1
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Extended porphyrinoid chromophores: heteroporphyrins fused to phenanthrene and acenaphthylene. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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2
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Scott DE, Schulze M, Stryker JM, Tykwinski RR. Deciphering structure and aggregation in asphaltenes: hypothesis-driven design and development of synthetic model compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9202-9239. [PMID: 34231589 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asphaltenes comprise the heaviest and least understood fraction of crude petroleum. The asphaltenes are a diverse and complex mixture of organic and organometallic molecules in which most of the molecular constituents are tightly aggregated into more complicated suprastructures. The bulk properties of asphaltenes arise from a broad range of polycyclic aromatics, heteroatoms, and polar functional groups. Despite much analytical effort, the precise molecular architectures of the material remain unresolved. To understand asphaltene characteristics and reactivity, the field has turned to synthetic model compounds that mirror asphaltene structure, aggregation behavior, and thermal chemistry, including the nucleation of coke. Historically, molecular asphaltene modeling was limited to commercial compounds, offering little illumination and few opportunities for hypothesis-driven research. More recently, however, rational molecular design and modern organic synthesis have started to impact this area. This review provides an overview of commercially available model compounds but is principally focused on the design and synthesis of structurally advanced and appropriately functionalized compounds to mimic the physical and chemical behavior of asphaltenes. Efforts to model asphaltene aggregation are briefly discussed, and a prognosis for the field is offered. A referenced tabulation of the synthetic compounds reported to date is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.
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3
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Nisa K, Khatri V, Kumar S, Arora S, Ahmad S, Dandia A, Thirumal M, Kashyap HK, Chauhan SMS. Synthesis and Redox Properties of Superbenzene Porphyrin Conjugates. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:16168-16177. [PMID: 33103424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Superbenzene porphyrin conjugates find wide range of applications from nonlinear optical materials to semiconductors. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of 5,15-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-10,20-bis(pentaphenylphenyl)phenylporphyrin and its Zinc-metallated complex. Oxidative planarization of 5,15-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-10,20-bis(pentaphenylphenyl)phenylporphyrin and its metallated complex was carried out by using NOBF4 as an oxidizing agent. The formation of superbenzene porphyrin conjugates validates its Scholl type reactions. The laboratory-synthesized porphyrin conjugates were characterized experimentally using spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, electron spin resonance, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy for structural conformation. In addition, density functional theory calculations were carried out to validate the experimental results. The theoretical and experimental results show that the 4-(pentaphenylphenyl)phenyl ligand increases the stability, optical properties, and rate of planarization of synthesized porphyrins. The conjugates exhibited intense and distant electronic communication between two hexabenzocoronene sites, taking advantage of porphyrin as a π-spacer. The π-radical cation has also been found to be an intermediate in oxidative C-C bond formation. NICS calculations support such a conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kharu Nisa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Vikas Khatri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sharvan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Smriti Arora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Sohail Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Anshu Dandia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - M Thirumal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Hemant K Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shive M S Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
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4
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Cillo CM, Geiger MA, Lash TD. Exploring the limitations of the MacDonald ‘3 + 1’ condensation in the preparation of porphyrins with fused electron-withdrawing heterocyclic rings: Synthesis of a bis(thiadiazolo)benzoporphyrin and a related benzocarbaporphyrin. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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5
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Chen Q, Brambilla L, Daukiya L, Mali KS, De Feyter S, Tommasini M, Müllen K, Narita A. Synthesis of Triply Fused Porphyrin-Nanographene Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Luigi Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Lakshya Daukiya
- KU Leuven; Department of Chemistry; Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Kunal S. Mali
- KU Leuven; Department of Chemistry; Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- KU Leuven; Department of Chemistry; Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research; Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
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6
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Chen Q, Brambilla L, Daukiya L, Mali KS, De Feyter S, Tommasini M, Müllen K, Narita A. Synthesis of Triply Fused Porphyrin-Nanographene Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11233-11237. [PMID: 29984483 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two unprecedented porphyrin fused nanographene molecules, 1 and 2, have been synthesized by the Scholl reaction from tailor-made precursors based on benzo[m]tetraphene-substituted porphyrins. The chemical structures were validated by a combination of high-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HR MALDI-TOF MS), IR and Raman spectroscopy, and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). The UV-vis-near infrared absorption spectroscopy of 1 and 2 demonstrated broad and largely red-shifted absorption spectra extending up to 1000 and 1400 nm, respectively, marking the significant extension of the π-conjugated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Luigi Brambilla
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Lakshya Daukiya
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kunal S Mali
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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7
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Gao R, AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Pyreniporphyrins: Porphyrin Analogues That Incorporate a Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Subunit within the Macrocyclic Framework. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6680-6688. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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8
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Swavey S, Quinn J, Coladipietro M, Cox KG, Brennaman MK. Tuning the photophysical properties of BODIPY dyes through extended aromatic pyrroles. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26331c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of naphthyl and fluorantho-fused BODIPY dyes have been synthesized by a simple two-step process. These dyes display high molar absorptivities in the far visible region of the spectrum with emission quantum efficiencies at or near unity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Swavey
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Dayton
- 300 College Park
- Dayton
- USA
| | - John Quinn
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Dayton
- 300 College Park
- Dayton
- USA
| | | | - Kegan G. Cox
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina
- Chapel Hill
- USA
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Abstract
In 1960, MacDonald and coworkers introduced a new method for porphyrin synthesis that involved the acid-catalyzed condensation of dipyrrylmethane dialdehydes with [Formula: see text],[Formula: see text]-diunsubstituted dipyrrylmethanes or the related dicarboxylic acids, followed by an air oxidation. The key bond forming steps entail electrophilic substitution at two pyrrole units with the aldehyde moieties to generate, following elimination of water, a 5,15-dihydroporphyrin or porphodimethene intermediate. Following addition of sodium acetate, or in later procedures zinc acetate, the dihydroporphyrins readily air oxidize to the fully aromatic porphyrin system. This strategy, which parallels chemistry contemporaneously developed by R. B. Woodward at Harvard for the total synthesis of chlorophyll [Formula: see text], demonstrated that dipyrrylmethanes were sufficiently stable to be utilized as intermediates in porphyrin syntheses and that porphodimethene formation circumvented acidolytic scrambling reactions that might lead to isomeric porphyrin products. This type of chemistry was later adapted by Johnson, Woodward and others to prepare porphyrin-type systems by a “3 + 1” strategy, or expanded porphyrins by “3 + 2” or other combinations of oligopyrrolic precursors. In recent years, the term “MacDonald condensation” has been increasingly used to describe other types of chemistry involving oligopyrrolic intermediates. Following on from a historical review of this area, guidelines for the identification of MacDonald-type reactions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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Stępień M, Gońka E, Żyła M, Sprutta N. Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds: Synthetic Routes, Properties, and Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3479-3716. [PMID: 27258218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 868] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensionally extended, polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules (heterocyclic nanographenes) are a highly versatile class of organic materials, applicable as functional chromophores and organic semiconductors. In this Review, we discuss the rich chemistry of large heteroaromatics, focusing on their synthesis, electronic properties, and applications in materials science. This Review summarizes the historical development and current state of the art in this rapidly expanding field of research, which has become one of the key exploration areas of modern heterocyclic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Gońka
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marika Żyła
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natasza Sprutta
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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11
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Zeng W, Lee S, Son M, Ishida M, Furukawa K, Hu P, Sun Z, Kim D, Wu J. Phenalenyl-fused porphyrins with different ground states. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2427-2433. [PMID: 30154998 PMCID: PMC6085729 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03866e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials based on biradicals/biradicaloids have potential applications for organic electronics, photonics and spintronics. In this work, we demonstrated that hybridization of porphyrin and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon could lead to a new type of stable biradicals/biradicaloids with tunable ground state and physical property. Mono- and bis-phenalenyl fused porphyrins 1 and 2 were synthesized via an intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation-followed-by oxidative dehydrogenation strategy. Our detailed experimental and theoretical studies revealed that 1 has a closed-shell structure with a small biradical character (y = 0.06 by DFT calculation) in the ground state, while 2 exists as a persistent triplet biradical at room temperature under inert atmosphere. Compound 1 underwent hydrogen abstraction from solvent during the crystal growing process while compound 2 was easily oxidized in air to give two dioxo-porphyrin isomers 11a/11b, which can be correlated to their unique biradical character and spin distribution. The physical properties of 1 and 2, their dihydro/tetrahydro-precursors 7/10, and the dioxo-compounds 11a/11b were investigated and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangdong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 , Singapore .
| | - Sangsu Lee
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749 , Korea .
| | - Minjung Son
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749 , Korea .
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices , Kyushu University , Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis , Institute for Research Promotion , Niigata University , Nishi-ku , Niigata 950-2181 , Japan
| | - Pan Hu
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 , Singapore .
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 , Singapore .
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749 , Korea .
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , 117543 , Singapore .
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering , ASTAR , 3 Research Link , Singapore 117602
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12
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Luo J, Lee S, Son M, Zheng B, Huang KW, Qi Q, Zeng W, Li G, Kim D, Wu J. N-Annulated Perylene-Substituted and Fused Porphyrin Dimers with Intense Near-Infrared One-Photon and Two-Photon Absorption. Chemistry 2015; 21:3708-15. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Akhigbe J, Luciano M, Zeller M, Brückner C. Mono- and Bisquinoline-Annulated Porphyrins from Porphyrin β,β'-Dione Oximes. J Org Chem 2014; 80:499-511. [PMID: 25470653 DOI: 10.1021/jo502511j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An acid-induced reaction of meso-tetraphenyl-2-hydroxyimino-3-oxoporphyrin leads, with concomitant loss of water, to a formal electrophilic aromatic substitution of the ortho-position of the phenyl group adjacent to the oxime, forming a quinoline moiety. Owing in part to the presence of a π-extended chromophore, the resulting meso-triphenylmonoquinoline-annulated porphyrin (λmax = 750 nm) possesses a much altered optical spectrum from that of the starting oxime (λmax = 667 nm). An oxidative DDQ-induced ring-closure process is also possible, generating the corresponding meso-triphenylmonoquinoline-annulated porphyrin quinoline N-oxide, possessing a slightly shifted and sharpened UV-vis spectrum (λmax = 737 nm). The connectivity of the chromophores was conclusively shown by NMR spectroscopy. Both ketone functionalities in meso-tetraphenyl-2,3-dioxoporphyrin can be converted, via the oxime and using the acid- or oxidant-induced reaction pathways, either in one step or in a stepwise fashion, to bisquinoline-annulated porphyrin (λmax = 775 nm) and its N-oxide (λmax = 779 nm), respectively. This process is complementary to a previously established pathway toward bisquinoline-annulated porphyrins. Their zinc(II), nickel(II), and palladium(II) complexes are also described. Several examples of the quinoline-annulated porphyrins were crystallographically characterized, proving their connectivity and showing their conformations that are extremely distorted from planarity. The work presents a full account on the synthesis, structure, and spectroscopic properties of these classes of NIR-absorbing dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Akhigbe
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Michael Luciano
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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14
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Stoyanov SR, Yin CX, Gray MR, Stryker JM, Gusarov S, Kovalenko A. Density functional theory investigation of the effect of axial coordination and annelation on the absorption spectroscopy of nickel(II) and vanadyl porphyrins relevant to bitumen and crude oils. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2012-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The vanadium and nickel components in heavy oils and bitumen are important impurities in catalytic processing and form aggregates with other asphaltene components. Metalloporphyrins are commonly analyzed using the characteristic Soret band in the UV–vis absorption spectrum. However, the Soret band of metalloporphyrins in petroleum is broadened and weaker than expected based on the concentration of Ni and V in heavy oils and the extinction coefficients of isolated porphyrins. We hypothesize that the low intensity and broadening of the Soret band could be due to axial coordination of the metal center or fusion (annelation) of aromatic rings on the porphyrin π-system. This hypothesis is examined using the density functional theory for geometry optimization and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) for calculation of excited states of nickel(II) and vanadyl porphyrins with axially coordinated ligands and annelated polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Predictions of the excited electronic states performed using the tandem of TD-DFT and conductor-like polarizable continuum model of solvation support this hypothesis and provide insight into the extent of Soret band broadening and intensity decrease due to coordination and annelation. These computational results, validated with respect to visible absorption spectra, are important for understanding asphaltene aggregation and spectroscopic characterization and suggest methods for removal of transition metals from heavy oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav R. Stoyanov
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Cindy-Xing Yin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Murray R. Gray
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Sergey Gusarov
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Andriy Kovalenko
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada
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16
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Kozyrev A, Ethirajan M, Chen P, Ohkubo K, Robinson BC, Barkigia KM, Fukuzumi S, Kadish KM, Pandey RK. Synthesis, photophysical and electrochemistry of near-IR absorbing bacteriochlorins related to bacteriochlorophyll a. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10260-71. [PMID: 23082726 PMCID: PMC3526342 DOI: 10.1021/jo301895p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of new bacteriochlorins was synthesized using 13(2)-oxo-bacteriopyropheophorbide a (derived from bacteriochlorophyll a) as a starting material, which on reacting with o-phenylenediamine and 1,10-diaminonaphthalene afforded highly conjugated annulated bacteriochlorins with fused quinoxaline, benzimidazole, and perimidine rings, respectively. The absorption spectra of these novel bacteriochlorins demonstrated remarkably red-shifted intense Q(y) absorption bands observed in the range of 816-850 nm with high molar extinction coefficients (89,900-136,800). Treatment of 13(2)-oxo-bacteriopyropheophorbide a methyl ester with diazomethane resulted in the formation of bacterioverdins containing a fused six-membered methoxy-substituted cyclohexenone (verdin) as an isomeric mixture. The pure isomers which exhibit long-wavelength absorptions in the near-IR region (865-890 nm) are highly stable at room temperature with high reactivity with O(2) at the triplet photoexcited state and favorable redox potential and could be potential candidates for use as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manivannan Ethirajan
- Chemistry Division, PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263c
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5009
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA (JST), 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA (JST), 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204-5009
| | - Ravindra K. Pandey
- Chemistry Division, PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263c
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17
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Lash TD, Bergman KM. Further Observations on Conformational and Substituent Effects in Acid-Catalyzed “3 + 1” Cyclizations of Tripyrranes with Aromatic Dialdehydes. J Org Chem 2012; 77:9774-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301945f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160,
United States
| | - Katrina M. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160,
United States
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18
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Heugebaert TSA, Roman BI, Stevens CV. Synthesis of isoindoles and related iso-condensed heteroaromatic pyrroles. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5626-40. [PMID: 22782188 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35093a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, isoindoles have found wide application in materials science. Isoindole containing BODIPY dyes are highly fluorescent materials and have been extensively used in various fields of science. Phthalocyanines, metal containing cyclic tetramers of isoindole, form coordination complexes with most elements of the periodic table. These complexes are intensely coloured and are used as pigments and dyes. However, isoindoles are relatively unstable 10π-heteroaromatic systems and few synthetic methods provide these compounds in good yields. This tutorial review will give an overview of the reported synthetic methods towards isoindoles and related heteroaromatic systems over a time span of approximately 10 years (2000 to current), including the applications where they have been reported. The importance of the field will be illustrated and factors influencing product stability will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S A Heugebaert
- Research Group SynBioC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Pereira AM, Neves MG, Cavaleiro JA, Gisselbrecht JP, Jeandon C, Ruppert R. A new approach to N-phenylquinolino[2,3,4-at]porphyrins: Electrochemical and photochemical studies. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842461100346x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new route to N-phenylquinolino[2,3,4-at]porphyrins is described and the electrochemical and photochemical properties of the synthesized derivatives were investigated. The electrochemical studies (cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk voltammetry) of the free-base and the corresponding Ni , Cu and Pd complexes have shown that the presence of the phenyl group is responsible for the formation of stable radical cations. The capacity of the N-phenylquinolino[2,3,4-at]porphyrins to generate singlet oxygen was evaluated and some of them have promising features as photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M.V.M. Pereira
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 AVEIRO, Portugal
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 STRASBOURG, France
| | - Maria G.P.M.S Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 AVEIRO, Portugal
| | - José A.S. Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 AVEIRO, Portugal
| | - Jean-Paul Gisselbrecht
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 STRASBOURG, France
| | - Christophe Jeandon
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 STRASBOURG, France
| | - Romain Ruppert
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 STRASBOURG, France
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20
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Myśliwiec D, Donnio B, Chmielewski PJ, Heinrich B, Stępień M. Peripherally fused porphyrins via the Scholl reaction: synthesis, self-assembly, and mesomorphism. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:4822-33. [PMID: 22239060 DOI: 10.1021/ja210991f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative coupling of activated aryl groups attached to β-positions of the porphyrin ring provides convenient access to derivatives containing peripherally fused phenanthrene and benzo[g]chrysene units. Tetra(benzochryseno)porphyrin, reported here for the first time, contains a nonplanar, sterically locked π system and shows very intense electronic absorptions in the Q range of the electronic spectrum. Tetraphenanthroporphyrins show a tendency to aggregate in solution. In one case, a discrete dimer is formed, whose structure was investigated spectroscopically and theoretically. Derivatives bearing long alkyl chains are mesomorphic and exhibit columnar phases (tetraphenanthroporphyrins) and a monoclinic 3D phase (tetrabenzochrysenoporphyrin). The symmetry of column packing in the columnar phases is dependent on the number of alkyl chains per molecule. X-ray diffraction measurements show that, in spite of their nonplanarity, the aromatic cores in the mesophases are tightly stacked within the column. The corresponding stacking patterns were derived from the structure of the dimer, on the basis of geometrical analysis and molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Myśliwiec
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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21
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Yamamoto T, Toganoh M, Mori S, Uno H, Furuta H. Rhenium complexes of peripherally π-extended N-confused porphyrins. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20708g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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22
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Diev VV, Schlenker CW, Hanson K, Zhong Q, Zimmerman JD, Forrest SR, Thompson ME. Porphyrins Fused with Unactivated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Org Chem 2011; 77:143-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201490y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav V. Diev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90089, United States
| | - Cody W. Schlenker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90089, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90089, United States
| | - Qiwen Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90089, United States
| | - Jeramy D. Zimmerman
- Department
of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science, and Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen R. Forrest
- Department
of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science, and Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mark E. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
90089, United States
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23
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Nandi S, Ray JK. Copper catalyzed synthesis of highly substituted pyrrole and isoindole derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Lash TD, Smith BE, Melquist MJ, Godfrey BA. Synthesis of Indenoporphyrins, Highly Modified Porphyrins with Reduced Diatropic Characteristics. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5335-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2006895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Breland E. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Michael J. Melquist
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Bradley A. Godfrey
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States, and Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio 44555-3663, United States
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26
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Jiao C, Huang KW, Chi C, Wu J. Doubly and Triply Linked Porphyrin−Perylene Monoimides as Near IR Dyes with Large Dipole Moments and High Photostability. J Org Chem 2010; 76:661-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1019046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongjun Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Chemical and Life Sciences and Engineering, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola K. S. Davis
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Amber L. Thompson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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28
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Jiao C, Huang KW, Guan Z, Xu QH, Wu J. N-Annulated Perylene Fused Porphyrins with Enhanced Near-IR Absorption and Emission. Org Lett 2010; 12:4046-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol1016383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongjun Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, and KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Chemical and Life Sciences and Engineering, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, and KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Chemical and Life Sciences and Engineering, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhenping Guan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, and KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Chemical and Life Sciences and Engineering, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Qing-Hua Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, and KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Chemical and Life Sciences and Engineering, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, and KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Chemical and Life Sciences and Engineering, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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29
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Gulevich AV, Zhdanko AG, Orru RVA, Nenajdenko VG. Isocyanoacetate Derivatives: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Application. Chem Rev 2010; 110:5235-331. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900411f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton V. Gulevich
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander G. Zhdanko
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valentine G. Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Davis NKS, Thompson AL, Anderson HL. Bis-Anthracene Fused Porphyrins: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Near-IR Absorption. Org Lett 2010; 12:2124-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100619p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola K. S. Davis
- Oxford University, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Amber L. Thompson
- Oxford University, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Oxford University, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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31
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Boedigheimer H, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Porphyrin on a Half-Shell! Synthesis and Characterization of Corannulenoporphyrins. J Org Chem 2010; 75:2518-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902592u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Boedigheimer
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
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Porphyrins with exocyclic rings. Part 24. Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of pyrenoporphyrins, potential building blocks for porphyrin molecular wires. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Yeom HS, Lee Y, Lee JE, Shin S. Geometry-dependent divergence in the gold-catalyzed redox cascade cyclization of o-alkynylaryl ketoximes and nitrones leading to isoindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:4744-52. [DOI: 10.1039/b910757f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Ono N. Barton-Zard Pyrrole Synthesis and Its Application to Synthesis of Porphyrins, Polypyrroles, and Dipyrromethene Dyes. HETEROCYCLES 2008. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-07-622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Okujima T, Komobuchi N, Uno H, Ono N. A New Synthesis of Acenaphthobenzoporphyrin and Fluoranthobenzoporphyrin. HETEROCYCLES 2006. [DOI: 10.3987/com-05-s(t)23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Porphyrins with exocyclic rings. Part 20: Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of porphyrins with fused 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole and 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole moieties. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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38
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Elghamry I, Tietze LF. Linearly -π- extended porphyrins: Synthesis of novel tetrabenzoylporphyrins. J Heterocycl Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570420405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Chang JC, Ma CJ, Lee GH, Peng SM, Yeh CY. Porphyrin–triarylamine conjugates: strong electronic communication between triarylamine redox centers via the porphyrin dication. Dalton Trans 2005:1504-8. [PMID: 15824789 DOI: 10.1039/b417350c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A set of porphyrin-triarylamine hybrids have been synthesized in good yield by Sonogashira palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions between the zinc complex of 5,15-diethynyl-10,20-dimesitylporphyrin and the appropriate iodophenyldiarylamines. The crystal structure of porphyrin 1 shows that the dihedral angle between the acetylene-bonded benzene rings and the porphyrin macrocycle is 20.0 degrees. Such a structural characteristic enables effective electronic perturbations within the molecule. The electronic spectra are red-shifted and display a broad Soret band and an intense Q band relative to those of meso-substituted tetraarylporphyrins. These conjugates display four oxidations and one reduction. All the electrochemical reactions involve one-electron transfer. The first and second oxidations are reversible and can be assigned to the porphyrin-centered reactions. The third and fourth ones, separated by about 270 mV, correspond to the triarylamine units. The comproportionation constant (Kc) is calculated to be 3.67x10(4). The electron coupling between the triarylamine moieties, at a separation of >23 A, is remarkably strong. The electrochemical results and the absorption spectra show that the electronic characteristics of these porphyrins can be significantly modulated by the triarylamine substituents via the conjugated carbon-carbon triple bond. Variations of the substituents on the triarylamines can fine-tune the electronic properties of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Che Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan
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40
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Manley JM, Roper TJ, Lash TD. Synthesis of Isomeric Angularly Annealed Dinaphthoporphyrin Systems: Examination of the Relative Positioning and Orientation of Ring Fusion as Factors Influencing the Porphyrin Chromophore. J Org Chem 2004; 70:874-91. [PMID: 15675845 DOI: 10.1021/jo040269r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins built up from two naphtho[1,2-c]pyrrole subunits and two beta-substituted pyrroles can produce five isomeric dinaphthoporphyrin systems. To gain insights into the effects of ring fusion on extended porphyrin chromophores, all five of these systems were synthesized in isomerically pure form. In four of these syntheses, dihydronaphthopyrroles were used to introduce one or both of the naphthalene subunits, and dehydrogenation with DDQ in refluxing toluene later produced the fully conjugated systems. Naphthopyrroles were also prepared by reacting isocyanoacetate esters with 1-nitronaphthalene in the presence of a phosphazene base. These compounds proved to be less stable than their dihydronaphthopyrrolic counterparts but could still be utilized in these synthetic studies. Three isomeric adj-dinaphthoporphyrin systems were prepared using the MacDonald "2 + 2" condensation or by the cyclization of a,c-biladiene intermediates with copper(II) chloride or AgIO(3)-Zn(OAc)(2). A dinaphthoporphyrin with two naphthalene units pointing toward one another could only be obtained in low yields due to a combination of stability and steric factors, but the other two adj-difused systems were isolated in good overall yields. However, the final dehydrogenation step occurred in moderate yields (50-60%) and could only be performed when the porphyrins bore propionate ester side chains that produced sufficient solubility in organic solvents. The two related opp-dinaphthoporphyrins were synthesized by a "head-to-tail" self-condensation of a dipyrrylmethane aldehyde, or a "3 + 1" synthesis using a tripyrrane intermediate bearing two fused dihydronaphthalene moieties, in excellent yields. In both cases, a final dehydrogenation step was required, but the opp-dinaphthoporphyrins were consistently formed in virtually quantitative yields. The opp-dinaphthoporphyrin series gave UV-vis spectra with relatively strong Soret bands at 425 nm, and the visible region was dominated by an unusually strong Q-band III. The adj-dinaphthoporphyrins produced broader less intense Soret bands and four well-defined Q-bands, including a relatively strong absorption at 645 nm. However, the relative orientation of the naphthalene rings had no significant effects on these spectra. On the other hand, the dications produced in TFA-chloroform solutions showed more discrimination between the individual porphyrin systems, and the metallo derivatives also displayed significant variations in their electronic absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerad M Manley
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160, USA
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41
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Richter DT, Lash TD. Synthesis of Sapphyrins, Heterosapphyrins, and Carbasapphyrins by a “4 + 1” Approach. J Org Chem 2004; 69:8842-50. [PMID: 15575766 DOI: 10.1021/jo040239o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sapphyrins are an important group of expanded porphyrins that show valuable anion binding characteristics. In this study, a "4 + 1" route to sapphyrin systems has been developed. Reaction of dialdehydes with a known tetrapyrrole intermediate 11b incorporating a bipyrrolic subunit afforded a wide range of sapphyrin-type products. The best conditions for these reactions involved carrying out the condensation of the dialdehydes with the tetrapyrrole in TFA-dichloromethane, followed by oxidation with dilute aqueous solutions of ferric chloride. A pyrrole dialdehyde reacted under these conditions to give sapphyrin in 50% yield, while furan and thiophene dialdehydes afforded the corresponding oxa- and thiasapphyrins in 66-90% yield. Pyrrole dialdehydes with fused phenanthrene or acenaphthylene rings also reacted with 11b to give the related phenanthro- and acenaphthosapphyrins in excellent yields. As was the case for acenaphthoporphyrins, the acenaphthosapphyrin gave longer wavelength absorptions than the corresponding phenanthrene fused structure, although the differences were not as marked as those seen in the porphyrin series. Reaction of 11b with 1,3-diformylindene gave a benzocarbasapphyrin in 38% yield, while a triformyl cyclopentadiene reacted with the tetrapyrrole to give a carbasapphyrin aldehyde in 7-12% yield. The free base carbasapphyrins were unstable but the monoprotonated hydrochloride salts could easily be isolated and characterized. Carbasapphyrins retain a strong diatropic ring current due to the presence of 22pi electron delocalization pathways. In the presence of trifluoroacetic acid, C-protonated dications are generated. Condensation of 1,3-azulenedicarbaldehyde with 11b gave an azulisapphyrin dihydrochloride salt in 35% yield, and this also showed a strong diatropic ring current. Addition of base gave the unstable free base form, while pyrrolidine formed an unstable adduct that showed an intense Soret band at 480 nm. These results demonstrate that many of the themes observed for modified porphyrins and carbaporphyrins also apply to the sapphyrin series, although in some cases reduced stability hampers these investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Richter
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160, USA
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42
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Cillo CM, Lash TD. Benzo[1,2-c:3,4-c']bis[1,2,5]selenadiazole, [1,2,5]selenadiazolo-[3,4-e]-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, furazanobenzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole, furazanobenzo-2,1,3-selenadiazole and related heterocyclic systems. J Heterocycl Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570410616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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44
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Ono N, Yamamoto T, Shimada N, Kuroki K, Wada M, Utsunomiya R, Yano T, Uno H, Murashima T. A New Synthesis of Functional Dyes from 2-Acenaphtho[1,2-c]pyrrole. HETEROCYCLES 2003. [DOI: 10.3987/com-03-s58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Lash TD, Keck ASIM, Mani UN, Jones MA. Unprecedented overmetabolism of a porphyrinogen substrate by coproporphyrinogen oxidase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1079-82. [PMID: 11909722 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Harderoporphyrinogen-I is metabolized by avian hemolysate preparations of coproporphyrinogen oxidase to give a trivinylic product; this unprecedented 'overmetabolism' of the porphyrinogen substrate provides strong support for a proposed model of the active site of this poorly understood enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160, USA.
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46
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Lash TD, Kaprak TA, Shen L, Jones MA. Metabolism of analogues of coproporphyrinogen-III with modified side chains: implications for binding at the active site of coproporphyrinogen oxidase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:451-6. [PMID: 11814818 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrinogens with modified propionate side chains bearing methyl substituents were found to be modest substrates for coproporphyrinogen oxidase; the results indicate that alteration of the substituents involved in secondary binding interactions has a comparable affect to modifying the side chain that undergoes degradation at the catalytic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, 61790-4160, Normal, IL, USA
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