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Hakmaoui Y, Eşme A, Ajlaoui RE, Belghiti ME, Zeroual A, Rakib EM. Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of Indolhydroxy Derivatives Catalyzed by SnCl2, DFT Calculations and Docking Study. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [PMCID: PMC9188358 DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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Sharma N, Anurag. 7-Azaindole Analogues as Bioactive Agents and Recent Results. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:727-736. [PMID: 30264679 DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180928154004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Azaindoles have been accepted as important structures having various biological activities in medicinal chemistry in novel drug discovery. Various azaindole derivatives have been used commercially and newer analogues are synthesized continuously. As in literature, azaindole is a very potent moiety, its derivatives displayed a number of biological activities such as kinase inhibitors, cytotoxic agents, anti-angiogenic activity, CRTh2 receptor antagonists, melanin agonists, nicotine agonists, effectiveness in alzheimer disease, cytokinin analogs, Orai inhibitors in asthma and chemokine receptor- 2 (CCR2) antagonists. This review consists of biological activities of various azaindole analogs, reported so far, and their structure activity relations, along with future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58, Near Baghpat Crossing, Bypass Road, Meerut-250005, India
| | - Anurag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, NH-58, Near Baghpat Crossing, Bypass Road, Meerut-250005, India
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D'Attoma J, Cozien G, Brun PL, Robin Y, Bostyn S, Buron F, Routier S. Fast functionalization of (7-aza)indoles using continuous flow processes. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Grégoire Cozien
- ISOCHEM, 4 rue Marc Sangnier; BP 16729 45300 Pithiviers France
| | | | - Yves Robin
- ISOCHEM, 4 rue Marc Sangnier; BP 16729 45300 Pithiviers France
| | - Stéphane Bostyn
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité; et Environnement (ICARE); 1c, avenue de la recherche scientifique 45071 Orléans cedex 2 France
| | - Frédéric Buron
- Univ Orleans, CNRS, ICOA; UMR 7311 F-45067 Orléans France
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Sequentially Palladium-Catalyzed Processes in One-Pot Syntheses of Heterocycles. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/app5041803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Hassan S, Müller TJJ. Multicomponent Syntheses based upon Copper-Catalyzed Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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6
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Total synthesis and antiviral activity of indolosesquiterpenoids from the xiamycin and oridamycin families. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6096. [PMID: 25648883 PMCID: PMC4347019 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indolosesquiterpenoids are a growing class of natural products that exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Here, we report the total syntheses of xiamycin A and oridamycins A and B, indolosesquiterpenoids isolated from Streptomyces. Two parallel strategies were exploited to forge the carbazole core: 6π-electrocyclization/aromatization and indole C2–H bond activation/Heck annulation. The construction of their trans-decalin motifs relied on two diastereochemically complementary radical cyclization reactions mediated by Ti(III) and Mn(III), respectively. The C23 hydroxyl of oridamycin B was introduced by an sp3 C–H bond oxidation at a late stage. On the basis of the chemistry developed, the dimeric congener dixiamycin C has been synthesized for the first time. Evaluation of the antiviral activity of these compounds revealed that xiamycin A is a potent agent against herpes simplex virus–1 (HSV-1) in vitro. Using a single strategy to make a number of related intermediates is a useful strategy in the total synthesis. Here, the authors report the synthesis of a number of natural products, employing two diastereomerically complementary metal-catalyzed cyclizations as the key step to access a number of frameworks.
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Insuasty B, Orozco F, Quiroga J, Abonía R, Nogueras M, Cobo J. Synthesis and Structure Elucidation of New Regioisomeric 2-Alkylamino-6-aryl-8,9-dihydropyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]diazepin-4(7H)-ones. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Braulio Insuasty
- Heterocyclic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry; Universidad del Valle, A. A.; 25360 Cali Colombia
| | - Fabián Orozco
- Department of Chemistry; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; AA 14490 Bogotá DC Colombia
| | - Jairo Quiroga
- Heterocyclic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry; Universidad del Valle, A. A.; 25360 Cali Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Abonía
- Heterocyclic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry; Universidad del Valle, A. A.; 25360 Cali Colombia
| | - Manuel Nogueras
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry; Universidad de Jaén; 23071 Jaén Spain
| | - Justo Cobo
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry; Universidad de Jaén; 23071 Jaén Spain
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Hamri S, Rodríguez J, Basset J, Guillaumet G, Dolors Pujol M. A convenient iodination of indoles and derivatives. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Parmar NJ, Barad HA, Pansuriya BR, Teraiya SB, Gupta VK, Kant R. An efficient one-pot synthesis, structure, antimicrobial and antioxidant investigations of some novel quinolyldibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepinones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3816-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhan P, Chen X, Li D, Fang Z, De Clercq E, Liu X. HIV-1 NNRTIs: structural diversity, pharmacophore similarity, and implications for drug design. Med Res Rev 2011; 33 Suppl 1:E1-72. [PMID: 21523792 DOI: 10.1002/med.20241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) nowadays represent very potent and most promising anti-AIDS agents that specifically target the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). However, the effectiveness of NNRTI drugs can be hampered by rapid emergence of drug-resistant viruses and severe side effects upon long-term use. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel, highly potent NNRTIs with broad spectrum antiviral activity and improved pharmacokinetic properties, and more efficient strategies that facilitate and shorten the drug discovery process would be extremely beneficial. Fortunately, the structural diversity of NNRTIs provided a wide space for novel lead discovery, and the pharmacophore similarity of NNRTIs gave valuable hints for lead discovery and optimization. More importantly, with the continued efforts in the development of computational tools and increased crystallographic information on RT/NNRTI complexes, structure-based approaches using a combination of traditional medicinal chemistry, structural biology, and computational chemistry are being used increasingly in the design of NNRTIs. First, this review covers two decades of research and development for various NNRTI families based on their chemical scaffolds, and then describes the structural similarity of NNRTIs. We have attempted to assemble a comprehensive overview of the general approaches in NNRTI lead discovery and optimization reported in the literature during the last decade. The successful applications of medicinal chemistry strategies, crystallography, and computational tools for designing novel NNRTIs are highlighted. Future directions for research are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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Bassin JP, Shah VP, Martin L, Horton PN. Racemic 9,10-dimeth-oxy-3-methyl-6-phenyl-7,7a-dihydro-benzo[b]benzo[4,5]isothia-zolo[2,3-d][1,4]diazepine 12,12-dioxide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o684-5. [PMID: 21522430 PMCID: PMC3052004 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811004983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C24H22N2O4S. The conformation of the seven-membered ring is twisted boat for both molecules. The molecule is chiral, but crystal symmetry generates a recemate. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
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Merkul E, Klukas F, Dorsch D, Grädler U, Greiner HE, Müller TJJ. Rapid preparation of triazolyl substituted NH-heterocyclic kinase inhibitors via one-pot Sonogashira coupling–TMS-deprotection–CuAAC sequence. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:5129-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05586k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Whelligan DK, Thomson DW, Taylor D, Hoelder S. Two-Step Synthesis of Aza- and Diazaindoles from Chloroamino-N-heterocycles Using Ethoxyvinylborolane. J Org Chem 2009; 75:11-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902143f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Whelligan
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, U.K
| | - Douglas W. Thomson
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, U.K
| | - Dawn Taylor
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, U.K
| | - Swen Hoelder
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, U.K
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Khunnawutmanotham N, Chimnoi N, Thitithanyanont A, Saparpakorn P, Choowongkomon K, Pungpo P, Hannongbua S, Techasakul S. Dipyridodiazepinone derivatives; synthesis and anti HIV-1 activity. Beilstein J Org Chem 2009; 5:36. [PMID: 19777131 PMCID: PMC2748688 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.5.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten dipyridodiazepinone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anti HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity against wild-type and mutant type enzymes, K103N and Y181C. Two of them were found to be promising inhibitors for HIV-1 RT.
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Prajapati DG, Ramajayam R, Yadav MR, Giridhar R. The search for potent, small molecule NNRTIs: A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5744-62. [PMID: 19632850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIDS has become the leading pandemic disease, and is the cause of death worldwide. Presently, HAART treatment, a combination of reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease inhibitors is also unsuccessful due to the virus getting resistant to the drugs because of mutational changes. Two types of RT inhibitors exist namely nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The NNRTIs which bind to an allosteric site on RT are an important arsenal of drugs against HIV-1. The specificity of NNRTIs towards HIV-1 has led to extensive structural and molecular modelling studies of enzyme complexes and chemical synthesis of second and third-generation NNRTIs. The major drawbacks of NNRTIs are generation of resistance and pharmacokinetic problems. By mutational studies of non-nucleoside inhibitor binding pocket (NNIBP) some amino acids which were found to play an important role in proper binding resulted less prone to mutation. In this review we present a chronological history of NNRTI development, also highlighting the need for small molecules belonging to the NNRTI class for the management of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval G Prajapati
- Pharmacy Department, Kalabhavan, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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16
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Insuasty B, Tigreros A, Martínez H, Quiroga J, Abonia R, Gutierrez A, Nogueras M, Cobo J. An efficient two-step synthesis of novel thiazolo[2,3-b]pyrazolo[3,4-f][1,3,5]triazepines. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Braulio IO, Henry II, Jairo QP, Saitz C, Jullian C. Reaction of 4,5,6-triaminopyrimidine and 2,4,5,6-tetraaminopyrimidine with 3-dimethylaminopropiophenones. Synthesis of new 4-aryl-2,3-dihydropyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]diazepines. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570370228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Insuasty B, Orozco F, Garcia A, Quiroga J, Abonia R, Nogueras M, Cobo J. Microwave-assisted synthesis of new regioisomeric 6,7-dihydroindeno[1,2-e]pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]diazepin-5(5aH)-ones. J Heterocycl Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570450616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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An effective procedure for the preparation of 3-substituted-4- or 6-azaindoles from ortho-methyl nitro pyridines. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Shen L, Prouty C, Conway BR, Westover L, Xu JZ, Look RA, Chen X, Beavers MP, Roberts J, Murray WV, Demarest KT, Kuo GH. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel macrocyclic bis-7-azaindolylmaleimides as potent and highly selective glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3 beta) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:1239-55. [PMID: 14980636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2003] [Accepted: 09/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions were used to synthesize two key intermediates 3 and 5 that resulted in the synthesis of novel series of macrocyclic bis-7-azaindolylmaleimides. Among the three series of macrocycles, the oxygen atom and thiophene containing linkers yielded molecules with higher inhibitory potency at GSK-3 beta (K(i)=0.011-0.079 microM) while the nitrogen atom containing linkers yielded molecules with lower potency (K(i)=0.150->1 microM). Compound 33 and 36 displayed 1-2 orders of magnitude selectivity at GSK-3 beta against CDK2, PKC beta II, Rsk3 and little or no inhibitions to the other 62 protein kinases. Compound 46 was at least 100-fold more selective towards GSK-3 beta than PKC beta II, and it had little or no activity against a panel of 65 protein kinases, almost behaved as a GSK-3 beta 'specific inhibitor'. All three compounds showed good potency in GS assay. Molecular docking studies were conducted in an attempt to rationalize the GSK-3 beta selectivity of azaindolylmaleimides. The high selectivity, inhibitory potency and cellular activities of these non-crown-ether typed molecules may provide them as a valuable pharmacological tools in elucidating the complex roles of GSK-3 beta in cell signaling pathways and the potential usage for the treatment of elevated level of GSK-3 beta involved diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Shen
- Drug Discovery Division, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., 1000 Route 202, PO Box 300, Raritan, NJ 08869, USA
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Synthesis of Certain 6-(Arylthio)uracils and Related Derivatives as Potential Antiviral Agents. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2004. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2004.25.7.991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chinchilla R, Nájera C, Yus M. Metalated Heterocycles and Their Applications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2667-722. [PMID: 15137804 DOI: 10.1021/cr020101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Chinchilla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Kuo GH, Prouty C, DeAngelis A, Shen L, O'Neill DJ, Shah C, Connolly PJ, Murray WV, Conway BR, Cheung P, Westover L, Xu JZ, Look RA, Demarest KT, Emanuel S, Middleton SA, Jolliffe L, Beavers MP, Chen X. Synthesis and discovery of macrocyclic polyoxygenated bis-7-azaindolylmaleimides as a novel series of potent and highly selective glycogen synthase kinase-3beta inhibitors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4021-31. [PMID: 12954055 DOI: 10.1021/jm030115o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to design the macrocyclic maleimides as selective protein kinase C gamma inhibitors led to the unexpected discovery of a novel series of potent and highly selective glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) inhibitors. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions were used to synthesize the key intermediates 17 and 22 that resulted in the synthesis of novel macrocycles. All three macrocyclic series (bisindolyl-, mixed 7-azaindoleindolyl-, and bis-7-azaindolylmaleimides) were found to have submicromolar inhibitory potency at GSK-3beta with various degrees of selectivity toward other protein kinases. To gain the inhibitory potency at GSK-3beta, the ring sizes of these macrocycles may play a major role. To achieve the selectivity at GSK-3beta, the additional nitrogen atoms in the indole rings may contribute to a significant degree. Overall, the bis-7-azaindolylmaleimides 28 and 29 exhibited little or no inhibitions to a panel of 50 protein kinases. Compound 29 almost behaved as a GSK-3beta specific inhibitor. Both 28 and 29 displayed good potency in GS cell-based assay. Molecular docking studies were conducted in an attempt to rationalize the GSK-3beta selectivity of azaindolylmaleimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gee-Hong Kuo
- Drug Discovery Division, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., 1000 Route 202, P.O. Box 300, Raritan, New Jersey 08869, USA.
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Zhang Z, Yang Z, Wong H, Zhu J, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF, Wang T. An effective procedure for the acylation of azaindoles at C-3. J Org Chem 2002; 67:6226-7. [PMID: 12182666 DOI: 10.1021/jo020135i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conditions for attachment of acetyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, and chloromethyl oxalate to the 3-position of 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-azaindoles were explored. Best results were achieved with an excess of AlCl(3) in CH(2)Cl(2) followed by the addition of an acyl chloride at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA
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Gupta SP. Advances in QSAR studies of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2002; 58:223-64. [PMID: 12079201 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8183-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
A review is presented of the recent advances in quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors. These inhibitors have been put into two classes: nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs), which are 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues (ddNs), and non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs). For NRTIs (ddNs), which act as competitive inhibitors or alternate substrates of RT and hence interact at the substrate binding site of the enzyme, QSARs have pointed out the major role of the electronic factors governing their activity. For NNRTIs, which bind to a site entirely distinct from the substrate binding site, the activity has been shown to be largely dependent upon the hydrophobic nature of the compounds or substituents. The hydrophobic nature of the active site in the receptor with which the NNRTIs interact provides relatively few possibilities for the molecules to have polar interactions or hydrogen bondings, but QSARs have indicated that NNRTIs do involve some polar interactions and hydrogen bondings with some pockets of the enzyme. QSARs also indicate the significant roles of steric interactions and conformational shape of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya P Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India
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Reactions of substituted 2,3-dihydro-1 H -indol-3-ones and pyrrolo[2,3- b ]pyridin-3-ones with Wittig and Horner–Emmons reagents: synthesis of 7-azatryptamine. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Pungpo P, Hannongbua S. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships study on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the class of dipyridodiazepinone derivatives, using comparative molecular field analysis. J Mol Graph Model 2000; 18:581-90, 601. [PMID: 11155314 DOI: 10.1016/s1093-3263(00)00053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (3D QSAR) method, Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA), was applied to a set of dipyridodiazepinone (nevirapine) derivatives active against wild-type (WT) and mutant-type (Y181C) HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. The starting geometry of dipyridodiazepinone was taken from X-ray crystallographic data. All 75 derivatives, divided into a training set of 53 compounds and a test set of 22 molecules, were then constructed and full geometrical optimizations were performed, based on a semiempirical molecular orbital method (AM1). CoMFA was used to discriminate between structural requirements for WT and Y181C inhibitory activities. The resulting CoMFA models yield satisfactory predictive ability regarding WT and Y181C inhibitions, with r2 cv = 0.624 and 0.726, respectively. CoMFA contour maps reveal that steric and electrostatic interactions corresponding to the WT inhibition amount to 58.5% and 41.5%, respectively, while steric and electrostatic effects have approximately equal contributions for the explanation of inhibitory activities against Y181C. The contour maps high-light different characteristics for different types of wild-type and mutant-type HIV-1 RT. In addition, these contour maps agree with experimental data for the binding topology. Consequently, the results obtained provide information for a better understanding of the inhibitor-receptor interactions of dipyridodiazepinone analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pungpo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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29
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Pedersen OS, Pedersen EB. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: the NNRTI boom. Antivir Chem Chemother 1999; 10:285-314. [PMID: 10628805 DOI: 10.1177/095632029901000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are promising drugs for the treatment of HIV when used in combination with other anti-HIV drugs such as nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors and protease inhibitors. The first generation of NNRTIs have, however, suffered from the rapid development of resistance. This review discusses the properties of the FDA-approved NNRTI drugs and focuses on the recent efforts being made to produce second generation inhibitors that circumvent this resistance problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University
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Mouaddib A, Joseph B, Hasnaoui A, Me´rour JY. Synthesis of benzo[5′,6′]cyclohepta[4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-12-one. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Insuasty O B, Insuasty I H, Quiroga P J, Saitz C, Jullian C. Reaction of 4,5-diamino-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole with 3-dimethylaminopropiophenones. Synthesis of new 4-aryl-6-methyl-8-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-b]diazepines and 4-aryl-8-methyl-6-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyrazolo[4,3-b]diazepines. J Heterocycl Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570360310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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De Clercq E. Perspectives of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in the therapy of HIV-1 infection. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1999; 54:26-45. [PMID: 10321027 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(98)00103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have, in addition to the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs), gained a definitive place in the treatment of HIV-1 infections. Starting from the HEPT and TIBO derivatives, more than thirty structurally different classes of compounds have been identified as NNRTIs, that is compounds that are specifically inhibitory to HIV-1 replication and targeted at the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Two NNRTIs (nevirapine and delavirdine) have been formally licensed for clinical use and several others are (or have been) in preclinical and/or clinical development [tivirapine (TIBO R-86183), loviride (alpha-APA R89439), thiocarboxanilide UC-781, HEPT derivative MKC-442, quinoxaline HBY 097, DMP 266 (efavirenz), PETT derivatives (trovirdine, PETT-4, PETT-5) and the dichlorophenylthio(pyridyl)imidazole derivative S-1153]. The NNRTIs interact with a specific 'pocket' site of HIV-1 RT that is closely associated with, but distinct from, the NRTI binding site. NNRTIs are notorious for rapidly eliciting resistance due to mutations of the amino acids surrounding the NNRTI-binding site. However, the emergence of resistant HIV strains can be circumvented if the NNRTIs, preferably in combination with other anti-HIV agents, are used from the start at sufficiently high concentrations. In vitro, this procedure has been shown to 'knock-out' virus replication and to prevent resistance from arising. In vivo, various triple-drug combinations containing NNRTIs, NRTIs and/or PIs may result in an effective viral suppression and ensuing immune recovery. However, this so-called HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) may also fail, and this necessitates the design of new and more effective drugs and drug cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Suzen S, Buyukbingol E. Evaluation of anti-HIV activity of 5-(2-phenyl-3'-indolal)-2-thiohydantoin. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1998; 53:525-7. [PMID: 9836465 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(98)00053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anti-HIV activity of the previously synthesized 5-(2-phenyl-3'-indolal)-2-thiohydantoin I was evaluated. The compound, containing two structural moieties found in highly active anti-HIV agents, exhibited poor activity and rather high cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suzen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (ECZACILIK), Ankara University, Turkey
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Klunder JM, Hoermann M, Cywin CL, David E, Brickwood JR, Schwartz R, Barringer KJ, Pauletti D, Shih CK, Erickson DA, Sorge CL, Joseph DP, Hattox SE, Adams J, Grob PM. Novel nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. 7. 8-Arylethyldipyridodiazepinones as potent broad-spectrum inhibitors of wild-type and mutant enzymes. J Med Chem 1998; 41:2960-71. [PMID: 9685235 DOI: 10.1021/jm9707028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Like other nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the dipyridodiazepinone nevirapine (Viramune, 1) selects for drug resistant variants of HIV-1, both in cell culture and in patients. In particular, the mutation of residue 181 from tyrosine to cysteine (Y181C) is associated with resistance to most reported nonnucleoside inhibitors. Introduction of an arylethyl substituent at the 8-position of the tricyclic dipyridodiazepinone skeleton confers enhanced potency against Y181C RT. Several analogues of this series display good broad spectrum potency against a panel of mutant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Klunder
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Inflammatory Diseases, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development Center, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, P.O. Box 368, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, USA
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De Clercq E. The role of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in the therapy of HIV-1 infection. Antiviral Res 1998; 38:153-79. [PMID: 9754886 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(98)00025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have, in addition to the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs), gained a definitive place in the treatment of HIV-1 infections. Starting from the HEPT and TIBO derivatives, more than 30 structurally different classes of compounds have been identified as NNRTIs, that is compounds that are specifically inhibitory to HIV-1 replication and targeted at the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Two NNRTIs (nevirapine and delavirdine) have been formally licensed for clinical use and several others are in preclinical or clinical development [thiocarboxanilide UC-781, HEPT derivative MKC-442, quinoxaline HBY 097 and DMP 266 (efavirenz)]. The NNRTIs interact with a specific 'pocket' site of HIV-1 RT that is closely associated with, but distinct from, the NRTI binding site. NNRTIs are notorious for rapidly eliciting resistance due to mutations of the amino acids surrounding the NNRTI-binding site. However, the emergence of resistant HIV strains can be circumvented if the NNRTIs, alone or in combination, are used from the start at sufficiently high concentrations. In vitro, this procedure has proved to 'knock-out' virus replication and to prevent resistance from arising. In vivo, various triple-drug combinations of NNRTIs (nevirapine, delavirdine or efavirenz) with NRTIs (AZT, 3TC, ddI or d4T) and/or PIs (indinavir or nelfinavir) have been shown to afford a durable anti-HIV activity, as reflected by both a decrease in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and increased CD4 T-lymphocyte counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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