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Escobar Z, Nilsson J, Gidlöf R, Johansson M, Sterner O. Stereoretentive Nucleophilic Substitution at the Tetrasubstituted Carbon of Galiellalactone. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7704-7710. [PMID: 32420737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fungal metabolite galiellalactone (1) was, as its acetate 4, discovered to undergo a substitution reaction with cysteine derivatives. By studying the reaction mechanism and the intermediates formed, and in an effort to expand the chemical diversity of the galiellalactonoids, a mild and general method of preparing ether, thioether, and amine analogues of galiellalactone was developed. The reaction is a formal stereoretentive nucleophilic substitution at an oxygenated tertiary carbon. NMR analysis of the progressing reaction shows that it involves an initial allylic substitution to form a new Michael acceptor, followed by the addition of a second equivalent of the nucleophile to this and, finally, a retro Michael reaction. This restores the original galiellalactone system with a double bond between C-2a and C-3, but with a new substituent at C-7b. As galiellalactone is a promising STAT3 inhibitor, this novel transformation facilitates the semisynthesis of a wide variety of new analogues for structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilma Escobar
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ritha Gidlöf
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Johansson
- Glactone Pharma Development, Kullagatan 8, SE-25220 Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - Olov Sterner
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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Bansal R, Sherkhane PD, Oulkar D, Khan Z, Banerjee K, Mukherjee PK. The Viridin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster of Trichoderma virens
and Its Conservancy in the Bat White-Nose Fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Bansal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Pramod D. Sherkhane
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Dasharath Oulkar
- National Referral Laboratory; ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes; Pune 412307 India
| | - Zareen Khan
- National Referral Laboratory; ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes; Pune 412307 India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Referral Laboratory; ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes; Pune 412307 India
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
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3
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Dual and/or selective DNA-PK, PI3K inhibition and isoform selectivity of some new and known 2-amino-substituted-1,3-benzoxazines and substituted-1,3-naphthoxazines. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Chen HH, Yuan H, Josephson L, Sosnovik DE. Theranostic Imaging of the Kinases and Proteases that Modulate Cell Death and Survival. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:148-55. [PMID: 22400062 PMCID: PMC3296472 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several signaling cascades are involved in cell death, with a significant amount of crosstalk between them. Despite the complexity of these cascades several key pro-survival and pro-death players have been identified. These include PI3-kinase, AKT and caspase-3. Here we review the approaches used to date to perform molecular imaging of these important targets. We focus in particular on approaches that include the possibility of modulating the activity of these kinases and proteases in a theranostic approach.
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Courtney KD, Corcoran RB, Engelman JA. The PI3K pathway as drug target in human cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:1075-83. [PMID: 20085938 PMCID: PMC2834432 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.25.3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 969] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling axis impacts on cancer cell growth, survival, motility, and metabolism. This pathway is activated by several different mechanisms in cancers, including somatic mutation and amplification of genes encoding key components. In addition, PI3K signaling may serve integral functions for noncancerous cells in the tumor microenvironment. Consequently, therapeutics targeting the PI3K pathway are being developed at a rapid pace, and preclinical and early clinical studies are beginning to suggest specific strategies to effectively use them. However, the central role of PI3K signaling in a large array of diverse biologic processes raises concerns about its use in therapeutics and increases the need to develop sophisticated strategies for its use. In this review, we will discuss how PI3K signaling affects the growth and survival of tumor cells. From this vantage, we will consider how inhibitors of the PI3K signaling cascade, either alone or in combination with other therapeutics, can most effectively be used for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Courtney
- From the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | - Ryan B. Corcoran
- From the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey A. Engelman
- From the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
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Smith RA, Yuan H, Weissleder R, Cantley LC, Josephson L. A wortmannin-cetuximab as a double drug. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 20:2185-9. [PMID: 19883074 DOI: 10.1021/bc900176a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Double drugs are obtained when two pharmacologically active entities are covalently joined to improve potency. We conjugated the viridin Wm with a self-activating linkage to cetuximab and demonstrated the retention of immunoreactivity by the conjugate. Though cetuximab lacked a growth inhibitory activity against A549 cells, the Wm-cetuximab conjugate had an antiproliferative IC(50) of 155 nM in vitro. The chemistry of attaching a self-releasing Wm to clinically approved antibodies is general and, in selected instances, may yield antibody-based double drugs with improved efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Adam Smith
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Stangenberg L, Ellson C, Cortez-Retamozo V, Ortiz-Lopez A, Yuan H, Blois J, Smith RA, Yaffe MB, Weissleder R, Benoist C, Mathis D, Josephson L, Mahmood U. Abrogation of antibody-induced arthritis in mice by a self-activating viridin prodrug and association with impaired neutrophil and endothelial cell function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:2314-24. [PMID: 19644878 DOI: 10.1002/art.24704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test a novel self-activating viridin (SAV) prodrug that slowly releases wortmannin, a potent phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor, in a model of antibody-mediated inflammatory arthritis. METHODS The SAV prodrug was administered to K/BxN mice or to C57BL/6 (B6) mice that had been injected with K/BxN serum. Ankle thickness was measured, and histologic changes were scored after a 10-day disease course (serum-transfer arthritis). Protease activity was measured by a near-infrared imaging approach using a cleavable cathepsin-selective probe. Further near-infrared imaging techniques were used to analyze early changes in vascular permeability after serum injection, as well as neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions. Neutrophil functions were assessed using an oxidative burst assay as well as a degranulation assay. RESULTS SAV prevented ankle swelling in mice with serum-transfer arthritis in a dose-dependent manner. It also markedly reduced the extent of other features of arthritis, such as protease activity and histology scores for inflammation and joint erosion. Moreover, SAV was an effective therapeutic agent. The underlying mechanisms for the antiinflammatory activity were manifold. Endothelial permeability after serum injection was reduced, as was firm neutrophil attachment to endothelial cells. Endothelial cell activation by tumor necrosis factor alpha was impeded by SAV, as measured by the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule. Crucial neutrophil functions, such as generation of reactive oxygen species and degranulation of protease-laden vesicles, were decreased by SAV administration. CONCLUSION A novel SAV prodrug proved strongly antiinflammatory in a murine model of antibody-induced inflammatory arthritis. Its activity could be attributed, at least in part, to the inhibition of neutrophil and endothelial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Stangenberg
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Lang Y, Souza FES, Xu X, Taylor NJ, Assoud A, Rodrigo R. Pentacyclic Furanosteroids: The Synthesis of Potential Kinase Inhibitors Related to Viridin and Wortmannolone. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5429-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900922q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Lang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Fabio E. S. Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Xinshe Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Nicholas J. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Abdeljalil Assoud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Russell Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Smith A, Blois J, Yuan H, Aikawa E, Ellson C, Figueiredo JL, Weissleder R, Kohler R, Yaffe MB, Cantley LC, Josephson L. The antiproliferative cytostatic effects of a self-activating viridin prodrug. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1666-75. [PMID: 19509266 PMCID: PMC2740925 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although viridins like wortmannin (Wm) have long been examined as anticancer agents, their ability to self-activate has only recently been recognized. Here, we describe the cytostatic effects of a self-activating viridin (SAV), which is an inactive, polymeric prodrug. SAV self-activates to generate a bioactive, fluorescent viridin NBD-Wm with a half-time of 9.2 hours. With cultured A549 cells, 10 micromol/L SAV caused growth arrest without inducing apoptosis or cell death, a cytostatic action markedly different from other chemotherapeutic agents (vinblastine, camptothecin, and paclitaxel). In vivo, a SAV dosing of 1 mg/kg once in 48 hours (i.p.) resulted in growth arrest of an A549 tumor xenograft, with growth resuming when dosing ceased. With a peak serum concentration of SAV of 2.36 micromol/L (at 2 hours post i.p. injection), the concentration of bioactive NBD-Wm was 41 nmol/L based on the partial inhibition of neutrophil respiratory burst. Therefore, SAV was present as an inactive prodrug in serum (peak = 2.36 micromol/L), which generated low concentrations of active viridin (41 nmol/L). SAV is a prodrug, the slow release and cytostatic activities of which suggest that it might be useful as a component of metronomic-based chemotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Smith
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Blois
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Hushan Yuan
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Christian Ellson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jose-Luiz Figueiredo
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rainer Kohler
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Michael B. Yaffe
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lewis C. Cantley
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lee Josephson
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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Yuan H, Pupo MT, Blois J, Smith A, Weissleder R, Clardy J, Josephson L. A stabilized demethoxyviridin derivative inhibits PI3 kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4223-7. [PMID: 19523825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The viridins like demethoxyviridin (Dmv) and wortmannin (Wm) are nanomolar inhibitors of the PI3 kinases, a family of enzymes that play key roles in a host of regulatory processes. Central to the use of these compounds to investigate the role of PI3 kinase in biological systems, or as scaffolds for drug development, are the interrelated issues of stability, chemical reactivity, and bioactivity as inhibitors of PI3 kinase. We found that Dmv was an even more potent inhibitor of PI3 kinase than Wm. However, Dmv was notably less stable than Wm in PBS, with a half-life of 26min versus Wm's half-life of 3470min. Dmv, like Wm, disappeared in culture media with a half-life of less than 1min. To overcome Dmv's instability, it was esterified at the C1 position, and then reacted with glycine at the C20 position. The resulting Dmv derivative, termed SA-DmvC20-Gly had a half-life of 218min in PBS and 64min in culture media. SA-DmvC20-Gly underwent an exchange reaction at the C20 position with N-acetyl lysine in a manner similar to a WmC20 derivative, WmC20-Proline. SA-DmvC20-Gly inhibited PI3 kinase with an IC(50) of 44nM, compared to Wm's IC(50) of 12nM. These results indicate that the stability of Dmv can be manipulated by reactions at the C1 and C20 positions, while substantially maintaining its ability to inhibit PI3 kinase. Our results indicate it may be possible to obtain stabilized Dmv derivatives for use as PI3 kinase inhibitors in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hushan Yuan
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
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Sundstrom TJ, Anderson AC, Wright DL. Inhibitors of phosphoinositide-3-kinase: a structure-based approach to understanding potency and selectivity. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:840-50. [PMID: 19225663 DOI: 10.1039/b819067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3-kinase is a pivotal protein involved in a wide variety of signaling cascades and there has been a great deal of interest in the development of potent and selective inhibitors of this enzyme. In this review, the potency and selectivity of the known inhibitors is presented along with key structural information that helps rationalize the observed trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teather J Sundstrom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, U-3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Cortez-Retamozo V, Swirski FK, Waterman P, Yuan H, Figueiredo JL, Newton AP, Upadhyay R, Vinegoni C, Kohler R, Blois J, Smith A, Nahrendorf M, Josephson L, Weissleder R, Pittet MJ. Real-time assessment of inflammation and treatment response in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:4058-66. [PMID: 19033674 DOI: 10.1172/jci36335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are multifunctional leukocytes that degrade and remodel tissue extracellular matrix through production of proteolytic enzymes, release of proinflammatory factors to initiate and propagate inflammatory responses, and direct activation of mucus secretion and smooth muscle cell constriction. Thus, eosinophils are central effector cells during allergic airway inflammation and an important clinical therapeutic target. Here we describe the use of an injectable MMP-targeted optical sensor that specifically and quantitatively resolves eosinophil activity in the lungs of mice with experimental allergic airway inflammation. Through the use of real-time molecular imaging methods, we report the visualization of eosinophil responses in vivo and at different scales. Eosinophil responses were seen at single-cell resolution in conducting airways using near-infrared fluorescence fiberoptic bronchoscopy, in lung parenchyma using intravital microscopy, and in the whole body using fluorescence-mediated molecular tomography. Using these real-time imaging methods, we confirmed the immunosuppressive effects of the glucocorticoid drug dexamethasone in the mouse model of allergic airway inflammation and identified a viridin-derived prodrug that potently inhibited the accumulation and enzyme activity of eosinophils in the lungs. The combination of sensitive enzyme-targeted sensors with noninvasive molecular imaging approaches permitted evaluation of airway inflammation severity and was used as a model to rapidly screen for new drug effects. Both fluorescence-mediated tomography and fiberoptic bronchoscopy techniques have the potential to be translated into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virna Cortez-Retamozo
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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