1
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Rodríguez-Hernández D, Fenwick MK, Zigweid R, Sankaran B, Myler PJ, Sunnerhagen P, Kaushansky A, Staker BL, Grøtli M. Exploring Subsite Selectivity within Plasmodium vivax N-Myristoyltransferase Using Pyrazole-Derived Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7312-7329. [PMID: 38680035 PMCID: PMC11089503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is a promising antimalarial drug target. Despite biochemical similarities between Plasmodium vivax and human NMTs, our recent research demonstrated that high selectivity is achievable. Herein, we report PvNMT-inhibiting compounds aimed at identifying novel mechanisms of selectivity. Various functional groups are appended to a pyrazole moiety in the inhibitor to target a pocket formed beneath the peptide binding cleft. The inhibitor core group polarity, lipophilicity, and size are also varied to probe the water structure near a channel. Selectivity index values range from 0.8 to 125.3. Cocrystal structures of two selective compounds, determined at 1.97 and 2.43 Å, show that extensions bind the targeted pocket but with different stabilities. A bulky naphthalene moiety introduced into the core binds next to instead of displacing protein-bound waters, causing a shift in the inhibitor position and expanding the binding site. Our structure-activity data provide a conceptual foundation for guiding future inhibitor optimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rodríguez-Hernández
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Structural and Functional Biology, Synthetic Biology Laboratory,
Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Michael K. Fenwick
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Rachael Zigweid
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Berkeley Center for Structural
Biology, Advanced Light Source, Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter J. Myler
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Per Sunnerhagen
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bart L. Staker
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Morten Grøtli
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Andrade C, Sousa BKDP, Sigurdardóttir S, Bourgard C, Borba J, Clementino L, Salazar-Alvarez LC, Groustra S, Zigweid R, Khim M, Staker B, Costa F, Eriksson L, Sunnerhagen P. Selective Bias Virtual Screening for Discovery of Promising Antimalarial Candidates targeting Plasmodium N-Myristoyltransferase. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3963523. [PMID: 38463971 PMCID: PMC10925453 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3963523/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Malaria remains a significant public health challenge, with Plasmodium vivax being the species responsible for the most prevalent form of the disease. Given the limited therapeutic options available, the search for new antimalarials against P. vivax is urgent. This study aims to identify new inhibitors for P. vivax N-myristoyltransferase (PvNMT), an essential drug target against malaria. Through a validated virtual screening campaign, we prioritized 23 candidates for further testing. In the yeast NMT system, seven compounds exhibit a potential inhibitor phenotype. In vitro antimalarial phenotypic assays confirmed the activity of four candidates while demonstrating an absence of cytotoxicity. Enzymatic assays reveal LabMol-394 as the most promising inhibitor, displaying selectivity against the parasite and a strong correlation within the yeast system. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations shed some light into its binding mode. This study constitutes a substantial contribution to the exploration of a selective quinoline scaffold and provides valuable insights into the development of new antimalarial candidates.
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3
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Fenwick M, Reers AR, Liu Y, Zigweid R, Sankaran B, Shin J, Hulverson MA, Hammerson B, Fernández Álvaro E, Myler PJ, Kaushansky A, Van Voorhis WC, Fan E, Staker BL. Identification of and Structural Insights into Hit Compounds Targeting N-Myristoyltransferase for Cryptosporidium Drug Development. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1821-1833. [PMID: 37722671 PMCID: PMC10580320 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Each year, approximately 50,000 children under 5 die as a result of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, a protozoan parasite. There are currently no effective drugs or vaccines available to cure or prevent Cryptosporidium infection, and there are limited tools for identifying and validating targets for drug or vaccine development. We previously reported a high throughput screening (HTS) of a large compound library against Plasmodium N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), a validated drug target in multiple protozoan parasite species. To identify molecules that could be effective against Cryptosporidium, we counter-screened hits from the Plasmodium NMT HTS against Cryptosporidium NMT. We identified two potential hit compounds and validated them against CpNMT to determine if NMT might be an attractive drug target also for Cryptosporidium. We tested the compounds against Cryptosporidium using both cell-based and NMT enzymatic assays. We then determined the crystal structure of CpNMT bound to Myristoyl-Coenzyme A (MyrCoA) and structures of ternary complexes with MyrCoA and the hit compounds to identify the ligand binding modes. The binding site architectures display different conformational states in the presence of the two inhibitors and provide a basis for rational design of selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
K. Fenwick
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Alexandra R. Reers
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rachael Zigweid
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley
Center for Structural Biology, Advanced Light Source, Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Janis Shin
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Matthew A. Hulverson
- Center
for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy
and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Bradley Hammerson
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | | | - Peter J. Myler
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Department
of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy
and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Department
of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Division of Allergy
and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bart L. Staker
- Seattle
Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
- Center
for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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4
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Rodríguez-Hernández D, Vijayan K, Zigweid R, Fenwick MK, Sankaran B, Roobsoong W, Sattabongkot J, Glennon EKK, Myler PJ, Sunnerhagen P, Staker BL, Kaushansky A, Grøtli M. Identification of potent and selective N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors of Plasmodium vivax liver stage hypnozoites and schizonts. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5408. [PMID: 37669940 PMCID: PMC10480161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs targeting multiple stages of the Plasmodium vivax life cycle are needed to reduce the health and economic burdens caused by malaria worldwide. N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an essential eukaryotic enzyme and a validated drug target for combating malaria. However, previous PvNMT inhibitors have failed due to their low selectivity over human NMTs. Herein, we apply a structure-guided hybridization approach combining chemical moieties of previously reported NMT inhibitors to develop the next generation of PvNMT inhibitors. A high-resolution crystal structure of PvNMT bound to a representative selective hybrid compound reveals a unique binding site architecture that includes a selective conformation of a key tyrosine residue. The hybridized compounds significantly decrease P. falciparum blood-stage parasite load and consistently exhibit dose-dependent inhibition of P. vivax liver stage schizonts and hypnozoites. Our data demonstrate that hybridized NMT inhibitors can be multistage antimalarials, targeting dormant and developing forms of liver and blood stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rodríguez-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg; S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, NO-5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kamalakannan Vijayan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Rachael Zigweid
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Michael K Fenwick
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Advanced Light Source; Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Elizabeth K K Glennon
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Peter J Myler
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Per Sunnerhagen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg; S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bart L Staker
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Morten Grøtli
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg; S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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5
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Nicolau MSP, Resende MA, Serafim P, Lima GYP, Ueira-Vieira C, Nicolau-Junior N, Yoneyama KAG. Identification of potential inhibitors for N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) protein of Plasmodium vivax. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7019-7031. [PMID: 36002266 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2114942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a neglected parasitic infection of global importance. It is mainly present in tropical countries and caused by a protozoa that belongs to the genus Plasmodium. The disease vectors are female Anopheles mosquitoes infected with the Plasmodium spp. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there were 241 million malaria cases worldwide in 2020 and approximately 627 thousand malaria deaths in the same year. The increasing resistance to treatment has been a major problem since the beginning of the 21st century. New studies have been conducted to find possible drugs that can be used for the eradication of the disease. In this scenario, a protein named N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) has been studied as a potential drug target. NMT has an important role on the myristoylation of proteins and binds to the plasma membrane, contributing to the stabilization of protein-protein interactions. Thus, inhibition of NMT can lead to death of the parasite cell. Therefore, in order to predict and detect potential inhibitors against Plasmodium NMT, Computer-Aided Drug Design techniques were used in this research that involve virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics. Three potential compounds similar to a benzofuran inhibitor were identified as stable PvNMT ligands. These compounds (EXP90, ZBC205 and ZDD968) originate from three different sources, respectively: a commercial library, a natural product library, and the FDA approved drugs dataset. These compounds may be further tested in in vitro and in vivo inhibition tests against Plasmodium vivax NMT.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milllena Almeida Resende
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Serafim
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Germano Yoneda Pereira Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ueira-Vieira
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Nilson Nicolau-Junior
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Animal Toxins, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
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6
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Spassov DS, Atanasova M, Doytchinova I. Inhibitor Trapping in N-Myristoyltransferases as a Mechanism for Drug Potency. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11610. [PMID: 37511367 PMCID: PMC10380619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting inhibitor potency is critical in drug design and development, yet it has remained one of computational biology's biggest unresolved challenges. Here, we show that in the case of the N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), this problem could be traced to the mechanisms by which the NMT enzyme is inhibited. NMT adopts open or closed conformations necessary for orchestrating the different steps of the catalytic process. The results indicate that the potency of the NMT inhibitors is determined by their ability to stabilize the enzyme conformation in the closed state, and that in this state, the small molecules themselves are trapped and locked inside the structure of the enzyme, creating a significant barrier for their dissociation. By using molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that the conformational stabilization of the protein molecule in its closed form is highly correlated with the ligands activity and can be used to predict their potency. Hence, predicting inhibitor potency in silico might depend on modeling the conformational changes of the protein molecule upon binding of the ligand rather than estimating the changes in free binding energy that arise from their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danislav S Spassov
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mariyana Atanasova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Irini Doytchinova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
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7
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Nascimento IJDS, Cavalcanti MDAT, de Moura RO. Exploring N-myristoyltransferase as a promising drug target against parasitic neglected tropical diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115550. [PMID: 37336067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) constitute a group of approximately 20 infectious diseases that mainly affect the impoverished population without basic sanitation in tropical countries. These diseases are responsible for many deaths worldwide, costing billions of dollars in public health investment to treat and control these infections. Among them are the diseases caused by protozoa of the Trypanosomatid family, which constitute Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease), Trypanosoma brucei (sleeping sickness), and Leishmaniasis. In addition, there is a classification of other diseases, called the big three, AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, which are endemic in countries with tropical conditions. Despite the high mortality rates, there is still a gap in the treatment. The drugs have a high incidence of side effects and protozoan resistance, justifying the investment in developing new alternatives. In fact, the Target-Based Drug Design (TBDD) approach is responsible for identifying several promising compounds, and among the targets explored through this approach, N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) stands out. It is an enzyme related to the co-translational myristoylation of N-terminal glycine in various peptides. The myristoylation process is a co-translation that occurs after removing the initiator methionine. This process regulates the assembly of protein complexes and stability, which justifies its potential as a drug target. In order to propose NMT as a potential target for parasitic diseases, this review will address the entire structure and function of this enzyme and the primary studies demonstrating its promising potential against Leishmaniasis, T. cruzi, T. brucei, and malaria. We hope our information can help researchers worldwide search for potential drugs against these diseases that have been threatening the health of the world's population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor José Dos Santos Nascimento
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Brazil; Cesmac University Center, Pharmacy Departament, Maceió, Brazil; Drug Development and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Brazil.
| | - Misael de Azevedo Teotônio Cavalcanti
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Brazil; Drug Development and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Olimpio de Moura
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Brazil; Drug Development and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande, 58429-500, Brazil
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8
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Jameel E, Madhav H, Agrawal P, Raza MK, Ahmedi S, Rahman A, Shahid N, Shaheen K, Gajra CH, Khan A, Malik MZ, Imam MA, Kalamuddin M, Kumar J, Gupta D, Nayeem SM, Manzoor N, Mohammad A, Malhotra P, Hoda N. Identification of new oxospiro chromane quinoline-carboxylate antimalarials that arrest parasite growth at ring stage. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:15485-15506. [PMID: 36970842 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2188959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Malaria still threatens half the globe population despite successful Artemisinin-based combination therapy. One of the reasons for our inability to eradicate malaria is the emergence of resistance to current antimalarials. Thus, there is a need to develop new antimalarials targeting Plasmodium proteins. The present study reported the design and synthesis of 4, 6 and 7-substituted quinoline-3-carboxylates 9(a-o) and carboxylic acids 10(a-b) for the inhibition of Plasmodium N-Myristoyltransferases (NMTs) using computational biology tools followed by chemical synthesis and functional analysis. The designed compounds exhibited a glide score of -9.241 to -6.960 kcal/mol for PvNMT and -7.538 kcal/mol for PfNMT model proteins. Development of the synthesized compounds was established via NMR, HRMS and single crystal X-ray diffraction study. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimalarial efficacy against CQ-sensitive Pf3D7 and CQ-resistant PfINDO lines followed by cell toxicity evaluation. In silico results highlighted the compound ethyl 6-methyl-4-(naphthalen-2-yloxy)quinoline-3-carboxylate (9a) as a promising inhibitor with a glide score of -9.084 kcal/mol for PvNMT and -6.975 kcal/mol for PfNMT with IC50 values of 6.58 µM for Pf3D7 line. Furthermore, compounds 9n and 9o exhibited excellent anti-plasmodial activity (Pf3D7 IC50 = 3.96, 6.71 µM, and PfINDO IC50 = 6.38, 2.8 µM, respectively). The conformational stability of 9a with the active site of the target protein was analyzed through MD simulation and was found concordance with in vitro results. Thus, our study provides scaffolds for the development of potent antimalarials targeting both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehtesham Jameel
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Hari Madhav
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Prakhar Agrawal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Saiema Ahmedi
- Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Nida Shahid
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Kashfa Shaheen
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Chhaya Haresh Gajra
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Ashma Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Zubbair Malik
- School of Computational Biology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Ali Imam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Kalamuddin
- Medical Mycology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel College, Bhabua, India
- V. K. S. U., Ara, Bihar, India
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Shahid M Nayeem
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nikhat Manzoor
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Asif Mohammad
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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9
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Schlott AC, Knuepfer E, Green JL, Hobson P, Borg AJ, Morales-Sanfrutos J, Perrin AJ, Maclachlan C, Collinson LM, Snijders AP, Tate EW, Holder AA. Inhibition of protein N-myristoylation blocks Plasmodium falciparum intraerythrocytic development, egress and invasion. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001408. [PMID: 34695132 PMCID: PMC8544853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have combined chemical biology and genetic modification approaches to investigate the importance of protein myristoylation in the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Parasite treatment during schizogony in the last 10 to 15 hours of the erythrocytic cycle with IMP-1002, an inhibitor of N-myristoyl transferase (NMT), led to a significant blockade in parasite egress from the infected erythrocyte. Two rhoptry proteins were mislocalized in the cell, suggesting that rhoptry function is disrupted. We identified 16 NMT substrates for which myristoylation was significantly reduced by NMT inhibitor (NMTi) treatment, and, of these, 6 proteins were substantially reduced in abundance. In a viability screen, we showed that for 4 of these proteins replacement of the N-terminal glycine with alanine to prevent myristoylation had a substantial effect on parasite fitness. In detailed studies of one NMT substrate, glideosome-associated protein 45 (GAP45), loss of myristoylation had no impact on protein location or glideosome assembly, in contrast to the disruption caused by GAP45 gene deletion, but GAP45 myristoylation was essential for erythrocyte invasion. Therefore, there are at least 3 mechanisms by which inhibition of NMT can disrupt parasite development and growth: early in parasite development, leading to the inhibition of schizogony and formation of “pseudoschizonts,” which has been described previously; at the end of schizogony, with disruption of rhoptry formation, merozoite development and egress from the infected erythrocyte; and at invasion, when impairment of motor complex function prevents invasion of new erythrocytes. These results underline the importance of P. falciparum NMT as a drug target because of the pleiotropic effect of its inhibition. Understanding the essential factors needed for malaria parasite development could help us find new therapeutic targets. This study reveals that N-myristoylation is a posttranslational modification of proteins essential for the parasites’ growth and their invasion of red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. Schlott
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Knuepfer
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Judith L. Green
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Hobson
- Flow Cytometry Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron J. Borg
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Abigail J. Perrin
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Maclachlan
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy M. Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ambrosius P. Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EWT); (AAH)
| | - Anthony A. Holder
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EWT); (AAH)
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10
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Bell AS, Yu Z, Hutton JA, Wright MH, Brannigan JA, Paape D, Roberts SM, Sutherell CL, Ritzefeld M, Wilkinson AJ, Smith DF, Leatherbarrow RJ, Tate EW. Novel Thienopyrimidine Inhibitors of Leishmania N-Myristoyltransferase with On-Target Activity in Intracellular Amastigotes. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7740-7765. [PMID: 32575985 PMCID: PMC7383931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
leishmaniases, caused by Leishmania species
of protozoan parasites, are neglected tropical diseases with millions
of cases worldwide. Current therapeutic approaches are limited by
toxicity, resistance, and cost. N-Myristoyltransferase
(NMT), an enzyme ubiquitous and essential in all eukaryotes, has been
validated via genetic and pharmacological methods as a promising anti-leishmanial
target. Here we describe a comprehensive structure–activity
relationship (SAR) study of a thienopyrimidine series previously identified
in a high-throughput screen against Leishmania NMT,
across 68 compounds in enzyme- and cell-based assay formats. Using
a chemical tagging target engagement biomarker assay, we identify
the first inhibitor in this series with on-target NMT activity in
leishmania parasites. Furthermore, crystal structure analyses of 12
derivatives in complex with Leishmania major NMT revealed key factors important for future structure-guided optimization
delivering IMP-105 (43), a compound with modest activity
against Leishmania donovani intracellular
amastigotes and excellent selectivity (>660-fold) for Leishmania NMT over human NMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Bell
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, U.K. W12 0BZ
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, U.K. W12 0BZ
| | - Jennie A Hutton
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, U.K. W12 0BZ
| | - Megan H Wright
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K. LS2 9JT
| | - James A Brannigan
- Structural Biology Laboratory, York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Daniel Paape
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, U.K. YO10 5NG
| | - Shirley M Roberts
- Structural Biology Laboratory, York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Charlotte L Sutherell
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, U.K. W12 0BZ
| | - Markus Ritzefeld
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, U.K. W12 0BZ
| | - Anthony J Wilkinson
- Structural Biology Laboratory, York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Deborah F Smith
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, U.K. YO10 5NG
| | - Robin J Leatherbarrow
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, U.K. W12 0BZ
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, U.K. W12 0BZ
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11
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Veale CGL, Müller R. Recent Highlights in Anti-infective Medicinal Chemistry from South Africa. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:809-826. [PMID: 32149446 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Global advancements in biological technologies have vastly increased the variety of and accessibility to bioassay platforms, while simultaneously improving our understanding of druggable chemical space. In the South African context, this has resulted in a rapid expansion in the number of medicinal chemistry programmes currently operating, particularly on university campuses. Furthermore, the modern medicinal chemist has the advantage of being able to incorporate data from numerous related disciplines into the medicinal chemistry process, allowing for informed molecular design to play a far greater role than previously possible. Accordingly, this review focusses on recent highlights in drug-discovery programmes, in which South African medicinal chemistry groups have played a substantive role in the design and optimisation of biologically active compounds which contribute to the search for promising agents for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Ronel Müller
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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12
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Garcia ML, de Oliveira AA, Bueno RV, Nogueira VHR, de Souza GE, Guido RVC. QSAR studies on benzothiophene derivatives as Plasmodium falciparum N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors: Molecular insights into affinity and selectivity. Drug Dev Res 2020; 83:264-284. [PMID: 32045013 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by Anopheles spp. mosquitos. Due to the emerging resistance to currently available drugs, great efforts must be invested in discovering new molecular targets and drugs. N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an essential enzyme to parasites and has been validated as a chemically tractable target for the discovery of new drug candidates against malaria. In this work, 2D and 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were conducted on a series of benzothiophene derivatives as P. falciparum NMT (PfNMT) and human NMT (HsNMT) inhibitors to shed light on the molecular requirements for inhibitor affinity and selectivity. A combination of Quantitative Structure-activity Relationship (QSAR) methods, including the hologram quantitative structure-activity relationship (HQSAR), comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) models, were used, and the impacts of the molecular alignment strategies (maximum common substructure and flexible ligand alignment) and atomic partial charge methods (Gasteiger-Hückel, MMFF94, AM1-BCC, CHELPG, and Mulliken) on the quality and reliability of the models were assessed. The best models exhibited internal consistency and could reasonably predict the inhibitory activity against both PfNMT (HQSAR: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.83/0.98/0.81; CoMFA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.78/0.97/0.86; CoMSIA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.74/0.95/0.82) and HsNMT (HQSAR: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.79/0.93/0.74; CoMFA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.82/0.98/0.60; CoMSIA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.62/0.95/0.56). The results enabled the identification of the polar interactions (electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding properties) as the major molecular features that affected the inhibitory activity and selectivity. These findings should be useful for the design of PfNMT inhibitors with high affinities and selectivities as antimalarial lead candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L Garcia
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew A de Oliveira
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata V Bueno
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor H R Nogueira
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme E de Souza
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael V C Guido
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Harupa A, De Las Heras L, Colmenarejo G, Lyons-Abbott S, Reers A, Caballero Hernandez I, Chung CW, Charter D, Myler PJ, Fernández-Menéndez RM, Calderón F, Palomo S, Rodríguez B, Berlanga M, Herreros-Avilés E, Staker BL, Fernández Álvaro E, Kaushansky A. Identification of Selective Inhibitors of Plasmodium N-Myristoyltransferase by High-Throughput Screening. J Med Chem 2020; 63:591-600. [PMID: 31850752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New drugs that target Plasmodium species, the causative agents of malaria, are needed. The enzyme N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an essential protein, which catalyzes the myristoylation of protein substrates, often to mediate membrane targeting. We screened ∼1.8 million small molecules for activity against Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) NMT. Hits were triaged based on potency and physicochemical properties and further tested against P. vivax and Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) NMTs. We assessed the activity of hits against human NMT1 and NMT2 and discarded compounds with low selectivity indices. We identified 23 chemical classes specific for the inhibition of Plasmodium NMTs over human NMTs, including multiple novel scaffolds. Cocrystallization of P. vivax NMT with one compound revealed peptide binding pocket binding. Other compounds show a range of potential modes of action. Our data provide insight into the activity of a collection of selective inhibitors of Plasmodium NMT and serve as a starting point for subsequent medicinal chemistry efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Harupa
- Center for Infectious Disease Research , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760 , Spain
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research , Emeryville , California 94608 , United States
| | | | | | - Sally Lyons-Abbott
- Center for Infectious Disease Research , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | - Alexandra Reers
- Center for Infectious Disease Research , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
- Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Peter J Myler
- Center for Infectious Disease Research , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
- Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | | | | | - Sara Palomo
- GlaxoSmithKline , Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760 , Spain
| | | | | | | | - Bart L Staker
- Center for Infectious Disease Research , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
- Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| | | | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Infectious Disease Research , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
- Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
- Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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14
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Schlott AC, Mayclin S, Reers AR, Coburn-Flynn O, Bell AS, Green J, Knuepfer E, Charter D, Bonnert R, Campo B, Burrows J, Lyons-Abbott S, Staker BL, Chung CW, Myler PJ, Fidock DA, Tate EW, Holder AA. Structure-Guided Identification of Resistance Breaking Antimalarial N‑Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:991-1000.e7. [PMID: 31080074 PMCID: PMC6658617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of myristate to the N-terminal glycine of certain proteins is largely a co-translational modification catalyzed by N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), and involved in protein membrane-localization. Pathogen NMT is a validated therapeutic target in numerous infectious diseases including malaria. In Plasmodium falciparum, NMT substrates are important in essential processes including parasite gliding motility and host cell invasion. Here, we generated parasites resistant to a particular NMT inhibitor series and show that resistance in an in vitro parasite growth assay is mediated by a single amino acid substitution in the NMT substrate-binding pocket. The basis of resistance was validated and analyzed with a structure-guided approach using crystallography, in combination with enzyme activity, stability, and surface plasmon resonance assays, allowing identification of another inhibitor series unaffected by this substitution. We suggest that resistance studies incorporated early in the drug development process help selection of drug combinations to impede rapid evolution of parasite resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Schlott
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, White City Campus Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Stephen Mayclin
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; UCB Pharma, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Alexandra R Reers
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA
| | - Olivia Coburn-Flynn
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew S Bell
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, White City Campus Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Judith Green
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ellen Knuepfer
- Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - David Charter
- Structural and Biophysical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Roger Bonnert
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré-Bois 20, Post Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré-Bois 20, Post Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré-Bois 20, Post Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Sally Lyons-Abbott
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA
| | - Bart L Staker
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA
| | - Chun-Wa Chung
- Structural and Biophysical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK; Crick-GSK Biomedical LinkLabs, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Peter J Myler
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics & Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Edward W Tate
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, White City Campus Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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15
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Junqueira LO, Costa MOLD, Rando DGG. N-Myristoyltransferases as antileishmanial targets: a piggyback approach with benzoheterocyclic analogues. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000218087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Jacobs L, de Kock C, Taylor D, Pelly SC, Blackie MA. Synthesis of five libraries of 6,5-fused heterocycles to establish the importance of the heterocyclic core for antiplasmodial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5730-5741. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Microwave-assisted synthesis of novel benzodifuran-based bis(N-(het)arylthiazol-2-amine) derivatives and their antibacterial and antimycobacterial activities. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-018-2323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Aldrich CC, Calderón F. 2 nd SCI/RSC Symposium on Medicinal Chemistry for Global Health: A Unique Opportunity for the Field. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:424-428. [PMID: 29649878 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C. Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 8-174 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minneosta 55455, United States
| | - Félix Calderón
- Tres Cantos, Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
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19
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Bayliss T, Robinson DA, Smith VC, Brand S, McElroy SP, Torrie LS, Mpamhanga C, Norval S, Stojanovski L, Brenk R, Frearson JA, Read KD, Gilbert IH, Wyatt PG. Design and Synthesis of Brain Penetrant Trypanocidal N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9790-9806. [PMID: 29125744 PMCID: PMC5734605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) represents a promising drug target within the parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei), the causative agent for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness. We have previously validated T. brucei NMT as a promising druggable target for the treatment of HAT in both stages 1 and 2 of the disease. We report on the use of the previously reported DDD85646 (1) as a starting point for the design of a class of potent, brain penetrant inhibitors of T. brucei NMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Bayliss
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - David A Robinson
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Victoria C Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Stephen Brand
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Stuart P McElroy
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Leah S Torrie
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Chido Mpamhanga
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Suzanne Norval
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Laste Stojanovski
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ruth Brenk
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Julie A Frearson
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Kevin D Read
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Paul G Wyatt
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee , Sir James Black Centre, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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20
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New developments in probing and targeting protein acylation in malaria, leishmaniasis and African sleeping sickness. Parasitology 2017; 145:157-174. [PMID: 28270257 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infections by protozoan parasites, such as Plasmodium falciparum or Leishmania donovani, have a significant health, social and economic impact and threaten billions of people living in tropical and sub-tropical regions of developing countries worldwide. The increasing range of parasite strains resistant to frontline therapeutics makes the identification of novel drug targets and the development of corresponding inhibitors vital. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are important modulators of biology and inhibition of protein lipidation has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of parasitic diseases. In this review we summarize the latest insights into protein lipidation in protozoan parasites. We discuss how recent chemical proteomic approaches have delivered the first global overviews of protein lipidation in these organisms, contributing to our understanding of the role of this PTM in critical metabolic and cellular functions. Additionally, we highlight the development of new small molecule inhibitors to target parasite acyl transferases.
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21
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Goncalves V, Brannigan JA, Laporte A, Bell AS, Roberts SM, Wilkinson AJ, Leatherbarrow RJ, Tate EW. Structure-guided optimization of quinoline inhibitors of Plasmodium N-myristoyltransferase. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [PMID: 28626547 PMCID: PMC5463734 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00531d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Quinolines with balanced activities against both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum N-myristoyltransferase were identified.
The parasite Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed cause of recurring malaria. N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT), an enzyme that catalyses the covalent attachment of myristate to the N-terminal glycine of substrate proteins, has been described as a potential target for the treatment of this disease. Herein, we report the synthesis and the structure-guided optimization of a series of quinolines with balanced activity against both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum N-myristoyltransferase (NMT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Goncalves
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . ;
| | - James A Brannigan
- Structural Biology Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Alice Laporte
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . ;
| | - Andrew S Bell
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . ;
| | - Shirley M Roberts
- Structural Biology Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Anthony J Wilkinson
- Structural Biology Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York YO10 5DD , UK
| | | | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK . ;
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22
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Thinon E, Morales-Sanfrutos J, Mann DJ, Tate EW. N-Myristoyltransferase Inhibition Induces ER-Stress, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2165-76. [PMID: 27267252 PMCID: PMC5077176 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) covalently attaches a C14 fatty acid to the N-terminal glycine of proteins and has been proposed as a therapeutic target in cancer. We have recently shown that selective NMT inhibition leads to dose-responsive loss of N-myristoylation on more than 100 protein targets in cells, and cytotoxicity in cancer cells. N-myristoylation lies upstream of multiple pro-proliferative and oncogenic pathways, but to date the complex substrate specificity of NMT has limited determination of which diseases are most likely to respond to a selective NMT inhibitor. We describe here the phenotype of NMT inhibition in HeLa cells and show that cells die through apoptosis following or concurrent with accumulation in the G1 phase. We used quantitative proteomics to map protein expression changes for more than 2700 proteins in response to treatment with an NMT inhibitor in HeLa cells and observed down-regulation of proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and up-regulation of proteins involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response, with similar results in breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) and colon (HCT116) cancer cell lines. This study describes the cellular response to NMT inhibition at the proteome level and provides a starting point for selective targeting of specific diseases with NMT inhibitors, potentially in combination with other targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Thinon
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Morales-Sanfrutos
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Mann
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
- Institute
of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
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23
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Salah Ud-Din AIM, Tikhomirova A, Roujeinikova A. Structure and Functional Diversity of GCN5-Related N-Acetyltransferases (GNAT). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1018. [PMID: 27367672 PMCID: PMC4964394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
General control non-repressible 5 (GCN5)-related N-acetyltransferases (GNAT) catalyze the transfer of an acyl moiety from acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) to a diverse group of substrates and are widely distributed in all domains of life. This review of the currently available data acquired on GNAT enzymes by a combination of structural, mutagenesis and kinetic methods summarizes the key similarities and differences between several distinctly different families within the GNAT superfamily, with an emphasis on the mechanistic insights obtained from the analysis of the complexes with substrates or inhibitors. It discusses the structural basis for the common acetyltransferase mechanism, outlines the factors important for the substrate recognition, and describes the mechanism of action of inhibitors of these enzymes. It is anticipated that understanding of the structural basis behind the reaction and substrate specificity of the enzymes from this superfamily can be exploited in the development of novel therapeutics to treat human diseases and combat emerging multidrug-resistant microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Iftiaf Md Salah Ud-Din
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Alexandra Tikhomirova
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Anna Roujeinikova
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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24
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the fact that diseases caused by protozoan parasites represent serious challenges for public health, animal production and welfare, only a limited panel of drugs has been marketed for clinical applications. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors investigate two strategies, namely whole organism screening and target-based drug design. The present pharmacopoeia has resulted from whole organism screening, and the mode of action and targets of selected drugs are discussed. However, the more recent extensive genome sequencing efforts and the development of dry and wet lab genomics and proteomics that allow high-throughput screening of interactions between micromolecules and recombinant proteins has resulted in target-based drug design as the predominant focus in anti-parasitic drug development. Selected examples of target-based drug design studies are presented, and calcium-dependent protein kinases, important drug targets in apicomplexan parasites, are discussed in more detail. EXPERT OPINION Despite the enormous efforts in target-based drug development, this approach has not yet generated market-ready antiprotozoal drugs. However, whole-organism screening approaches, comprising of both in vitro and in vivo investigations, should not be disregarded. The repurposing of already approved and marketed drugs could be a suitable strategy to avoid fastidious approval procedures, especially in the case of neglected or veterinary parasitoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Müller
- a Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- a Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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25
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Abstract
This viewpoint describes the results obtained from matched molecular pair analyses and quantum mechanics calculations that show unsaturated rings found in drug-like molecules may be replaced with their saturated counterparts without losing potency even if they are engaged in stacking interactions with the side chains of aromatic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Gunaydin
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael D. Bartberger
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Therapeutic Discovery, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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26
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Repurposing strategies for tropical disease drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2569-76. [PMID: 27080183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and other diseases of the developing world, such as malaria, attract research investments that are disproportionately low compared to their impact on human health worldwide. Therefore, pragmatic methods for launching new drug discovery programs have emerged that repurpose existing chemical matter as new drugs or new starting points for optimization. In this Digest we describe applications of different repurposing approaches for NTDs, and provide a means by which these approaches may be differentiated from each other. These include drug repurposing, target repurposing, target class repurposing, and lead repurposing.
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27
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A microwave-assisted multicomponent protocol for the synthesis of benzofuran-2-carboxamides. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Singh N, Shah P, Dwivedi H, Mishra S, Tripathi R, Sahasrabuddhe AA, Siddiqi MI. Integrated machine learning, molecular docking and 3D-QSAR based approach for identification of potential inhibitors of trypanosomal N-myristoyltransferase. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:3711-3723. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00574h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Integrated in silico approaches for the identification of antitrypanosomal inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
| | - Priyanka Shah
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
| | - Hemlata Dwivedi
- Division of Parasitology
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
| | - Shikha Mishra
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
| | - Renu Tripathi
- Division of Parasitology
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Amogh A. Sahasrabuddhe
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Mohammad Imran Siddiqi
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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29
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Aneja B, Kumar B, Jairajpuri MA, Abid M. A structure guided drug-discovery approach towards identification of Plasmodium inhibitors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19673f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review of inhibitors from natural, semisynthetic or synthetic sources against key targets ofPlasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Aneja
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Bhumika Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mohamad Aman Jairajpuri
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
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30
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Rackham MD, Yu Z, Brannigan JA, Heal WP, Paape D, Barker KV, Wilkinson AJ, Smith DF, Leatherbarrow RJ, Tate EW. Discovery of high affinity inhibitors of Leishmania donovani N-myristoyltransferase. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015; 6:1761-1766. [PMID: 26962429 PMCID: PMC4757855 DOI: 10.1039/c5md00241a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) is a potential drug target in Leishmania parasites. Scaffold-hopping from published inhibitors yielded the serendipitous discovery of a chemotype selective for Leishmania donovani NMT; development led to high affinity inhibitors with excellent ligand efficiency. The binding mode was characterised by crystallography and provides a structural rationale for selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Rackham
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 2075 943752
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 2075 943752
| | - James A Brannigan
- Structural Biology Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - William P Heal
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 2075 943752
| | - Daniel Paape
- Department of Biology , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - K Victoria Barker
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 2075 943752
| | - Anthony J Wilkinson
- Structural Biology Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Deborah F Smith
- Department of Biology , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Robin J Leatherbarrow
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 2075 943752
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0) 2075 943752
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31
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Yu Z, Brannigan JA, Rangachari K, Heal WP, Wilkinson AJ, Holder AA, Leatherbarrow RJ, Tate EW. Discovery of pyridyl-based inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum N-myristoyltransferase. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015; 6:1767-1772. [PMID: 26962430 PMCID: PMC4757856 DOI: 10.1039/c5md00242g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) represents an attractive drug target in parasitic infections such as malaria due to its genetic essentiality and amenability to inhibition by drug-like small molecules. Scaffold simplification from previously reported inhibitors containing bicyclic cores identified phenyl derivative 3, providing a versatile platform to study the effects of substitution on the scaffold, which yielded pyridyl 19. This molecule exhibited improved enzyme and cellular potency, and reduced lipophilicity compared to inhibitor 3. Further structure-based inhibitor design led to the discovery of 30, the most potent inhibitor in this series, which showed single-digit nM enzyme affinity and sub-μM anti-plasmodial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)2075 943 752
| | - James A Brannigan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Kaveri Rangachari
- The Francis Crick Institute , Mill Hill Laboratory , The Ridgeway , London , NW7 1AA , UK
| | - William P Heal
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)2075 943 752
| | - Anthony J Wilkinson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Anthony A Holder
- The Francis Crick Institute , Mill Hill Laboratory , The Ridgeway , London , NW7 1AA , UK
| | - Robin J Leatherbarrow
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)2075 943 752
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London , SW7 2AZ , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)2075 943 752
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32
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Fang W, Robinson DA, Raimi OG, Blair DE, Harrison JR, Lockhart DEA, Torrie LS, Ruda GF, Wyatt PG, Gilbert IH, van Aalten DMF. N-myristoyltransferase is a cell wall target in Aspergillus fumigatus. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1425-34. [PMID: 25706802 PMCID: PMC4477619 DOI: 10.1021/cb5008647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of filamentous fungal infections relies on a limited repertoire of antifungal agents. Compounds possessing novel modes of action are urgently required. N-myristoylation is a ubiquitous modification of eukaryotic proteins. The enzyme N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) has been considered a potential therapeutic target in protozoa and yeasts. Here, we show that the filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus possesses an active NMT enzyme that is essential for survival. Surprisingly, partial repression of the gene revealed downstream effects of N-myristoylation on cell wall morphology. Screening a library of inhibitors led to the discovery of a pyrazole sulphonamide compound that inhibits the enzyme and is fungicidal under partially repressive nmt conditions. Together with a crystallographic complex showing the inhibitor binding in the peptide substrate pocket, we provide evidence of NMT being a potential drug target in A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Fang
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Robinson
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Olawale G. Raimi
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Blair
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Justin R. Harrison
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah E. A. Lockhart
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Leah S. Torrie
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Gian Filippo Ruda
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G. Wyatt
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Daan M. F. van Aalten
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, ‡Division of Biological
Chemistry and Drug Discovery, §MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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33
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Shimada T, Suzuki M, Katakura SI. Structure of N-myristoyltransferase from Aspergillus fumigatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:754-61. [PMID: 25849386 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an enzyme which translocates the 14-carbon saturated fatty acid myristate from myristoyl-CoA to the N-terminal glycine of substrate peptides. This myristoylation process is involved in protein modification in various eukaryotes, including animals and fungi. Furthermore, this enzyme has been shown to be essential to the growth of various species, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which indicates that NMT is an attractive target for the development of a novel antifungal drug. In this study, the crystal structure of a ternary complex of NMT from Aspergillus fumigatus with S-(2-oxo)pentadecyl-CoA, a myristoyl-CoA analogue cofactor, and a synthetic inhibitor is reported at a resolution of 2.1 Å. The results advance the understanding of the specificity of NMT inhibitors and provide valuable information for structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimada
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Technology Unit, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Technology Unit, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Katakura
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Technology Unit, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co. Ltd, 1-16-13 Kita-kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
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34
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Dash SP, Panda AK, Pasayat S, Dinda R, Biswas A, Tiekink ERT, Mukhopadhyay S, Bhutia SK, Kaminsky W, Sinn E. Oxidovanadium(v) complexes of aroylhydrazones incorporating heterocycles: synthesis, characterization and study of DNA binding, photo-induced DNA cleavage and cytotoxic activities. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14369h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of four neutral oxidovanadium(v) complexes with DNA and their cytotoxic activities have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree P. Dash
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela 769008
- India
| | - Alok K. Panda
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
- Bhubaneswar 751 013
- India
| | - Sagarika Pasayat
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela 769008
- India
| | - Rupam Dinda
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela 769008
- India
| | - Ashis Biswas
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
- Bhubaneswar 751 013
- India
| | | | | | - Sujit K. Bhutia
- Department of Life Science
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela 769008
- India
| | | | - Ekkehard Sinn
- Department of Chemistry
- Western Michigan University
- Kalamazoo
- USA
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35
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Xu W, Li Q, Cao C, Zhang F, Zheng H. Intramolecular oxidative coupling: I2/TBHP/NaN3-mediated synthesis of benzofuran derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:6158-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00577a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel intramolecular oxidative coupling reaction has been established to prepare benzofuran derivatives via direct C(sp2)–H functionalization for the formation of C–O bonds. This transformation is mediated by I2/TBHP/NaN3 under metal-free conditions and a catalytic amount of NaN3 plays a crucial role in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Xu
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Qingcui Li
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Chuanpeng Cao
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Fanglin Zhang
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Hua Zheng
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
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36
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Hutton JA, Goncalves V, Brannigan JA, Paape D, Wright MH, Waugh TM, Roberts SM, Bell AS, Wilkinson AJ, Smith DF, Leatherbarrow RJ, Tate EW. Structure-based design of potent and selective Leishmania N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8664-70. [PMID: 25238611 PMCID: PMC4211304 DOI: 10.1021/jm5011397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Inhibitors
of LeishmaniaN-myristoyltransferase
(NMT), a potential target for the
treatment of leishmaniasis, obtained from a high-throughput screen,
were resynthesized to validate activity. Crystal structures bound
to Leishmania major NMT were obtained,
and the active diastereoisomer of one of the inhibitors was identified.
On the basis of structural insights, enzyme inhibition was increased
40-fold through hybridization of two distinct binding modes, resulting
in novel, highly potent Leishmania donovani NMT inhibitors with good selectivity over the human enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie A Hutton
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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37
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Recent Advances in The Discovery ofN-Myristoyltransferase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2425-37. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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38
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Njoroge M, Njuguna NM, Mutai P, Ongarora DSB, Smith PW, Chibale K. Recent approaches to chemical discovery and development against malaria and the neglected tropical diseases human African trypanosomiasis and schistosomiasis. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11138-63. [PMID: 25014712 DOI: 10.1021/cr500098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul W Smith
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases , Singapore 138670, Singapore
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39
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Abstract
Despite a century of control and eradication campaigns, malaria remains one of the world's most devastating diseases. Our once-powerful therapeutic weapons are losing the war against the Plasmodium parasite, whose ability to rapidly develop and spread drug resistance hamper past and present malaria-control efforts. Finding new and effective treatments for malaria is now a top global health priority, fuelling an increase in funding and promoting open-source collaborations between researchers and pharmaceutical consortia around the world. The result of this is rapid advances in drug discovery approaches and technologies, with three major methods for antimalarial drug development emerging: (i) chemistry-based, (ii) target-based, and (iii) cell-based. Common to all three of these approaches is the unique ability of structural biology to inform and accelerate drug development. Where possible, SBDD (structure-based drug discovery) is a foundation for antimalarial drug development programmes, and has been invaluable to the development of a number of current pre-clinical and clinical candidates. However, as we expand our understanding of the malarial life cycle and mechanisms of resistance development, SBDD as a field must continue to evolve in order to develop compounds that adhere to the ideal characteristics for novel antimalarial therapeutics and to avoid high attrition rates pre- and post-clinic. In the present review, we aim to examine the contribution that SBDD has made to current antimalarial drug development efforts, covering hit discovery to lead optimization and prevention of parasite resistance. Finally, the potential for structural biology, particularly high-throughput structural genomics programmes, to identify future targets for drug discovery are discussed.
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40
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Brannigan JA, Roberts SM, Bell AS, Hutton JA, Hodgkinson MR, Tate EW, Leatherbarrow RJ, Smith DF, Wilkinson AJ. Diverse modes of binding in structures of Leishmania major N-myristoyltransferase with selective inhibitors. IUCRJ 2014; 1:250-60. [PMID: 25075346 PMCID: PMC4107925 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252514013001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The leishmaniases are a spectrum of global diseases of poverty associated with immune dysfunction and are the cause of high morbidity. Despite the long history of these diseases, no effective vaccine is available and the currently used drugs are variously compromised by moderate efficacy, complex side effects and the emergence of resistance. It is therefore widely accepted that new therapies are needed. N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) has been validated pre-clinically as a target for the treatment of fungal and parasitic infections. In a previously reported high-throughput screening program, a number of hit compounds with activity against NMT from Leishmania donovani have been identified. Here, high-resolution crystal structures of representative compounds from four hit series in ternary complexes with myristoyl-CoA and NMT from the closely related L. major are reported. The structures reveal that the inhibitors associate with the peptide-binding groove at a site adjacent to the bound myristoyl-CoA and the catalytic α-carboxylate of Leu421. Each inhibitor makes extensive apolar contacts as well as a small number of polar contacts with the protein. Remarkably, the compounds exploit different features of the peptide-binding groove and collectively occupy a substantial volume of this pocket, suggesting that there is potential for the design of chimaeric inhibitors with significantly enhanced binding. Despite the high conservation of the active sites of the parasite and human NMTs, the inhibitors act selectively over the host enzyme. The role of conformational flexibility in the side chain of Tyr217 in conferring selectivity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Brannigan
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Shirley M. Roberts
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Andrew S. Bell
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, England
| | - Jennie A. Hutton
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, England
| | - Michael R. Hodgkinson
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, England
| | - Robin J. Leatherbarrow
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, England
| | - Deborah F. Smith
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Anthony J. Wilkinson
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
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41
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An improved method and cost effective strategy for soluble expression and purification of human N-myristoyltransferase 1 in E. coli. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 392:175-86. [PMID: 24668448 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an indispensible enzyme, which exists as two isoforms (NMT1 and NMT2) in humans and has proven roles in development of cancerous states. It is thus a target for novel anti-cancer drug design, but understanding of the biochemical and functional differences of these isozymes is not fully deciphered. A soluble expression under the T7 promoter for human NMT1 was achieved in E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells, devoid of any isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside-based induction. The identity of expressed protein was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry peptide-fingerprint analysis and a two-step purification protocol yielded homogeneous enzyme. The intact mass of the purified protein was verified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and found to be in agreement with the theoretical mass (48.141 vs. 48.140 kDa). The fluorescence spectrophotometric analyses of the ligand binding and enzyme activity demonstrated that the recombinant form is functional. The yield of purified protein was ~8-10 mg/L culture (batch to batch variation) with a specific activity value of 18,500 ± 513 U/mg of protein under the experimental conditions used. The final verification of the myristoylation was demonstrated by mass spectrometry analysis of reaction product. The described approach could be readily adapted for production of human NMT1, with high yields of pure enzyme preparations, which should aid in downstream applications involving inhibitor design and structure-function studies of NMT's.
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42
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Rackham MD, Brannigan JA, Rangachari K, Meister S, Wilkinson AJ, Holder AA, Leatherbarrow RJ, Tate EW. Design and synthesis of high affinity inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax N-myristoyltransferases directed by ligand efficiency dependent lipophilicity (LELP). J Med Chem 2014; 57:2773-88. [PMID: 24641010 PMCID: PMC4048319 DOI: 10.1021/jm500066b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an essential eukaryotic enzyme and an attractive drug target in parasitic infections such as malaria. We have previously reported that 2-(3-(piperidin-4-yloxy)benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-5-((1,3,5-trimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (34c) is a high affinity inhibitor of both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax NMT and displays activity in vivo against a rodent malaria model. Here we describe the discovery of 34c through optimization of a previously described series. Development, guided by targeting a ligand efficiency dependent lipophilicity (LELP) score of less than 10, yielded a 100-fold increase in enzyme affinity and a 100-fold drop in lipophilicity with the addition of only two heavy atoms. 34c was found to be equipotent on chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant cell lines and on both blood and liver stage forms of the parasite. These data further validate NMT as an exciting drug target in malaria and support 34c as an attractive tool for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Rackham
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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43
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Tate EW, Bell AS, Rackham MD, Wright MH. N-Myristoyltransferase as a potential drug target in malaria and leishmaniasis. Parasitology 2014; 141:37-49. [PMID: 23611109 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by protozoan parasites are among the most widespread and intractable transmissible diseases affecting the developing world, with malaria and leishmaniasis being the most costly in terms of morbidity and mortality. Although new drugs are urgently required against both diseases in the face of ever-rising resistance to frontline therapies, very few candidates passing through development pipelines possess a known and novel mode of action. Set in the context of drugs currently in use and under development, we present the evidence for N-myristoyltransferase (NMT), an enzyme that N-terminally lipidates a wide range of specific target proteins through post-translational modification, as a potential drug target in malaria and the leishmaniases. We discuss the limitations of current knowledge regarding the downstream targets of this enzyme in protozoa, and our recent progress towards potent cell-active NMT inhibitors against the most clinically-relevant species of parasite. Finally, we outline the next steps required in terms of both tools to understand N-myristoylation in protozoan parasites, and the generation of potential development candidates based on the output of our recently-reported high-throughput screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew S Bell
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mark D Rackham
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Megan H Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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44
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Li HS, Liu G. Copper/Silver-Mediated Cascade Reactions for the Construction of 2-Sulfonylbenzo[b]furans from trans-2-Hydroxycinnamic Acids and Sodium Sulfinates. J Org Chem 2013; 79:509-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4024478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Shuang Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 2 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 2 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
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45
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Poulin B, Patzewitz EM, Brady D, Silvie O, Wright MH, Ferguson DJP, Wall RJ, Whipple S, Guttery DS, Tate EW, Wickstead B, Holder AA, Tewari R. Unique apicomplexan IMC sub-compartment proteins are early markers for apical polarity in the malaria parasite. Biol Open 2013; 2:1160-70. [PMID: 24244852 PMCID: PMC3828762 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20136163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylum Apicomplexa comprises over 5000 intracellular protozoan parasites, including Plasmodium and Toxoplasma, that are clinically important pathogens affecting humans and livestock. Malaria parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium possess a pellicle comprised of a plasmalemma and inner membrane complex (IMC), which is implicated in parasite motility and invasion. Using live cell imaging and reverse genetics in the rodent malaria model P. berghei, we localise two unique IMC sub-compartment proteins (ISPs) and examine their role in defining apical polarity during zygote (ookinete) development. We show that these proteins localise to the anterior apical end of the parasite where IMC organisation is initiated, and are expressed at all developmental stages, especially those that are invasive. Both ISP proteins are N-myristoylated, phosphorylated and membrane-bound. Gene disruption studies suggest that ISP1 is likely essential for parasite development, whereas ISP3 is not. However, an absence of ISP3 alters the apical localisation of ISP1 in all invasive stages including ookinetes and sporozoites, suggesting a coordinated function for these proteins in the organisation of apical polarity in the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Poulin
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
| | - Eva-Maria Patzewitz
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
| | - Declan Brady
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
| | - Olivier Silvie
- INSERM and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR_S 945 “Immunity and infection”, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Megan H. Wright
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David J. P. Ferguson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Richard J. Wall
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
| | - Sarah Whipple
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
| | - David S. Guttery
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Building, PO Box 65, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Bill Wickstead
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
| | - Anthony A. Holder
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Rita Tewari
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG2 7UH, UK
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46
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Synthesis of polysubstituted benzofuran derivatives as novel inhibitors of parasitic growth. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4885-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Liu J, Mi C, Tang X, Cao Y, Li Z, Huang W. Facile microwave-assisted synthesis of substituted benzofuran derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-013-1104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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48
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Abstract
The study of post-translational modifications such as protein lipidation is a non-trivial challenge of the post-genomic era. In recent years the field of chemical proteomics has greatly advanced our ability to identify and quantify protein lipidation. In the present review, we give a brief overview of the tools available to study protein acylation, prenylation and cholesterylation, and their application in the identification and quantification of protein lipidation in health and disease.
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49
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Rackham MD, Brannigan JA, Moss DK, Yu Z, Wilkinson AJ, Holder AA, Tate EW, Leatherbarrow RJ. Discovery of novel and ligand-efficient inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax N-myristoyltransferase. J Med Chem 2012; 56:371-5. [PMID: 23170970 PMCID: PMC3601602 DOI: 10.1021/jm301474t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an attractive
antiprotozoan drug target. A lead-hopping approach was utilized in
the design and synthesis of novel benzo[b]thiophene-containing
inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv) NMT. These inhibitors are selective
against Homo sapiens NMT1 (HsNMT), have excellent
ligand efficiency (LE), and display antiparasitic activity in vitro. The binding mode of this series was determined by crystallography
and shows a novel binding mode for the benzothiophene ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Rackham
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
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