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Murányi J, Varga A, Gyulavári P, Pénzes K, Németh CE, Csala M, Pethő L, Csámpai A, Halmos G, Peták I, Vályi-Nagy I. Novel Crizotinib-GnRH Conjugates Revealed the Significance of Lysosomal Trapping in GnRH-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225590. [PMID: 31717403 PMCID: PMC6888004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several promising anti-cancer drug–GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) conjugates have been developed in the last two decades, although none of them have been approved for clinical use yet. Crizotinib is an effective multi-target kinase inhibitor, approved against anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)- or ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS-1)-positive non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); however, its application is accompanied by serious side effects. In order to deliver crizotinib selectively into the tumor cells, we synthesized novel crizotinib analogues and conjugated them to a [d-Lys6]–GnRH-I targeting peptide. Our most prominent crizotinib–GnRH conjugates, the amide-bond-containing [d-Lys6(crizotinib*)]–GnRH-I and the ester-bond-containing [d-Lys6(MJ55*)]–GnRH-I, were able to bind to GnRH-receptor (GnRHR) and exert a potent c-Met kinase inhibitory effect. The efficacy of compounds was tested on the MET-amplified and GnRHR-expressing EBC-1 NSCLC cells. In vitro pharmacological profiling led to the conclusion that that crizotinib–GnRH conjugates are transported directly into lysosomes, where the membrane permeability of crizotinib is diminished. As a consequence of GnRHR-mediated endocytosis, GnRH-conjugated crizotinib bypasses its molecular targets—the ATP-binding site of RTKs— and is sequestered in the lysosomes. These results explained the lower efficacy of crizotinib–GnRH conjugates in EBC-1 cells, and led to the conclusion that drug escape from the lysosomes is a major challenge in the development of clinically relevant anti-cancer drug–GnRH conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Murányi
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (P.G.); (K.P.)
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, H1094 Budapest, Hungary; (C.E.N.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Attila Varga
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (P.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Pál Gyulavári
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (P.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Kinga Pénzes
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (P.G.); (K.P.)
| | - Csilla E. Németh
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, H1094 Budapest, Hungary; (C.E.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Miklós Csala
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, H1094 Budapest, Hungary; (C.E.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Lilla Pethő
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antal Csámpai
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Gábor Halmos
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, H4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - István Peták
- Oncompass Medicine Hungary Ltd., H1024 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - István Vályi-Nagy
- Central Hospital of Southern Pest National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, H1097 Budapest, Hungary;
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Suitability of GnRH Receptors for Targeted Photodynamic Therapy in Head and Neck Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205027. [PMID: 31614426 PMCID: PMC6829278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) have a high mortality rate, although several potential therapeutic targets have already been identified. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) expression is less studied in head and neck cancers, hence, we investigated the therapeutic relevance of GnRH-R targeting in HNSCC patients. Our results indicate that half of the patient-derived samples showed high GnRH-R expression, which was associated with worse prognosis, making this receptor a promising target for GnRH-based drug delivery. Photodynamic therapy is a clinically approved treatment for HNSCC, and the efficacy and selectivity may be enhanced by the covalent conjugation of the photosensitizer to a GnRH-R targeting peptide. Several native ligands, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) isoforms, are known to target GnRH-R effectively. Therefore, different 4Lys(Bu) modified GnRH analogs were designed and conjugated to protoporphyrin IX. The receptor binding potency of the novel conjugates was measured on human pituitary and human prostate cancer cells, indicating only slightly lower GnRH-R affinity than the peptides. The in vitro cell viability inhibition was tested on Detroit-562 human pharyngeal carcinoma cells that express GnRH-R in high levels, and the results showed that all conjugates were more effective than the free protoporphyrin IX.
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Huang MH, Liu PY, Wu SN. Characterization of Perturbing Actions by Verteporfin, a Benzoporphyrin Photosensitizer, on Membrane Ionic Currents. Front Chem 2019; 7:566. [PMID: 31508407 PMCID: PMC6714490 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Verteporfin (VP), a benzoporphyrin derivative, has been clinically tailored as a photosensitizer and recently known to suppress YAP-TEAD complex accompanied by suppression of the growth in an array of neoplastic cells. However, the detailed information is little available regarding possible modifications of it and its related compounds on transmembrane ionic currents, despite its growing use in clinical settings. In this study, from whole cell recordings, VP (0.3-100 μM) increased the amplitude of Ca2+-activated K+ currents (I K(Ca)) in pituitary tumor (GH3) cells in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 value of 2.4 μM. VP-stimulated I K(Ca) in these cells was suppressed by further addition of either paxilline, iberiotoxin, or dithiothreitol, but not by that of tobultamide or TRAM-39. VP at a concentration of 10 μM mildly suppressed the amplitude of delayed-rectifier K+ current; however, it had minimal effects on M-type K+ current. In cell-attached current recordings, addition of VP to the recording medium enhanced the activity of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels. In the presence of VP, additional illumination with light intensity of 5.5 mW/cm2 raised the probability of BKCa-channel openings further. Addition of VP decreased the peak amplitude of L-type Ca2+ current together with slowed inactivation time course of the current; however, it failed to modify voltage-gated Na+ current. Illumination of GH3 cells in continued presence of VP also induced a non-selective cation current. Additionally, VP increased the activity of BKCa channels in human 13-06-MG glioma cells with an EC50 value of 1.9 μM. Therefore, the effects of VP on ionic currents described herein tend to be upstream of its inhibition of YAP-TEAD complex and they are conceivably likely to contribute to the underlying mechanisms through which it and its structurally similar compounds effect the modifications in functional activities of pituitary or glial neoplastic cells, if the in vivo findings occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Han Huang
- College of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yen Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City, Taiwan
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Leshem G, Richman M, Lisniansky E, Antman-Passig M, Habashi M, Gräslund A, Wärmländer SKTS, Rahimipour S. Photoactive chlorin e6 is a multifunctional modulator of amyloid-β aggregation and toxicity via specific interactions with its histidine residues. Chem Sci 2018; 10:208-217. [PMID: 30713632 PMCID: PMC6333166 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01992d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoactive chlorin e6 selectively damage the histidine residues of amyloid-β and reduce its aggregation and toxicity even in the presence of Cu ions.
The self-assembly of Aβ to β-sheet-rich neurotoxic oligomers is a main pathological event leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Selective targeting of Aβ oligomers without affecting other functional proteins is therefore an attractive approach to prevent the disease and its progression. In this study, we report that photodynamic treatment of Aβ in the presence of catalytic amounts of chlorin e6 can selectively damage Aβ and inhibit its aggregation and toxicity. Chlorin e6 also reversed the amyloid aggregation process in the dark by binding its soluble and low molecular weight oligomers, as shown by thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence and photoinduced cross-linking of unmodified protein (PICUP) methods. Using HSQC NMR spectroscopy, ThT assays, amino acid analysis, SDS/PAGE, and EPR spectroscopy, we show that catalytic amounts of photoexcited chlorin e6 selectively damage the Aβ histidine residues H6, H13, and H14, and induce Aβ cross-linking by generating singlet oxygen. In contrast, photoexcited chlorin e6 was unable to cross-link ubiquitin and α-synuclein, demonstrating its high selectivity for Aβ. By binding to the Aβ histidine residues, catalytic amounts of chlorin e6 can also inhibit the Cu2+-induced aggregation and toxicity in darkness, while at stoichiometric amounts it acts as a chelator to reduce the amount of free Cu2+. This study demonstrates the great potential of chlorin e6 as a multifunctional agent for treatment of AD, and shows that the three N-terminal Aβ histidine residues are a suitable target for Aβ-specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Leshem
- Department of Chemistry , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel .
| | - Michal Richman
- Department of Chemistry , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel .
| | - Elvira Lisniansky
- Department of Chemistry , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel .
| | - Merav Antman-Passig
- Department of Chemistry , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel .
| | - Maram Habashi
- Department of Chemistry , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel .
| | - Astrid Gräslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Arrhenius Laboratories , Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden .
| | - Sebastian K T S Wärmländer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Arrhenius Laboratories , Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden .
| | - Shai Rahimipour
- Department of Chemistry , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 5290002 , Israel .
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Abstract
There is a growing interest for the discovery of new cancer-targeted delivery systems for drug delivery and diagnosis. A synopsis of the bibliographic data will be presented on bombesin, neurotensin, octreotide, Arg-Gly-Asp, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and other peptides. Many of them have reached the clinics for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes, and have been utilized as carriers of known cytotoxic agents such as doxorubicin, paclitaxel, cisplatin, methotrexate or dyes and radioisotopes. In our article, recent advances in the development of peptides as carriers of cytotoxic drugs or radiometals will be analyzed.
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Almeida-Marrero V, van de Winckel E, Anaya-Plaza E, Torres T, de la Escosura A. Porphyrinoid biohybrid materials as an emerging toolbox for biomedical light management. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7369-7400. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00554g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the most important developing strategies in light-induced nanomedicine, based on the combination of porphyrinoid photosensitizers with a wide variety of biomolecules and biomolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo Anaya-Plaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem)
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem)
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Fontenot KR, Ongarora BG, LeBlanc LE, Zhou Z, Jois SD, Vicente MGH. Targeting of the epidermal growth factor receptor with mesoporphyrin IX-peptide conjugates. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016; 20:352-366. [PMID: 27738394 PMCID: PMC5058426 DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616500115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and in vitro evaluation of four mesoporphyrin IX-peptide conjugates designed to target EGFR, over-expressed in colorectal and other cancers, are reported. Two peptides with known affinity for EGFR, LARLLT (1) and GYHWYGYTPQNVI (2), were conjugated to mesoporphyrin IX (MPIX, 3) via one or both the propionic side chains, directly (4, 5) or with a triethylene glycol spacer (7, 8). The conjugates were characterized using NMR, MS, CD, SPR, UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. Energy minimization and molecular dynamics suggest different conformations for the conjugates. SPR studies show that conjugate 4, bearing two LARLLT with no PEG spacers, has the greatest affinity for binding to EGFR, followed by conjugate 7 with two PEG and two LARLLT sequences. Molecular modeling and docking studies suggest that both conjugates 4 and 7 can bind to monomer and dimer EGFR in open and closed conformations. The cytotoxicity and cellular targeting ability of the conjugates were investigated in human HEp2 cells over-expressing EGFR. All conjugates showed low dark- and photo-toxicities. The cellular uptake was highest for conjugates 4 and 8 and lowest for 7 bearing two LARLLT linked via PEG groups, likely due to decreased hydrophobicity. Among the conjugates investigated 4 is the most efficient EGFR-targeting agent, and therefore the most promising for the detection of cancers that over-express EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal R. Fontenot
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Benson G. Ongarora
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Logan E. LeBlanc
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Zehua Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Seetharama D. Jois
- University of Louisiana at Monroe, School of Pharmacy, Monroe, LA 71201, USA
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Lamberti MJ, Vittar NBR, Rivarola VA. Breast cancer as photodynamic therapy target: Enhanced therapeutic efficiency by overview of tumor complexity. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:901-907. [PMID: 25493228 PMCID: PMC4259952 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i5.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive and clinically approved procedure for eliminating selected malignant cells with specific light activation of a photosensitizer agent. Whereas interstitial and intra-operative approaches have been investigated for the ablation of a broad range of superficial or bulky solid tumors such as breast cancer, the majority of approved photodynamic therapy protocols are for the treatment of superficial lesions of skin and luminal organs. This review article will discuss recent progress in research focused mainly on assessing the efficacies of various photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy, as well as the combinatory strategies of various therapeutic modalities for improving treatments of parenchymal and/or stromal tissues of breast cancer solid tumors. Cytotoxic agents are used in cancer treatments for their effect on rapidly proliferating cancer cells. However, such therapeutics often lack specificity, which can lead to toxicity and undesirable side effects. Many approaches are designed to target tumors. Selective therapies can be established by focusing on distinctive intracellular (receptors, apoptotic pathways, multidrug resistance system, nitric oxide-mediated stress) and environmental (glucose, pH) differences between tumor and healthy tissue. A rational design of effective combination regimens for breast cancer treatment involves a better understanding of the mechanisms and molecular interactions of cytotoxic agents that underlie drug resistance and sensitivity.
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Targeted paclitaxel nanoparticles modified with follicle-stimulating hormone β 81-95 peptide show effective antitumor activity against ovarian carcinoma. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:498-505. [PMID: 23811008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The majority of patients with advanced ovarian cancer will experience a relapse and ultimately die from refractory diseases. Targeted therapy shows promise for these patients. Novel therapeutic strategies should be developed on the basis of the molecular mechanisms involved in ovarian cancer and the steroid hormone environment of ovaries. The ovary is the main target organ of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which bind to its receptor with high affinity. In this study a FSH receptor-targeting ligand, FSH β 81-95 peptide, was used as a targeting moiety to synthesize an FSH receptor-mediated drug delivery system. FSH β 81-95 peptide-conjugated nanoparticles (FSH81-NPs) and paclitaxel-loaded FSH81-NPs (FSH81-NP-PTXs) were synthesized. In vitro studies showed that FSH β 81-95 peptide enabled the specific uptake of cytotoxic drugs and increased the intracellular paclitaxel concentration in FSH receptor-expressing cancer cells, resulting in enhanced cytotoxic effects. In vivo studies showed that FSH81-NP-PTXs possessed higher antitumor efficacy against FSH receptor-expressing tumors without any clinical signs of adverse side effects or body weight loss due to modification with FSH β 81-95 peptide. Therefore, FSH binding peptide-targeted drug delivery system exhibited high potential in the treatment of ovarian cancer, and tumor targeting via reproductive hormone receptors might improve the outcome of diseases.
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Banerji B, Pramanik SK, Pal U, Maiti NC. Potent anticancer activity of cystine-based dipeptides and their interaction with serum albumins. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:91. [PMID: 23705891 PMCID: PMC3680302 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a severe threat to the human society. In the scientific community worldwide cancer remains a big challenge as there are no remedies as of now. Cancer is quite complicated as it involves multiple signalling pathways and it may be caused by genetic disorders. Various natural products and synthetic molecules have been designed to prevent cell proliferation. Peptide-based anticancer drugs, however, are not explored properly. Though peptides have their inherent proteolytic instability, they could act as anticancer agents. RESULTS In this present communication a suitably protected cystine based dipeptide and its deprotected form have been synthesized. Potent anticancer activities were confirmed by MTT assay (a laboratory test and a standard colorimetric assay, which measures changes in colour, for measuring cellular proliferation and phase contrast images. The IC50 value, a measure of the effectiveness of a compound in inhibiting biological or biochemical function, of these compounds ranges in the sub-micromolar level. The binding interactions with serum albumins (HSA and BSA) were performed with all these molecules and all of them show very strong binding at sub-micromolar concentration. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that the cystine-based dipeptides were potential anticancer agents. These peptides also showed very good binding with major carrier proteins of blood, the serum albumins. We are currently working on determining the detailed mechanism of anticancer activity of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswadip Banerji
- Department of Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S,C, Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Mukai H, Wada Y, Watanabe Y. The synthesis of 64Cu-chelated porphyrin photosensitizers and their tumor-targeting peptide conjugates for the evaluation of target cell uptake and PET image-based pharmacokinetics of targeted photodynamic therapy agents. Ann Nucl Med 2013; 27:625-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-013-0728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kitagishi H, Hatada S, Itakura T, Maki Y, Maeda Y, Kano K. Cellular uptake of octaarginine-conjugated tetraarylporphyrin included by per-O-methylated β-cyclodextrin. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3203-11. [PMID: 23584796 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob27248f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis, structural characterization and cellular uptake of a supramolecular 1 : 2 inclusion complex of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin having an octaarginine peptide chain (R8-TPP) and heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TMe-β-CD). R8-TPP was synthesized by 2 approaches: (1) on-resin conjugation of the N-terminal of octaarginine with 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin, followed by cleavage from the resin, and (2) Michael addition reaction between 5-[4-(3-maleimidopropylamido)phenyl]-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin and cysteine-octaarginine peptide (Cys-Arg8). The R8-TPP obtained from both the approaches formed stable inclusion complexes with TMe-β-CD by which non-substituted phenyl groups at the 10- and 20-positions were included to form trans-type 1 : 2 inclusion complexes. The complexation prevented the self-aggregation of R8-TPP, which resulted in the solubilisation of R8-TPP in aqueous media. A cellular uptake study using HeLa cells showed that R8-TPP complexed with TMe-β-CD in a serum-free medium was efficiently taken up by the cells and uniformly dispersed in the cytosol. In the serum-containing medium, the R8-TPP-TMe-β-CD complex dissociated, and the serum protein bound R8-TPP. The R8-TPP-protein complex was localized in the endosomes of the cells. The cytosol-dispersed R8-TPP showed a higher photo-induced cytotoxicity than its endosome-trapped counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kitagishi
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan.
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Xu P, Chen J, Chen Z, Zhou S, Hu P, Chen X, Huang M. Receptor-targeting phthalocyanine photosensitizer for improving antitumor photocytotoxicity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37051. [PMID: 22693566 PMCID: PMC3365043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapeutic modality which uses a photosensitizer to capture visible light resulting in phototoxicity in the irradiated region. PDT has been used in a number of pathological indications, including tumor. A key desirable feature of the photosensitizer is the high phototoxicity on tumor cells but not on normal cells. In this study, we conjugate a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to a photosensitizer, Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), in order to enhance its specificity to breast cancer, which over-expresses GnRH receptor. ZnPc has unique advantages over other photosensitizers, but is difficult to derivatize and purify as a single isomer. We previously developed a straight-forward way to synthesize mono-substituted β-carboxy-phthalocyanine zinc (ZnPc-COOH). Photophysical and photochemical parameters of this ZnPc-GnRH conjugate including fluorescence quantum yield (Фf), fluorescence decay time (τs) and singlet oxygen quantum yield (ФΔ) were evaluated and found comparable with that of ZnPc, indicating that addition of a GnRH peptide does not significantly alter the generation of singlet oxygen from ZnPc. Cellular uptakes and phototoxicities of this conjugate were tested and found significantly enhanced on human breast cancer cell lines overexpressing GnRH receptors (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells) compared to cells with low levels of GnRH receptors, such as human embryonic lung fibroblast (HELF) and human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells. In addition, the cellular uptake of this conjugate toward MCF-7 cells were found clearly alleviated by a GnRH receptor blocker Cetrorelix, suggesting that the cellular uptake of this conjugate was GnRH receptor-mediated. Put together, these findings revealed that coupling ZnPc with GnRH analogue was an effective way to improve the selectivity of ZnPc towards tumors with over-expressed GnRH receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Jincan Chen
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZC); (MH)
| | - Shanyong Zhou
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xueyuan Chen
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mingdong Huang
- Danish-Chinese Centre for Proteases and Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZC); (MH)
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Bugaj AM. Targeted photodynamic therapy--a promising strategy of tumor treatment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1097-109. [PMID: 21547329 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy is a new promising therapeutic strategy, created to overcome growing problems of contemporary medicine, such as drug toxicity and drug resistance. An emerging modality of this approach is targeted photodynamic therapy (TPDT) with the main aim of improving delivery of photosensitizer to cancer tissue and at the same time enhancing specificity and efficiency of PDT. Depending on the mechanism of targeting, we can divide the strategies of TPDT into "passive", "active" and "activatable", where in the latter case the photosensitizer is activated only in the target tissue. In this review, contemporary strategies of TPDT are described, including new innovative concepts, such as targeting assisted by peptides and aptamers, multifunctional nanoplatforms with navigation by magnetic field or "photodynamic molecular beacons" activatable by enzymes and nucleic acid. The imperative of introducing a new paradigm of PDT, focused on the concepts of heterogeneity and dynamic state of tumor, is also called for.
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Yu B, Ruman J, Christman G. The role of peripheral gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in female reproduction. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:465-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Giuntini F, Alonso CMA, Boyle RW. Synthetic approaches for the conjugation of porphyrins and related macrocycles to peptides and proteins. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:759-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00366b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Burov SV, Iablokova TV, Dorosh MI, Kriviziuk EV, Efremov AM, Orlov SV. [GnRH analogues containing SV-40 virus T-antigen nuclear localization sequence]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010; 36:630-7. [PMID: 21063449 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162010050055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To improve the efficiency of anticancer drugs due to their delivery to intracellular targets a set of GnRH analogues containing nuclear localization signal (NLS) of SV-40 virus large T-antigen have been synthesized. NLS was attached to the parent molecule via ε-amino group of D-Lysine in position 1 or 6 of peptide sequence using orthogonal protection strategy. The biological activity studies revealed that incorporation of NLS moiety significantly increases cytotoxic activity of palmitoyl-containing GnRH analogues in vitro. The influence of tested peptides on tumor cells does not accompanied by the destruction of cell membrane, as confirmed in experiments with normal fibroblasts, used as a control.
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Serra VV, Zamarrón A, Faustino M, Cruz MIDL, Blázquez A, Rodrigues J, Neves M, Cavaleiro J, Juarranz A, Sanz-Rodríguez F. New porphyrin amino acid conjugates: Synthesis and photodynamic effect in human epithelial cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6170-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Olivo M, Bhuvaneswari R, Lucky SS, Dendukuri N, Soo-Ping Thong P. Targeted Therapy of Cancer Using Photodynamic Therapy in Combination with Multi-faceted Anti-Tumor Modalities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1507-1529. [PMID: 27713315 PMCID: PMC4033994 DOI: 10.3390/ph3051507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as one of the important therapeutic options in the management of cancer and other diseases. PDT involves a tumor-localized photosensitizer (PS), which when appropriately illuminated by visible light converts oxygen into cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), that attack key structural entities within the targeted cells, ultimately resulting in necrosis or apoptosis. Though PDT is a selective modality, it can be further enhanced by combining other targeted therapeutic strategies that include the use of synthetic peptides and nanoparticles for selective delivery of photosensitizers. Another potentially promising strategy is the application of targeted therapeutics that exploit a myriad of critical pathways involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Vascular disrupting agents that eradicate tumor vasculature during PDT and anti-angiogenic agents that targets specific molecular pathways and prevent the formation of new blood vessels are novel therapeutic approaches that have been shown to improve treatment outcome. In addition to the well-documented mechanisms of direct cell killing and damage to the tumor vasculature, PDT can also activate the body's immune response against tumors. Numerous pre-clinical studies and clinical observations have demonstrated the immuno-stimulatory capability of PDT. Herein, we aim to integrate the most important findings with regard to the combination of PDT and other novel targeted therapy approaches, detailing its potential in cancer photomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Olivo
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, 169610, Singapore.
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios, 138667, Singapore.
- School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, No. 18 Science Drive 4, Block S4, 117543, Singapore.
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Tumor targeting with peptides is based on the discovery that receptors for many regulatory peptides are overexpressed in tumor cells, compared with their expression in normal tissues. Consequently, these peptides and their analogues can be used as carriers/targeting moieties for the preparation of diagnostic and therapeutic agents that have increased selectivity and decreased peripheral toxicity. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Here an overview is given of the most relevant gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and somatostatin derivatives, as well as of their applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy. For this purpose, recently published data in these areas (mostly articles published from 2000 to 2009) were reviewed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN In contrast to other regulatory peptides that stimulate the tumor growth, GnRH and somatostatin derivatives have inhibitory effect; therefore, they were used primarily for the preparation of various conjugates to be used in targeted chemotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, boron neutron capture therapy and cancer diagnosis. Some of these conjugates have already found clinical applications, whereas others are now in preclinical and clinical trials. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Tumor targeting with hormone peptides provides a basis for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Mezo
- Eötvös Loránd University, Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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Bakleh ME, Sol V, Granet R, Déléris G, Estieu-Gionnet K, Krausz P. Design and efficient synthesis of a new scaffold based on unsymmetrical protoporphyrin IX derivatives for use in SPPS. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:2115-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b922012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Szabó I, Manea M, Orbán E, Csámpai A, Bosze S, Szabó R, Tejeda M, Gaál D, Kapuvári B, Przybylski M, Hudecz F, Mezo G. Development of an oxime bond containing daunorubicin-gonadotropin-releasing hormone-III conjugate as a potential anticancer drug. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:656-65. [PMID: 19296605 DOI: 10.1021/bc800542u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report on the synthesis and biological properties of a conjugate in which daunorubicin (Dau) as chemotherapeutic agent was attached through an oxime bond to gonadotropin-releasing hormone-III (GnRH-III) as targeting moiety. In vitro toxicity and the cytostatic effect of the conjugate on MCF-7 human breast and C26 murine colon cancer cell lines were determined, and the results were compared with those obtained for the free daunorubicin, as well as with the doxorubicin containing derivative. In vivo antitumor effect of daunorubicin-GnRH-III was studied on Balb/c female mice transplanted with C26 tumor. Our data indicate that the daunorubicin-GnRH-III conjugate had a lower toxic effect than the free daunorubicin and it was essentially nontoxic up to 15 mg (Dau content)/kg body weight. The treatment of the C26 tumor bearing mice with the conjugate led to tumor growth inhibition and longer survival time in comparison with the controls and with the administration of the free drug. When mice were treated twice with the conjugate (on days 4 and 7 after tumor transplantation), 46% tumor growth inhibition was obtained. In this case, the increase of the median survival time was 38% compared to the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Szabó
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and Institute of Chemistry, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
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Sibani SA, McCarron PA, Woolfson AD, Donnelly RF. Photosensitiser delivery for photodynamic therapy. Part 2: systemic carrier platforms. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 5:1241-54. [PMID: 18976134 DOI: 10.1517/17425240802444673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of solid tumours and angiogenic ocular diseases by photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires the injection of a photosensitiser (PS) to destroy target cells through a combination of visible light irradiation and molecular oxygen. There is currently great interest in the development of efficient and specific carrier delivery platforms for systemic PDT. OBJECTIVE This article aims to review recent developments in systemic carrier delivery platforms for PDT, with an emphasis on target specificity. METHODS Recent publications, spanning the last five years, concerning delivery carrier platforms for systemic PDT were reviewed, including PS conjugates, dendrimers, micelles, liposomes and nanoparticles. RESULTS/CONCLUSION PS conjugates and supramolecular delivery platforms can improve PDT selectivity by exploiting cellular and physiological specificities of the targeted tissue. Overexpression of receptors in cancer and angiogenic endothelial cells allows their targeting by affinity-based moieties for the selective uptake of PS conjugates and encapsulating delivery carriers, while the abnormal tumour neovascularisation induces a specific accumulation of heavy weighted PS carriers by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In addition, polymeric prodrug delivery platforms triggered by the acidic nature of the tumour environment or the expression of proteases can be designed. Promising results obtained with recent systemic carrier platforms will, in due course, be translated into the clinic for highly efficient and selective PDT protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane A Sibani
- Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, School of Pharmacy, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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Lev-Goldman V, Mester B, Ben-Aroya N, Hanoch T, Rupp B, Stanoeva T, Gescheidt G, Seger R, Koch Y, Weiner L, Fridkin M. Conjugates of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) with carminic acid: Synthesis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6789-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality for the selective destruction of cancerous and nonneoplastic pathologies that involves the simultaneous presence of light, oxygen and a light-activatable chemical called a photosensitizer (PS) to achieve a cytotoxic effect. The photophysics and mechanisms of cell killing by PDT have been extensively studied in recent years, and PDT has received regulatory approval for the treatment of a number of diseases worldwide. As the application of this treatment modality expands with regard to both anatomical sites and disease stages, it will be important to develop strategies for enhancing PDT outcomes. This article focuses on two broad approaches for PDT enhancement: (1) mechanism-based combination treatments in which PDT and a second modality can be designed to either increase the susceptibility of tumor cells to PDT or nullify the treatment outcome-mitigating molecular responses triggered by PDT of tumors, and (2) the more recent approaches of PS targeting, either by specific cellular function-sensitive linkages or via conjugation to macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Verma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Rahimipour S, Litichever-Coslovsky N, Alaluf M, Freeman D, Ehrenberg B, Weiner L, Mazur Y, Fridkin M, Koch Y. Novel Methyl Helianthrones as Photosensitizers: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb00182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nekvasil M, Zadinová M, Tahotná L, Žáčková M, Poučková P, Ježek P. Optimum modality for photodynamic therapy of tumors: gels containing liposomes with hydrophobic photosensitizers. Drug Dev Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lev-Goldman V, Mester B, Ben-Aroya N, Koch Y, Weiner L, Fridkin M. Synthesis and active oxygen generation by new emodin derivatives and their gonadotropin-releasing hormone conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 17:1008-16. [PMID: 16848409 DOI: 10.1021/bc050293r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to develop efficient chemotherapeutic agents targeted at malignant cells that express receptors, we synthesized five new emodin derivatives and their gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) conjugates to be used as potential photoactive conjugates. Emodin was modified at its hydroxy groups and included different spacers for conjugation of the peptide. We used electron spin resonance (ESR) and spin trapping techniques to study the light-stimulated redox properties of the emodin derivatives and their GnRH conjugates. Upon irradiation, all new emodin derivatives and their conjugates stimulated the formation of singlet oxygen, that is, (1)O(2), and oxygen radicals, that is, O(2)(-)(*) and OH(*). However, substantial differences were found between the tested derivatives as to the efficacy of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Because of its superior ROS production properties, [d-Lys(6)(MeoEmo)]GnRH was selected as a leading conjugate. En-route to evaluate its targeting capacity, this potentially cytotoxic conjugate was tested in vitro to determine its hormonal activity and binding affinity to GnRH receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Lev-Goldman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Choi Y, McCarthy JR, Weissleder R, Tung CH. Conjugation of a Photosensitizer to an Oligoarginine-Based Cell-Penetrating Peptide Increases the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:458-63. [PMID: 16892381 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To improve the efficiency of intracellular delivery of photosensitizers and the efficacy of photodynamic therapy, a membrane-penetrating arginine oligopeptide (R7) was conjugated to 5-[4-carboxyphenyl]-10,15,20-triphenyl-2,3-dihydroxychlorin (TPC). The resulting conjugate (R7-TPC) enhanced intracellular TPC uptake, which increased proportionally with the incubation time of the conjugate. The water solubility of the highly hydrophobic TPC photosensitizer was also improved after conjugation. Increased phototoxicity of R7-TPC was observed after an incubation time of only 30 min. Tumor cells mainly underwent apoptosis at lower concentrations of the photosensitizer-polyarginine conjugate, whereas necrotic cell damage became prevalent at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongdoo Choi
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., Rm. 5406, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging modality for the treatment of various neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathologies. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS PDT usually occurs when reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from light-activated chemicals (photosensitizer, PS) destroy the target. For non-dermatologic applications the PS are delivered systemically and accumulate, at different concentrations, in most organs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Typically there is a modest enhanced accumulation of the PS in tumor tissues, providing a first level of selectivity. Additional selectivity is provided by the confined illumination of the target area with the appropriate wavelength of light. For the treatment of pathologies in complex anatomical sites, such as in the peritoneal cavity, where restricted illumination is difficult; improved targeting of the PS is necessary to prevent damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. This article will focus on targeted PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Solban
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Zheng H, Youdim MBH, Weiner LM, Fridkin M. Synthesis and evaluation of peptidic metal chelators for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 66:190-203. [PMID: 16138857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel derivatives of neuropeptides with a metal-chelating moiety was synthesized and examined for various properties related to iron (Fe) chelation and neuroprotective action. All derivatives chelated Fe to form stable Fe complexes in water. Some strongly inhibited Fe-induced lipid peroxidation with an IC(50) value of about 12 microm. In PC12 cell culture, several compounds, at concentrations as low as 1 microm, attenuated serum-free stimulated cell death and improved cell survival by 20-35%. At this concentration, these analogs also protected against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cell death, increasing cell viability by 20-30%. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies indicated that besides being good Fe chelators, these analogs act as radical scavengers to directly scavenge hydroxyl radicals. Together, the data indicate that some of the analogs could be further developed as possible neuroprotective agents for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases, Friedreich's atxia, amyotrophic, and lateral sclerosis where Fe misregulation has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Sibrian-Vazquez M, Jensen TJ, Fronczek FR, Hammer RP, Vicente MGH. Synthesis and Characterization of Positively Charged Porphyrin−Peptide Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2005; 16:852-63. [PMID: 16029027 DOI: 10.1021/bc050057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The total syntheses of 14 porphyrin conjugates containing one to four positively charged amino acids and two distinct linkers are described. All conjugates were fully characterized using spectroscopic methods, and the X-ray structure of a porphyrin isothiocyanate precursor was obtained. In vitro studies using HEp2 cells show that these conjugates have low cytotoxicity (IC50 > 250 microM) and that the extent of their cellular uptake depends significantly on the number, nature, and sequence of amino acids in the peptide, and on the presence of a centrally chelated metal ion. Metal-free conjugates bearing three consecutive arginine residues accumulated the most within cells. On the other hand, the preferential sites of subcellular localization were found to be independent from the number, nature, and sequence of amino acids in the conjugate, the linker, and coordinated metal ion; it is suggested, based on theoretical calculations, that the peptides in these conjugates fold over the porphyrin macrocycle in order to maximize intramolecular hydrophobic interactions.
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Solban N, Ortel B, Pogue B, Hasan T. Targeted optical imaging and photodynamic therapy. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2005:229-58. [PMID: 15524219 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-26809-x_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Solban
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Rahimipour S, Litichever-Coslovsky N, Alaluf M, Freeman D, Ehrenberg B, Weiner L, Mazur Y, Fridkin M, Koch Y. Novel Methyl Helianthrones as Photosensitizers: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation¶. Photochem Photobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-07-14-ra-234.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Detty MR, Gibson SL, Wagner SJ. Current clinical and preclinical photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy. J Med Chem 2004; 47:3897-915. [PMID: 15267226 DOI: 10.1021/jm040074b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 801] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Detty
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA.
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