1
|
Omrani R, Jebli N, Arfaoui Y, Chevalier Y, Akacha AB. Synthesis, X-ray structure, DFT investigation, and molecular docking of 1,3,5-tricyclohexyl-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione, a cyclic polyamide with anti HIV-1 (RT), antiplatelet, and anticoagulant activities. Struct Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-023-02161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
|
2
|
Hydroxamate siderophores: Natural occurrence, chemical synthesis, iron binding affinity and use as Trojan horses against pathogens. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
3
|
Kaur K, Srivastava S. Artificial sugar saccharin and its derivatives: role as a catalyst. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36571-36608. [PMID: 35517977 PMCID: PMC9057081 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05974a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this review was to demonstrate the significance of artificial sugar saccharin and its derivatives as catalysts for a wide variety of organic transformations. The application of saccharin and its derivatives represents a greener and superior catalytic approach for reactions. In particular, we were interested in bringing together the literature pertaining to these saccharin derivatives from a catalysis perspective. The present review reports synthesis of saccharin and its derivatives such as saccharin-N-sulfonic acid, sodium saccharin, N-halo saccharin, saccharin lithium-bromide, N-formyl saccharin, N-acyl saccharin, N-nitrosaccharin, N-SCF3 saccharin, N-fluorosultam, N-phenylselenosaccharin, N-thiocyanatosaccharin palladium saccharin, DMAP-saccharin, and [Bmim]Sac. This catalytic application of saccharin and its derivatives includes reactions such as the Biginelli reaction, Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis, azo-coupling reaction, halogenations, domino Knoevenagel, Michael, deoximation reaction, catalytic condensation, functional group protection and oxidation etc. Also, these saccharin derivatives act as a source of CO, NH2, SCN, SCF3 and nitro groups. We reported all the available data on saccharin and its derivatives acting as a catalyst from 1957 to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamalpreet Kaur
- Department of Applied Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Delhi NILERD Campus, Sec A-7, Narela Delhi 110040 India
| | - Suman Srivastava
- Department of Applied Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Delhi NILERD Campus, Sec A-7, Narela Delhi 110040 India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Uchimaru T, Yamane S, Mizukado J, Tsuzuki S. Thermal stabilities and conformational behaviors of isocyanurates and cyclotrimerization energies of isocyanates: a computational study. RSC Adv 2020; 10:15955-15965. [PMID: 35493671 PMCID: PMC9052385 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02463e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocyanurates are cyclic trimers of isocyanate molecules. They are generally known as highly thermostable compounds. However, it is interesting how the thermal stabilities of the isocyanurate molecules will be altered depending on the substituents of their three nitrogen atoms. We performed computational investigations on the thermochemical behaviors of isocyanurate molecules with various alkyl and phenyl substituents. The cyclotrimerization processes of isocyanates are highly exothermic. Our best estimate of the enthalpy change for the cyclotrimerization of methyl isocyanate into trimethyl isocyanurate was -66.4 kcal mol-1. Additional negative cyclotrimerization enthalpy changes were observed for n-alkyl-substituted isocyanates. This trend was enhanced with an extension of n-alkyl chains. Conversely, low negative cyclotrimerization enthalpy changes were shown for secondary and tertiary alkyl-substituted isocyanates. The n-alkyl-substituted isocyanurates were shown to be stabilized due to attractive dispersion interactions between the substituents. Meanwhile, the branched alkyl-substituted isocyanurates were destabilized due to the deformation of their isocyanurate rings. For various alkyl-substituted isocyanates, the sum of the deformation energy of the isocyanurate ring and the intramolecular inter-substituent nonbonding interaction energies was found to be linearly correlated with their cyclotrimerization energies. The cyclotrimerization energy for phenyl isocyanate was shown to have significantly deviated from the linear relationship observed for the alkyl-substituted isocyanurates. This is probably attributable to a remarkable change in the orbital resonance interactions during the cyclotrimerization of phenyl isocyanate to triphenyl isocyanurate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadafumi Uchimaru
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Higashi, 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan +81 29 861 4800 +81 29 861 2927
| | - Shogo Yamane
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Higashi, 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan +81 29 861 4800 +81 29 861 2927
| | - Junji Mizukado
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Higashi, 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan +81 29 861 4800 +81 29 861 2927
| | - Seiji Tsuzuki
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Umezono, 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8568 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bahili MA, Stokes EC, Amesbury RC, Ould DMC, Christo B, Horne RJ, Kariuki BM, Stewart JA, Taylor RL, Williams PA, Jones MD, Harris KDM, Ward BD. Aluminium-catalysed isocyanate trimerization, enhanced by exploiting a dynamic coordination sphere. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7679-7682. [PMID: 31204737 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03339d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Main-group metals are inherently labile, hindering their use in catalysis. We exploit this lability in the synthesis of isocyanurates. For the first time we report a highly active catalyst that trimerizes alkyl, allyl and aryl isocyanates, and di-isocyanates, with low catalyst loadings under mild conditions, using a hemi-labile aluminium-pyridyl-bis(iminophenolate) complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Bahili
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK. and Department of Science, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Emily C Stokes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Robert C Amesbury
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Darren M C Ould
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Bashar Christo
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Rhian J Horne
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Benson M Kariuki
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Jack A Stewart
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Rebekah L Taylor
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - P Andrew Williams
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Matthew D Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kenneth D M Harris
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Benjamin D Ward
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dekamin MG, Mallakpour S, Ghassemi M. Sulfate catalysed multicomponent cyclisation reaction of aryl isocyanates under green conditions. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/0308234054213582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sulfate anion, as a novel anionic catalyst, promotes the multicomponent cyclisation of aryl isocyantes to give heterocyclic symmetrical isocyanurates selectively under solvent-free conditions. The use of phase transfer catalysts reduces reaction times by 4-16 times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad G. Dekamin
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84154-83111, Iran
| | - Shadpour Mallakpour
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84154-83111, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghassemi
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84154-83111, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Taylor LJ, Kays DL. Low-coordinate first-row transition metal complexes in catalysis and small molecule activation. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:12365-12381. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02402f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we will highlight selected examples of transition metal complexes with low coordination numbers whose high reactivity has been exploited in catalysis and the activation of small molecules featuring strong bonds (N2, CO2, and CO).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah L. Kays
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- University Park
- Nottingham
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu D, Zhou D, Yang H, Li J, Cui C. Yttrium dialkyl supported by a silaamidinate ligand: synthesis, structure and catalysis on cyclotrimerization of isocyanates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12324-12327. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A four-coordinate yttrium dialkyl complex with a sterically demanding silaamidinate ligand exhibited high activity and excellent functional group tolerance for the catalysis of isocyanate cyclotrimerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Dahai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sharpe HR, Geer AM, Williams HEL, Blundell TJ, Lewis W, Blake AJ, Kays DL. Cyclotrimerisation of isocyanates catalysed by low-coordinate Mn(ii) and Fe(ii) m-terphenyl complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:937-940. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07243g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Isocyanurates can be synthesised through the cyclotrimerisation of primary isocyanates catalysed by low-coordinate manganese(ii) and iron(ii) m-terphenyl complexes under mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana M. Geer
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | | | | | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Peters SJ, Kassabaum ME, Nocella MK, McDonald R. Spectroscopic Characterization of 1-Naphthyl Isocyanate Anion Radical and of Tris(1-naphthyl) Isocyanurate Atropisomers. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
11
|
Giuglio-Tonolo AG, Spitz C, Terme T, Vanelle P. An expeditious method for the selective cyclotrimerization of isocyanates initiated by TDAE. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
Argouarch G, Veillard R, Roisnel T, Amar A, Meghezzi H, Boucekkine A, Hugues V, Mongin O, Blanchard-Desce M, Paul F. Triaryl-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-triones (Isocyanurates) Peripherally Functionalized by Donor Groups: Synthesis and Study of Their Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties. Chemistry 2012; 18:11811-27. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
13
|
Lunazzi L, Mancinelli M, Mazzanti A. Atropisomers of Hindered Triarylisocyanurates: Structure, Conformation, Stereodynamics, and Absolute Configuration. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3373-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300192n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lodovico Lunazzi
- Department of Organic Chemistry “A.
Mangini”, University of Bologna,
Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136
Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Mancinelli
- Department of Organic Chemistry “A.
Mangini”, University of Bologna,
Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136
Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Department of Organic Chemistry “A.
Mangini”, University of Bologna,
Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136
Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Organocatalytic, rapid and facile cyclotrimerization of isocyanates using tetrabutylammonium phthalimide-N-oxyl and tetraethylammonium 2-(carbamoyl)benzoate under solvent-free conditions. CATAL COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
15
|
Raders SM, Verkade JG. An Electron-Rich Proazaphosphatrane for Isocyanate Trimerization to Isocyanurates. J Org Chem 2010; 75:5308-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9023396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Raders
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - John G. Verkade
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dekamin MG, Mallakpour S, Ghassemi M. Combination of Sulfite Anion and Phase Transfer Catalysts for Green Cyclotrimerization of Aryl Isocyanates. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-200048951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad G. Dekamin
- a Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, College of Chemistry , Isfahan University of Technology , Isfahan, IR, Iran
- b Department of Chemistry , Iran University of Science and Technology , Tehran, 16844, Iran
| | - Shadpour Mallakpour
- a Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, College of Chemistry , Isfahan University of Technology , Isfahan, IR, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghassemi
- a Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory, College of Chemistry , Isfahan University of Technology , Isfahan, IR, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Devreux V, Wiesner J, Jomaa H, Rozenski J, Van der Eycken J, Van Calenbergh S. Divergent Strategy for the Synthesis of α-Aryl-Substituted Fosmidomycin Analogues. J Org Chem 2007; 72:3783-9. [PMID: 17428097 DOI: 10.1021/jo0700981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fosmidomycin is the first representative of a new class of antimalarial drugs acting through inhibition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DOXP) reductoisomerase (DXR), an essential enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway for the synthesis of isoprenoids. This work describes a divergent strategy for the synthesis of a series of alpha-aryl-substituted fosmidomycin analogues, featuring a palladium-catalyzed Stille coupling as the key step. An alpha-(4-cyanophenyl)fosmidomycin analogue emerged as the most potent analogue in the present series. Its antimalarial activity clearly surpasses that of the reference compound fosmidomycin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Devreux
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fadeev EA, Luo M, Groves JT. Synthesis, structure, and molecular dynamics of gallium complexes of schizokinen and the amphiphilic siderophore acinetoferrin. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 126:12065-75. [PMID: 15382941 DOI: 10.1021/ja048145j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new general synthesis of the citrate-based siderophores acinetoferrin (Af) and schizokinen (Sz) and their analogues is described. The molecular structure of gallium schizokinen, GaSz, was determined by combined (1)H NMR, Hartree-Fock ab initio calculations, DFT, and empirical modeling of vicinal proton NMR spin-spin couplings. The metal-coordination geometry of GaSz was determined from NOE contacts to be cis-cis with respect to the two chelating hydroxamates. One diaminopropane adopts a single chairlike conformation while another is a mixture of two ring pucker arrangements. Both amide hydrogens are internally hydrogen bonded to metal-ligating oxygen atoms. The acyl methyl groups are directed away from each other with an average planar angle of ca. 130 degrees. The kinetics of GaSz racemization were followed by selective, double spin-echo inversion-recovery (1)H NMR spectroscopy over the temperature range of 10-45 degrees C. The racemization proceeds by a multistep mechanism that is proton independent between pD 5 and 12 (k(0) = 1.47 (0.15 s(-1))) and acid catalyzed below pD 4 (k(1) = 2.25 (0.15) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1)). The activation parameters found for the two sequential steps of the proton independent pathway were DeltaH(++) = 25 +/- 3 kcal M(-1), DeltaS(++) = 25 +/- 7 cal M(-1) K(-1) and DeltaH(++) = 17.1 +/- 0.2 kcal M(-1), DeltaS(++) = 0.3 +/- 2.7 cal M(-1) K(-1). The first step of the proton-independent mechanism was assigned to the dissociation of the carboxyl group. The second step was assigned to complex racemization. The proton-assisted step was assigned to a complete dissociation of the alpha-hydroxy carboxyl group at pD < 4. The ab initio modeling of gallium acinetoferrin, GaAf, and analogues derived from the structure of GaSz has shown that the pendant trans-octenoyl fragments are oriented in opposite directions with the average planar angle of ca. 130 degrees. This arrangement prevents GaAf from adopting a phospholipid-like structural motif. Significantly, iron siderophore complex FeAf was found to be disruptive to phospholipid vesicles and is considerably more hydrophilic than Af, with an eight-fold smaller partition coefficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A Fadeev
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bernier G, Girijavallabhan V, Murray A, Niyaz N, Ding P, Miller MJ, Malouin F. Desketoneoenactin-siderophore conjugates for Candida: evidence of iron transport-dependent species selectivity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:241-8. [PMID: 15616301 PMCID: PMC538862 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.1.241-248.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the inhibitory activity of synthetic isocyanurate-based as well as linear mono- and trihydroxamate siderophore-drug conjugates against Candida spp. The conjugated drug was 13C-desketoneoenactin (DE). The MICs of siderophore-drug conjugates were determined in the absence and presence of 2,2'-dipyridyl to restrict iron availability. The ability of various siderophore types to promote growth in an iron-restricted medium was also assayed. Addition of a siderophore portion to the drug strongly impaired the inhibitory activity of DE. However, the activity of the drug conjugates was increased by up to 16-fold in iron-depleted medium for species having their growth strongly promoted by most hydroxamate-type siderophores (C. albicans, C. stellatoidea, and C. pseudotropicalis). The uptake of (55)Fe from ferrichrome and from two siderophore-drug conjugates was improved when C. albicans cells were grown in a low-iron medium. In the same assay, unlabeled ferrichrome was able to compete with the uptake of (55)Fe from both conjugates, indicating a common mechanism of uptake. A C. albicans strain lacking the siderophore transporter CaSit1/CaArn1 was not able to use ferrichrome or the synthetic ornithine-based trihydroxamate siderophore for growth promotion and was much less susceptible to the siderophore-drug conjugates than its isogenic parent strain. In summary, the ability of some Candida spp. to use ferrichrome-like siderophores for growth promotion explains the selective activity of hydroxamate-drug conjugates, and this activity seems to be related to the presence, in C. albicans, of the siderophore transporter CaSit1/CaArn1. New conjugate designs are necessary to fully restore or improve the initial DE activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Bernier
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. Université, Sherbrooke, Canada J1K 2R1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|