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Khomutov MA, Mikhura IV, Kochetkov SN, Khomutov AR. C-Methylated Analogs of Spermine and Spermidine: Synthesis and Biological Activity. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019060207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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2
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Panchenko SP, Averin AD, Lyakhovich MS, Abel AS, Maloshitskaya OA, Beletskaya IP. CuI-catalyzed hetarylation of natural di- and polyamines with halopyridines. Russ Chem Bull 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-017-1932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Ghadiri M, Vasheghani-Farahani E, Atyabi F, Kobarfard F, Mohamadyar-Toupkanlou F, Hosseinkhani H. Transferrin-conjugated magnetic dextran-spermine nanoparticles for targeted drug transport across blood-brain barrier. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017. [PMID: 28639394 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Application of many vital hydrophilic medicines have been restricted by blood-brain barrier (BBB) for treatment of brain diseases. In this study, a targeted drug delivery system based on dextran-spermine biopolymer was developed for drug transport across BBB. Drug loaded magnetic dextran-spermine nanoparticles (DS-NPs) were prepared via ionic gelation followed by transferrin (Tf) conjugation as targeting moiety. The characteristics of Tf conjugated nanoparticles (TDS-NPs) were analyzed by different methods and their cytotoxicity effects on U87MG cells were tested. The superparamagnetic characteristic of TDS-NPs was verified by vibration simple magnetometer. Capecitabine loaded TDS-NPs exhibited pH-sensitive release behavior with enhanced cytotoxicity against U87MG cells, compared to DS-NPs and free capecitabine. Prussian-blue staining and TEM-imaging showed the significant cellular uptake of TDS-NPs. Furthermore, a remarkable increase of Fe concentrations in brain was observed following their biodistribution and histological studies in vivo, after 1 and 7 days of post-injection. Enhanced drug transport across BBB and pH-triggered cellular uptake of TDS-NPs indicated that these theranostic nanocarriers are promising candidate for the brain malignance treatment. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2851-2864, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghadiri
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Vasheghani-Farahani
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14174, Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Panchenko SP, Averin AD, Anokhin MV, Maloshitskaya OA, Beletskaya IP. Cu(I)-catalyzed N,N'-diarylation of natural diamines and polyamines with aryl iodides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 11:2297-305. [PMID: 26734078 PMCID: PMC4685767 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cu(I)-catalyzed N,N’-diarylation of natural diamines and polyamines such as putrescine, cadaverine, spermine, spermidine and their homologues is described. Aryl iodides bearing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups have been employed in the study. The CuI/2-(isobutyryl)cyclohexanone/DMF catalytic system has found to be more efficient in the diarylation of diamines and spermine while the CuI/L-proline/EtCN system proved to be preferable for the diarylation of other tri- and tetraamines like spermidine, norspermidine and norspermine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexei Dmitrievich Averin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | | | | | - Irina Petrovna Beletskaya
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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5
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Synthesis and growth regulatory activity of a prototype member of a new family of aminothiol radioprotectors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7426-30. [PMID: 22041059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, growth inhibition and radioprotective activity of the PrC-210 aminothiol, 3-(methylamino)-2-((methylamino)methyl)propane-1-thiol, and its polyamine and thiolated polyamine progenitors are reported. All of the molecules significantly inhibited growth of cultured normal human fibroblasts. The combination of an ROS-scavenging thiol group and a positively charged alkyl-amine backbone provided the most radioprotective aminothiol molecule.
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Ramírez MA, Corona MV, Ortiz G, Salerno A, Perillo IA, Blanco MM. New synthetic routes for N-substituted 1,n-diamines. II. Synthesis of selectively N-substituted tetra- and pentamethylenediamines from ω-alkanoic acid derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Tomasi S, Renault J, Martin B, Duhieu S, Cerec V, Le Roch M, Uriac P, Delcros JG. Targeting the Polyamine Transport System with Benzazepine- and Azepine-Polyamine Conjugates. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7647-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1007648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Tomasi
- Produits Naturels−Synthèses−Chimie Médicinale, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, CNRS UMR 6226, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Renault
- Produits Naturels−Synthèses−Chimie Médicinale, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, CNRS UMR 6226, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Bénédicte Martin
- Groupe de Recherche en Thérapeutique Anticancéreuse, Faculté de Médecine, Université Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Stephane Duhieu
- Groupe de Recherche en Thérapeutique Anticancéreuse, Faculté de Médecine, Université Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Virginie Cerec
- Groupe de Recherche en Thérapeutique Anticancéreuse, Faculté de Médecine, Université Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Myriam Le Roch
- Produits Naturels−Synthèses−Chimie Médicinale, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, CNRS UMR 6226, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Uriac
- Produits Naturels−Synthèses−Chimie Médicinale, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, CNRS UMR 6226, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Guy Delcros
- Groupe de Recherche en Thérapeutique Anticancéreuse, Faculté de Médecine, Université Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes Cedex, France
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8
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Méret M, Bienz S. Efficient and Flexible Solid-Phase Synthesis ofN-Hydroxypolyamine Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Guille C, Spencer S, Cavus I, Epperson CN. The role of sex steroids in catamenial epilepsy and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Epilepsy Behav 2008; 13:12-24. [PMID: 18346939 PMCID: PMC4112568 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite our understanding of hormonal influences on central nervous system (CNS) function, there is still much to learn about the pathogenesis of menstrual cycle-linked disorders. A growing literature suggests that the influence of sex steroids on neurological and psychiatric disorders is in part mediated by an aberrant CNS response to neuroactive steroids. Although sex steroids such as estradiol, progesterone, and the progesterone derivative allopregnanolone (ALLO) influence numerous neurotransmitter systems, it is their potent effect on the brain's primary inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate that links the study of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and catamenial epilepsy (CE). After providing an overview of these menstrual cycle-linked disorders, this article focuses on the preclinical and clinical research investigating the role of estradiol and progesterone (via ALLO) in the etiology of PMDD and CE. Through exploration of the phenomenological and neurobiological overlap between CE and PMDD, we aim to highlight areas for future research and development of treatments for menstrual cycle-linked neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Guille
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Susan Spencer
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Idil Cavus
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C. Neill Epperson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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10
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Berger ML, Bitar AY, Waitner MJ, Rebernik P, O'Sullivan MC. Polyamines and the NMDA receptor: Modifying intrinsic activities with aromatic substituents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2837-41. [PMID: 16563762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-four spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) derivatives with aromatic substituents were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of specific binding of the NMDA channel blocker [3H]MK-801 to membranes prepared from rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex. SPD and SPM derivatives with aromatic substituents at the primary amino groups were the most potent inhibitors (IC50 3.9-4.7 microM). These compounds most likely act directly at the NMDA ion channel, since 30 microM SPM had no pronounced influence on their inhibiting activities. SPD derivatives with aromatic substituents at the secondary amino group were either inactive or highly SPM-sensitive inhibitors (IC50 10-82 microM), depending on the size of the substituent. Our results support the hypothesis that an aromatic interaction site near the center of polyamine derivatives contributes to polyamine inverse agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Berger
- Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Seiler N. Pharmacological aspects of cytotoxic polyamine analogs and derivatives for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107:99-119. [PMID: 15963353 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the past 20 years, numerous derivatives and analogues of spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) were synthesized with the aim to generate a new type of anticancer drug. The common denominator of most cytotoxic polyamine analogues is their lipophilicity, which is superior to that of the parent amines. The natural polyamines bind to polyanions and to proteins with anionic binding sites. Their hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity is balanced, allowing them to perform physiological functions by interacting with some of these anionic structures, without impairing the functionality of others. Because the attachment of lipophilic substituents to the polyamine backbone increases the binding energy, lipophilic polyamine derivatives affect secondary and tertiary structures of a larger number of macromolecules than do their natural counterparts. In addition, lipophilicity improves the blood-brain barrier transport and thus enhances CNS toxicity. Close structural analogues of spermidine and spermine mimic the natural polyamines in regulatory functions. The cytotoxic mechanisms of analogues with a less close structural resemblance to spermidine or spermine have not been completely clarified. The displacement of spermidine from functional binding sites and the consequent prevention of its physiological roles is a likely mechanism, but many others may play a role as well. Up to now, polyamine analogues were conceived without specific growth-related targets in mind. To develop therapeutically useful drugs, it will be imperative to identify specific targets and to design compounds that interact selectively with the target molecules. It will also be necessary to include, at an early state of the work, pharmacological and toxicological considerations, to avoid unproductive directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Seiler
- Laboratory of Nutritional Cancer Prevention, Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l'Appareil Digestif, Strasbourg Cedex 67091, France.
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12
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Eliyahu H, Makovitzki A, Azzam T, Zlotkin A, Joseph A, Gazit D, Barenholz Y, Domb AJ. Novel dextran–spermine conjugates as transfecting agents: comparing water-soluble and micellar polymers. Gene Ther 2004; 12:494-503. [PMID: 15565162 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a novel cationic polymer, dextran-spermine (D-SPM) was developed for gene delivery. An efficient transfection was obtained using this polycation for a variety of genes and cell lines in serum-free or serum-poor medium. However, transfection using the water-soluble D-SPM-based polyplexes decreased with increasing serum concentration in cell culture in a concentration-dependent manner, reaching 95% inhibition at 50% serum in the cell growth medium. In order to overcome this obstacle, oleyl derivatives of D-SPM (which form micelles in aqueous phase) were synthesized at 1, 10, and 20 mol% of oleyl moiety to polymer epsilon-NH2 to form N-oleyl-D-SPM (ODS). Polyplexes based on ODS transfected well in medium containing 50% serum. Comparison with polyplexes based on well-established polymers (branched and linear polyethyleneimine) and with DOTAP/Cholesterol lipoplexes showed that regarding beta-galactosidase transgene expression level and cytotoxicity in tissue culture, the D-SPM and ODS compare well with the above polyplexes and lipoplexes. Intracellular trafficking using FITC-labeled ODS and Rhodamine-labeled pGeneGrip plasmid cloned with hBMP2 monitored by confocal microscopy revealed that during the transfection process the fluorescent-labeled polymer concentrates in the Golgi apparatus and around the nucleus, while the cell cytoplasm was free of fluorescent particles, suggesting that the polyplexes move in the cell toward the nucleus by vesicular transport through the cytoplasm and not by a random diffusion. We found that the plasmids penetrate the cell nucleus without the polymer. Preliminary results in zebra fish and mice demonstrate the potential of ODS to serve as an efficient nonviral vector for in vivo transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eliyahu
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, The Hebrew University--Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Manku S, Hall DG. Combinatorial approach to selective multivalent ion pairing in mixed aqueous-organic media using bead-supported libraries of unnatural polyamines. Org Lett 2002; 4:31-4. [PMID: 11772083 DOI: 10.1021/ol016827v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Screening of a bead-supported encoded library of unnatural polyamines against model polyanionic targets (1 and 2) demonstrated that a combinatorial approach can highlight structural selectivity in multivalent ion pairing in aqueous solutions. This approach even provided -NH-2Acc(R)-6Ahx(R)-Et, a highly target-selective triamine sequence that can discriminate between two trisulfonated dyes displaying subtle structural differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhdev Manku
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2 Canada
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14
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Manov N, Bienz S. A new approach in the solid-phase synthesis of polyamine derivatives: construction of polyamine backbones from the center. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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16
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Han YF, Li CP, Chow E, Wang H, Pang YP, Carlier PR. Dual-site binding of bivalent 4-aminopyridine- and 4-aminoquinoline-based AChE inhibitors: contribution of the hydrophobic alkylene tether to monomer and dimer affinities. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:2569-75. [PMID: 10632067 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Three series of 4-aminopyridine-and 4-aminoquinoline based symmetrical bivalent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors were prepared and compared to previously synthesized dimers of 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine (tacrine). In each case significant, tether length-dependent increases in AChE inhibition potency and selectivity (up to 3000-fold) were observed relative to the corresponding monomer, indicating dual-site binding of these inhibitors to AChE. Assay of the corresponding alkylated monomers revealed that the alkylene tether played at least two complementary roles in the dimer series. In addition to reducing the entropy loss that occurs on binding both monomeric units of the dimer, the alkylene tether can also significantly improve potency through hydrophobic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon
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Sharma TA, Carr AJ, Davis RS, Reynolds IJ, Hamilton AD. Aromatic analogs of arcaine inhibit MK-801 binding to the NMDA receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:3459-64. [PMID: 9934452 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic analogs of arcaine were shown to have inhibitory effects on the binding of the channel blocking drug [3H]MK-801 to the NMDA receptor complex. The most potent compound of the series was an N,N'-bis(propyl)guanidinium which inhibited [3H]MK-801 binding with an IC50 of 0.58 microM and an IC50 of 12.17 microM upon addition of 100 microM spermidine. The increase in IC50 upon addition of spermidine suggests competitive antagonism between the inhibitor and spermidine at the arcaine-sensitive polyamine site of the NMDA receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Cu C, Bähring R, Mayer ML, Cui C. The role of hydrophobic interactions in binding of polyamines to non NMDA receptor ion channels. Neuropharmacology 1998; 37:1381-91. [PMID: 9849673 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(98)00112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Block of kainate subtype glutamate receptor channels by internal polyamines was analysed using outside out patches from HEK 293 cells transiently transfected with GluR6(Q). Tetramines with different numbers and spacing of methylene groups between NH2 groups produced biphasic rectification well fit by the Woodhull model for a weakly permeable ion channel blocker. Such analysis revealed an increase in binding energy of 611 cal M(-1) for each methylene group added over the range 6-12 (CH2), suggesting that a major component of block by polyamines involves hydrophobic binding. Isomers with the same number of CH2 groups but different spacing between NH2 groups showed similar affinity. Due to differences in pKa values for protonation of NH2 groups, the average charge on the tetramines studied would be expected to vary from 3.98 to 2.22 at physiological pH; despite this, the voltage dependence of block was similar for all tetramines tested, with a mean value for ztheta of 1.82, similar to values for polyamines with five or six NH2 groups. In contrast, for 1,3-propane diamine (DA3 ztheta 0.83), and the N-propyl- (ztheta 1.42) and N,N'-diethyl- (ztheta 1.37) analogues of DA3, there was an increase in the voltage dependence of block on addition of hydrophobic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, NICHD, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Ivanova S, Botchkina GI, Al-Abed Y, Meistrell M, Batliwalla F, Dubinsky JM, Iadecola C, Wang H, Gregersen PK, Eaton JW, Tracey KJ. Cerebral ischemia enhances polyamine oxidation: identification of enzymatically formed 3-aminopropanal as an endogenous mediator of neuronal and glial cell death. J Exp Med 1998; 188:327-40. [PMID: 9670045 PMCID: PMC2212443 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.2.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/1998] [Revised: 05/06/1998] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate endogenous mechanisms underlying cerebral damage during ischemia, brain polyamine oxidase activity was measured in rats subjected to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Brain polyamine oxidase activity was increased significantly within 2 h after the onset of ischemia in brain homogenates (15.8 +/- 0.9 nmol/h/mg protein) as compared with homogenates prepared from the normally perfused contralateral side (7.4 +/- 0.5 nmol/h/mg protein) (P <0.05). The major catabolic products of polyamine oxidase are putrescine and 3-aminopropanal. Although 3-aminopropanal is a potent cytotoxin, essential information was previously lacking on whether 3-aminopropanal is produced during cerebral ischemia. We now report that 3-aminopropanal accumulates in the ischemic brain within 2 h after permanent forebrain ischemia in rats. Cytotoxic levels of 3-aminopropanal are achieved before the onset of significant cerebral cell damage, and increase in a time-dependent manner with spreading neuronal and glial cell death. Glial cell cultures exposed to 3-aminopropanal undergo apoptosis (LD50 = 160 microM), whereas neurons are killed by necrotic mechanisms (LD50 = 90 microM). The tetrapeptide caspase 1 inhibitor (Ac-YVAD-CMK) prevents 3-aminopropanal-mediated apoptosis in glial cells. Finally, treatment of rats with two structurally distinct inhibitors of polyamine oxidase (aminoguanidine and chloroquine) attenuates brain polyamine oxidase activity, prevents the production of 3-aminopropanal, and significantly protects against the development of ischemic brain damage in vivo. Considered together, these results indicate that polyamine oxidase-derived 3-aminopropanal is a mediator of the brain damaging sequelae of cerebral ischemia, which can be therapeutically modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ivanova
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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Page P, Burrage S, Baldock L, Bradley M. The synthesis of symmetrical spermine conjugates using solid-phase chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1751-6. [PMID: 9873428 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The utility of spermine, selectively functionalised and immobilised on a solid support by means of the Wang "oxycarbonyl" linker is demonstrated by the solid-phase synthesis of a number of spermine conjugates including the natural product and potent antihypertensive agent kukoamine. The synthesis opens up the area of solid-phase spermine chemistry and library generation based on the symmetrical spermine scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, UK
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