1
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Kennelly S, Sawyer JM, Payne AF, Ciota AT, Harki DA. Development of 3'-Deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-nucleoside Prodrug Inhibitors of West Nile and Zika Viruses. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:1334-1339. [PMID: 39140046 PMCID: PMC11318099 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The antiviral enzyme viperin catalyzes the formation of 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-cytidine-5'-triphosphate (ddhCTP). ddhCTP is incorporated into viral genomes and terminates genomic replication to confer broad-spectrum antiviral effects. We have previously utilized phosphoramidate pronucleotide (ProTide) technology to enable metabolic production of ddhCTP in cells from an exogenously dosed 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-cytidine ProTide, which confers inhibitory activity against West Nile virus (WNV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). Herein, we synthesized 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-nucleosides containing all native nucleobases (thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine, and hypoxanthine), elaborated each to a ProTide, and measured their activity for controlling WNV and ZIKV infection. In comparison to the ddhC ProTide, we found that the ProTides of 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-guanosine and 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-adenosine possess 2- and 4-fold greater antiviral effects against ZIKV, respectively. Collectively, this work advances the development of 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro nucleosides as promising compounds for further development into broad-spectrum antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha
A. Kennelly
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jacob M. Sawyer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anne F. Payne
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, State University
of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York 12144, United States
- The
Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12201, United States
| | - Alexander T. Ciota
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, State University
of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, New York 12144, United States
- The
Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12201, United States
| | - Daniel A. Harki
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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2
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Bilska-Markowska M, Jankowski W, Hoffmann M, Kaźmierczak M. Design and Synthesis of New α-hydroxy β-fluoro/β-trifluoromethyl and Unsaturated Phosphonates from Carbohydrate-Derived Building Blocks via Pudovik and Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Reactions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175404. [PMID: 36080169 PMCID: PMC9457578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present the application of fluorinated carbohydrate-derived building blocks for α-hydroxy β-fluoro/β-trifluoromethyl and unsaturated phosphonates synthesis. Pudovik and Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reactions were applied to achieve this goal. The proposed pathway of the key reactions is supported by the experimental results, as well as quantum chemical calculations. The structure of the products was established by spectroscopic (1D, 2D NMR) and spectrometric (MS) techniques. Based on our data received, we claim that the progress of the Pudovik and HWE reactions is significantly influenced by the acidic protons present in the molecules as assessed by pKa values of the reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bilska-Markowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Jankowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Hoffmann
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Kaźmierczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence:
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3
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Aknin K, Bontemps A, Farce A, Merlet E, Belmont P, Helissey P, Chavatte P, Sari MA, Giorgi-Renault S, Desbène-Finck S. Polycyclic nitrogen heterocycles as potential thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking study. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:252-268. [PMID: 34933639 PMCID: PMC8725971 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.2001806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
New polycyclic heterocycles were synthesised and evaluated as potential inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase (TP). Inspired by the pharmacophoric pyrimidinedione core of the natural substrate, four series have been designed in order to interact with large empty pockets of the active site: pyrimidoquinoline-2,4-diones (series A), pyrimidinedione linked to a pyrroloquinoline-1,3-diones (series B and C), the polycyclic heterocycle has been replaced by a pyrimidopyridopyrrolidinetetraone (series D). In each series, the tricyclic nitrogen heterocyclic moiety has been synthesised by a one-pot multicomponent reaction. Compared to 7-DX used as control, 2d, 2l, 2p (series A), 28a (series D), and the open intermediate 30 showed modest to good activities. A kinetic study confirmed that the most active compounds 2d, 2p are competitive inhibitors. Molecular docking analysis confirmed the interaction of these new compounds at the active binding site of TP and highlighted a plausible specific interaction in a pocket that had not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Aknin
- Faculté de Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Cibles Thérapeutiques et Conception de Médicaments (CiTCoM), CNRS UMR8038, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Bontemps
- Faculté de Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Cibles Thérapeutiques et Conception de Médicaments (CiTCoM), CNRS UMR8038, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Amaury Farce
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Eric Merlet
- Faculté de Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Cibles Thérapeutiques et Conception de Médicaments (CiTCoM), CNRS UMR8038, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Belmont
- Faculté de Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Cibles Thérapeutiques et Conception de Médicaments (CiTCoM), CNRS UMR8038, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Helissey
- Faculté de Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Cibles Thérapeutiques et Conception de Médicaments (CiTCoM), CNRS UMR8038, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Sari
- Faculté des Sciences, CNRS, UMR 8601, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sylviane Giorgi-Renault
- Faculté de Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Cibles Thérapeutiques et Conception de Médicaments (CiTCoM), CNRS UMR8038, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Desbène-Finck
- Faculté de Santé, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Cibles Thérapeutiques et Conception de Médicaments (CiTCoM), CNRS UMR8038, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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4
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Paudel RR, Ridenour JN, Rath NP, Spilling CD. Synthesis of Phosphonomethyl Tetrahydrofurans via the Mori-Tamaru Reaction of Phosphonodienes. Org Lett 2020; 22:3830-3834. [PMID: 32330059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed reductive addition of phosphonodienes to aldehydes (the Mori-Tamaru reaction) gives hydroxy vinyl phosphonates in good yields with excellent control of the relative stereochemistry. Base-induced cyclization of the vinyl phosphonates yields phosphonomethyl-substituted tetrahydrofurans. Inversion of the hydroxyl stereochemistry by Mitsunobu reaction and then cyclization yields a different set of phosphonomethyl-substituted tetrahydrofuran diastereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi R Paudel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Jeremy N Ridenour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Nigam P Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Christopher D Spilling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
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5
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Dorababu A. Evolution of uracil based thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors, SAR and electronic correlation: revisit. Drug Dev Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atukuri Dorababu
- Department of Studies in ChemistrySRMPP Govt. First Grade College Huvinahadagali Karnataka India
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6
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Uddin I, Taha M, Rahim F, Wadood A. Synthesis and molecular docking study of piperazine derivatives as potent inhibitor of thymidine phosphorylase. Bioorg Chem 2018; 78:324-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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In silico binding analysis and SAR elucidations of newly designed benzopyrazine analogs as potent inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase. Bioorg Chem 2016; 68:80-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Li P, Wang X, Li J, Meng ZY, Li SC, Li ZJ, Lu YY, Ren H, Lou YQ, Lu C, Dou GF, Zhang GL. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the novel antitumor 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative (GLB) and its metabolites using HPLC-UV and UPLC-QTOF-MS. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11906. [PMID: 26148672 PMCID: PMC4493701 DOI: 10.1038/srep11906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructose-based 3-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole (GLB) is a novel antitumor agent and belongs to glycosylated spiro-heterocyclic oxadiazole scaffold derivative. This research first reported a simple, specific, sensitive and stable high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) method for the quantitative determination of GLB in plasma. In this method, the chromatographic separation was achieved with a reversed phase C18 column. The calibration curve for GLB was linear at 300 nm. The lower limit of quantification was 10 ng/mL. The precision, accuracy and stability of the method were validated adequately. This method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study in rats for detection of GLB after oral administration. Moreover, the structures of parent compound GLB and its two major metabolites M1 and M2 were identified in plasma using an ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight- mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) method. Our results indicated that the di-hydroxylation (M1) and hydroxylation (M2) of GLB are the major metabolites. In conclusion, the present study provided valuable information on an analytical method for the determination of GLB and its metabolites in rats, can be used to support further developing of this antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
| | - Jian Li
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yun Meng
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Shu-Chun Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
| | - Zhong-Jun Li
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
| | - Ying-Yuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
| | - Ya-Qing Lou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
| | - Chuang Lu
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals-Takeda, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gui-Fang Dou
- Laboratory of Hematological Pharmacology, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Guo-Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR. China
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9
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Košiová I, Šimák O, Panova N, Buděšínský M, Petrová M, Rejman D, Liboska R, Páv O, Rosenberg I. Inhibition of human thymidine phosphorylase by conformationally constrained pyrimidine nucleoside phosphonic acids and their “open-structure” isosteres. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:145-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Sun L, Bera H, Chui WK. Synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine derivatives as inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 65:1-11. [PMID: 23688695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is an enzyme that promotes tumor growth and metastasis and therefore is an attractive druggable target. Using a reported TP inhibitor, 7-deazaxanthine (7DX), as the lead compound; this study was set up to evaluate whether pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-2,4-diones and pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-2-thioxo-4-ones would exhibit TP inhibitory activity. The pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine nucleus was constructed using a reaction that annulated the 1,3,5-triazine ring onto a pyrazole scaffold. Among the 52 compounds synthesized and tested, it was found that 1,3-dihydro-pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-2-thioxo-4-ones exhibited various extent of inhibitory activity against TP. The best compound 17p, which bears a para-substituted pentafluorosulfur group, showed an IC50 value of 0.04 μM, which was around 800 times more potent than the 7DX (IC50 = 32 μM) under the same bioassay conditions. The results of the study suggested that a substituent with +σ and +π properties inserted at position 4 of a phenyl ring that is attached to position 8 of the pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-2-thioxo-4-one scaffold would give excellent TP inhibitory action. In addition, 17p was found to be a non-competitive inhibitor thus suggested that it might interact with TP at a position different from the substrate binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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11
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Pomeisl K, Horská K, Pohl R, Blažek J, Krečmerová M. Syntheses of 1-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)Alkyl] thymine monophosphates and an evaluation of their inhibitory activity toward human thymidine phosphorylase. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 31:159-71. [PMID: 22356232 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.648361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of new monophosphates of 1-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)alkyl]thymines, such as PMPTp(,) 3-MeO-PMPTp, HPMPTp, and FPMPTp, were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit human thymidine phosphorylase. Kinetic measurements of enzyme activity were performed using thymidine and inorganic phosphate as the substrates. The data show that some monophosphates provide a considerable increase of the multisubstrate inhibitory effect. The highest inhibitory potency was found with (R)-FPMPTp 4c (K (i) (dT) = 4.09 ± 0.47 μM, K (i)(P(i)) = 2.13 ± 0.29 μM) and (R) 3-MeO-PMPTp 4d (K (i) (dT) = 5.78 ± 0.71 μM, K (i)(P(i)) = 2.71 ± 0.37 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Pomeisl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. , Prague, Czech Republic.
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12
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Diab SA, De Schutter C, Muzard M, Plantier-Royon R, Pfund E, Lequeux T. Fluorophosphonylated Nucleoside Derivatives as New Series of Thymidine Phosphorylase Multisubstrate Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2758-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201694y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Amel Diab
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thioorganique, UMR CNRS
6507 and FR3038, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, 6 Boulevard du Maréchal Juin,
14050 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Coralie De Schutter
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thioorganique, UMR CNRS
6507 and FR3038, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, 6 Boulevard du Maréchal Juin,
14050 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Murielle Muzard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 6229, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, BP 1039,
51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Richard Plantier-Royon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 6229, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, BP 1039,
51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Emmanuel Pfund
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thioorganique, UMR CNRS
6507 and FR3038, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, 6 Boulevard du Maréchal Juin,
14050 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Lequeux
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thioorganique, UMR CNRS
6507 and FR3038, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, 6 Boulevard du Maréchal Juin,
14050 Caen Cedex, France
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13
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Chavain N, Herdewijn P. 2′-Deoxy-2′-α-C-(hydroxymethyl)adenosine as Potential anti-HCV Agent. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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8-Aza-7,9-dideazaxanthine acyclic nucleoside phosphonate inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:652-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Houghton SR, Melton J, Fortunak J, Brown Ripin DH, Boddy CN. Rapid, mild method for phosphonate diester hydrolysis: development of a one-pot synthesis of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate from tenofovir diethyl ester. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Le Calvez PB, Scott CJ, Migaud ME. Multisubstrate adduct inhibitors: drug design and biological tools. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 24:1291-318. [PMID: 19912064 DOI: 10.3109/14756360902843809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In drug discovery, different methods exist to create new inhibitors possessing satisfactory biological activity. The multisubstrate adduct inhibitor (MAI) approach is one of these methods, which consists of a covalent combination between analogs of the substrate and the cofactor or of the multiple substrates used by the target enzyme. Adopted as the first line of investigation for many enzymes, this method has brought insights into the enzymatic mechanism, structure, and inhibitory requirements. In this review, the MAI approach, applied to different classes of enzyme, is reported from the point of view of biological activity.
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17
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Structural diversity of nucleoside phosphonic acids as a key factor in the discovery of potent inhibitors of rat T-cell lymphoma thymidine phosphorylase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:862-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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The role of phosphate in the action of thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors: Implications for the catalytic mechanism. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1648-51. [PMID: 20138520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of 5-fluoro-6-[(2-aminoimidazol-1-yl)methyl]uracil (AIFU), a potent inhibitor of thymidine phosphorylase (TP) with K(i)-values of 11nM (ecTP) and 17nM (hTP), are described. Kinetic studies established that the type of inhibition of TP by AIFU is uncompetitive with respect to inorganic phosphate (or arsenate). The results obtained suggest that AIFU and other zwitterionic thymine analog inhibitors of TP act as transition state analogs, mimicking the anionic thymine leaving group, consistent with an S(N)2-type catalytic mechanism, and anchored by their protonated side chains to the enzyme-bound phosphate by electrostatic and H-bonding interactions.
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19
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Use of Pd-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction in the rapid synthesis of 5-aryl-6-(phosphonomethoxy)uracils and evaluation of their inhibitory effect towards human thymidine phosphorylase. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Diab SA, Hienzch A, Lebargy C, Guillarme S, Pfund E, Lequeux T. Synthesis of fluorophosphonylated acyclic nucleotide analogues via copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1-3 dipolar cycloaddition. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:4481-90. [PMID: 19830299 DOI: 10.1039/b912724k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of several acyclonucleosides containing both a difluoromethylphosphonate group and a triazole moiety is described starting from a difluorophosphonosulfide. The key step of the synthesis involves a copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1-3 dipolar cycloaddition between difluorophosphonylated azides and propargylated nucleobases derived from thymine and 2-amino-6-chloropurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Amel Diab
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Thioorganique, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR-CNRS 6507, FR3038, 6 Bd du Maréchal Juin, 14050, Caen Cedex, France
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21
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Lu H, Klein RS, Schwartz EL. Antiangiogenic and antitumor activity of 6-(2-aminoethyl)amino-5-chlorouracil, a novel small-molecule inhibitor of thymidine phosphorylase, in combination with the vascular endothelial growth factor-trap. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5136-44. [PMID: 19671868 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumors produce multiple proangiogenic factors, making it unlikely that agents targeting a single angiogenic pathway will be sufficient to treat the spectrum of tumors that occur clinically. Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor has angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo and is overexpressed in most human cancers, where its expression has been correlated with increased microvessel density, more aggressive tumors, and poorer patient prognosis. Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor is identical to the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase (TP), and unlike other angiogenic factors, the proangiogenic actions of TP are dependent on its enzyme activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A potent and specific small-molecule inhibitor of the catalytic activity of TP, 6-(2-aminoethyl)amino-5-chlorouracil (AEAC), was tested for antiangiogenic and antitumor activity in human cancer xenografts in vivo. RESULTS Oral administration of AEAC caused 40% to 50% reductions in the growth of A549 non-small cell lung cancer and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer xenografts, but it was not active against a second pancreatic tumor, BxPC-3. AEAC reduced the microvessel density in the tumors, providing evidence for an antiangiogenic action. Equal or better activity was seen when the mice were treated with the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-Trap, a soluble VEGF decoy receptor, and the combination of AEAC and VEGF-Trap produced additive antitumor activity that was significantly greater than the VEGF-Trap alone. In the A549 tumors, the combination produced tumor regressions. CONCLUSION These studies show antitumor activity for a drug targeting TP and suggest that inhibitors of TP could be used to augment the clinical efficacy of drugs targeting the VEGF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Lu
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA
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Birck M, Clinch K, Gainsford G, Schramm V, Tyler P. Syntheses of 5-Chlorouracils/Thymines with 1-[Phosphono(Methyl/Difluoromethyl)]-1,2-Unsaturated-Moiety-Substituted Methyl Groups at N(1) and Human Thymidine Phosphorylase Inhibitory Activity. Helv Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200900003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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