoxazepine-2,5-Diones. Chirality 2013; 25:865-70. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
38
|
Ghafarzadeh M, Moghadam ES, Faraji F. Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Dibenzoxazepines. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghafarzadeh
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research center of Iran (CCERCI); PO Box; 14335-186; Tehran; Iran
| | - Ebrahim Saeedian Moghadam
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research center of Iran (CCERCI); PO Box; 14335-186; Tehran; Iran
| | - Fereshteh Faraji
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research center of Iran (CCERCI); PO Box; 14335-186; Tehran; Iran
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Discovery of novel tricyclic compounds as squalene synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3072-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
41
|
Liu B, Li Y, Yin M, Wu W, Jiang H. Palladium-catalyzed tandem reaction of o-aminophenols, bromoalkynes and isocyanides to give 4-amine-benzo[b][1,4]oxazepines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:11446-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35802f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
42
|
Ichikawa M, Yokomizo A, Itoh M, Haginoya N, Sugita K, Usui H, Terayama K, Kanda A. Discovery of atrop fixed alkoxy-aminobenzhydrol derivatives: Novel, highly potent and orally efficacious squalene synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5207-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
43
|
Goto M, Konishi T, Kawaguchi S, Yamada M, Nagata T, Yamano M. Process Research on the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of a Benzophenone for Developing the Manufacturing Process of the Squalene Synthase Inhibitor TAK-475. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op2001673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Goto
- Chemical Technology Department, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 4720, Takeda, Mitsui, Hikari, Yamaguchi 743-8502, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ichikawa M, Yokomizo A, Itoh M, Sugita K, Usui H, Shimizu H, Suzuki M, Terayama K, Kanda A. Discovery of a new 2-aminobenzhydrol template for highly potent squalene synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1930-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
45
|
Shaabani A, Mofakham H, Maleki A, Hajishaabanha F. Novel isocyanide-based one-pot multicomponent syntheses of tetrahydrobenzo[b][1,4]oxazepine and malonamide derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:630-2. [PMID: 20831262 DOI: 10.1021/cc100032d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel one-pot multicomponent reaction of 2-aminophenols, Meldrum's acid, and isocyanides leads to the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b][1,4]oxazepine or malonamide derivatives using 1 or 2 equiv of 2-aminophenols, respectively, in good to excellent yields at ambient temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Shaabani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 19396-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Koohang A, Bailey JL, Coates RM, Erickson HK, Owen D, Poulter CD. Enantioselective inhibition of squalene synthase by aziridine analogues of presqualene diphosphate. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4769-77. [PMID: 20545375 DOI: 10.1021/jo100718z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Squalene synthase catalyzes the conversion of two molecules of (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate to squalene via the cyclopropylcarbinyl intermediate, presqualene diphosphate (PSPP). Since this novel reaction constitutes the first committed step in sterol biosynthesis, there has been considerable interest and research on the stereochemistry and mechanism of the process and in the design of selective inhibitors of the enzyme. This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of five racemic and two enantiopure aziridine analogues of PSPP and the evaluation of their potencies as inhibitors of recombinant yeast squalene synthase. The key aziridine-2-methanol intermediates (6-OH, 7-OH, and 8-OH) were obtained by N-alkylations or by an N-acylation-reduction sequence of (+/-)-, (2R,3S)-, and (2S,3R)-2,3-aziridinofarnesol (9-OH) protected as tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers. S(N)2 displacements of the corresponding methanesulfonates with pyrophosphate and methanediphosphonate anions afforded aziridine 2-methyl diphosphates and methanediphosphonates bearing N-undecyl, N-bishomogeranyl, and N-(alpha-methylene)bishomogeranyl substituents as mimics for the 2,6,10-trimethylundeca-2,5,9-trienyl side chain of PSPP. The 2R,3S diphosphate enantiomer bearing the N-bishomogeranyl substituent corresponding in absolute stereochemistry to PSPP proved to be the most potent inhibitor (IC(50) 1.17 +/- 0.08 muM in the presence of inorganic pyrophosphate), a value 4-fold less than that of its 2S,3R stereoisomer. The other aziridine analogues bearing the N-(alpha-methylene)bishomogeranyl and N-undecyl substituents, and the related methanediphosphonates, exhibited lower affinities for recombinant squalene synthase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Koohang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Raza AR, Nisar B, Tahir MN, Raza A. 5-Chloro-2-hy-droxy-benzoic acid. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o2921. [PMID: 21589095 PMCID: PMC3008994 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810042042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C7H5ClO3, contains two molecules; both feature an intramolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, both molecules form inversion dimers linked by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds with R22(8) ring motifs. The dimers are interlinked by C—H⋯O interactions.
Collapse
|
48
|
El Harchaoui K, Akdim F, Stroes ESG, Trip MD, Kastelein JJP. Current and future pharmacologic options for the management of patients unable to achieve low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol goals with statins. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2009; 8:233-42. [PMID: 18690757 DOI: 10.2165/00129784-200808040-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering is the mainstay of the current treatment guidelines in the management of cardiovascular risk. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are currently the most effective LDL-C-lowering drugs. However, a substantial number of patients do not reach treatment targets with statins. Therefore, an unmet medical need exists for lipid-lowering drugs with novel mechanisms of action to reach the recommended cholesterol target levels, either by monotherapy or combination therapy. Upregulation of the LDL receptor with squalene synthase inhibitors has shown promising results in animal studies but the clinical development of the lead compound lapaquistat (TAK-475) has recently been discontinued. Ezetimibe combined with statins allowed significantly more patients to reach their LDL-C targets. Other inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption such as disodium ascorbyl phytostanol phosphate (FM-VP4) and bile acid transport inhibitors have shown positive results in early development trials, whereas the prospect of acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibition in cardiovascular prevention is dire. Selective inhibition of messenger RNA (mRNA) by antisense oligonucleotides is a new approach to modify cholesterol levels. The inhibition of apolipoprotein B mRNA is in advanced development and mipomersen sodium (ISIS 301012) has shown striking results in phase II studies both as monotherapy as well as in combination with statins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim El Harchaoui
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Elsayed RK, Evans JD. Emerging lipid-lowering drugs: squalene synthase inhibitors. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008; 13:309-22. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.13.2.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
50
|
Lapaquistat acetate, a squalene synthase inhibitor, changes macrophage/lipid-rich coronary plaques of hypercholesterolaemic rabbits into fibrous lesions. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:949-57. [PMID: 18587443 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibition of squalene synthesis could transform unstable, macrophage/lipid-rich coronary plaques into stable, fibromuscular plaques. We have here treated WHHLMI rabbits, a model for coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, with a novel squalene synthase inhibitor, lapaquistat acetate (TAK-475). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Young male WHHLMI rabbits were fed a diet supplemented with lapaquistat acetate (100 or 200 mg per kg body weight per day) for 32 weeks. Serum lipid levels were monitored every 4 weeks. After the treatment, lipoprotein lipid and coenzyme Q10 levels were assayed, and coronary atherosclerosis and xanthomas were examined histopathologically or immunohistochemically. From histopathological and immunohistochemical sections, the composition of the plaque was analysed quantitatively with computer-assisted image analysis. Xanthoma was evaluated grossly. KEY RESULTS Lapaquistat acetate decreased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, by lowering lipoproteins containing apoB100. Development of atherosclerosis and xanthomatosis was suppressed. Accumulation of oxidized lipoproteins, macrophages and extracellular lipid was decreased in coronary plaques of treated animals. Treatment with lapaquistat acetate increased collagen concentration and transformed coronary plaques into fibromuscular plaques. Lapaquistat acetate also suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the plaque and increased peripheral coenzyme Q10 levels. Increased coenzyme Q10 levels and decreased very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were correlated with improvement of coronary plaque composition. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Inhibition of squalene synthase by lapaquistat acetate delayed progression of coronary atherosclerosis and changed coronary atheromatous plaques from unstable, macrophage/lipid accumulation-rich, lesions to stable fibromuscular lesions.
Collapse
|