1
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Yamada S, Honda Y. Solid-state [2+2] photodimerization of eniminium salts: stereoselective syntheses of 1,3-diacetylcyclobutanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9821-9824. [PMID: 39171390 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03691c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state [2+2] photodimerization of eniminium ions oriented in a head-to-tail manner controlled by cation-π interactions produced synHT dimers in high yields. As the resulting dimer is readily converted to 1,3-diacetylcyclobutane, the iminium serves as a removable orientation-controlling group for the conjugated ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yamada
- Professional University of Beauty & Wellness, 3-9-3 Ushikubo, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama 224-0012, Japan.
| | - Yuka Honda
- Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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2
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Cocrystals for photochemical solid-state reactions: An account on crystal engineering perspective. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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3
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Mechanochemical synthesis and structure analysis of binary cocrystals of extended bis-pyridyl spacers with resorcinol and orcinol. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Isomerization of cyclobutane ligands in the solid state and solution. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Kole GK, Mir MH. Isolation of elusive cyclobutane ligands via template assisted photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reaction and their utility in engineering crystalline solids. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00277a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reactionis one of the promising routes to isolate highly strained cyclobutane derivatives whichmay otherwise be very difficult to obtain via conventional synthetic methodology. Various methods have...
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6
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Peedikakkal AMP, Al-Mohsin H, Jalilov A, Sølling TI, Skov AB. Design of Green-Emitting Salts from Substituted Pyridines: Understanding the Solid-State Photodimerization of trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1088-1093. [PMID: 33900679 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphic salts of trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpe), 2[bpeH2 ] ⋅ (SO4 )(2HSO4 ) (1) and [bpeH2 ] ⋅ 2HSO4 (2) have been synthesized and their structures determined by X-ray crystallography. The Schmidt postulate predicts that neither of the salts will give rise to photodimerization so they can both potentially be applied as green light emitters. Despite the predictions, 1 undergoes a stereospecific solid-state photodimerization reaction with 100 % yield. This is due to UV induced combination of sliding and pedal-like movement of the pyridyl ring system that influences the alignment of C=C bonds. The sliding motion is restricted in 2. Consequently, the green emission from 1 is completely quenched after photodimerization. It is evident that counter ions play a dominant role in dis- and enabling photodimerization; their degree of protonization and lattice placement are important solvent controlled design parameters towards crystal structures that can act as future light emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasan Al-Mohsin
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahad University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almaz Jalilov
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahad University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Theis I Sølling
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, College of Petroleum & Geosciences, King Fahad University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anders B Skov
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, College of Petroleum & Geosciences, King Fahad University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Stability and Analysis Development Hospital Pharmacy of the Capital Region, Marielundvej 25, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
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7
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Zhang W, Yao Y, Xu Y, Zhou X, Wu G. Amine hydrochloride salts as bifunctional reagents for the radical aminochlorination of maleimides. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00916h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Amine hydrochloride salts have been typically used as amination reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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8
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Kölsch S, Ihmels H, Mattay J, Sewald N, Patrick BO. Reversible photoswitching of the DNA-binding properties of styrylquinolizinium derivatives through photochromic [2 + 2] cycloaddition and cycloreversion. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:111-124. [PMID: 32082430 PMCID: PMC7006495 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It was demonstrated that styrylquinolizinium derivatives may be applied as photoswitchable DNA ligands. At lower ligand:DNA ratios (≤1.5), these compounds bind to duplex DNA by intercalation, with binding constants ranging from K b = 4.1 × 104 M to 2.6 × 105 M (four examples), as shown by photometric and fluorimetric titrations as well as by CD and LD spectroscopic analyses. Upon irradiation at 450 nm, the methoxy-substituted styrylquinolizinium derivatives form the corresponding syn head-to-tail cyclobutanes in a selective [2 + 2] photocycloaddition, as revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis of the reaction products. These photodimers bind to DNA only weakly by outside-edge association, but they release the intercalating monomers upon irradiation at 315 nm in the presence of DNA. As a result, it is possible to switch between these two ligands and likewise between two different binding modes by irradiation with different excitation wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kölsch
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Organic Chemistry II, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Organic Chemistry II, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Jochen Mattay
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100121, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100121, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, Structural Chemistry Facility, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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9
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Shabir G, Saeed A, Qasim M, Bolte M, Hökelek T, Erben MF. On the planarity of the cyclobutane ring in the crystal of dimethyl 2,4-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)cyclobutane-1,3-dicarboxylate: a natural bond orbital and Hirshfeld surface analysis study. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02739a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The α-form of this 1,3-di-(substituted)-2,4-bis-(substituted)-cyclobutane derivative displays a planar ring in the gas phase and solution. The intermolecular interactions in the crystal have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Shabir
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-I-Azam University
- Islamabad 45320
- Pakistan
| | - Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-I-Azam University
- Islamabad 45320
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-I-Azam University
- Islamabad 45320
- Pakistan
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- J. W. Goethe-Universität
- Max-von-Laue-Str. 7
- D-60438 Frankfurt/Main
- Germany
| | - Tuncer Hökelek
- Department of Physics
- Hacettepe University
- 06800 Beytepe-Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Mauricio Federico Erben
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CONICET-CCT La Plata)
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata
- Bv. 120 1465
- La Plata (1900)
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10
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Kuz’mina LG, Vedernikov AI, Gromov SP, Alfimov MV. Crystallographic Approach to the [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition Topochemical Reactions of Unsaturated Compounds with Single Crystal Retention. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774519050122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Patterns of hydrogen bonding involving thiourea in the series of thiourea⋅trans-1,2-bispyridyl ethylene cocrystals – A comparative study. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Grobelny AL, Rath NP, Groeneman RH. Varying the regiochemistry of a [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction within isostructural hydrogen bonded cocrystals containing 4-stilbazole. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00447a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cocrystallization of 4-stilbazole with 4,6-diX resorcinol (X = Cl or Br) yields a pair of similar photoreactive solids that leads to different photoproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nigam P. Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Nanoscience
- University of Missouri-St. Louis
- St. Louis
- USA
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13
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Peedikakkal AMP. Solid state photodimerization in an organic salt of 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene and trifluoromethane sulphonic acid via pedal-like motion. J CHEM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-017-1300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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15
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Chen D, Han X, Du Y, Wang HL, Xu P. In Situ Raman Monitoring of Silver(I)-Aided Laser-Driven Cleavage Reaction of Cyclobutane. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:46-50. [PMID: 26510491 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The cyclobutane cleavage reaction is an important process and has received continuous interest. Herein, we demonstrate the visible laser-driven cleavage reaction of cyclobutane in crystal form by using in situ Raman spectroscopy. Silver(I) coordination-induced strain and thermal effects from the laser irradiation are the two main driving forces for the cleavage of cyclobutane crystals. This work may open up a new avenue for studying cyclobutane cleavage reactions, as compared to the conventional routes using ex situ techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengtai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Xijiang Han
- Department of Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China.
| | - Yunchen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Hsing-Lin Wang
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China.
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16
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Cai LX, Chen C, Zhang YJ, Yang XD, Zhang J. Photodimerization of an olefin-containing pyridinium-based metal–organic complex and isomerization of its cyclobutane product upon recrystallization. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00724d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Singh AS, Sun SS. Structurally Flexible C₃-Symmetric Receptors for Molecular Recognition and Their Self-Assembly Properties. CHEM REC 2015. [PMID: 26202256 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The bioinspired design and synthesis of building blocks and their assemblies by the supramolecular approach has ever fascinated scientists to utilize such artificial systems for numerous purposes. Flexibility is a basic feature of natural systems. However, in artificial systems this is difficult to control, especially if there is no preorganization of the component(s) of a system. We have designed and synthesized a series of C3 -symmetric N-bridged flexible receptors and successfully utilized them to selectively entrap the notorious and toxic nitrate anion in aqueous medium. This was the first report of highest binding affinity for the nitrate anion in aqueous medium. An impressive self-sorting phenomenon of reversibly formed hydrogen-bonded capsules, which self-assembled from flexible tripodal receptors having branches of similar size and bearing the same amide functionality, has been disclosed. Encapsulated nitrate anion has been further utilized for the photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of strained four-membered ring structures through dynamic self-assembly. In this Personal Account, we summarize these results showing the utility of naturally inspired flexibility in artificial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh S Singh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Institute of Physics Campus, Sachivalaya Marg, Near Sainik School, Bhubaneswar, 751005, India
| | - Shih-Sheng Sun
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 115 Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan.
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18
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Tran HT, Ajiro H, Akashi M. Thermally stable polylactides by stereocomplex formation and conjugation of both terminals with bio-based cinnamic acid derivatives. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16867h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of polylactide stereocomplexes with conjugation of both terminals showed high thermal stability and photoreactivity, and are useful as high performance polymers and photoreactive polymers based on natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Thi Tran
- Faculty of Chemical Technology
- Viet Tri University of Industry
- Phu Tho
- Vietnam
| | - Hiroharu Ajiro
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Osaka University
- Suita
- Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics
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19
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Kuz'mina LG, Vedernikov AI, Howard JAK, Alfimov MV, Gromov SP. Features of styryl dye crystal packings and their influence on [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction with single crystal retention. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00653h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Only in two of three crystal modifications the initial dye is subjected to the SC–SC [2 + 2]-photocycloaddtion under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila G. Kuz'mina
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Artem I. Vedernikov
- Photochemistry Center
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119421, Russian Federation
| | - Judith A. K. Howard
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Durham
- Science Laboratories
- Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Michael V. Alfimov
- Photochemistry Center
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119421, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey P. Gromov
- Photochemistry Center
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119421, Russian Federation
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20
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Samanta D, Mukherjee PS. Sunlight-Induced Covalent Marriage of Two Triply Interlocked Pd6 Cages and Their Facile Thermal Separation. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17006-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja511360e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Samanta
- Department of Inorganic and
Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and
Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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21
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Chanthapally A, Yang H, Quah HS, Webster RD, Schreyer MK, Wong MW, Vittal JJ. Oxygen-initiated stereoselective thermal isomerisation of a cyclobutane derivative in the solid state. Chemistry 2014; 20:15702-8. [PMID: 25336351 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state [2+2] photochemical cycloaddition reactions have been extensively studied after the classical work of Schmidt in the 1960s. Of these, trans-1,2-bis(4'-pyridyl)ethylene (bpe) is one of the well-studied alkenes to synthesize tetrakis(4-pyridyl)cyclobutane (tpcb). However, almost all the solid-state [2+2] cycloaddition reactions of bpe yielded, almost exclusively, one of the four possible isomers, namely, the rctt-tpcb (r=regio c=cis and t=trans). Here we describe a stereoselective synthesis of the tetrahedrally disposed rtct-tpcb by the solid-state thermal isomerization of the rctt-isomer in atmospheric air. We propose that this isomerization occurs through a topochemical unimolecular mechanism by a radical chain pathway, initiated by molecular oxygen. This is supported by the nature of products formed in air and nitrogen, detection of a radical in ESR spectral studies, ESI-MS crossover experiments, VT PXRD studies along with QM, MD and docking calculations. The formation of a unique isomer by thermal isomerization may be a general phenomenon to quantitatively synthesize other useful stereoisomers from the existing isomers of cyclobutane derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Chanthapally
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Fax: (+65) 6779-1691
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22
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Design of crystal packings of styryl heterocycles and regularities of [2+2] photocycloaddition in their single crystals 8. Topochemical [2+2] autophotocycloaddition and back reaction in styryl dye of the benzothiazole series. Russ Chem Bull 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-013-0249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Design and Synthesis of Two Oxazine Derivatives Using Several Strategies. J CHEM-NY 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/757953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several oxazine derivatives have been synthesized; nevertheless, expensive reagents and special conditions are required. Therefore, in this study, two oxazine derivatives (2-chloro-3-{{2-[-(3-chloro-2-oxo-cyclobutyl)-(2,3-dimethoxy-9,10-dihydrostrychnid-10-yl)-amino]-ethyl}-[1,5-dimethyl-4-(1H-naphtho[1,2-e][1,3-oxazin-2-yl)-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-amino}-cyclobutanone and 2-chloro-3-{{2-[(3-chloro-2-oxo-cyclobutyl)-(1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl)-amino]-ethyl}-[1,5-dimethyl-4-(1H-naphtho[1,2-e][1,3]oxazin-2-yl)-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-amino}-cyclobutanone) were synthesized using several strategies. The structure of compounds obtained was confirmed by elemental analysis, spectroscopy, and spectrometry data. In conclusion, the methods used offer some advantages such as good yields, simple procedure, low cost, and ease of workup.
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24
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Bibal B, Mongin C, Bassani DM. Template effects and supramolecular control of photoreactions in solution. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:4179-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60366k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Solid state reactions offer a unique opportunity for synthesizing complex molecules with amazing regio- and stereo-specificity otherwise difficult to synthesize by conventional organic synthetic methodologies. In particular, the solid state [2 + 2] reaction is a well studied reaction in terms of a crystal engineering perspective. The main challenge in performing solid state reactions is bringing the molecules into reactive orientations such that the reactive groups are within a certain proximal distance. The out surge in organic and inorganic crystal engineering studies offers several strategies for bringing the molecules together in the crystal lattice. These strategies include from weak interactions (halogen bonds, halogen···halogen, π···π, cation···π) to strong hydrogen bonds (O-H···O, N-H···O, O-H···N and N-H···N) to coordination complexes/polymers. To date many studies are available which use such strategies for conducting single, double, triple or multiple [2 + 2] reactions, [4 + 4] reactions, Diels-Alder reactions and polymerization reactions of acetylene molecules. Some of the crystal engineering strategies include the use of external templates which can be removed after the reaction and some of the other strategies deals with the modification of reactant molecules. In this review, the current status of various strategies will be outlined with respect to the nature of the interactions involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Biradha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India.
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26
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Sun JK, Li W, Chen C, Ren CX, Pan DM, Zhang J. Photoinduced Bending of a Large Single Crystal of a 1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene-Based Pyridinium Salt Powered by a [2+2] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Sun JK, Li W, Chen C, Ren CX, Pan DM, Zhang J. Photoinduced Bending of a Large Single Crystal of a 1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene-Based Pyridinium Salt Powered by a [2+2] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:6653-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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28
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Kole GK, Peedikakkal AMP, Toh BMF, Vittal JJ. Solid-State Structural Transformations and Photoreactivity of 1D-Ladder Coordination Polymers of PbII. Chemistry 2013; 19:3962-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Singh AS, Sun SS. Recyclable nitrate-templated photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reaction promoted by a tripodal receptor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:10070-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41268g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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30
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Perumalla SR, Sun CC. Confused HCl: Hydrogen Chloride or Hydrochloric Acid? Chemistry 2012; 18:6462-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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