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Toganoh M, Furuta H. Creation from Confusion and Fusion in the Porphyrin World─The Last Three Decades of N-Confused Porphyrinoid Chemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8313-8437. [PMID: 35230807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Confusion is a novel concept of isomerism in porphyrin chemistry, delivering a steady stream of new chemistry since the discovery of N-confused porphyrin, a porphyrin mutant, in 1994. These days, the number of confused porphyrinoids is increasing, and confusion and associated fusion are found in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, biological chemistry, and catalysts. In this review, the birth and growth of confused porphyrinoids in the last three decades are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Toganoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Sengupta R, Isar P, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of N-Fused Dithia and Dibenzi Homoporphyrins. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01946e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-fused dithia and dibenzi homoporphyrins have been synthesized using [2+2] approach by condensing one equivalent of appropriate dithienyl/di p-phenylene ethene diol with one equivalent of N-confused dipyrromethane in CH2Cl2 under...
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Mondal S, Pain T, Sahu K, Kar S. Large-Scale Green Synthesis of Porphyrins. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:22922-22936. [PMID: 34514263 PMCID: PMC8427785 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A new methodology for porphyrin synthesis has been developed. This is a simple two-step protocol. The first step involves the condensation of pyrrole and aldehyde in an H2O-MeOH mixture using HCl. The obtained precipitate from the first step was dissolved in reagent-grade dimethylformamide (DMF) and refluxed for 1.5 h, followed by stirring overnight in the air at room temperature. Subsequent purification through column chromatography or crystallization resulted in the formation of pure porphyrins. Advantageously, this methodology does not need any expensive chemicals such as 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ), chloranil, and so forth as an oxidizing agent. This reaction also does not require a large volume of dry chlorinated solvents. Contrary to the reported methodologies, which are mostly ineffective in the gram-scale production of porphyrins, the present method perfectly caters to the need for gram-scale production of porphyrins. In essence, the current methodology does not represent the synthesis having the highest yield in the literature. However, it represents the easiest and cheapest synthesis of porphyrin on a large scale to obtain a reproducible yield of 10-40% with high purity. In a few of the examples, even column chromatography is not necessary. A simple crystallization technique will be sufficient to generate the desired porphyrins in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruti Mondal
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400
094, India
| | - Tanmoy Pain
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400
094, India
| | - Kasturi Sahu
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400
094, India
| | - Sanjib Kar
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Institute
of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400
094, India
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Xiong R, Arkhypchuk AI, Eszter Borbas K. Attempted syntheses of N-confused hydroporphyrins through modified Lindsey routes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Unlike N-confused porphyrins which are well-known and extensively studied tetrapyrroles, N-confused hydroporphyrins are almost unknown, largely because so far they have resisted attempts at rational synthesis. Here, we report our efforts towards the total synthesis of N-confused hydroporphyrins. We have prepared N-confused building blocks analogous to the non-N-confused substrates in the Lindsey synthesis of sparsely substituted chlorins. We have systematically flipped the A, B and C pyrrole rings in the dipyrrolic precursors of the target N-confused macrocycles, preparing in total an N-confused “Western half” (tetrahydrodipyrrin) and two N-confused “Eastern halves” (brominated formyldipyrromethanes). These were subjected to a range of cyclization conditions. While we successfully isolated and identified three macrocyclic products, none of these proved to be the desired N-confused hydroporphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Box 523, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna I. Arkhypchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Box 523, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K. Eszter Borbas
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Box 523, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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Ge Y, Cheng G, Xu N, Wang W, Ke H. Zinc 2-N-methyl N-confused porphyrin: an efficient catalyst for the conversion of CO2 into cyclic carbonates. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00739c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A zinc 2-N-methyl N-confused porphyrin (Zn(NCP)Cl) catalyst was developed for the solvent-free synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Ge
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
| | - Guoe Cheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
| | - Nanfeng Xu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhou Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hanzhong Ke
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry
- China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)
- Wuhan 430074
- People's Republic of China
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Ye L, Fang Y, Ou Z, Xue S, Wang L, Kadish KM. Electrochemistry of N-confused inner amino-substituted free-base tetraarylporphyrins in nonaqueous media. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Four N-confused free-base tetraarylporphyrins containing an amino group on the inner carbon of the inverted pyrrole were synthesized and characterized as to their electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties in dichloromethane and N,N-dimethylformamide containing 0.1 M tetra-[Formula: see text]-butylammonium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte. The examined compounds are represented as (NH[Formula: see text](Ar)[Formula: see text]NcpH[Formula: see text], where “Ncp” is the N-confused porphyrin macrocycle and Ar is a [Formula: see text]-CH[Formula: see text]OPh, [Formula: see text]-CH[Formula: see text]Ph, Ph or [Formula: see text]-ClPh substituent on each meso-position of the macrocycle. Each porphyrin undergoes multiple irreversible reductions and oxidations. The first one-electron addition and first one-electron abstraction are located on the porphyrin [Formula: see text]-ring system to give [Formula: see text]-anion and [Formula: see text]-cation radicals with a HOMO–LUMO gap ranging from 1.21 to 1.34 V in CH[Formula: see text]Cl[Formula: see text] and 1.06 to 1.12 V in DMF. Both electrogenerated products are unstable and undergo a rapid chemical reaction to give new electroactive species which can be further reduced at more negative potentials or further oxidized at more positive potentials. The effects of the inner amino-substituent on the UV-vis spectra and electrochemical properties of the porphyrin are discussed, and comparisons made to data in the literature for both structurally related N-confused porphyrins containing an inner carbon NO[Formula: see text] group and derivatives without the inner substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ye
- School of Computer, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Songlin Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA
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Wang W, Ou Z, Chen M, Zhang Y, Fang Y, Kadish KM. Electrochemistry of Methylated N-Confused Free-Base Tetraarylporphyrins in Nonaqueous Media. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Minyuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang 212013 China
- Department of Chemistry; University of Houston; 4800 Calhoun, Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; 301 Xuefu Road Zhenjiang 212013 China
- Department of Chemistry; University of Houston; 4800 Calhoun, Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department of Chemistry; University of Houston; 4800 Calhoun, Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
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Akhtar MA, Riaz S, Hayat A, Nasir M, Muhammad N, Rahim A, Nawaz MH. Poly (ethylene oxide) tethered trans-porphyrin: Synthesis, self-assembly with fullerene (C 60 ) and DNA binding studies. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ye L, Ou Z, Fang Y, Xue S, Chen X, Lu G, Jiang X, Kadish KM. Electrochemistry of Nitrated N-Confused Free-Base Tetraaryl-Porphyrins in Nonaqueous Media. Chemistry 2015; 21:14579-88. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Das S, Balsukuri N, Kesavan PE, Gupta I. Difunctionalized N-Confused Porphyrins: Synthesis, Fluorescence, and Electrochemical Studies. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Seven di-substituted N-confused porphyrins (NCPs) 9–15 bearing two aryl functional groups (cis-A2B2 type) were synthesized in 4–7 % yields via [3+1] approach. The corresponding five 5,10-diaryl-substituted symmetrical tripyrranes 1–5 were prepared and condensed with 2,4-bis(hydroxypentaflurophenyl)pyrrole 6. Two outer N-methyl type A2B2 NCPs 14 and 15 were also prepared via a similar approach using a new key precursor 8. All the porphyrins 9–15 were characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry, NMR, infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. Fluorescence studies of 9–15 showed blue-shifted emission maxima and lower Stokes shifts values when compared with N-confused tetraphenylporphyrin (NCTPP). Electrochemical studies indicated easier oxidation of N-methyl NCPs 14 and 15 when compared with remaining NCPs 9–13.
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Xue S, Ou Z, Ye L, Lu G, Fang Y, Jiang X, Kadish KM. Effect of Solvent and Protonation/Deprotonation on Electrochemistry, Spectroelectrochemistry and Electron-Transfer Mechanisms of N-Confused Tetraarylporphyrins in Nonaqueous Media. Chemistry 2014; 21:2651-61. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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