1
|
Lee MF, Poh CL. Strategies to improve the physicochemical properties of peptide-based drugs. Pharm Res 2023; 40:617-632. [PMID: 36869247 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptides are a rapid-growing class of therapeutics with unique and desirable physicochemical properties. Due to disadvantages such as low membrane permeability and susceptibility to proteolytic degradation, peptide-based drugs have limited bioavailability, a short half-life, and rapid in vivo elimination. Various strategies can be applied to improve the physicochemical properties of peptide-based drugs to overcome limitations such as limited tissue residence time, metabolic instability, and low permeability. Applied strategies including backbone modifications, side chain modifications, conjugation with polymers, modification of peptide termini, fusion to albumin, conjugation with the Fc portion of antibodies, cyclization, stapled peptides, pseudopeptides, cell-penetrating peptide conjugates, conjugation with lipids, and encapsulation in nanocarriers are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Felicia Lee
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, Selangor 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 5, Jalan Universiti, Selangor 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fang YQ, Chen T, Huang G, Ni S, Dang L. Reaction mechanism for copper catalyzed functionalization of unsaturated side chains of amides via domino rearrangement. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
3
|
Horwitz MA, Robins JG, Johnson JS. De Novo Synthesis of the DEF-Ring Stereotriad Core of the Veratrum Alkaloids. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6808-6814. [PMID: 32352768 PMCID: PMC7246867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the stereotriad core in the eastern portion of the Veratrum alkaloids jervine (1), cyclopamine (2), and veratramine (3) is reported. Starting from a known β-methyltyrosine derivative (8), the route utilizes a diastereoselective substrate-controlled 1,2-reduction to establish the stereochemistry of the vicinal amino alcohol motif embedded within the targets. Oxidative dearomatization is demonstrated to be a viable approach for the synthesis of the spirocyclic DE ring junction found in jervine and cyclopamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jacob G Robins
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chandrasekhar DB, Tsay SC, Pradhan TK, Hwu JR. Syntheses of Chroman-2-ones and α-Amino Acids through a Diastereoselective Domino Reaction. J Org Chem 2017; 82:5524-5537. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Balaji Chandrasekhar
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental & Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Chen Tsay
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental & Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tapan K. Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental & Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jih Ru Hwu
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental & Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Francis D, Winn M, Latham J, Greaney MF, Micklefield J. An Engineered Tryptophan Synthase Opens New Enzymatic Pathways to β-Methyltryptophan and Derivatives. Chembiochem 2017; 18:382-386. [PMID: 28005309 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
β-Methyltryptophans (β-mTrp) are precursors in the biosynthesis of bioactive natural products and are used in the synthesis of peptidomimetic-based therapeutics. Currently β-mTrp is produced by inefficient multistep synthetic methods. Here we demonstrate how an engineered variant of tryptophan synthase from Salmonella (StTrpS) can catalyse the efficient condensation of l-threonine and various indoles to generate β-mTrp and derivatives in a single step. Although l-serine is the natural substrate for TrpS, targeted mutagenesis of the StTrpS active site provided a variant (βL166V) that can better accommodate l-Thr as a substrate. The condensation of l-Thr and indole proceeds with retention of configuration at both α- and β-positions to give (2S,3S)-β-mTrp. The integration of StTrpS (βL166V) with l-amino acid oxidase, halogenase enzymes and palladium chemocatalysts provides access to further d-configured and regioselectively halogenated or arylated β-mTrp derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Francis
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Michael Winn
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Jonathan Latham
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Michael F Greaney
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Jason Micklefield
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Unusual amino acids are fundamental building blocks of modern medicinal chemistry. The combination of readily functionalized amine and carboxyl groups attached to a chiral central core along with one or two potentially diverse side chains provides a unique three-dimensional structure with a high degree of functionality. This makes them invaluable as starting materials for syntheses of complex molecules, highly diverse elements for SAR campaigns, integral components of peptidomimetic drugs, and potential drugs on their own. This Perspective highlights the diversity of unnatural amino acid structures found in hit-to-lead and lead optimization campaigns and clinical stage and approved drugs, reflecting their increasingly important role in medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland Australia 4072
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Meijere A, Kozhushkov SI, Yufit DS, Grosse C, Kaiser M, Raev VA. (2R,1'S,2'R)- and (2S,1'S,2'R)-3-[2-Mono(di,tri)fluoromethylcyclopropyl]alanines and their incorporation into hormaomycin analogues. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2844-57. [PMID: 25550751 PMCID: PMC4273223 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and scalable syntheses of enantiomerically pure (2R,1'S,2'R)- and (2S,1'S,2'R)-3-[2-mono(di,tri)fluoromethylcyclopropyl]alanines 9a–c, as well as allo-D-threonine (4) and (2S,3R)-β-methylphenylalanine (3), using the Belokon' approach with (S)- and (R)-2-[(N-benzylprolyl)amino]benzophenone [(S)- and (R)-10] as reusable chiral auxiliaries have been developed. Three new fluoromethyl analogues of the naturally occurring octadepsipeptide hormaomycin (1) with (fluoromethylcyclopropyl)alanine moieties have been synthesized and subjected to preliminary tests of their antibiotic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin de Meijere
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sergei I Kozhushkov
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dmitrii S Yufit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Rd., Durham DH1 3L, UK
| | - Christian Grosse
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Parasite Chemotherapy, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland ; University of Basel, Petersplatz, 1 CH-4003 Basel Switzerland
| | - Vitaly A Raev
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany ; Institut für Organische Chemie der TU Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Avan I, Hall CD, Katritzky AR. Peptidomimetics via modifications of amino acids and peptide bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:3575-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60384a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
9
|
De Wachter R, de Graaf C, Keresztes A, Vandormael B, Ballet S, Tóth G, Rognan D, Tourwé D. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Automated Docking of Constrained Analogues of the Opioid Peptide H-Dmt-d-Ala-Phe-Gly-NH2 Using the 4- or 5-Methyl Substituted 4-Amino-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-2-benzazepin-3-one Scaffold. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6538-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2003574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rien De Wachter
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Structural Chemogenomics, UMR 7200 CNRS-UdS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch F-67401, France
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Atilla Keresztes
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bart Vandormael
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Géza Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Didier Rognan
- Structural Chemogenomics, UMR 7200 CNRS-UdS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch F-67401, France
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
A comprehensive study on the putative δ-opioid receptor (sub)types using the highly selective δ-antagonist, Tyr-Tic-(2S,3R)-β-MePhe-Phe-OH. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:192-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Lukaszuk A, Demaegdt H, Van den Eynde I, Vanderheyden P, Vauquelin G, Tourwé D. Conformational constraints in angiotensin IV to probe the role of Tyr2, Pro5 and Phe6. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:545-53. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
12
|
Murigi FN, Nichol GS, Mash EA. Synthesis of the Conformationally Constrained Tyrosine Analogues, (R)- and (S)-5-Hydroxy-2-aminoindan-2-carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1293-6. [PMID: 20095557 DOI: 10.1021/jo902438s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis N. Murigi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041
| | - Eugene A. Mash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Grauer A, König B. Peptidomimetics – A Versatile Route to Biologically Active Compounds. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Grauer
- Institute für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany, Fax: +49‐941‐943‐1717
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany, Fax: +49‐941‐943‐1717
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Broda MA, Buczek A, Siodłak D, Rzeszotarska B. The effect of beta-methylation on the conformation of alpha, beta-dehydrophenylalanine: a DFT study. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:465-73. [PMID: 19408247 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroamino acids are non-coded amino acids that offer unique conformational properties. Dehydrophenylalanine (DeltaPhe) is most commonly used to modify bioactive peptides to constrain the topography of the phenyl ring in the side chain, which commonly serves as a pharmacophore. The Ramachandran maps (in the gas phase and in CHCl(3) mimicking environments) of DeltaPhe analogues with methyl groups at the beta position of the side chain as well as at the C-terminal amide were calculated using the B3LYP/6-31 + G** method. Unexpectedly, beta-methylation alone results in an increase of conformational freedom of the affected DeltaPhe residue. However, further modification by introducing an additional methyl group at C-terminal methyl amide results in a steric crowding that fixes the torsion angle psi of all conformers to the value 123 degrees , regardless of the Z or E position of the phenyl ring. The number of conformers is reduced and the accessible conformational space of the residues is very limited. In particular, (Z)-Delta(betaMe)Phe with the tertiary C-terminal amide can be classified as the amino acid derivative that has a single conformational state as it seems to adopt only the beta conformation.
Collapse
|
15
|
De Wachter R, Brans L, Ballet S, Van den Eynde I, Feytens D, Keresztes A, Toth G, Urbanczyk-Lipkowska Z, Tourwé D. Influence of ring substitution on the conformation and β-turn mimicry of 4-amino-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-2-benzazepin-3-one peptide mimetics. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
Birkas E, Kertesz I, Toth G, Bakota L, Gulya K, Szucs M. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of a novel, highly potent, peptidomimetic delta-opioid radioantagonist, [3H]Tyr-Tic-(2S,3R)-beta-MePhe-Phe-OH. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:57-67. [PMID: 18068762 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
[(3)H]Tyr-Tic-(2S,3R)-beta-MePhe-Phe-OH (where Tic: 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid) with a specific radioactivity of 53.7 Ci/mmol was synthesized and characterized in receptor binding assays at 25 degrees C in rat brain membranes. The specific binding was saturable and displayed high affinity, with a K(D) of 0.16+/-0.005 nM and B(max) of 85.9+/-6.3 fmol/mg protein. NaCl increased its affinity by about 4-fold in membranes of rat brain and Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells stably transfected with the human delta-opioid receptors (hDOR-CHO) showing that the new ligand is an antagonist. The prototypic delta-opioid ligands were much more potent than mu- or kappa-specific ligands in competition assays. The autoradiographic distribution of the binding sites of the new ligand agreed with the known locations of the delta-opioid receptors in rat brain. The unlabeled new ligand was about 7-fold more potent than the parent peptide in competing for the binding sites of [(3)H]Tyr-Tic-(2S,3R)-beta-MePhe-Phe-OH in rat brain membranes. Likewise, the threo-beta-methyl analog was 3.8-fold more potent than the parent compound in antagonizing the effect of DPDPE in the [(35)S]GTPgammaS functional assay in hDOR-CHO membranes. The new, highly potent, conformationally constrained antagonist may be a valuable pharmacological tool in understanding the structural and topographical requirements of peptide ligand binding to the delta-opioid receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Birkas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pathak R, Naicker P, Thompson WA, Fernandes MA, de Koning CB, van Otterlo WAL. Intramolecular Hydroaminations Mediated by Reductive Mercuration orn-Butyllithium To Afford 3-Methyl- and 3,4-Dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
18
|
Ioja E, Tourwé D, Kertész I, Tóth G, Borsodi A, Benyhe S. Novel diastereomeric opioid tetrapeptides exhibit differing pharmacological activity profiles. Brain Res Bull 2007; 74:119-29. [PMID: 17683797 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 05/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel opioid peptide antagonist analogue, [3H]Dmt-Tic-(2S,3R)betaMePhe-Phe, derived from the potent, delta-receptor selective TIPP tetrapeptide (Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe) series was synthesized and radiolabeled by catalytic tritiation of its iodinated precursor peptide. The purified radioprobe exhibited a specific activity of 2.15 TBq/mmol (58 Ci/mmol). The novelty of this compound is that it contains structurally modified tyrosine residue (2',6'-dimethyltyrosine, Dmt1) replacing tyrosine (Tyr1) at the N-terminus, and beta-methyl substituted phenylalanine (betaMePhe3) at the third position. As the configuration of betaMePhe3 side-chain might be different due to diastereomerism, and accordingly can alter the biological activity, both unlabeled threo (2S,3R and 2R,3S) diastereomeric analogues were also prepared and included in this study. The affinity and selectivity (delta-opioid versus mu-opioid receptor) were evaluated by radioreceptor binding assays. Agonist or antagonist potencies were determined in [35S]GTPgammaS binding experiments using Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells selectively expressing delta- or mu-opioid receptors. The equilibrium binding of the radiolabeled peptide derivative [3H]Dmt-Tic-(2S,3R)betaMePhe-Phe to rat brain membranes was saturable and the Scatchard analysis indicated a single binding site with a Kd of 0.3 nM and a Bmax of 127 fmol/mg protein. A study of [3H]Dmt-Tic-(2S,3R)betaMePhe-Phe binding displacement by various receptor-type specific opioid ligands showed the rank order of competitor's potency delta > mu > kappa, suggesting selective labeling of opioid delta-sites. In the functional tests, the (2S,3R) and (2R,3S) peptides exhibited partial agonist behaviour by weakly stimulating regulatory G-proteins in CHO cell membranes transfected with different receptors. Both isomers were quite weak partial agonists at the delta-receptor and reasonable partial agonists at the mu-receptor, with a prevalence of (2S,3R) over (2R,3S) for the mu-receptor. Consistent with these observations both stereomers competitively inhibited the stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding induced by the prototype delta-agonist peptide (pClPhe4)-DPDPE in delta(m) CHO cell membranes, and still the (2S,3R) compound exerted more potent delta-antagonist effect. [3H]Dmt-Tic-(2S,3R)betaMePhe-Phe represents a high affinity new radioligand and also constitute further example of the influence of beta-methyl substitution on the potency and selectivity of TIPP analogues, thus becoming a valuable biochemical and pharmacological tool in opioid research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Ioja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yu Y, Shao X, Cui Y, Liu HM, Wang CL, Fan YZ, Liu J, Dong SL, Cui YX, Wang R. Structure–Activity Study on the Spatial Arrangement of the Third Aromatic Ring of Endomorphins 1 and 2 Using an Atypical Constrained C Terminus. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:309-17. [PMID: 17285661 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of endomorphins (EMs) has opened the possibility of searching for new analgesics. However, the design of peptide analgesics has proven to be very difficult as a result of their conformational flexibility and a lack of clarity in structure-activity relationships (SAR). In EMs, the amino acid side chains exhibit considerable conformational flexibility, especially in the third aromatic ring, which is free to adopt a bioactive conformation. To resolve these problems, a series of C terminus EM analogues, [Xaa(4)-R]EMs, modified through the substitution of Phe(4) with nonaromatic residues and termination with benzyl groups, were designed to generate conformational constrains of the third aromatic ring by amide bond and torsion angles (phi(4) and psi(4)) of Xaa(4). Introduction of (S)-alpha-methyl or (S)/(R)-alpha-carboxamide on the methylene unit of the benzyl group was designed to produce an atypical topographical constraint (phi(5)) of the third aromatic ring rotation. Interestingly, some EM derivatives, with elimination of the C-terminal carboxamide group and significant changes in the address sequence (Phe(4)-NH(2)), still exhibited higher mu-opioid receptor (MOR) affinity than unmodified EMs. In contrast, some analogues with incorrectly constrained C termini displayed very low affinity and pharmacological activities. Thus, our results indicate that these EM analogues, with atypical constrained C termini, provide model compounds with potent MOR agonism. They also give evidence that the proper spatial orientation and conformational restriction of the third aromatic ring are crucial for the interaction of EMs with MOR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tóth G, Ioja E, Tömböly C, Ballet S, Tourwé D, Péter A, Martinek T, Chung NN, Schiller PW, Benyhe S, Borsodi A. β-Methyl Substitution of Cyclohexylalanine in Dmt-Tic-Cha-Phe Peptides Results in Highly Potent δ Opioid Antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 50:328-33. [PMID: 17228874 DOI: 10.1021/jm060721u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The opioid peptide TIPP (H-Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH, Tic:1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid) was substituted with Dmt (2',6'-dimethyltyrosine) and a new unnatural amino acid, beta-MeCha (beta-methyl-cyclohexylalanine). This double substitution led to a new series of opioid peptides displaying subnanomolar delta antagonist activity and mu agonist or antagonist properties depending on the configuration of the beta-MeCha residue. The most promising analog, H-Dmt-Tic-(2S,3S)-beta-MeCha-Phe-OH was a very selective delta antagonist both in the mouse vas deferens (MVD) assay (Ke = 0.241 +/- 0.05 nM) and in radioligand binding assay (K i delta = 0.48 +/- 0.05 nM, K i mu/K i delta = 2800). The epimeric peptide H-Dmt-Tic-(2S,3R)-beta-MeCha-Phe-OH and the corresponding peptide amide turned out to be mixed partial mu agonist/delta antagonists in the guinea pig ileum and MVD assays. Our results constitute further examples of the influence of Dmt and beta-methyl substitution as well as C-terminal amidation on the potency, selectivity, and signal transduction properties of TIPP related peptides. Some of these compounds represent valuable pharmacological tools for opioid research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Géza Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Post Office Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ioja E, Tóth G, Benyhe S, Tourwe D, Péter A, Tömböly C, Borsodi A. Opioid receptor binding characteristics and structure-activity studies of novel tetrapeptides in the TIPP (Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe) series. Neurosignals 2006; 14:317-28. [PMID: 16772734 DOI: 10.1159/000093046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the prototype synthetic delta-opioid receptor antagonist peptides TIPP [(H-Tyr-Tic-Phe- Phe-OH); Tic: tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid] and TIPPpsi (H-Tyr-psiTic-Phe-Phe-OH) by Schiller and coworkers was followed by extensive structure-activity relationship studies, leading to the emergence of numerous analogs that are of pharmacological interest. Eight novel diastereomeric compounds in this peptide family were designed, prepared, and tested biologically to gain structure-activity relationship information. The new multisubstituted tetrapeptide analogs contain both a 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine residue at the N-terminus and beta-methyl-cyclohexylalanine at the third position as replacements for the original first tyrosine and the third phenylalanine, respectively. These derivatives wear either free acidic (-COOH) or amidated (-CONH2) C-terminal. The potency and delta- versus mu-opioid receptor selectivity were evaluated by in vitro radioreceptor-binding assays, while the intrinsic G-protein-activating efficacy of these analogs was tested in [35S]GTPgammaS-binding assays using rat brain membranes or Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing mu- or delta-opioid receptors. The analogs showed delta-antagonist selectivity with differences regarding their isomeric forms, and these analogs containing a C-terminal carboxamide group displayed a mixed mu-agonist/delta-antagonist profile, thus they are expected to be safer analgesics with a low propensity to produce tolerance and physical dependence. These results constitute further examples of the influence of beta-methyl substitution and C-terminal amidation on potency, selectivity, and signal transduction properties of TIPP-related peptides as well as they represent valuable pharmacological tools for opioid research.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cricetinae
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Molecular Conformation
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Opioid/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/chemistry
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/metabolism
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Ioja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ruzza P, Cesaro L, Tourwé D, Calderan A, Biondi B, Maes V, Menegazzo I, Osler A, Rubini C, Guiotto A, Pinna LA, Borin G, Donella-Deana A. Spatial Conformation and Topography of the Tyrosine Aromatic Ring in Substrate Recognition by Protein Tyrosine Kinases. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1916-24. [PMID: 16539378 DOI: 10.1021/jm051080q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The side chain orientation of the tyrosine residue included in a peptide, which is an excellent substrate of Syk tyrosine kinase, was fixed in different conformations by either incorporating the tyrosine in cyclic structures (6-OH-Tic, 5-OH-Aic, and Hat derivatives) or adding a sterically bulky substituent in the tyrosine side chain moiety (beta-MeTyr). Synthetic peptides containing tyrosine analogues displaying different side chain orientations were analyzed by NMR techniques and tested as potential substrates of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases Syk, Csk, Lyn, and Fyn. The "rotamer scan" of the phosphorylatable residue generated optimal substrates in terms of both phosphorylation efficiency and selectivity for Syk tyrosine kinase, while the peptidomimetics were not recognized by the other tyrosine kinases. In particular, l-beta-MeTyr and d-Hat containing peptides resulted to be both suitable substrates for the specific monitoring of Syk and consensus sequence scaffolds for the design of potential inhibitors highly selective for this tyrosine kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ruzza
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR, Padova Unit, via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen H, Chung NN, Lemieux C, Zelent B, Vanderkooi JM, Gryczynski I, Wilkes BC, Schiller PW. [Aladan3]TIPP: a fluorescent delta-opioid antagonist with high delta-receptor binding affinity and delta selectivity. Biopolymers 2005; 80:325-31. [PMID: 15614807 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent analogues of the potent and highly selective delta-opioid antagonist TIPP (H-Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH) and TIP (H-Tyr-Tic-Phe-OH) containing the exceptionally environmentally sensitive fluorescent amino acid beta-(6'-dimethylamino-2'-naphthoyl)alanine (Aladan [Ald]) in place of Phe3 were synthesized. The Ald3- and D-Ald3 analogues of TIPP and TIP all retained delta-opioid antagonist properties. The most potent analogue, [Ald3]TIPP, showed a K(e) value of 2.03 nM in the mouse vas deferens assay and five times higher delta vs. mu selectivity (K(i)mu/K(i)delta = 7930) than the TIPP parent peptide in the opioid receptor binding assays. Theoretical conformational analyses of [Ald3]TIPP and [Ald3]TIP using molecular mechanics calculations resulted in a number of low-energy conformers, including some showing various patterns of aromatic ring stacking and others with the Ald side chain and a carbonyl group (fluorescence quencher) in close proximity. These ensembles of low-energy conformers are in agreement with the results of steady-state fluorescence experiments (fluorescence emission maxima and quantum yields) and fluorescence decay measurements (fluorescence lifetime components), which indicated that the fluorophore was either engaged in intramolecular hydrophobic interactions or in proximity of a fluorescence quencher (e.g., a carbonyl group). These fluorescent TIP(P) delta-opioid antagonists represent valuable pharmacological tools for various applications, including studies on membrane interactions, binding to receptors, cellular uptake and intracellular distribution, and tissue distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heru Chen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vaidyanathan G, Affleck DJ, Zalutsky MR. No-carrier-added synthesis of a 4-methyl-substituted meta-iodobenzylguanidine analogue. Appl Radiat Isot 2005; 62:435-40. [PMID: 15607920 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Revised: 07/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Radioiodinated meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is used in the diagnosis and therapy of various neuroendocrine tumors. As a part of our efforts to develop an MIBG analogue with improved characteristics for these applications, a synthesis of 3-[131I]iodo-4-methylbenzylguanidine ([131I]MeIBG) was developed. Unlabeled MeIBG and the tin precursor, N, N'-(bis-tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-N-(4-methyl-3-trimethylstannylbenzyl) guanidine were synthesized in two steps from 3-iodo-4-methylbenzylalcohol. Radioiodinated MeIBG was synthesized at a no-carrier-added level by the iododestannylation of the tin precursor in about 85% radiochemical yield. The accumulation of [131I]MeIBG (38.9+/-3.0% of input counts) by human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells in vitro was 87% that of [125I]MIBG (44.5+/-3.0%) and a number of Uptake-1 inhibiting conditions reduced the uptake of both tracers in this cell line to a similar degree suggesting that introduction of a methyl substituent at the 4-position of MIBG did not adversely affect its biological characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Vaidyanathan
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808 Radiology, Bryan Research Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Erchegyi J, Penke B, Simon L, Michaelson S, Wenger S, Waser B, Cescato R, Schaer JC, Reubi JC, Rivier J. Novel sst(4)-selective somatostatin (SRIF) agonists. 2. Analogues with beta-methyl-3-(2-naphthyl)alanine substitutions at position 8. J Med Chem 2004; 46:5587-96. [PMID: 14667213 DOI: 10.1021/jm0302445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a family of human sst(4)-selective, high-affinity (IC(50) = 2-4 nM) cyclic somatostatin (SRIF) octapeptides. These peptides result from the substitution of dTrp(8) in H-c[Cys(3)-Phe(6)-Phe(7)-DTrp(8)-Lys(9)-Thr(10)-Phe(11)-Cys(14)]-OH (SRIF numbering) (ODT-8) by one of the four conformationally biased stereoisomers of beta-methyl-3-(2-naphthyl)alanine (beta-Me2Nal). Whereas H-c[Cys-Phe-Phe-DNal-Lys-Thr-Phe-Cys]-OH (ODN-8, 2) has high affinity and marginal selectivity for human sst(3) (Reubi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000, 97, 13973-13978), H-c[Cys-Phe-Tyr-D-threo-beta-Me2Nal-Lys-Thr-Phe-Cys]-OH (5) has high affinity for all sst's except for sst(1); H-c[Cys-Phe-Tyr-L-threo-beta-Me2Nal-Lys-Thr-Phe-Cys]-OH (6) has high affinity for sst(4) (IC(50) = 2.1 nM), with more than 50-fold selectivity toward the other receptors. Analogues 7 and 8, containing d- and l-erythro-beta-Me2Nal instead of the corresponding threo derivatives at position 8, are essentially inactive at all receptors. Substitution of Tyr(7) in 5 and 6 by Aph(7) resulted in 9 and 10 with similar affinity patterns overall yet lowered affinity. The substitution of DCys(3) for Cys(3) in 5 and 6 yielded H-c[DCys-Phe-Tyr-D-threo-beta-Me2Nal-Lys-Thr-Phe-Cys]-OH (11) and H-c[DCys-Phe-Tyr-L-threo-beta-Me2Nal-Lys-Thr-Phe-Cys]-OH (12), with biological profiles almost identical to those of their parents 5 and 6 (i.e., high affinity for sst(2-5) for 11 and high affinity and selectivity for sst(4) for 12). Analogue 12, with high sst(4) affinity combined with the highest sst(4) selectivity among all tested compounds, is an agonist in the cAMP accumulation assay (EC(50) = 1.29 nM). Cold monoiodination of 12 yielded 14, with loss of sst(4) selectivity and loss of high affinity (IC(50) = 21 nM). Introduction of Tyr(2) in 9 and 10 and substitution of Cys(3) by dCys(3), to yield 15 and 16 (IC(50) = 9.8 and 61 nM, respectively, for sst(4) and limited selectivity), failed to generate a high-affinity (125)iodinatable sst(4)-selective ligand. Substitution of Phe by Tyr at position 11 in H-c[DCys-Phe-Phe-L-threo-beta-Me2Nal-Lys-Thr-Phe-Cys]-OH yielded 18 (IC(50) = 11.8 nM at sst(4)), with limited sst(4) selectivity (30-fold or greater at the other receptors) yet only slightly improved affinity over that of 14. Cold monoiodination of 18 yielded 20 (IC(50) = 30 nM at sst(4) and high selectivity). Whereas we were able, in this study, to identify a new family of sst(4)-selective, high-affinity compounds, our additional goal, to identify highly potent and sst(4)-selective ligands amenable to (125)iodination, could not be achieved satisfactorily. On the other hand, some of the diastereomers identified in this study, such as 5, 11, 17, and 19, are very potent ligands at all receptors but sst(1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit Erchegyi
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Alı́as M, López MP, Cativiela C. An efficient and stereodivergent synthesis of threo- and erythro-β-methylphenylalanine. Resolution of each racemic pair by semipreparative HPLC. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
27
|
Török G, Pëter A, Armstrong DW, Tourwë D, Töth G, Säpi J. Direct chiral separation of unnatural amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography on a ristocetin a-bonded stationary phase. Chirality 2002; 13:648-56. [PMID: 11746797 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Direct high-performance liquid chromatographic chiral separation of numerous underivatized unnatural amino acids on a ristocetin A-bonded chiral stationary phase used in the reversed-phase and in the polar organic chromatographic modes is reported. The effects of different parameters such as mobile phase composition, temperature, and the structure of the analytes on the selectivity in both chromatographic modes are discussed. By variation of the parameters, the separation of the stereoisomers was optimized and, as a result, baseline resolution was achieved in most cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Török
- University of Szeged, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vékes E, Török G, Péter A, Sapi J, Tourwé D. Indirect high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of stereoisomers of beta-alkyl-substituted amino acids by the application of (S)-N-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)phenylalanine methoxyethyl ester as chiral derivatizing agent. J Chromatogr A 2002; 949:125-39. [PMID: 11999729 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The indirect high-performance liquid chromatographic enantioresolution of beta-alkyl-substituted analogues of tyrosine, phenylalanine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid and tryptophan is reported. (S)-N-(4-Nitrophenoxycarbonyl)phenylalanine methoxyethyl ester, a recently developed chiral derivatizing agent, was used for pre-column derivatization of the investigated analytes. The diastereoisomers formed were analysed under reversed-phase conditions. The effects of parameters such as the amount and type of the organic modifier and the type of the stationary phase on the resolution and retention of the derivatives were investigated. Chromatographic conditions were found for the separation of all four stereoisomers of each analyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vékes
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Peptide recognition by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is reviewed with an emphasis on the indirect approach used to determine the receptor-bound conformation of peptide ligands. This approach was developed in response to the lack of detailed structural information available for these receptors. Recent advances in the structural determination of rhodopsin (the GPCR of the visual system) by crystallography have provided a scaffold for homology modeling of the inactive state of a wide variety of GPCRs that interact with peptide messages. Additionally, the ability to mutate GPCRs and assay compounds of similar chemical structure to test a common binding site on the receptor provides a firm experimental basis for structure-activity studies. Recognition motifs, common in other well-studied systems such as proteolytic enzymes and major histocompatibility class receptors (MHC) are reviewed briefly to provide a basis of comparison. Finally, the development of true peptidomimetics is contrasted with nonpeptide ligands, discovered through combinatorial chemistry. In many systems, the evidence suggests that the peptide ligands bind at the interface between the transmembrane segments and the extracellular loops, while nonpeptide antagonists bind within the transmembrane segments. Plausible models of GPCRs and the mechanism by which they activate G-proteins on binding peptides are beginning to emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Marshall
- Center for Computational Biology, 700 S. Euclid Avenue, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Grobuschek N, Schmid MG, Tuscher C, Ivanova M, Gübitz G. Chiral separation of beta-methyl-amino acids by ligand exchange using capillary electrophoresis and HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 27:599-605. [PMID: 11755760 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with the chiral separation of optical isomers of beta-methyl-amino acids by CE and HPLC using the principle of ligand-exchange. Capillary zone electrophoresis was carried out using Cu(II) complexes of L-4-hydroxyproline (L-4-Hypro), N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-L-4-hydroxyproline (HP-L-4-Hypro) and N-(2-hydroxyoctyl)-L-4-hydroxyproline (HO-L-4-Hypro) as chiral selectors, added to the electrolyte. The HPLC separations were performed on a chiral stationary ligand-exchange chromatography phase containing L-4-Hypro chemically bonded to silica gel. With both techniques nearly all compounds investigated are baseline resolved using different background electrolytes and mobile phases, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Grobuschek
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Aldrich JV, Zheng QI, Murray TF. Dynorphin A analogs containing a conformationally constrained phenylalanine derivative in position 4: reversal of preferred stereochemistry for opioid receptor affinity and discrimination of kappa vs. delta receptors. Chirality 2001; 13:125-9. [PMID: 11270320 DOI: 10.1002/1520-636x(2001)13:3<125::aid-chir1008>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Analogs of the opioid peptide [D-Ala8]dynorphin A-(1-11)NH2 containing optically pure (R)- and (S)-2-aminotetralin-2-carboxylic acid (Atc) in position 4 were synthesized and evaluated for opioid receptor affinity. These peptides are the first reported dynorphin A analogs containing a conformationally constrained amino acid in place of the important aromatic residue Phe4. By incorporating resolved Atc isomers, the opioid receptor affinity and the stereochemistry of the constrained residue could be unambiguously correlated. Both Dyn A analogs containing Atc in position 4 retained nanomolar affinity for kappa and mu opioid receptors. Unexpectedly the peptide containing (R)-Atc, corresponding to a conformationally constrained D-Phe analog, displaying higher affinity for both kappa and mu receptors than the peptide containing (S)-Atc. In contrast [D-Phe4,D-Ala8]Dyn A-(1-11)NH2 exhibited significantly lower affinity for kappa and mu receptors than the parent peptide, as expected. Conformational restriction of the Phe4 sidechain or incorporation of D-Phe in position 4 had the largest effect on delta receptor affinity, yielding compounds with negligible affinity for these receptors. Thus, there appear to be distinctly different structural requirements for this residue for kappa vs. delta receptors, and it is possible to completely distinguish between these two receptors by changing a single residue in Dyn A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J V Aldrich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Kumar V, Murray TF, Aldrich JV. Extended TIP(P) analogues as precursors for labeled delta-opioid receptor ligands. J Med Chem 2000; 43:5050-4. [PMID: 11150177 DOI: 10.1021/jm000362h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH (TIPP) and the shorter Tyr-Tic-Phe-OH (TIP) peptides are potent and highly selective antagonists at the delta-opioid receptor and, therefore, are ideal candidates for the attachment of labels to assist in the study of delta-opioid receptors. Peptides extended at the C-terminus with residues which can be used as handles for further modification and/or labeling (i.e. Asx, Glx, and Lys) were synthesized. The TIPP-D/L-Asx/Glx derivatives exhibited similar delta-receptor affinity to TIPP (K(i) = 5-10 nM vs K(i) = 6 nM), and neither the location of the carboxylic acid moiety nor the stereochemistry of the C-terminal residue significantly affected the delta-receptor affinity of these derivatives. Extension of TIPP with an additional residue did not increase mu-receptor affinity, even though the position of the acidic group, which imparts delta-receptor selectivity to TIPP, was shifted relative to the carboxylic acid moiety of TIPP. The delta-receptor affinities of the TIP-D/L-Asx/Glx derivatives were found to be influenced mainly by the position of the carboxylic acid function rather than the stereochemistry of the C-terminal residue. TIP(P)-D/L-Lys(Ac)-OH derivatives exhibited moderate delta-receptor affinity (K(i)(delta) = 16-28 nM). The most potent compounds found in the extended TIP(P) series were TIPP-D-Gln-OH and TIP-D-Gln-OH (K(i)(delta) = 5 nM) which had similar affinities to TIPP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Casimir JR, Iterbeke K, Van Den Nest W, Trescol-Biémont MC, Dumortier H, Muller S, Gerlier D, Rabourdin-Combe C, Tourwé D, Paris J. Conformational restriction of the Tyr53 side-chain in the decapeptide HE. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2000; 56:398-408. [PMID: 11152299 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2000.00777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of conformationally restricted analogs of the hen egg lysozyme (HEL) decapeptide 52-61 in which the conformationally flexible Tyr53 residue was replaced by several more constrained tyrosine and phenylalanine analogs was prepared. Among these tyrosine and phenylalanine analogs were 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-hydroxyisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Htc), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Tic), 4-amino- 1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-8-hydroxy-2-benzazepine-3-one (Hba), 4-amino-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-2-benzazepine-3-one (Aba), 2-amino-6-hydroxytetralin-2-carboxylic acid (Hat) and 2-amino-5-hydroxyindan-2-carboxylic acid (Hai) in which the rotations around Calpha-Cbeta and Cbeta-Cgamma were restricted because of cyclization of the side-chain to the backbone. Synthesis of Pht-Hba-Gly-OH using a modification of the Flynn and de Laszlo procedure is described. Analogs of beta-methyltyrosine (beta-MeTyr) in which the side-chains were biased to particular side-chain torsional angles because of substitution at the beta-hydrogens were also prepared. These analogs of HEL[52-61] peptide were tested for their ability to bind to the major histocompatibility complex class II I-Ak molecule and to be recognized in this context by two T-cell hybridomas, specific for the parent peptide HEL[52-61]. The data showed that the conformation and also the configuration of the Tyr53 residue influenced both the binding of the peptide to I-Ak and the recognition of the peptide/I-Ak complex by a T-cell receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Casimir
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Arttamangkul S, Alvarez-Maubecin V, Thomas G, Williams JT, Grandy DK. Binding and internalization of fluorescent opioid peptide conjugates in living cells. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 58:1570-80. [PMID: 11093798 DOI: 10.1124/mol.58.6.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of agonist-stimulated opioid receptor internalization and trafficking have been difficult to study in living cells in part because the available probes were inadequate. To overcome this obstacle, six new fluorescent opioid peptides were developed. Dermorphin (DERM), deltorphin (DELT), TIPP, and endomorphin were conjugated to BODIPY TR or Alexa Fluor 488, two fluorescent dyes with distinct hydrophobic properties. In membrane binding assays the fluorescent conjugates DERM-A488 or -BTR, DELT-A488 or -BTR, and TIPP-A488 displayed good binding affinity and selectivity for mu- and delta-opioid receptor subtypes. Furthermore, the fluorescent conjugates of dermorphin and deltorphin were biologically active as demonstrated by their ability to hyperpolarize locus coeruleus neurons (DERM-A488 or -BTR) and inhibit calcium currents in NG108-15 (DELT-A488). Both of these responses were antagonized by naloxone. In conjunction with confocal fluorescent microscopy the trafficking of these fluorescent ligands was monitored in real-time. The internalization of these ligands by mu- and delta-opioid receptors was found to be naloxone-sensitive and temperature-dependent. Interestingly, once these ligands were internalized the fluorescent puncta that formed became distributed in one of two patterns. In Chinese hamster ovary cells heterologously expressing either mu- or delta-opioid receptors the intracellular puncta were concentrated in the perinuclear region of the cell, whereas they were distributed throughout the cytoplasm in cells derived from either NG108-15 or SH-SY5Y cells. In summary, we have demonstrated that these novel, fluorescent opioid peptide conjugates permit real-time visual tracking of receptor-ligand complexes, including their internalization and trafficking, in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Arttamangkul
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Péter A, Török G, Tóth G, Lindner W. Direct High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Enantioseparation of β-Methyl-Substituted Unusual Amino Acids on a Quinine-Derived Chiral Anion-Exchange Stationary Phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4168(20001101)23:11<628::aid-jhrc628>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
37
|
Nemes C, Jeannin L, Sapi J, Laronze M, Seghir H, Augé F, Laronze JY. A Convenient Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained β-Substituted Tryptophans. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
38
|
Schiller PW, Weltrowska G, Berezowska I, Nguyen TM, Wilkes BC, Lemieux C, Chung NN. The TIPP opioid peptide family: development of delta antagonists, delta agonists, and mixed mu agonist/delta antagonists. Biopolymers 2000; 51:411-25. [PMID: 10797230 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0282(1999)51:6<411::aid-bip4>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the prototype delta opioid antagonists TIPP (H-Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH) and TIP (H-Tyr-Tic-Phe-OH) in 1992 was followed by extensive structure-activity relationship studies, leading to the development of analogues that are of interest as pharmacological tools or as potential therapeutic agents. Stable TIPP-derived delta opioid antagonists with subnanomolar delta receptor binding affinity and extraordinary delta receptor selectivity include TIPP[Psi] (H-Tyr-TicPsi[CH(2)NH]Phe-Phe-OH] and TICP[Psi] (H-Tyr-TicPsi[CH(2)NH]Cha-Phe-OH); Cha: cyclohexylalanine), which are widely used in opioid research. Theoretical conformational analyses in conjunction with the pharmacological characterization of conformationally constrained TIPP analogues led to a definitive model of the receptor-bound conformation of H-Tyr-Tic-(Phe-Phe)-OH-related delta opioid antagonists, which is characterized by all-trans peptide bonds. Further structure-activity studies revealed that the delta antagonist vs delta agonist behavior of TIP(P)-derived compounds depended on very subtle structural differences in diverse locations of the molecule and suggested a delta receptor model involving a number of different inactive receptor conformations. A further outcome of these studies was the identification of a new class of potent and very selective dipeptide delta agonists of the general formula H-Tyr-Tic-NH-X (X = arylalkyl), which are of interest for drug development because of their low molecular weight and lipophilic character. Most interestingly, TIPP analogues containing a C-terminal carboxamide group displayed a mixed mu agonist/delta antagonist profile, and thus were expected to be analgesics with a low propensity to produce tolerance and physical dependence. This turned out to be the case with the TIPP-derived mu agonist/delta antagonist DIPP-NH(2)[Psi] (H-Dmt-TicPsi[CH(2)NH]Phe-Phe-NH(2)); Dmt: 2',6'- dimethyltyrosine).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P W Schiller
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jiménez AI, Cativiela C, Gómez-Catalán J, Pérez JJ, Aubry A, París M, Marraud M. Influence of Side Chain Restriction and NH···π Interaction on the β-Turn Folding Modes of Dipeptides Incorporating Phenylalanine Cyclohexane Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja993568k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Jiménez
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, ICMA, CSIC−University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Laboratory of Crystallography and Modeling of Mineral and Biological Materials, ESA-7036, University Henri Poincaré of Nancy, BP 236, 54509 Vandoeuvre, France, and Laboratory of Macromolecular Physical Chemistry, UMR-7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC, BP 451, 54001 Nancy, France
| | - Carlos Cativiela
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, ICMA, CSIC−University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Laboratory of Crystallography and Modeling of Mineral and Biological Materials, ESA-7036, University Henri Poincaré of Nancy, BP 236, 54509 Vandoeuvre, France, and Laboratory of Macromolecular Physical Chemistry, UMR-7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC, BP 451, 54001 Nancy, France
| | - Jesús Gómez-Catalán
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, ICMA, CSIC−University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Laboratory of Crystallography and Modeling of Mineral and Biological Materials, ESA-7036, University Henri Poincaré of Nancy, BP 236, 54509 Vandoeuvre, France, and Laboratory of Macromolecular Physical Chemistry, UMR-7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC, BP 451, 54001 Nancy, France
| | - Juan J. Pérez
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, ICMA, CSIC−University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Laboratory of Crystallography and Modeling of Mineral and Biological Materials, ESA-7036, University Henri Poincaré of Nancy, BP 236, 54509 Vandoeuvre, France, and Laboratory of Macromolecular Physical Chemistry, UMR-7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC, BP 451, 54001 Nancy, France
| | - André Aubry
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, ICMA, CSIC−University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Laboratory of Crystallography and Modeling of Mineral and Biological Materials, ESA-7036, University Henri Poincaré of Nancy, BP 236, 54509 Vandoeuvre, France, and Laboratory of Macromolecular Physical Chemistry, UMR-7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC, BP 451, 54001 Nancy, France
| | - Miguel París
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, ICMA, CSIC−University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Laboratory of Crystallography and Modeling of Mineral and Biological Materials, ESA-7036, University Henri Poincaré of Nancy, BP 236, 54509 Vandoeuvre, France, and Laboratory of Macromolecular Physical Chemistry, UMR-7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC, BP 451, 54001 Nancy, France
| | - Michel Marraud
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, ICMA, CSIC−University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Laboratory of Crystallography and Modeling of Mineral and Biological Materials, ESA-7036, University Henri Poincaré of Nancy, BP 236, 54509 Vandoeuvre, France, and Laboratory of Macromolecular Physical Chemistry, UMR-7568 CNRS-INPL, ENSIC, BP 451, 54001 Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Olma A, Tourwé D. Synthesis and binding properties of endomorphin-2 analogs containing α-hydroxymethyl amino acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02443567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|