1
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Chaudhari TY, Bisht S, Chorol S, Bhujbal SM, Bharatam PV, Tandon V. Bronsted Acid-Catalyzed Regioselective Carboxamidation of 2-Indolylmethanols with Isonitriles. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37440673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
A regioselective direct carboxamidation reaction of 2-indolylmethanols with readily available isocyanoesters/isocyanides has been reported in this work. The reaction was catalyzed by Bronsted acid such as p-TsOH to deliver the benzylic regioselective amides in 67-86% yield under mild conditions. The developed methodology provides alternative access to traditional metal-free carboxamidation via C-C and C-O bond formation with high atom economy. Furthermore, the developed approach was diversified to synthesize chiral indole-2-carboxamide derivatives with a moderate enantiomeric excess (61-73% ee) using an (R)-chiral phosphoric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Somya Bisht
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sonam Chorol
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shivkanya Madhavrao Bhujbal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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2
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Lin Y, Malins LR. An Electrochemical Approach to Designer Peptide α-Amides Inspired by α-Amidating Monooxygenase Enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11811-11819. [PMID: 34288681 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Designer C-terminal peptide amides are accessed in an efficient and epimerization-free approach by pairing an electrochemical oxidative decarboxylation with a tandem hydrolysis/reduction pathway. Resembling Nature's dual enzymatic approach to bioactive primary α-amides, this method delivers secondary and tertiary amides bearing high-value functional motifs, including isotope labels and handles for bioconjugation. The protocol leverages the inherent reactivity of C-terminal carboxylates, is compatible with the vast majority of proteinogenic functional groups, and proceeds in the absence of epimerization, thus addressing major limitations associated with conventional coupling-based approaches. The utility of the method is exemplified through the synthesis of natural product acidiphilamide A via a key diastereoselective reduction, as well as bioactive peptides and associated analogues, including an anti-HIV lead peptide and blockbuster cancer therapeutic leuprolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Lin
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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3
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Bowles M, Proulx C. Solid phase submonomer azapeptide synthesis. Methods Enzymol 2021; 656:169-190. [PMID: 34325786 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Azapeptides contain at least one aza-amino acid, where the α-carbon has been replaced by a nitrogen atom, and have found broad applicability in fields ranging from medicinal chemistry to biomaterials. In this chapter, we provide a step-by-step protocol for the solid phase submonomer synthesis of azapeptides, which includes three steps: (1) hydrazone activation and coupling onto a resin-bound peptide, (2) chemoselective semicarbazone functionalization for installation of the aza-amino acid side chain, and (3) orthogonal deprotection of the semicarbazone to complete the monomer addition cycle. We focus on semicarbazone functionalization by N-alkylation with primary alkyl halides, and describe conditions for coupling onto aza-amino acids. Such divergent methods accelerate the synthesis of peptidomimetics and allow the rapid introduction of a wide variety of natural and unnatural side chains directly on solid support using easily accessible submonomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Bowles
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Caroline Proulx
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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4
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Oh J, Kim NY, Chen H, Palm NW, Crawford JM. An Ugi-like Biosynthetic Pathway Encodes Bombesin Receptor Subtype-3 Agonists. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16271-16278. [PMID: 31537063 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isocyanide functional groups can be found in a variety of natural products. Rhabduscin is one such isocyanide-functionalized immunosuppressant produced in Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus gammaproteobacterial pathogens, and deletion of its biosynthetic gene cluster inhibits virulence in an invertebrate animal infection model. Here, we characterized the first "opine-glycopeptide" class of natural products termed rhabdoplanins, and strikingly, these molecules are spontaneously produced from rhabduscin via an unprecedented multicomponent "Ugi-like" reaction sequence in nature. The rhabdoplanins also represent new lead G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists, stimulating the bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BB3) GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonseok Oh
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States.,Chemical Biology Institute , Yale University , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Nam Y Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States.,Chemical Biology Institute , Yale University , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States
| | - Haiwei Chen
- Department of Immunobiology , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Jason M Crawford
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States.,Chemical Biology Institute , Yale University , West Haven , Connecticut 06516 , United States.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06536 , United States
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5
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Ramos-Alvarez I, Lee L, Mantey SA, Jensen RT. Development and Characterization of a Novel, High-Affinity, Specific, Radiolabeled Ligand for BRS-3 Receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:454-465. [PMID: 30971479 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.255141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bombesin (Bn) receptor subtype 3(BRS-3) is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor of the Bn family, which does not bind any natural Bn peptide with high affinity. Receptor knockout studies show that the animals develop diabetes, obesity, altered temperature control, and other central nervous system (CNS)/endocrine/gastrointestinal changes. It is present in CNS, peripheral tissues, and tumors; however, its role in normal physiology/pathophysiology, as well as its receptor localization/pharmacology is largely unknown, in part due to the lack of a convenient, specific, direct radiolabeled ligand. This study was designed to address this problem and to develop and characterize a specific radiolabeled ligand for BRS-3. The peptide antagonist Bantag-1 had >10,000-fold selectivity for human BRS-3 (hBRS-3) over other mammalian Bn receptors (BnRs) [i.e., gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and neuromedin B receptor (NMBR)]. Using iodogen and basic conditions, it was radiolabeled to high specific activity (2200 Ci/mmol) and found to bind with high affinity/specificity to hBRS-3. Binding was saturable, rapid, and reversible. The ligand only interacted with known BRS-3 ligands, and not with other specific GRPR/NMBR ligands or ligands for unrelated receptors. The magnitude of 125I-Bantag-1 binding correlated with BRS-3 mRNA expression and the magnitude of activation of phospholipase C in lung cancer cells, as well as readily identifying BRS-3 in lung cancer cells and normal tissues, allowing the direct assessment of BRS-3 receptor pharmacology/numbers on cells containing BRS-3 with other BnRs, which is usually the case. This circumvents the need for subtraction assays, which are now frequently used to assess BRS-3 indirectly using radiolabeled pan-ligands, which interact with all BnRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lingaku Lee
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Samuel A Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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6
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Wiśniewski K, Alagarsamy S, Galyean R, Tariga H, Thompson D, Ly B, Wiśniewska H, Qi S, Croston G, Laporte R, Rivière PJM, Schteingart CD. New, Potent, and Selective Peptidic Oxytocin Receptor Agonists. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5306-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500365s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazimierz Wiśniewski
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sudarkodi Alagarsamy
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert Galyean
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hiroe Tariga
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dorain Thompson
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brian Ly
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Halina Wiśniewska
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Steve Qi
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Glenn Croston
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Regent Laporte
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pierre J.-M. Rivière
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Claudio D. Schteingart
- Ferring Research Institute Inc., 4245 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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7
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Bonnet D, Margathe JF, Radford S, Pflimlin E, Riché S, Doman P, Hibert M, Ganesan A. Combinatorial aid for underprivileged scaffolds: solution and solid-phase strategies for a rapid and efficient access to novel aza-diketopiperazines (Aza-DKP). ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2012; 14:323-34. [PMID: 22458603 DOI: 10.1021/co300015k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient solution-phase synthesis of aza-diketopiperazines (aza-DKP, triazinediones) is reported. A structurally diverse collection of c-[aza-alkylGly-Pro] derivatives and yet unreported 2,4,5-trisubstituted-1,2,4-triazine-3,6-diones has been synthesized starting from Fmoc-l-Pro-OH and various Fmoc-l-amino acids. To extend the practical value of this class of dipeptidomimetics, a general solid-phase synthesis approach amenable to library production was developed on both Wang-PS and HMBA-PS resins. The final acidic treatment of the resins in TFA/water mixture at room temperature enabled the rapid and quantitative cyclization/release highly pure triazinediones. The conformational preferences and the spatial organization of the three substituents of a representative 2,4,5-trisubstituted-1,2,4-triazine-3,6-dione were investigated by X-ray diffraction and (1)H NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bonnet
- Laboratoire d’Innovation
Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route
du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-François Margathe
- Laboratoire d’Innovation
Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route
du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Sally Radford
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.
K
| | - Elsa Pflimlin
- Laboratoire d’Innovation
Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route
du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Stéphanie Riché
- Laboratoire d’Innovation
Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route
du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Pete Doman
- Maybridge, Trevillet, Tintagel,
Cornwall PL34 OHW, U. K
| | - Marcel Hibert
- Laboratoire d’Innovation
Thérapeutique, UMR7200 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route
du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - A. Ganesan
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich
NR4 7TJ, U. K
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8
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Chobanian HR, Guo Y, Liu P, Chioda M, Lanza TJ, Chang L, Kelly TM, Kan Y, Palyha O, Guan XM, Marsh DJ, Metzger JM, Gorski JN, Raustad K, Wang SP, Strack AM, Miller R, Pang J, Madeira M, Lyons K, Dragovic J, Reitman ML, Nargund RP, Lin LS. Discovery of MK-7725, A Potent, Selective Bombesin Receptor Subtype-3 Agonist for the Treatment of Obesity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:252-6. [PMID: 24900461 DOI: 10.1021/ml200304j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive structure-activity relationship studies of a series derived from atropisomer 1, a previously described chiral benzodiazepine sulfonamide series, led to a potent, brain penetrant and selective compound with excellent preclinical pharmacokinetic across species. We also describe the utilization of a high throughput mouse pharmacodynamic assay which allowed for expedient assessment of pharmacokinetic and brain distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry R. Chobanian
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Yan Guo
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Marc Chioda
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Thomas J. Lanza
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Linda Chang
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Theresa M. Kelly
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Yanqing Kan
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Oksana Palyha
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Xiao-Ming Guan
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Donald J. Marsh
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Joseph M. Metzger
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Judith N. Gorski
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Kate Raustad
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Sheng-Ping Wang
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Alison M. Strack
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Randy Miller
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Jianmei Pang
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Maria Madeira
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Kathy Lyons
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Jasminka Dragovic
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Marc L. Reitman
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Ravi P. Nargund
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
| | - Linus S. Lin
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065,
United States
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9
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the results of recent studies regarding the biology and pharmacology of novel synthetic agonists and antagonists of the bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3). RECENT FINDINGS All three mammalian bombesin receptors including gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, the neuromedin B receptor, and the BRS-3 have been shown to regulate energy balance and appetite and satiety. Studies indicate that the orphan BRS-3 is an important regulator of body weight, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis. Endogenous bombesin-like peptides bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide, and neuromedin B receptor do not bind to BRS-3 and the endogenous BRS-3 ligand remains unknown. The novel synthesis of selective, high-affinity BRS-3 agonists and antagonists has recently been accomplished and showed that BRS-3 regulates energy balance independent of other established pathways and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the pancreatic islet cells. The availability of new BRS-3 selective agonists and antagonists will facilitate further elucidation of its role in energy homeostasis, and provides a potential approach for the pharmacological treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. SUMMARY The native ligand of the G protein-coupled BRS-3 has not been identified as of now. However, novel synthesis of small-molecule, high-affinity agonists and antagonists on the BRS-3 was used in the recent studies and demonstrated an important role of BRS-3 in the regulation of energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita D Majumdar
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Abstract
Studies on bombesin-like peptides (BLP) and their respective mammalian receptors (Bn-r) have demonstrated a significant biological impact on a broad array of physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Pharmacological experiments in vitro and in vivo as well as utilization of genetic rodent models of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R/BB2-receptor), neuromedin B receptor (NMB-R/BB1-receptor), and the bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3/BB3-receptor) further delineated their role in health and disease. All three mammalian bombesin receptors have been shown to possess some role in the regulation of energy balance and appetite and satiety. Compelling experimental evidence has accumulated indicating that the orphan BRS-3 is an important regulator of body weight, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis. BRS-3 possesses no high affinity to the endogenous bombesin-like peptides (BLP) bombesin, GRP, and NMB, and its endogenous ligand remains unknown. Recently, the synthesis of novel, selective high-affinity BRS-3 agonists and antagonists has been accomplished and has demonstrated that BRS-3 regulates energy balance independent of other established pathways. Accordingly, the availability of new BRS-3 selective agonists and antagonists will facilitate further elucidation of its role in energy homeostasis and provides a potential approach for the pharmacological treatment of obesity.
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11
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Liu P, Lanza TJ, Chioda M, Jones C, Chobanian HR, Guo Y, Chang L, Kelly TM, Kan Y, Palyha O, Guan XM, Marsh DJ, Metzger JM, Ramsay K, Wang SP, Strack AM, Miller R, Pang J, Lyons K, Dragovic J, Ning JG, Schafer WA, Welch CJ, Gong X, Gao YD, Hornak V, Ball RG, Tsou N, Reitman ML, Wyvratt MJ, Nargund RP, Lin LS. Discovery of benzodiazepine sulfonamide-based bombesin receptor subtype 3 agonists and their unusual chirality. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:933-7. [PMID: 24900283 DOI: 10.1021/ml200207w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein the discovery of benzodiazepine sulfonamide-based bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) agonists and their unusual chirality. Starting from a high-throughput screening lead, we prepared a series of BRS-3 agonists with improved potency and pharmacokinetic properties, of which compound 8a caused mechanism-based, dose-dependent food intake reduction and body weight loss after oral dosing in diet-induced obese mice. This effort also led to the discovery of a novel family of chiral molecules originated from the conformationally constrained seven-membered diazepine ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Thomas J. Lanza
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marc Chioda
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Carrie Jones
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Harry R. Chobanian
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yan Guo
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Linda Chang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Theresa M. Kelly
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yanqing Kan
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Oksana Palyha
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiao-Ming Guan
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Donald J. Marsh
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joseph M. Metzger
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Katie Ramsay
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sheng-Ping Wang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alison M. Strack
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Randy Miller
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jianmei Pang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kathy Lyons
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jasminka Dragovic
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jian G. Ning
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wes A. Schafer
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Christopher J. Welch
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Gong
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ying-Duo Gao
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Viktor Hornak
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard G. Ball
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nancy Tsou
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marc L. Reitman
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Matthew J. Wyvratt
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ravi P. Nargund
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Linus S. Lin
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Metabolic Disorders, §Pharmacology, ∥Drug Metabolism, ⊥Analytic Chemistry, #Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, and ∇Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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12
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Nun P, Martin C, Martinez J, Lamaty F. Solvent-free synthesis of hydrazones and their subsequent N-alkylation in a Ball-mill. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Moody TW, Sancho V, di Florio A, Nuche-Berenguer B, Mantey S, Jensen RT. Bombesin receptor subtype-3 agonists stimulate the growth of lung cancer cells and increase EGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. Peptides 2011; 32:1677-84. [PMID: 21712056 PMCID: PMC3152616 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) agonists were investigated on lung cancer cells. The BRS-3 agonist (DTyr(6), (Ala(11), Phe(13), Nle(14)) bombesin(6-14) (BA1), but not gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) or neuromedin B (NMB) increased significantly the clonal growth of NCI-H1299 cells stably transfected with BRS-3 (NCI-H1299-BRS-3). Also, BA1 addition to NCI-H727 or NCI-H1299-BRS-3 cells caused Tyr(1068) phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Similarly, (DTyr(6), R-Apa(11), Phe(13), Nle(14)) bombesin(6-14) (BA2) and (DTyr(6), R-Apa(11), 4-Cl,Phe(13), Nle(14)) bombesin(6-14) (BA3) but not gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) or neuromedin B (NMB) caused EGFR transactivation in NCI-H1299-BRS-3 cells. BA1-induced EGFR or ERK tyrosine phosphorylation was not inhibited by addition of BW2258U89 (BB(2)R antagonist) or PD168368 (BB(1)R antagonist) but was blocked by (DNal-Cys-Tyr-DTrp-Lys-Val-Cys-Nal)NH(2) (BRS-3 ant.). The BRS-3 ant. reduced clonal growth of NCI-H1299-BRS-3 cells. BA1, BA2, BA3 and BRS-3 ant. inhibit specific (125)I-BA1 binding to NCI-H1299-BRS-3 cells with an IC(50) values of 1.1, 21, 15 and 750nM, respectively. The ability of BRS-3 to regulate EGFR transactivation in NCI-H1299-BRS-3 cells was reduced by AG1478 or gefitinib (EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors), GM6001 (matrix metalloprotease inhibitor), PP2 (Src inhibitor), N-acetylcysteine (anti-oxidant), Tiron (superoxide scavenger) and DPI (NADPH oxidase inhibitor). These results demonstrate that BRS-3 agonists may stimulate lung cancer growth as a result of EGFR transactivation and that the transactivation is regulated by BRS-3 in a Src-, reactive oxygen and matrix metalloprotease-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of Director, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Azapeptides are peptide analogs in which one or more of the amino residues is replaced by a semicarbazide. This substitution of a nitrogen for the α-carbon center results in conformational restrictions, which bend the peptide about the aza-amino acid residue away from a linear geometry. The resulting azapeptide turn conformations have been observed by x-ray crystallography and spectroscopy, as well as predicted based on computational models. In biologically active peptide analogs, the aza-substitution has led to enhanced activity and selectivity as well as improved properties, such as prolonged duration of action and metabolic stability. In light of these characteristics, azapeptides have found important uses as receptor ligands, enzyme inhibitors, drugs, pro-drugs, probes and imaging agents. Recent improvements in synthetic methods for their procurement have ushered in a new era of azapeptide chemistry. This review aims to provide a historical look at the development of azapeptide science along with a focus on recent developments and perspectives on the future of this useful tool for medicinal chemistry.
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Einsiedel J, Held C, Hervet M, Plomer M, Tschammer N, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Discovery of Highly Potent and Neurotensin Receptor 2 Selective Neurotensin Mimetics. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2915-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200006c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Einsiedel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Held
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maud Hervet
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuel Plomer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Pyridinesulfonylureas and pyridinesulfonamides as selective bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2040-3. [PMID: 21354793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) is an orphan G-protein coupled receptor belonging to the subfamily of bombesin-like receptors. BRS-3 is implicated in the development of obesity and diabetes. We report here small-molecule agonists that are based on a 4-(alkylamino)pyridine-3-sulfonamide core. We describe the discovery of 2a, which has mid-nanomolar potency, selectivity for human BRS-3 versus the other bombesin-like receptors, and good bioavailability.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will highlight recent advances in the understanding of mammalian bombesin receptor-related pathophysiological roles in disease states and new insights into bombesin receptor pharmacology. RECENT FINDINGS Studies regarding bombesin-like peptides and mammalian bombesin receptor functions have demonstrated significant biological impact on a broad array of physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Pharmacological experiments in vitro and in vivo as well as utilization of genetic rodent models of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R/BB2) and neuromedin B receptor (NMB-R/BB1) further delineated roles in memory and fear behavior, inhibition of tumor cell growth, mediating signals for pruritus and male reproductive behavior. All three mammalian bombesin receptors were shown to possess some role in the regulation of energy balance. Novel synthesis of selective high affinity agonists and antagonists of the orphan bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3/BB3) has been accomplished and will facilitate further studies using animal model systems. SUMMARY Mammalian bombesin receptors participate in the regulation of energy homeostasis and may represent an attractive target for pharmacological treatment of obesity and certain eating disorders. Novel pharmacological insights of bombesin-like peptides and the interaction with their respective receptors have been elucidated to aid future treatment and imaging of epithelial cell-derived tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita D Majumdar
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Sebhat IK, Franklin C, Lo MMC, Chen D, Jewell JP, Miller R, Pang J, Palyha O, Kan Y, Kelly TM, Guan XM, Marsh DJ, Kosinski JA, Metzger JM, Lyons K, Dragovic J, Guzzo PR, Henderson AJ, Reitman ML, Nargund RP, Wyvratt MJ, Lin LS. Discovery of MK-5046, a Potent, Selective Bombesin Receptor Subtype-3 Agonist for the Treatment of Obesity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:43-7. [PMID: 24900253 DOI: 10.1021/ml100196d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the development and characterization of compound 22 (MK-5046), a potent, selective small molecule agonist of BRS-3 (bombesin receptor subtype-3). In pharmacological testing using diet-induced obese mice, compound 22 caused mechanism-based, dose-dependent reductions in food intake and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter R. Guzzo
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
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19
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Sancho V, Moody TW, Mantey SA, Di Florio A, Uehara H, Coy DH, Jensen RT. Pharmacology of putative selective hBRS-3 receptor agonists for human bombesin receptors (BnR): affinities, potencies and selectivity in multiple native and BnR transfected cells. Peptides 2010; 31:1569-78. [PMID: 20438784 PMCID: PMC2905478 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The orphan receptor, bombesin receptor subtype-3(BRS-3) is a G-protein-coupled receptor classified in the bombesin (Bn) receptor family because of its high homology (47-51%) with other members of this family [gastrin-releasing peptide receptor [GRPR] and neuromedin B receptor [NMBR]]. There is increasing interest in BRS-3, because primarily from receptor knockout studies, it seems important in energy metabolism, glucose control, insulin secretion, motility and tumor growth. Pharmacological tools to study the role of BRS-3 in physiology/pathophysiology are limited because the natural ligand is unknown and BRS-3 has low affinity for all naturally occurring Bn-related peptides. However, a few years ago a synthetic high-affinity agonist [dTyr(6),betaAla(11),Phe(13),Nle(14)]Bn-(6-14) was described but was nonselective for BRS-3 over other Bn receptors. Based on this peptide, in various studies a number of putative selective, high-potency hBRS-3 agonists were described, however the results on their selectivity are conflicting in a number of cases. The purpose of the present study was to thoroughly study the pharmacology of four of the most select/potent putative hBRS-3 agonists (#2-4, 16a). Each was studied in multiple well-characterized Bn receptor-transfected cells and native Bn receptor bearing cells, using binding studies, alterations in cellular signaling (PLC, PKD) and changes in cellular function(growth). Two peptides (#2, #3) had nM affinities/potencies for hBRS-3, peptide #4 had low affinity/potency, and peptide #16a very low (>3000 nM). Peptide#3 had the highest selectivity for hBRS-3 (100-fold), whereas #2, 4 had lower selectivity. Peptide #16a's selectivity could not be determined because of its low affinity/potencies for all hBn receptors. These results show that peptide #3 is the preferred hBRS-3 agonist for studies at present, although its selectivity of only 100-fold may limit its utility in some cases. This study underscores the importance of full pharmacological characterization of newly reported selective agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sancho
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1804
| | - Terry W. Moody
- NCI Office of the Director, CCR, NCI and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1804
| | - Samuel A. Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1804
| | - Alessia Di Florio
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1804
| | - Hirotsugu Uehara
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1804
| | - David H. Coy
- Peptide Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-2699
| | - Robert T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, and Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1804
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Furutani N, Hondo M, Tsujino N, Sakurai T. Activation of Bombesin Receptor Subtype-3 Influences Activity of Orexin Neurons by Both Direct and Indirect Pathways. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 42:106-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Morphy R. Selectively nonselective kinase inhibition: striking the right balance. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1413-37. [PMID: 20166671 DOI: 10.1021/jm901132v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Morphy
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Schering-Plough, Newhouse, Lanarkshire, ML1 5SH, UK.
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22
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Regulation of energy homeostasis by bombesin receptor subtype-3: selective receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity. Cell Metab 2010; 11:101-12. [PMID: 20096642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) is a G protein coupled receptor whose natural ligand is unknown. We developed potent, selective agonist (Bag-1, Bag-2) and antagonist (Bantag-1) ligands to explore BRS-3 function. BRS-3-binding sites were identified in the hypothalamus, caudal brainstem, and several midbrain nuclei that harbor monoaminergic cell bodies. Antagonist administration increased food intake and body weight, whereas agonists increased metabolic rate and reduced food intake and body weight. Prolonged high levels of receptor occupancy increased weight loss, suggesting a lack of tachyphylaxis. BRS-3 agonist effectiveness was absent in Brs3(-/Y) (BRS-3 null) mice but was maintained in Npy(-/-)Agrp(-/-), Mc4r(-/-), Cnr1(-/-), and Lepr(db/db) mice. In addition, Brs3(-/Y) mice lost weight upon treatment with either a MC4R agonist or a CB1R inverse agonist. These results demonstrate that BRS-3 has a role in energy homeostasis that complements several well-known pathways and that BRS-3 agonists represent a potential approach to the treatment of obesity.
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Mhidia R, Melnyk O. Selective cleavage of an azaGly peptide bond by copper(II). Long-range effect of histidine residue. J Pept Sci 2010; 16:141-7. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zhang L, Nothacker HP, Wang Z, Bohn LM, Civelli O. Pharmacological characterization of a selective agonist for bombesin receptor subtype-3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 387:283-8. [PMID: 19580790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor in the bombesin receptor family that still awaits identification of its natural ligand. BRS-3 deficient mice develop a mild late-onset obesity with metabolic defects, implicating BRS-3 plays a role in feeding and metabolism. We describe here the pharmacological characterization of a synthetic compound, 16a, which serves as a potent agonist for BRS-3. This compound is selective for BRS-3 as it does not activate neuromedin B or gastrin-releasing peptide receptors, two most closely related bombesin receptors, as well as a series of other GPCRs. We assessed the receptor trafficking of BRS-3 and found that compound 16a promoted beta-arrestin translocation to the cell membrane. Neither central nor peripheral administration of compound 16a affects locomotor activity in mice. Therefore compound 16a is a potential tool to study the function of the BRS-3 system in vitro and possibly in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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25
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Discovery of small molecule agonists for the bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) based on an omeprazole lead. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5451-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Nanda KK, Wesley Trotter B. POCl3-mediated synthesis of hydrolysis-prone 2-trifluoroethylbenzimidazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Jensen RT, Battey JF, Spindel ER, Benya RV. International Union of Pharmacology. LXVIII. Mammalian bombesin receptors: nomenclature, distribution, pharmacology, signaling, and functions in normal and disease states. Pharmacol Rev 2008; 60:1-42. [PMID: 18055507 PMCID: PMC2517428 DOI: 10.1124/pr.107.07108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian bombesin receptor family comprises three G protein-coupled heptahelical receptors: the neuromedin B (NMB) receptor (BB(1)), the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor (BB(2)), and the orphan receptor bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) (BB(3)). Each receptor is widely distributed, especially in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and central nervous system (CNS), and the receptors have a large range of effects in both normal physiology and pathophysiological conditions. The mammalian bombesin peptides, GRP and NMB, demonstrate a broad spectrum of pharmacological/biological responses. GRP stimulates smooth muscle contraction and GI motility, release of numerous GI hormones/neurotransmitters, and secretion and/or hormone release from the pancreas, stomach, colon, and numerous endocrine organs and has potent effects on immune cells, potent growth effects on both normal tissues and tumors, potent CNS effects, including regulation of circadian rhythm, thermoregulation; anxiety/fear responses, food intake, and numerous CNS effects on the GI tract as well as the spinal transmission of chronic pruritus. NMB causes contraction of smooth muscle, has growth effects in various tissues, has CNS effects, including effects on feeding and thermoregulation, regulates thyroid-stimulating hormone release, stimulates various CNS neurons, has behavioral effects, and has effects on spinal sensory transmission. GRP, and to a lesser extent NMB, affects growth and/or differentiation of various human tumors, including colon, prostate, lung, and some gynecologic cancers. Knockout studies show that BB(3) has important effects in energy balance, glucose homeostasis, control of body weight, lung development and response to injury, tumor growth, and perhaps GI motility. This review summarizes advances in our understanding of the biology/pharmacology of these receptors, including their classification, structure, pharmacology, physiology, and role in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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28
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Mantey SA, Gonzalez N, Schumann M, Pradhan TK, Shen L, Coy DH, Jensen RT. Identification of Bombesin Receptor Subtype-Specific Ligands: Effect ofN-Methyl Scanning, Truncation, Substitution, and Evaluation of Putative Reported Selective Ligands. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:980-9. [PMID: 16943256 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.107011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian bombesin (Bn) receptors include the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, neuromedin B receptor, and bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3). These receptors are involved in a variety of physiological/pathologic processes, including thermoregulation, secretion, motility, chemotaxis, and mitogenic effects on both normal and malignant cells. Tumors frequently overexpress these receptors, and their presence is now used for imaging and receptor-mediated cytotoxicity. For these reasons, there is an increased need to develop synthetic, selective receptor subtype-specific ligands, especially agonists for these receptors. In this study, we used a number of strategies to identify useful receptor subtype-selective ligands, including synthesizing new analogs (N-methyl-substituted constrained analogs, truncations, and substitutions) in [d-Tyr(6),betaAla(11),Phe(13),Nle(14)]Bn(6-14), which has high affinity for all Bn receptors and is metabolically stable, as well as completely pharmacologically characterized analogs recently reported to be selective for these receptors in [Ca(2+)](i) assays. Affinities and potencies of each analog were determined for each human Bn receptor subtype. N-Methyl substitutions in positions 14, 12, 11, 10, 9, and 8 did not result in selective analogs, with the exception of position 11, which markedly decreased affinity/potency. N-Terminal truncations or position 12 substitutions did not increase selectivity as previously reported by others. Of the four shortened analogs of [d-Phe(6),betaAla(11),Phe(13),Nle(14)]Bn(6-14) reported to be potent selective BRS-3 ligands on [Ca(2+)](i) assays, only AcPhe,Trp,Ala,His(tauBzl),Nip,Gly,Arg-NH(2) had moderate selectivity for hBRS-3; however, it was less selective than previously reported Apa(11) analogs, demonstrating these are still the most selective BRS-3 analogs available. However, both of these analogs should be useful templates to develop more selective BRS-3 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Mantey
- DHHS/NIH, NIDDK, DDB, Bldg. 10, Rm. 9C103, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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29
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Tan YR, Qi MM, Qin XQ, Xiang Y, Li X, Wang Y, Qu F, Liu HJ, Zhang JS. Wound repair and proliferation of bronchial epithelial cells enhanced by bombesin receptor subtype 3 activation. Peptides 2006; 27:1852-8. [PMID: 16426703 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the role of bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) in airway wound repair. The results showed that: (1) There was few expression of BRS-3 mRNA in the control group. In contrast, the expression of BRS-3 mRNA was gradually increased in the early 2 days, and peaked on the fourth day, and then decreased in the ozone-stressed AHR animal. BRS-3 mRNA was distributed in the ciliated columnar epithelium, monolayer columnar epithelium cells, scattered mesenchymal cells and Type II alveolar cells; (2) The wound repair and proliferation of bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) were accelerated in a concentration-dependent manner by BRS-3 activation with P3513, which could be inhibited by PKA inhibitor H89. The study demostrated that activation of BRS-3 may play an important role in wound repair of AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rong Tan
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
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30
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Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA. Bombesin. Br J Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Morphy
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Organon Laboratories, Newhouse, Lanarkshire, ML1 5SH, U.K.
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32
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Boeglin D, Lubell WD. Aza-Amino Acid Scanning of Secondary Structure Suited for Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis with Fmoc Chemistry and Aza-Amino Acids with Heteroatomic Side Chains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:864-78. [PMID: 16283795 DOI: 10.1021/cc050043h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aza-peptides, peptide analogues in which the alpha-carbon of one or more of the amino acid residues is replaced with a nitrogen atom, exhibit a propensity for adopting beta-turn conformations. A general Fmoc-protection protocol for the stepwise solid-phase synthesis of aza-peptides has now been developed based on the activation of N'-alkyl fluoren-9-ylmethyl carbazates with phosgene for coupling the aza-amino acid residues. This method has proven effective for introducing aza-amino acid residues with aliphatic (Ala, Leu, Val, and Gly) and aromatic (Phe, Tyr, and Trp) side chains. Acid promoted loss of aromatic side chains was noted with aza-Trp and aza-Tyr residues during peptide cleavage and suppressed by temperature control in the case of the latter. In addition, aza-peptides with heteroatomic side chain residues (Lys, Orn, Arg, and Asp) were conveniently synthesized using this protocol. Partial aza-amino acid scans were performed on three biologically active peptides: the potent tetrapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist, Ac-His-d-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH2; the growth hormone secretagogue hexapeptide, GHRP-6, His-d-Trp-Ala-Trp-d-Phe-Lys-NH2; and the human calcitonin gene-related peptide (hCGRP) antagonist, FVPTDVGPFAF-NH2. This practical procedure for aza-amino acid scanning using Fmoc-based solid-phase synthesis should find general utility for probing the existence and importance of beta-turn conformations in bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Boeglin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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33
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Priego EM, Balzarini J, Karlsson A, Camarasa MJ, Pérez-Pérez MJ. Synthesis and evaluation of thymine-derived carboxamides against mitochondrial thymidine kinase (TK-2) and related enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:5079-90. [PMID: 15351391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the structure of our previously identified mitochondrial thymidine kinase (TK-2) inhibitors, three series of thymine-derived carboxamides have been synthesized and tested against TK-2 and related enzymes. The methodology employed has been a solution-phase parallel synthesis based on the coupling of three thymine-derived acids [4-(thymin-1-yl)butyric acid (I), [4-(thymin-1-yl)-butyrylamino]acetic acid (II) and 6-(thymin-1-yl)hexanoic acid (III)] with different commercially available primary amines that carry cyano and/or phenyl groups. The couplings were performed in good yields (from 60% to 90%), with the exception of those that incorporate the highly crowded triphenylmethylamine (e). From the new synthesized compounds, the N-trityl-6-(thymin-1-yl)hexanamide (IIIe) was the most active TK-2 inhibitor (IC(50)=19+/-2microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-María Priego
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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34
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Boyle RG, Humphries J, Mitchell T, Showell GA, Apaya R, Iijima H, Shimada H, Arai T, Ueno H, Usui Y, Sakaki T, Wada E, Wada K. The design of a new potent and selective ligand for the orphan bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS3). J Pept Sci 2005; 11:136-41. [PMID: 15635635 DOI: 10.1002/psc.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Extensive SAR studies on the unselective BRS3 agonist, [H-D-Phe6,beta-Ala11,Phe13,Nle14]-bombesin-(6-14)-nonapeptide amide, have highlighted structural features important for BRS3 activity and have provided guidance as to the design of selective agonists. A radically modified heptapeptide agonist, maintaining only the Trp-Ala moiety of the parent [H-D-Phe6,betaAla11,Phe13,Nle14]-peptide amide, and with a very different carboxyl terminal region, has been produced which was potent at BRS3 and essentially had no NMB or GRP receptor activity. Its structure is Ac-Phe-Trp-Ala-His(tauBzl)-Nip-Gly-Arg-NH2.
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35
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Boeglin D, Cantel S, Heitz A, Martinez J, Fehrentz JA. Solution and solid-supported synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,4-triazole-based peptidomimetics. Org Lett 2004; 5:4465-8. [PMID: 14602026 DOI: 10.1021/ol035778e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] 3,4,5-Trisubstituted 1,2,4-triazoles were synthesized in solution from various thioamides and hydrazides in smooth experimental conditions leading to peptidomimetic scaffolds. This strategy was found to be compatible with the usual peptide synthesis protecting groups. This methodology was then applied on solid support by anchoring alpha-amino acids through their amino function to an activated carbonate resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Boeglin
- Laboratoire des Aminoacides, Peptides et Protéines (LAPP), UMR 5810 CNRS, Universités Montpellier I et II, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cédex 5, France
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
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37
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Mantey SA, Coy DH, Entsuah LK, Jensen RT. Development of Bombesin Analogs with Conformationally Restricted Amino Acid Substitutions with Enhanced Selectivity for the Orphan Receptor Human Bombesin Receptor Subtype 3. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 310:1161-70. [PMID: 15102928 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.066761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human bombesin receptor subtype 3 (hBRS-3) orphan receptor, which has a high homology to bombesin (Bn) receptors [gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and neuromedin B (NMB) receptors], is widely distributed in the rat central nervous system. Its natural ligand or role in physiology is unknown due to lack of selective ligands. Its target disruption leads to obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. A synthetic high-affinity agonist, [D-Tyr6,beta-Ala11,Phe13,Nle14]Bn(6-14), has been described, but it is nonselective for hBRS-3 over other Bn receptors; however, substitution of (R)- or (S)-amino-3-phenylpropionic acid (Apa) for beta-Ala11 resulted in a modestly selective ligand. In the present study, we have attempted to develop a more selective hBRS-3 ligand by using two strategies: substitutions on phenyl ring of Apa11 and the substitution of other conformationally restricted amino acids into position 11 of [D-Tyr6,beta-Ala11,Phe13,Nle14]Bn(6-14). Fifteen analogs were synthesized and affinities were determined for hBRS-3 and Bn receptors (hGRP-R and hNMB-R). Selective analogs were tested for their ability to activate each receptor by stimulating phospholipase C. One analog, [D-Tyr6,Apa-4Cl,Phe13,Nle14]Bn(6-14), retained high affinity for the hBRS-3 (Ki=8 nM) and had enhanced selectivity (>230-fold) for hBRS-3 over hGRP-R or hNMB-R. This analog specifically interacted with hBRS-3, fully activated hBRS-3 receptors, and was a potent agonist at the hBRS-3 receptor. This enhanced selectivity should allow this analog to be useful for investigating the possible role of hBRS-3 in physiological or pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Room 9C-103, 10 Center Dr., MSC 1804, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804l, USA
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