1
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Otsuki J, Okumura T, Sugawa K, Kawano SI, Tanaka K, Hirao T, Haino T, Lee YJ, Kang S, Kim D. A Light-Harvesting/Charge-Separation Model with Energy Gradient Made of Assemblies of meta-Pyridyl Zinc Porphyrins. Chemistry 2021; 27:4053-4063. [PMID: 33124114 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of porphyrins is a fascinating topic, not only for mimicking chlorophyll assemblies in photosynthetic organisms, but also for the potential of creating molecular-level devices. Herein, zinc porphyrin derivatives bearing a meta-pyridyl group at the meso position were prepared and their assemblies studied in chloroform. Among the porphyrins studied, one with a carbamoylpyridyl moiety gave a distinct 1 H NMR spectrum in CDCl3 , which allowed the supramolecular structure in solution to be probed in detail. Ring-current-induced chemical-shift changes in the 1 H NMR spectrum, together with vapor-pressure osmometry and diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy, among other evidence, suggested that the porphyrin molecules form a trimer with a triangular cone structure. Incorporation of a directly linked porphyrin-ferrocene dyad with the same assembling properties in the assemblies led to a rare example of a light-harvesting/charge-separation system in which an energy gradient is incorporated and reductive quenching occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Otsuki
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8308, Japan
| | - Takumi Okumura
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8308, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sugawa
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 1-8-14 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8308, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kawano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takehiro Hirao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced, Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced, Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Seongsoo Kang
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
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2
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Fang Y, Jiang X, Kadish KM, Nefedov SE, Kirakosyan GA, Enakieva YY, Gorbunova YG, Tsivadze AY, Stern C, Bessmertnykh-Lemeune A, Guilard R. Electrochemical, Spectroelectrochemical, and Structural Studies of Mono- and Diphosphorylated Zinc Porphyrins and Their Self-Assemblies. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:4665-4678. [PMID: 30888796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three series of porphyrins containing a Zn(II) central metal ion and zero, one, or two phosphoryl groups at the meso-positions of the macrocycle were characterized as to their electrochemical, spectroscopic, and structural properties in nonaqueous media. The investigated compounds are represented as 5,15-bis(4'-R-phenyl)porphyrinatozinc, 10-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5,15-bis(4'-R-phenyl)porphyrinatozinc, and 5,15-bis(diethoxyphosphoryl)-10,20-bis(4'-R-phenyl)porphyrinatozinc, where R = OMe, Me, H, or CN. Linear-free energy relationships are observed between the measured redox potentials at room temperature and the electronic nature of the substituents at the 5 and 15 meso-phenyl groups of the macrocycle. The mono- and bis-phosphoryl derivatives with two p-cyanophenyl substituents provide electrochemical evidence for aggregation at low temperature, a greater degree of aggregation being observed in the case of 5,15-bis(diethoxyphosphoryl)-10,20-bis(4'-cyanophenyl)porphyrinatozinc(II). This compound was characterized in further detail by variable-temperature 1H and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy in solution combined with single crystal X-ray analysis in the solid state. The data obtained from these measurements indicate that this porphyrin has a dimeric structure in CDCl3 at 223-323 K but forms a 2D polymeric network when it is crystallized from a CHCl3/MeOH mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-5003 , United States
| | - Xiaoqin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-5003 , United States
| | - Karl M Kadish
- Department of Chemistry , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-5003 , United States
| | - Sergey E Nefedov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Pr. 31 , Moscow , 119991 , Russia
| | - Gayane A Kirakosyan
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Pr. 31 , Moscow , 119991 , Russia.,Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Pr. 31, build. 4 , Moscow , 119071 , Russia
| | - Yulia Y Enakieva
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Pr. 31, build. 4 , Moscow , 119071 , Russia.,Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6302 , 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870 , Dijon 21078 CEDEX, France
| | - Yulia G Gorbunova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Pr. 31 , Moscow , 119991 , Russia.,Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Pr. 31, build. 4 , Moscow , 119071 , Russia
| | - Aslan Y Tsivadze
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Pr. 31 , Moscow , 119991 , Russia.,Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Pr. 31, build. 4 , Moscow , 119071 , Russia
| | - Christine Stern
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6302 , 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870 , Dijon 21078 CEDEX, France
| | - Alla Bessmertnykh-Lemeune
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6302 , 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870 , Dijon 21078 CEDEX, France
| | - Roger Guilard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne , Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR CNRS 6302 , 9 Avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870 , Dijon 21078 CEDEX, France
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3
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Lam T, Avti PK, Pouliot P, Tardif JC, Rhéaume É, Lesage F, Kakkar A. Surface engineering of SPIONs: role of phosphonate ligand multivalency in tailoring their efficacy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:415602. [PMID: 27608753 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/41/415602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the design of scaffolds containing mono-, bis-, and tris-phosphonate coordinating groups, and a polyethylene glycol chain, for stabilizing superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), using simple and versatile chemistry. We demonstrate that the number of anchoring phosphonate sites on the ligand influence the colloidal stability, magnetic and biological properties of SPIONs, and the latter do not solely depend on attaching moieties that can enhance their aqueous dispersion. These parameters can be tailored by the number of conjugation sites on the ligand, as evidenced from dynamic light scattering at various salt concentrations, magnetic relaxivities and cell viability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Lam
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Pramod K Avti
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, C.P. 6079 succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Philippe Pouliot
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, C.P. 6079 succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Éric Rhéaume
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Lesage
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, C.P. 6079 succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Ashok Kakkar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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4
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Sahin T, Vairaprakash P, Borbas KE, Balasubramanian T, Lindsey JS. Hydrophilic bioconjugatable trans-AB-porphyrins and peptide conjugates. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins bearing a single bioconjugatable group and a single water-solubilization motif in a trans-AB-architecture (with no other substituents) provide a compact design of value for studies in diverse disciplines. Established synthetic methods have been employed to prepare four new free base porphyrins and one Mn ( III ) chelate. The hydrophilic motif includes 4-N-methylpyridinium, 2,4,6-tris(carboxymethoxy)phenyl, 2,6-bis(phosphonomethoxy)phenyl, and carboxy; the bioconjugatable unit includes carboxy, maleimido, and N-hydroxysuccinimido (NHS) ester. Bioconjugation experiments with a protected porphyrin-diphosphate or unprotected porphyrin-diphosphonate were examined in organic solution or water, respectively. Both approaches were employed to conjugate to the ε-amino group of Lys11 in AcKPV- NH 2, a tripeptide fragment [ Ac -α-MSH(11-13)- NH 2] of melanocyte stimulating hormone, yielding porphyrin-peptide conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Sahin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | | | - K. Eszter Borbas
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | | | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
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5
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Pelado B, Coro J, de la Cruz P, Langa F. Free-base porphyrin and [60]fullerene linked by oligomeric ethylenedioxythienylenevinylene bridge. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structural characterization and the study of the electronic properties of two novel porphyrin-bridge-fullerene molecules, where a free-based porphyrin and [60]fullerene are connected through one and two units of ethylenedioxythienylenevinylene π-conjugated bridges, is reported. The absorption studies, voltamperometric measurements and theoretical calculations at DFT level are presented. A HOMO–LUMO gap as low as 1.41 eV has been found for compound 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pelado
- Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus de la Fábrica de Armas, 45072 Toledo, Spain
| | - Julieta Coro
- Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus de la Fábrica de Armas, 45072 Toledo, Spain
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Pilar de la Cruz
- Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus de la Fábrica de Armas, 45072 Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando Langa
- Instituto de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus de la Fábrica de Armas, 45072 Toledo, Spain
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6
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Fang Y, Gorbunova YG, Chen P, Jiang X, Manowong M, Sinelshchikova AA, Enakieva YY, Martynov AG, Tsivadze AY, Bessmertnykh-Lemeune A, Stern C, Guilard R, Kadish KM. Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Studies of Diphosphorylated Metalloporphyrins. Generation of a Phlorin Anion Product. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:3501-12. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Yulia G. Gorbunova
- Frumkin
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 31,GSP-1, Moscow, 119071, Russia
- Kurnakov
Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ping Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Xiaoqin Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Machima Manowong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Anna A. Sinelshchikova
- Frumkin
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 31,GSP-1, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Yulia Yu. Enakieva
- Frumkin
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 31,GSP-1, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Martynov
- Frumkin
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 31,GSP-1, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Aslan Yu. Tsivadze
- Frumkin
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 31,GSP-1, Moscow, 119071, Russia
- Kurnakov
Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alla Bessmertnykh-Lemeune
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire
de l’Université de Bourgogne, Université de Bourgogne, UMR CRNS n° 6302, 9 Avenue Alain Savary BP 47870, Dijon 21078 CEDEX, France
| | - Christine Stern
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire
de l’Université de Bourgogne, Université de Bourgogne, UMR CRNS n° 6302, 9 Avenue Alain Savary BP 47870, Dijon 21078 CEDEX, France
| | - Roger Guilard
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire
de l’Université de Bourgogne, Université de Bourgogne, UMR CRNS n° 6302, 9 Avenue Alain Savary BP 47870, Dijon 21078 CEDEX, France
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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7
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Roy A, Sommer DJ, Schmitz RA, Brown CL, Gust D, Astashkin A, Ghirlanda G. A De Novo Designed 2[4Fe-4S] Ferredoxin Mimic Mediates Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17343-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja510621e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Roy
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Dayn Joseph Sommer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Robert Arthur Schmitz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Chelsea Lynn Brown
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Devens Gust
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Andrei Astashkin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Giovanna Ghirlanda
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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8
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Chromiński M, Zieleniewska A, Karczewski M, Gryko D. Porphyrins as substrates in CuAAC — exclusion of unwanted copper insertion into the macrocyclic core. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613501216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Unwanted copper insertion into a free base porphyrin starting material during Cu -catalyzed [1,3] azide-alkyne dipolar cycloaddition ( CuAAC ) is not observed when using (1,10-phenanthroline)-bis(triphenylphosphine)copper(I) nitrate as a catalyst. Reactions give 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in good yields for a broad range of porphyrins. 1,5-Disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole cycloadducts can be generated in the presence of Cp*RuCl ( COD ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Chromiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zieleniewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Karczewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Efficient oxidation of hydrazine using amine-functionalized cobalt and nickel porphyrin-modified electrodes. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Effect of amine substituted at ortho and para positions on the electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties of cobalt porphyrins self-assembled on glassy carbon surface. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.10.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Oswald F, Shafiqul Islam DM, El-Khouly ME, Araki Y, Caballero R, de la Cruz P, Ito O, Langa F. Photoinduced electron transfer of zinc porphyrin–oligo(thienylenevinylene)–fullerene[60] triads; thienylenevinylenes as efficient molecular wires. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:2443-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54280g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Cummings SP, Savchenko J, Fanwick PE, Kharlamova A, Ren T. Diruthenium Alkynyl Compounds with Phosphonate Capping Groups. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om301247w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P. Cummings
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Julia Savchenko
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Phillip E. Fanwick
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Anastasia Kharlamova
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Tong Ren
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
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13
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Pelado B, de la Cruz P, González-Pedro V, Barea EM, Langa F. Effect of the bridge substitution on the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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15
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Lysenko AB, Thamyongkit P, Schmidt I, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS. Diverse porphyrin dimers as candidates for high-density charge-storage molecules. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424606000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrinic molecules have been shown to be viable candidates for a molecular-based information storage medium on the basis of redox activity. An optimal redox-based information storage medium requires a large charge density in the molecular footprint on the anchoring substrate. The use of dimeric versus monomeric architectures affords one route to achieving increased charge density without sacrificing surface cross sectional area. Towards this goal, a series of zinc and cobalt containing porphyrin dimers has been prepared and characterized. The interporphyrin linkages in the dimers include p-phenylene, ethynyl, 1,4-butadiynyl, and ethynylphenylethynyl joining porphyrin meso-positions; Crossley-type fusion bridging porphyrin β-positions, and Osuka-type triple fusions bridging one meso- and two β-positions. The electrochemical features of each dimer have been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey B. Lysenko
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | | | - Izabela Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
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16
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Queffélec C, Petit M, Janvier P, Knight DA, Bujoli B. Surface modification using phosphonic acids and esters. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3777-807. [PMID: 22530923 DOI: 10.1021/cr2004212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Queffélec
- LUNAM Université, CNRS, UMR, Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse Analyse Modélisation, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Nantes, France
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17
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Chen X, Kopecky DJ, Mihalic J, Jeffries S, Min X, Heath J, Deignan J, Lai S, Fu Z, Guimaraes C, Shen S, Li S, Johnstone S, Thibault S, Xu H, Cardozo M, Shen W, Walker N, Kayser F, Wang Z. Structure-guided design, synthesis, and evaluation of guanine-derived inhibitors of the eIF4E mRNA-cap interaction. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3837-51. [PMID: 22458568 DOI: 10.1021/jm300037x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) plays a central role in the initiation of gene translation and subsequent protein synthesis by binding the 5' terminal mRNA cap structure. We designed and synthesized a series of novel compounds that display potent binding affinity against eIF4E despite their lack of a ribose moiety, phosphate, and positive charge as present in m7-GMP. The biochemical activity of compound 33 is 95 nM for eIF4E in an SPA binding assay. More importantly, the compound has an IC(50) of 2.5 μM for inhibiting cap-dependent mRNA translation in a rabbit reticular cell extract assay (RRL-IVT). This series of potent, truncated analogues could serve as a promising new starting point toward the design of neutral eIF4E inhibitors with physicochemical properties suitable for cellular activity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry Research & Discovery, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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18
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Bergkamp JJ, Sherman BD, Mariño-Ochoa E, Palacios RE, Cosa G, Moore TA, Gust D, Moore AL. Synthesis and characterization of silicon phthalocyanines bearing axial phenoxyl groups for attachment to semiconducting metal oxides. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611003847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of axial phenoxy substituted octabutoxy silicon phthalocyanines bearing ethyl carboxylic ester and diethyl phosphonate groups have been prepared from the corresponding phenols in pyridine. Axial bis-hydroxy silicon phthalocyanine was prepared using an adaptation of a reported protocol [1, 2] from the octabutoxy free-base phthalocyanine. The phenols bear either carboxylic ester or phosphonate groups, which upon deprotection can serve as anchoring groups for attaching the phthalocyanines to semiconducting metal oxides used in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). All the phthalocyanines of the series absorb in the near infra-red region: 758–776 nm. The first oxidation potential for each phenoxy derivative occurs near 0.55 V vs. SCE as measured by cyclic voltammetry, with all falling within a 10 mV range. This indicates that these dyes will have sufficient energy in the photo-excited state to drive the reduction of protons to hydrogen. Taking into account the absorption and electrochemical potentials, these dyes are promising candidates for use in dual-threshold photo-electrochemical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J. Bergkamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Bio-Inspired Solar Fuel Production, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Bio-Inspired Solar Fuel Production, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
| | - Ernesto Mariño-Ochoa
- Department of Chemistry, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México
| | - Rodrigo E. Palacios
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Otto Maass Chemistry Building # 314, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Thomas A. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Bio-Inspired Solar Fuel Production, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
| | - Devens Gust
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Bio-Inspired Solar Fuel Production, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
| | - Ana L. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Bio-Inspired Solar Fuel Production, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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Abstract
The inexorable drive to miniaturize information storage and processing devices has fueled the dreams of scientists pursuing molecular electronics: researchers in the field envisage exquisitely tailored molecular materials fulfilling the functions now carried out by semiconductors. A bottom-up assembly of such all-molecular devices would complement, if not supplant, the present top-down lithographic procedures of modern semiconductor fabrication. Short of these grand aspirations, a more near-term objective is to construct hybrid architectures wherein molecules are incorporated in semiconductor-based devices. Such a combined approach exploits the advantages of molecules for selected device functions while retaining the well-developed lithographic approaches for fabrication of the overall chip. In this Account, we survey more than a decade of results from our research programs to employ porphyrin molecules as charge-storage elements in hybrid semiconductor-molecular dynamic random access memory. Porphyrins are attractive for a variety of reasons: they meet the stability criteria for use in real-world applications, they are readily prepared and tailored synthetically, they undergo read-write processes at low potential, and they store charge for extended periods (up to minutes) in the absence of applied potential. Porphyrins typically exhibit two cationic redox states. Molecular architectures with greater than two cationic redox states are achieved by combinations of porphyrins in a variety of structures (for example, dyads, wherein the porphyrins have distinct potentials, triple deckers, and dyads of triple deckers). The incorporation of porphyrins in hybrid architectures has also required diverse tethers (alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and combinations thereof) and attachment groups (alcohol, thiol, selenol, phosphonate, and hydrocarbon) for linkage to a variety of surfaces (Au, Si, SiO(2), TiN, Ge, and so forth). The porphyrins as monolayers exhibit high charge density and are robust to high-temperature excursions (400 °C for 30 min) under inert atmosphere conditions. Even higher charge densities, which are invaluable for device applications, were achieved by in situ formation of porphyrin polymers or by stepwise growth of porphyrin-imide oligomers. The various molecular architectures have been investigated by diverse surface characterization methods, including ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, as well as a variety of electrochemical methods. These studies have further revealed that the porphyrin layers are robust under conditions of deposition of a top metal contact. The results to date indicate the superior features of selected molecular architectures for molecular electronics applications. The near-term utilization of such materials depends on further work for appropriate integration in semiconductor-based devices, whereas ultimate adoption may depend on advances that remain far afield, such as the development of fully bottom-up assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
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20
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Electrochemical and spectroscopic studies of poly(diethoxyphosphoryl)porphyrins. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Chougrani K, Niel G, Boutevin B, David G. Regioselective ester cleavage during the preparation of bisphosphonate methacrylate monomers. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:364-8. [PMID: 21512600 PMCID: PMC3079116 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
New functional monomers bearing a methacrylate, a bisphosphonate function and, for most, an internal carboxylate group, were prepared for incorporation into copolymers with adhesive or anticorrosive properties. Methanolysis of some trimethylsilyl bisphosphonate esters not only deprotects the desired bisphosphonate function but also regioselectively cleaves the alkyl ester function without affecting the methacrylate ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Chougrani
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, 8, rue de l'Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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22
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Ie Y, Hirose T, Nakamura H, Kiguchi M, Takagi N, Kawai M, Aso Y. Nature of Electron Transport by Pyridine-Based Tripodal Anchors: Potential for Robust and Conductive Single-Molecule Junctions with Gold Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3014-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ja109577f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ie
- The Institute of Scientific
and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- PRESTO-JST, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0012, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hirose
- The Institute of Scientific
and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Hisao Nakamura
- Nanosystem Research Institute (NRI)
“RICS”, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2,
Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Manabu Kiguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 W4-10, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo
152-8551, Japan
| | - Noriaki Takagi
- Department of Advanced Materials
Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa,
Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai
- Department of Advanced Materials
Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa,
Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- Surface Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshio Aso
- The Institute of Scientific
and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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Jurow M, Schuckman AE, Batteas JD, Drain CM. Porphyrins as Molecular Electronic Components of Functional Devices. Coord Chem Rev 2010; 254:2297-2310. [PMID: 20936084 PMCID: PMC2950646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The proposal that molecules can perform electronic functions in devices such as diodes, rectifiers, wires, capacitors, or serve as functional materials for electronic or magnetic memory, has stimulated intense research across physics, chemistry, and engineering for over 35 years. Because biology uses porphyrins and metalloporphyrins as catalysts, small molecule transporters, electrical conduits, and energy transducers in photosynthesis, porphyrins are an obvious class of molecules to investigate for molecular electronic functions. Of the numerous kinds of molecules under investigation for molecular electronics applications, porphyrins and their related macrocycles are of particular interest because they are robust and their electronic properties can be tuned by chelation of a metal ion and substitution on the macrocycle. The other porphyrinoids have equally variable and adjustable photophysical properties, thus photonic applications are potentiated. At least in the near term, realistic architectures for molecular electronics will require self-organization or nanoprinting on surfaces. This review concentrates on self-organized porphyrinoids as components of working electronic devices on electronically active substrates with particular emphasis on the effect of surface, molecular design, molecular orientation and matrix on the detailed electronic properties of single molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jurow
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York, 10065
| | - Amanda E. Schuckman
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
| | - James D. Batteas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York, 10065
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065
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Lee CH, Galoppini E. Synthesis of Strapped Porphyrins: Toward Isolation of the Chromophore on Semiconductor Surfaces. J Org Chem 2010; 75:3692-704. [DOI: 10.1021/jo100434t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hang Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Elena Galoppini
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102
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25
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Lee CH, Zhang Y, Romayanantakit A, Galoppini E. Modular synthesis of ruthenium tripodal system with variable anchoring groups positions for semiconductor sensitization. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Synthetic meso-substituted porphyrins offer significant attractions compared with naturally occurring beta-substituted porphyrins. The attractions include the rectilinear arrangement of the four meso substituents and potential synthetic amenability from pyrrole and simple acyl reactants, thereby avoiding the cumbersome syntheses of beta-substituted pyrroles. In practice, however, the classical methods for the synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins were characterized by high-temperature reactions, limited scope of substituents, and statistical mixtures accompanied by laborious chromatography if porphyrins bearing two different types of substituents were sought. Such methods left unrealized the tremendous utility of meso-substituted porphyrins across the enormously broad field of porphyrin science, which touches pure chemistry; energy, life and materials sciences; and medicine. This Account surveys a set of strategies, developed over a generation, that provide rational access to porphyrins bearing up to four distinct meso substituents. A "2 + 2" route employs a dipyrromethane-1,9-dicarbinol and a dipyrromethane (bearing ABC- and D-substituents, respectively) in a two-step, one-flask process of acid-catalyzed condensation followed by oxidation at room temperature to form the free base "ABCD-porphyrin." A "bilane" route relies on the acid-catalyzed reaction of a 1-acyldipyrromethane (CD substituents) and a 9-bromodipyrromethane-1-carbinol (AB substituents) to form the corresponding 19-acyl-1-bromobilane. Reaction of the latter compound in the presence of MgBr(2), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), and toluene at reflux exposed to air affords the corresponding magnesium(II) porphyrin. The two routes are complementary, both in scope and in implementation. A suite of methods also affords trans-A(2)B(2)-porphyrins by reaction of a dipyrromethane and an aldehyde, self-condensation of a dipyrromethane-1-carbinol, or self-condensation of a 1-acyldipyrromethane. These new routes are also useful for preparing sparsely substituted porphyrins, which bear fewer than four meso substituents (e.g., trans-AB-porphyrins, A-porphyrins). Because of their compact size and the ability to incorporate hydrophilic or amphipathic groups, such molecules are ideal for biological applications. The success of these new synthetic strategies has relied on a number of advances including (1) the development of simple yet efficient routes to dipyrromethanes, acyldipyrromethanes, and dipyrromethane-carbinols, (2) the identification of acid catalysts and reaction conditions for condensations of pyrromethane species without accompanying acidolysis (which underlies scrambling and formation of a mixture of porphyrin products), (3) the development of analytical methods to rapidly screen for scrambling and to characterize the distribution of oligopyrromethanes and macrocycles, (4) selection and refinement of synthetic methods to increase yields and to limit or avoid use of chromatography, thereby achieving scalability to multigram levels, and (5) exploitation of discoveries concerning the fundamental chemistry of pyrrolic species. With these developments, the prior era of porphyrin synthesis has been supplanted with rational routes that proceed under very mild conditions and afford a single porphyrin bearing up to four distinct meso substituents. The meso substituents encompass a very wide range of molecular complexity. The resulting porphyrins can serve as building blocks in the construction of model systems, as components of molecular materials, and as surrogates for naturally occurring tetrapyrrole macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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27
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Motreff A, Raffy G, Del Guerzo A, Belin C, Dussauze M, Rodriguez V, Vincent JM. Chemisorption of fluorous copper(ii)-carboxylate complexes on SiO2 surfaces: versatile binding layers applied to the preparation of porphyrin monolayers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:2617-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b923525f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Bhosale SV, Kalyankar MB, Langford SJ, Bhosale SV, Oliver RF. Synthesis and Supramolecular Properties of a Novel Octaphosphonate Porphyrin. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Enakieva YY, Bessmertnykh AG, Gorbunova YG, Stern C, Rousselin Y, Tsivadze AY, Guilard R. Synthesis of meso-Polyphosphorylporphyrins and Example of Self-Assembling. Org Lett 2009; 11:3842-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol901421e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Y. Enakieva
- Russian Academy of Science, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leninsky pr., 31, GSP-1, 119991, Moscow, Russia, and Université de Bourgogne - ICMUB UMR CNRS 5260, 9 avenue Alain Savary - BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Alla G. Bessmertnykh
- Russian Academy of Science, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leninsky pr., 31, GSP-1, 119991, Moscow, Russia, and Université de Bourgogne - ICMUB UMR CNRS 5260, 9 avenue Alain Savary - BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Yulia G. Gorbunova
- Russian Academy of Science, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leninsky pr., 31, GSP-1, 119991, Moscow, Russia, and Université de Bourgogne - ICMUB UMR CNRS 5260, 9 avenue Alain Savary - BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Christine Stern
- Russian Academy of Science, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leninsky pr., 31, GSP-1, 119991, Moscow, Russia, and Université de Bourgogne - ICMUB UMR CNRS 5260, 9 avenue Alain Savary - BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Yoann Rousselin
- Russian Academy of Science, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leninsky pr., 31, GSP-1, 119991, Moscow, Russia, and Université de Bourgogne - ICMUB UMR CNRS 5260, 9 avenue Alain Savary - BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Aslan Y. Tsivadze
- Russian Academy of Science, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leninsky pr., 31, GSP-1, 119991, Moscow, Russia, and Université de Bourgogne - ICMUB UMR CNRS 5260, 9 avenue Alain Savary - BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Roger Guilard
- Russian Academy of Science, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leninsky pr., 31, GSP-1, 119991, Moscow, Russia, and Université de Bourgogne - ICMUB UMR CNRS 5260, 9 avenue Alain Savary - BP 47870, 21078 Dijon, France
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30
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Abstract
The self-assembly and self-organization of porphyrins and related macrocycles enables the bottom-up fabrication of photonic materials for fundamental studies of the photophysics of these materials and for diverse applications. This rapidly developing field encompasses a broad range of disciplines including molecular design and synthesis, materials formation and characterization, and the design and evaluation of devices. Since the self-assembly of porphyrins by electrostatic interactions in the late 1980s to the present, there has been an ever increasing degree of sophistication in the design of porphyrins that self-assemble into discrete arrays or self-organize into polymeric systems. These strategies exploit ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, coordination chemistry, and dispersion forces to form supramolecular systems with varying degrees of hierarchical order. This review concentrates on the methods to form supramolecular porphyrinic systems by intermolecular interactions other than coordination chemistry, the characterization and properties of these photonic materials, and the prospects for using these in devices. The review is heuristically organized by the predominant intermolecular interactions used and emphasizes how the organization affects properties and potential performance in devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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31
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Ie Y, Hirose T, Yao A, Yamada T, Takagi N, Kawai M, Aso Y. Synthesis of tripodal anchor units bearing selenium functional groups and their adsorption behaviour on gold. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:4949-51. [DOI: 10.1039/b906286f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gulino A, Mineo P, Fragalà I. NO2 sensing ability of a monolayer of cobalt(II) porphyrin molecules covalently assembled on a engineered silica substrate. Inorganica Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2008.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Kim C, Choi H, Kim S, Baik C, Song K, Kang MS, Kang SO, Ko J. Molecular Engineering of Organic Sensitizers Containing p-Phenylene Vinylene Unit for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7072-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8005182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chulwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Jochiwon, Chungnam 339-700, Korea, Department of Chemical Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363-791, Korea, and Energy & Environment Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Yongin, 446-712, Korea
| | - Hyunbong Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Jochiwon, Chungnam 339-700, Korea, Department of Chemical Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363-791, Korea, and Energy & Environment Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Yongin, 446-712, Korea
| | - Sanghoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Jochiwon, Chungnam 339-700, Korea, Department of Chemical Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363-791, Korea, and Energy & Environment Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Yongin, 446-712, Korea
| | - Chul Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Jochiwon, Chungnam 339-700, Korea, Department of Chemical Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363-791, Korea, and Energy & Environment Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Yongin, 446-712, Korea
| | - Kihyung Song
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Jochiwon, Chungnam 339-700, Korea, Department of Chemical Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363-791, Korea, and Energy & Environment Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Yongin, 446-712, Korea
| | - Moon-Sung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Jochiwon, Chungnam 339-700, Korea, Department of Chemical Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363-791, Korea, and Energy & Environment Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Yongin, 446-712, Korea
| | - Sang Ook Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Jochiwon, Chungnam 339-700, Korea, Department of Chemical Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363-791, Korea, and Energy & Environment Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Yongin, 446-712, Korea
| | - Jaejung Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Jochiwon, Chungnam 339-700, Korea, Department of Chemical Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongwon, Chungbuk 363-791, Korea, and Energy & Environment Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Yongin, 446-712, Korea
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Rochford J, Galoppini E. Zinc(II) tetraarylporphyrins anchored to TiO2, ZnO, and ZrO2 nanoparticle films through rigid-rod linkers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:5366-5374. [PMID: 18410135 DOI: 10.1021/la703845u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of six Zn(II) tetraphenylporphyrins (ZnTPP), with a phenyl (P) or oligophenyleneethynylene (OPE = (PE) n ) rigid-rod bridge varying in length (9-30 A) and terminated with an isophthalic acid (Ipa) anchoring unit, were prepared as model dyes for the study of sensitization processes on metal oxide semiconductor nanoparticle surfaces (MO(n) = TiO(2), ZnO, and insulating ZrO(2)). The dyes were designed such that the electronic properties of the central porphyrin chromophore remained consistent throughout the series, with the rigid-rod anchoring unit allowing each porphyrin unit to be located at a fixed distance from the metal oxide nanoparticle surface. Electronic communication between the porphyrin and the rigid-rod unit was not desired. Rigid-rod porphyrins ZnTPP-Ipa, ZnTPP-P-Ipa, ZnTPP-PE-Ipa, ZnTPP-(PE)(2)-Ipa, ZnTPP-(PE)(3)-Ipa, and ZnTMP-Ipa (with mesityl substituents on the porphyrin ring) were synthesized using combinations of mixed aldehyde condensations and Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Their properties, in solution and bound, were compared with that of Zn(II) 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin ( p-ZnTCPP) as the reference compound. Solution UV-vis and steady-state fluorescence spectra for all six rigid-rod-Ipa porphyrins were almost identical to each other and to that of p-ZnTCPP. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry scans of the methyl ester derivatives of the six rigid-rod-Ipa porphyrins, recorded in dichloromethane/electrolyte, exhibited redox behavior typical of ZnTPP porphyrins, with the first oxidation in the range +0.99 to 1.09 V vs NHE. All six rigid-rod-Ipa porphyrins and p-ZnTCPP were bound to metal oxide (MO(n) = TiO(2), ZnO, and insulating ZrO(2)) nanoparticle films. The Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectra of all compounds bound to MO n films showed a broad band at 1553-1560 cm(-1) assigned to the v(CO(2)(-)) asymmetric stretching mode. Splitting of the Soret band into two bands at 411 and 423 nm in the UV-vis spectra of the bound compounds, and broadening and convergence of both fluorescence emission bands in the fluorescence spectra of the porphyrins bound to insulating ZrO(2) were also observed. Such changes were less evident for ZnTMP-Ipa, which has mesityl substituents on the porphyrin ring to prevent aggregation. Steady-state fluorescence emission of rigid-rod-Ipa porphyrins bound to TiO(2) and ZnO through the longest bridges (>14 A) showed residual fluorescence emission, while fluorescence quenching was observed for the shortest compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rochford
- Chemistry Department, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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35
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Xiao J, Li J, Li C, Huang C, Li Y, Cui S, Wang S, Liu H. Mg2+-mediated self-assembly of an amphiphilic pyrene derivative with single-stranded DNA. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Borbas KE, Chandrashaker V, Muthiah C, Kee HL, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Design, Synthesis, and Photophysical Characterization of Water-Soluble Chlorins. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3145-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jo7026728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Eszter Borbas
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - Vanampally Chandrashaker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - Chinnasamy Muthiah
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - Hooi Ling Kee
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
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Muthiah C, Taniguchi M, Kim HJ, Schmidt I, Kee HL, Holten D, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and Photophysical Characterization of Porphyrin, Chlorin and Bacteriochlorin Molecules Bearing Tethers for Surface Attachment. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:1513-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Thyagarajan S, Liu A, Famoyin OA, Lamberto M, Galoppini E. Tripodal pyrene chromophores for semiconductor sensitization: new footprint design. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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39
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Liu X, He X, Jiu T, Yuan M, Xu J, Lv J, Liu H, Li Y. Controlled Aggregation of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles with a Novel Conjugated Oligomer. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:906-12. [PMID: 17387682 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new route is developed to control the self-assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with a novel pyridyl-ended porphyrin-oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) conjugated oligomer (P-OPV-Py) into branched-rods, chain-networks, uniform fractal-like Au clusters, and larger nanoparticles. The techniques of optical spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) are used to characterize the self-assembly in various solvent systems (pure toluene, CHCl(3)/toluene, THF/toluene and n-butanol/toluene). A combination of the ligand/AuNPs molar ratio and relative concentration serves as the driving force to control the size and shape of P-OPV-Py capped AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China
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40
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Rochford J, Chu D, Hagfeldt A, Galoppini E. Tetrachelate Porphyrin Chromophores for Metal Oxide Semiconductor Sensitization: Effect of the Spacer Length and Anchoring Group Position. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:4655-65. [PMID: 17385856 DOI: 10.1021/ja068218u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Four Zn(II)-tetra(carboxyphenyl)porphyrins in solution and bound to metal oxide (TiO2, ZnO, and ZrO2) nanoparticle films were studied to determine the effect of the spacer length and anchoring group position (para or meta) on their binding geometry and photoelectrochemical and photophysical properties. The properties of three types of anchoring groups (COOH and COONHEt3) for four Zn(II)-porphyrins (Zn(II)-5,10,15,20-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (p-ZnTCPP), Zn(II)-5,10,15,20-tetra(3-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (m-ZnTCPP), Zn(II)-5,10,15,20-tetra(3-(4-carboxyphenyl)phenyl)porphyrin (m-ZnTCP2P), and Zn(II)-5,10,15,20-tetra(3-ethynyl(4-carboxyphenyl)phenyl)porphyrin (m-ZnTC(PEP)P)) were compared. In m-ZnTCPP, m-ZnTCP2P, and m-ZnTC(PEP)P the four anchoring groups are in the meta position on the meso-phenyl rings of the porphyrin macrocycle, thus favoring a planar binding mode to the metal oxide surfaces. The three meta-substituted porphyrin salts have rigid spacer units of increasing length (phenyl (P), biphenyl (P2), and diphenylethynyl (PEP)) between the porphyrin ring and the carboxy anchoring groups, thus raising the macrocycle from the metal oxide surface. All porphyrins studied here, when bound to TiO2 and ZnO, exhibited quenching of the fluorescence emission, consistent with electron injection into the conduction band of the semiconductor. Steady-state UV-vis and fluorescence studies of p-ZnTCPP on insulating ZrO2 showed evidence of aggregation and exciton coupling. This was not observed in any of the meta-substituted porphyrins. The photoelectrochemical properties (IPCE, Voc, and Isc) of the porphyrins bound to TiO2 films in solar cells have been measured and rationalized with respect to the sensitizer binding geometry and distance from the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rochford
- Chemistry Department, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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41
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Decréau RA, Collman JP, Yang Y, Yan Y, Devaraj NK. Syntheses of hemoprotein models that can be covalently attached onto electrode surfaces by click chemistry. J Org Chem 2007; 72:2794-802. [PMID: 17375955 PMCID: PMC2532528 DOI: 10.1021/jo062349w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Five alkyne-containing hemoprotein models have been synthesized in a convergent manner. Sonogashira coupling was used to introduce the alkyne functional group on the proximal imidazole before or after being attached on the porphyrin. One model was immobilized onto a gold electrode surface via copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (Sharpless click chemistry).
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42
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Oswald F, Islam DMS, Araki Y, Troiani V, Caballero R, Cruz PDL, Ito O, Langa F. High effectiveness of oligothienylenevinylene as molecular wires in Zn-porphyrin and C60 connected systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:4498-500. [DOI: 10.1039/b711194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Taratula O, Rochford J, Piotrowiak P, Galoppini E, Carlisle RA, Meyer GJ. Pyrene-Terminated Phenylenethynylene Rigid Linkers Anchored to Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:15734-41. [PMID: 16898719 DOI: 10.1021/jp0623847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenylenethynylene (PE) rigid linkers (para and meta) were used to anchor pyrene to the surface of TiO2 (anatase) and ZrO2 nanoparticle thin films through the two COOH groups of an isophthalic acid (Ipa) unit. Four chromophore-linker models were studied in solution and bound. Two are novel meta-pyrene-PE linker systems: dimethyl 5-(3-(1-pyrenylethynyl)phenylethynyl)-isophthalate, carrying one pyrene, and dimethyl 5-(bis-3,5-(1-pyrenylethynyl)phenylethynyl)-isophthalate, carrying two. These were compared with para rigid-rods dimethyl 5-(1-pyrenylethynyl)isophthalate and dimethyl 5-(4-(1-pyrenylethynyl)phenylethynyl)-isophthalate, each carrying one pyrene but varying in length. The length of the PE linkers and the para or meta substitution influence the photophysical properties of the compounds. The extinction coefficient increased, and the long wavelength absorbance of the pyrene chromophore was shifted to the red with increasing conjugation. Compared to unsubstituted pyrene, the pyrene-linker systems were characterized by short fluorescence lifetimes (tau approximately 2 ns in tetrahydrofuran solutions), but quantum yields were close to unity. ZINDO/S CI calculations attribute this effect to a switching in the order of the two lowest-lying singlet states of pyrene. High surface coverages, approximately 10(-8) mol/cm2, and carboxylate binding modes on nanostructured TiO2 films were obtained in all cases. The appearance of a pyrene excimer emission on ZrO2, an insulator, indicates that the pyrene-linker system is closely packed (Py-Py < 4 A) on the surface. The fluorescence emission on TiO2 was completely quenched, consistent with quantitative and rapid electron injection into the semiconductor indicating that the pyrene excimer acts as a sensitizer. Photoelectrochemical studies in regenerative solar cells with I3-/I- as the redox mediator indicated near-quantitative conversion of absorbed photons into an electrical current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Taratula
- Chemistry Department, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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44
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Borbas KE, Mroz P, Hamblin MR, Lindsey JS. Bioconjugatable porphyrins bearing a compact swallowtail motif for water solubility. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 17:638-53. [PMID: 16704201 PMCID: PMC3072562 DOI: 10.1021/bc050337w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A broad range of applications requires access to water-soluble, bioconjugatable porphyrins. Branched alkyl groups attached at the branching site to the porphyrin meso position are known to impart high organic solubility. Such "swallowtail" motifs bearing a polar group (hydroxy, dihydroxyphosphoryl, dihydroxyphosphoryloxy) at the terminus of each branch have now been incorporated at a meso site in trans-AB-porphyrins. The incorporation of the swallowtail motif relies on rational synthetic methods whereby a 1,9-bis(N-propylimino)dipyrromethane (bearing a bioconjugatable tether at the 5-position) is condensed with a dipyrromethane (bearing a protected 1,5-dihydroxypent-3-yl unit at the 5-position). The two hydroxy groups in the swallowtail motif of each of the resulting zinc porphyrins can be transformed to the corresponding diphosphate or diphosphonate product. A 4-(carboxymethyloxy)phenyl group provides the bioconjugatable tether. The six such porphyrins reported here are highly water-soluble (> or =20 mM at room temperature in water at pH 7) as determined by visual inspection, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, or 1H NMR spectroscopy. Covalent attachment was carried out in aqueous solution with the unprotected porphyrin diphosphonate and a monoclonal antibody against the T-cell receptor CD3epsilon. The resulting conjugate performed comparably to a commercially available fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled antibody with Jurkat cells in flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy assays. Taken together, this work enables preparation of useful quantities of water-soluble, bioconjugatable porphyrins in a compact architecture for applications in the life sciences.
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45
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Jiao J, Anariba F, Tiznado H, Schmidt I, Lindsey JS, Zaera F, Bocian DF. Stepwise Formation and Characterization of Covalently Linked Multiporphyrin−Imide Architectures on Si(100). J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:6965-74. [PMID: 16719477 DOI: 10.1021/ja060906q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in molecular electronics and related fields entails the fabrication of elaborate molecular architectures on electroactive surfaces to yield hybrid molecular/semiconductor systems. A method has been developed for the stepwise synthesis of oligomers of porphyrins linked covalently via imide units. A triallyl-porphyrin bearing an amino group serves as the base unit on Si(100), and the alternating use of a dianhydride (3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride) and a porphyrin-diamine for reaction enables the rapid and simple buildup of oligomers composed of 2-5 porphyrins. The properties of these porphyrin "multad" films on Si(100) were interrogated using a variety of techniques. The charge densities of the redox-active porphyrin oligomers were determined via electrochemical methods. The stepwise growth was evaluated in detail via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and by selected X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) studies. The morphology was probed via AFM methods. Finally, the thickness was evaluated by using a combination of ellipsometry and AFM height profiling, accompanied by selected XPS studies. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that high charge density, ultrathin, multiporphyrin films of relatively well-controlled thickness can be grown in a stepwise fashion using the imide-forming reaction. The increased charge densities afforded by the porphyrin multads may prove important for the fabrication of molecular-based information-storage devices. This bottom-up process for construction of surface-tethered molecular architectures complements the top-down lithographic approach for construction of functional devices with nanoscale dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieying Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA
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46
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Schmidt I, Jiao J, Thamyongkit P, Sharada DS, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS. Investigation of Stepwise Covalent Synthesis on a Surface Yielding Porphyrin-Based Multicomponent Architectures. J Org Chem 2006; 71:3033-50. [PMID: 16599598 DOI: 10.1021/jo052650x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins have been shown to be a viable medium for use in molecular-based information storage applications. The success of this application requires the construction of a stack of components ("electroactive surface/tether/charge-storage molecule/linker/electrolyte/top contact") that can withstand high-temperature conditions during fabrication (up to 400 degrees C) and operation (up to 140 degrees C). To identify suitable chemistry that enables in situ stepwise synthesis of covalently linked architectures on an electroactive surface, three sets of zinc porphyrins (22 altogether) have been prepared. In the set designed to form the base layer on a surface, each porphyrin incorporates a surface attachment group (triallyl tripod or vinyl monopod) and a distal functional group (e.g., pentafluorophenyl, amine, bromo, carboxy) for elaboration after surface attachment. A second set designed for in situ dyad construction incorporates a single functional group (alcohol, isothiocyanato) that is complementary to the functional group in the base porphyrins. A third set designed for in situ multad construction incorporates two identical functional groups (bromo, alcohol, active methylene, amine, isothiocyanato) in a trans configuration (5,15-positions in the porphyrin). Each porphyrin that bears a surface attachment group was found to form a good quality monolayer on Si(100) as evidenced by the voltammetric and vibrational signatures. One particularly successful chemistry identified for stepwise growth entailed reaction of a surface-tethered porphyrin-amine with a dianhydride (e.g., 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride), forming the monoimide/monoanhydride. Subsequent reaction with a diamine (e.g., 4,4'-methylene-bis(2,6-dimethylaniline)) gave the bis(imide) bearing a terminal amine. Repetition of this stepwise growth process afforded surface-bound oligo-imide architectures composed of alternating components without any reliance on protecting groups. Taken together, the ability to prepare covalently linked constructs on a surface without protecting groups in a stepwise manner augurs well for the systematic preparation of a wide variety of functional molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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47
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Kitagawa T, Idomoto Y, Matsubara H, Hobara D, Kakiuchi T, Okazaki T, Komatsu K. Rigid Molecular Tripod with an Adamantane Framework and Thiol Legs. Synthesis and Observation of an Ordered Monolayer on Au(111). J Org Chem 2006; 71:1362-9. [PMID: 16468783 DOI: 10.1021/jo051863j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tripod-shaped trithiols 1-3, containing CH2SH groups at the three bridgehead positions of the adamantane framework and a halogen-containing group [Br (1), p-BrC6H4 (2), or p-IC6H4 (3)] at the fourth bridgehead, were synthesized, and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were prepared on atomically flat Au111 surfaces. The three-point chemisorption of these tripods was confirmed by polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, which showed the absence of a S-H stretching band. Scanning tunneling microscopy of the SAM of 1 exhibited a hexagonal arrangement of the adsorbed molecule with a lattice constant of 8.7 angstroms. A unidirectionally oriented, head-to-tail array of 1, which allows the close approach of neighboring molecules, is proposed as a reasonable model of the two-dimensional crystal, where the adsorbed sulfur atoms form a quasi-(radical3 x radical3)R30 degrees lattice. The charge of the electrochemical reductive desorption of the SAM of 1 was in good agreement with the expected surface coverage, while the SAMs of 2 and 3 showed somewhat less (ca. 70%) charge. The large negative reduction peak potentials, observed for the SAM of 1, are taken to indicate a tight anchoring of this tripod by three sulfur atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Kitagawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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48
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Padmaja K, Wei L, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF. A Compact All-Carbon Tripodal Tether Affords High Coverage of Porphyrins on Silicon Surfaces. J Org Chem 2005; 70:7972-8. [PMID: 16277317 DOI: 10.1021/jo0510078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[Structure: See text] Redox-active molecules designed to give high charge density on electroactive surfaces are essential for applications in molecular information storage. To achieve a small molecular footprint and thereby high surface charge density, a compound consisting of a triallyl tripod attached via a p-phenylene unit to a porphyrin (1) has been synthesized. The zinc chelate of 1 (Zn-1) was attached to Si(100). Electrochemical measurements indicate that the molecular footprint (75 A) in the monolayer is only approximately 50% larger than the minimum achievable, indicating high surface coverage. IR spectroscopy indicates that the bands due to the nu(C=C) (1638 cm(-1)) and gamma(CH) (915 cm(-1)) vibrations present in the solid sample (KBr pellet) are absent from the spectra of the monolayers of Zn-1, consistent with saturation of the double bond in each of the three legs of the tripod upon the hydrosilylation process accompanying attachment. Comparison of the relative intensities of the in-plane (998 cm(-1)) versus out-of-plane (797 cm(-1)) porphyrin modes indicates the average tilt angle (alpha) of the porphyrin ring with respect to the surface normal is approximately 46 degrees , a value also observed for analogous porphyrins tethered to Si(100) via monopodal carbon linkers. Accordingly, the higher packing densities afforded by the compact tripodal linker are not due to a more upright orientation on the surface. The charge-retention half-lives (t1/2) for the first oxidation state of the Zn-1 monolayers increase from 10 to 50 s at low surface coverage (1-5 x 10(-11) mol.cm(-2)) to near 200 s at saturation coverage (approximately 2 x 10(-10) mol.cm(-2)). Taken together, the high surface charge density (despite the lack of upright orientation) of the triallyl-tripodal porphyrin makes this construct a viable candidate for molecular information storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisari Padmaja
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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49
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Oms O, van der Lee A, Le Bideau J, Leclercq D. Redox-active pH-responsive molecules: ferrocenylphosphonic acid, ferrocenylmethylphosphonic acid and 1,1′-ferrocenylbisphosphonic acid. Structural determination of FcPO3Na2·5H2O. Dalton Trans 2005:1903-9. [PMID: 15909036 DOI: 10.1039/b503193a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The acidity constants of the reduced and oxidized species of ferrocenylphosphonic acids FcPO3H2, FcCH2PO3H2 and fc(PO3H2)2 (Fc = (eta5-C5H5)Fe(eta5-C5H4), fc = (eta5-C5H4)Fe(eta5-C5H4)) in water have been evaluated by potentiometric, 31P NMR, and electrochemical methods. The oxidized forms are more acidic than the reduced ones. The interaction between the redox centre and the charged oxygen atoms of the phosphonate group is shown to be electrostatic. The maximum oxidation shift DeltaE between the protonated and unprotonated species increases with the number of charges of the substrate and decreases with the increase of the distance between the ferrocenyl centre and the oxygen atoms of the phosphonate group. The structure of FcPO3Na2.5H2O is determined. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system. It is lamellar with an inorganic layer formed by tetramers Na4O14, the ferrocenyl groups occupying the interlamellar space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Oms
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Organisation du Solide, CNRS UMR 5637, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, Case courrier 007, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
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50
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Splan KE, Hupp JT. Permeable nonaggregating porphyrin thin films that display enhanced photophysical properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:10560-10566. [PMID: 15544385 DOI: 10.1021/la048465g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins bearing bulky alkoxyphenyl substituents at two of the four meso-positions and phenyl phosphonates at the other two have been prepared and used as building blocks for layer-by-layer assembly of conductive-glass-supported thin films via zirconium phosphonate chemistry. Thin-film characterization shows that the addition of sterically demanding 2,6-di(n-hexoxy)phenyl substituents to the meso-positions of the porphyrin skeleton can successfully prevent molecular aggregation. Both absorption and emission studies of multilayer thin films provide strong evidence that the new compounds have the ability to form thin films in which very little molecular (chromophore) interaction is present, relative to porphyrins that are not sterically hindered. Furthermore, the films are found to be permeable to selected small redox probes but blocking toward larger ones. Taken together, the sharp absorption spectra, increased emission yields, and permeability are expected to be advantageous for various materials-based applications such as photovoltaics and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Splan
- Department of Chemistry, 2145 Sheridan Road, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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