1
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Chaudhary D, Kuram MR. Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)-Mediated Intramolecular Cyclization of Allenamides To Access C1-Vinyl Tetrahydro-β-carbolines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11783-11788. [PMID: 39054730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The construction of biologically interesting N-heterocycles under metal-free conditions is a constant goal in industry and academia. Herein, we have developed an hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)-mediated intramolecular cyclization of allenamides, providing tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives embedded with a C1-vinyl functionality. The metal-free protocol provided tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives atom-efficiently under room temperature with a broad substrate scope in good to excellent yields. The potential impact of the protocol is further highlighted by synthesizing derivatives of biologically important molecules and diversified scaffolds via postsynthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Chaudhary
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Malleswara Rao Kuram
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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2
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Raje S, Sheikh Mohammad T, de Ruiter G. A Neutral PC NHCP Co(I)-Me Pincer Complex as a Catalyst for N-Allylic Isomerization with a Broad Substrate Scope. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4319-4325. [PMID: 38520345 PMCID: PMC11002938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Earth-abundant-metal catalyzed double bond transposition offers a sustainable and atom-economical route toward the synthesis of internal alkenes. With an emphasis specifically on internal olefins and ethers, the isomerization of allylic amines has been particularly under represented in the literature. Herein, we report an efficient methodology for the selective isomerization of N-allylic organic compounds, including amines, amides, and imines. The reaction is catalyzed by a neutral PCNHCP cobalt(I) pincer complex and proceeds via a π-allyl mechanism. The isomerization occurs readily at 80-90 °C, and it is compatible with a wide variety of functional groups. The in situ formed enamines could additionally be used for a one-pot inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction to furnish a series of diversely substituted heterobiaryls, which is further discussed in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthi Raje
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200008 Haifa, Israel
| | - Tofayel Sheikh Mohammad
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200008 Haifa, Israel
| | - Graham de Ruiter
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200008 Haifa, Israel
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3
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Miller JL, Damodaran K, Floreancig PE. Nitrogen Heterocycle Synthesis through Hydride Abstraction of Acyclic Carbamates and Related Species: Scope, Mechanism, Stereoselectivity, and Product Conformation Studies. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302977. [PMID: 37796745 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Acyliminium ions and related species are potent electrophiles that can be quite valuable in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing molecules. This manuscript describes a protocol to form these intermediates through hydride abstractions of easily accessible allylic carbamates, amides, and sulfonamides that avoids the reversibility that is possible in classical condensation-based routes. These intermediates are used in the preparation of a range of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, and in many cases high levels of stereocontrol are observed. Specifically areas of investigation include the impact of chemical structure on oxidation efficiency, the geometry of the intermediate iminium ions, the impact of a substrate stereocenter on stereocontrol, and an examination of transition state geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Krishnan Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Paul E Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
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4
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NIS-promoted intramolecular cyclization of allenamides for the synthesis of tetrahydro-β-carbolines. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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Ding L, Niu YN, Xia XF. Pd-Catalyzed Tandem Isomerization/Cyclization for the Synthesis of Aromatic Oxazaheterocycles and Pyrido[3,4- b]indoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10032-10042. [PMID: 34279106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
An effient tandem process consisting of palladium-catalyzed double-bond isomerization of long-chain olefins and subsequent intramolecular cyclization promoted by B2(OH)2 for the synthesis of aromatic oxazaheterocycles is disclosed. This strategy can also provide rapid access to pyrido[3,4-b]indoles, trans-2-olefins, and eneamides bearing various functional groups with high regio- and stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yan-Ning Niu
- Department of Teaching and Research, Nanjing Forestry University, Huaian, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, Guangxi 537000, China
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6
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Sathish M, Sakla AP, Nachtigall FM, Santos LS, Shankaraiah N. TCCA-mediated oxidative rearrangement of tetrahydro-β-carbolines: facile access to spirooxindoles and the total synthesis of (±)-coerulescine and (±)-horsfiline. RSC Adv 2021; 11:16537-16546. [PMID: 35479130 PMCID: PMC9031260 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02381k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-reactive centered reagents are beneficial in chemical synthesis due to their advantage of minimal material utilization and formation of less by-products. Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA), a reagent with three reactive centers, was employed in the synthesis of spirooxindoles through the oxidative rearrangement of various N-protected tetrahydro-β-carbolines. In this protocol, low equivalents of TCCA were required to access spirooxindoles (up to 99% yield) with a wide substrate scope. Furthermore, the applicability and robustness of this protocol were proven for the gram-scale total synthesis of natural alkaloids such as (±)-coerulescine (1) and (±)-horsfiline (2) in excellent yields. Three-reactive centered reagent (TCCA) mediated construction of spirooxindoles through an oxidative rearrangement of various N-protected tetrahydro-β-carbolines and total synthesis of natural alkaloids (±)-coerulescine and (±)-horsfiline.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Manda Sathish
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria, Vicerrectoría Académica, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay Talca 3460000 Chile.,Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay Talca 3460000 Chile
| | - Akash P Sakla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037 India
| | - Fabiane M Nachtigall
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Sede Talca 3467987 Chile
| | - Leonardo S Santos
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay Talca 3460000 Chile
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500 037 India
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7
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Mondal A, Chowdhury C. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of 1-Vinyltetrahydro-β-carbolines and Aza-spiroindolenines: Access to the Syntheses of 1-Vinyl-β-carbolines and Eudistomins Y1 and Y2. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3810-3825. [PMID: 33591208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general synthesis of 1-vinyltetrahydro-β-carbolines (THBCs) has been achieved via palladium(0)-catalyzed cyclocondensation between allenyltryptamines and aryl iodides. Aza-spiroindolenines could also be accessed from the N-unsubstituted indole substrates by simply tweaking the reaction conditions. DDQ-mediated oxidation of THBCs easily afforded β-carbolines, which could be synthetically transformed into 1-aroyl-β-carbolines of pharmacological interest. Formal total syntheses of eudistomins Y1 and Y2 have also been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mondal
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Chinmay Chowdhury
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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8
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Idzik TJ, Myk ZM, Struk Ł, Perużyńska M, Maciejewska G, Droździk M, Sośnicki JG. Arylation of enelactams using TIPSOTf: reaction scope and mechanistic insight. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01396j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Triisopropylsilyltrifluoromethanesulfonate can be effectively used for the arylation of a wide range of enelactams. The multinuclear NMR study provided deep insights into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J. Idzik
- West Pomeranian University of Technology
- Szczecin
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Szczecin
| | - Zofia M. Myk
- West Pomeranian University of Technology
- Szczecin
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Szczecin
| | - Łukasz Struk
- West Pomeranian University of Technology
- Szczecin
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Szczecin
| | - Magdalena Perużyńska
- Pomeranian Medical University
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology
- 70-111 Szczecin
- Poland
| | | | - Marek Droździk
- Pomeranian Medical University
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology
- 70-111 Szczecin
- Poland
| | - Jacek G. Sośnicki
- West Pomeranian University of Technology
- Szczecin
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Szczecin
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9
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Kathe PM, Caciuleanu A, Berkefeld A, Fleischer I. Tandem Olefin Isomerization/Cyclization Catalyzed by Complex Nickel Hydride and Brønsted Acid. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15183-15196. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasad M. Kathe
- Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandru Caciuleanu
- Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Berkefeld
- Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ivana Fleischer
- Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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10
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11
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Ho GM, Segura L, Marek I. Ru-catalyzed isomerization of ω-alkenylboronates towards stereoselective synthesis of vinylboronates with subsequent in situ functionalization. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5944-5949. [PMID: 34094086 PMCID: PMC8159340 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02542a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The stereoselective preparation of synthetically versatile vinylboronates from ω-alkenylboronates is achieved through a ruthenium-catalyzed isomerization reaction. A variety of di- and trisubstituted vinylboronates were conveniently produced and could be used as a new starting point for subsequent in situ remote functionalization through either a sequential Ru/Pd or Ru/Cu double catalytic system. A regio- and stereoselective ruthenium-catalyzed isomerization of ω-alkenyl boronates into stereodefined di- and trisubstituted alkenylboronate derivatives is reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ming Ho
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Technion City 3200009 Haifa Israel
| | - Lucas Segura
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Technion City 3200009 Haifa Israel
| | - Ilan Marek
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Technion City 3200009 Haifa Israel
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12
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Calcaterra A, Mangiardi L, Delle Monache G, Quaglio D, Balducci S, Berardozzi S, Iazzetti A, Franzini R, Botta B, Ghirga F. The Pictet-Spengler Reaction Updates Its Habits. Molecules 2020; 25:E414. [PMID: 31963860 PMCID: PMC7024544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pictet-Spengler reaction (P-S) is one of the most direct, efficient, and variable synthetic method for the construction of privileged pharmacophores such as tetrahydro-isoquinolines (THIQs), tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THBCs), and polyheterocyclic frameworks. In the lustro (five-year period) following its centenary birthday, the P-S reaction did not exit the stage but it came up again on limelight with new features. This review focuses on the interesting results achieved in this period (2011-2015), analyzing the versatility of this reaction. Classic P-S was reported in the total synthesis of complex alkaloids, in combination with chiral catalysts as well as for the generation of libraries of compounds in medicinal chemistry. The P-S has been used also in tandem reactions, with the sequences including ring closing metathesis, isomerization, Michael addition, and Gold- or Brønsted acid-catalyzed N-acyliminium cyclization. Moreover, the combination of P-S reaction with Ugi multicomponent reaction has been exploited for the construction of highly complex polycyclic architectures in few steps and high yields. The P-S reaction has also been successfully employed in solid-phase synthesis, affording products with different structures, including peptidomimetics, synthetic heterocycles, and natural compounds. Finally, the enzymatic version of P-S has been reported for biosynthesis, biotransformations, and bioconjugations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Laura Mangiardi
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuliano Delle Monache
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Silvia Balducci
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Simone Berardozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Iazzetti
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Roberta Franzini
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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13
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Wani IA, Goswami G, Sk S, Mal A, Sayyad M, Ghorai MK. A synthetic route to 1,4-disubstituted tetrahydro-β-carbolines and tetrahydropyranoindoles via ring-opening/Pictet–Spengler reaction of aziridines and epoxides with indoles/aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:272-287. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02098e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A route to 1,4-disubstituted tetrahydro-β-carbolines and tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indoles in high yields and stereoselectivity via SN2-type ring opening/Pictet–Spengler reaction of aziridines and epoxides with indoles is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaurav Goswami
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- India
| | - Sahid Sk
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- India
| | - Abhijit Mal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- India
| | | | - Manas K. Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- India
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14
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Recent Progress in Asymmetric Relay Catalysis of Metal Complex with Chiral Phosphoric Acid. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2019; 378:9. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Kathe P, Fleischer I. Cooperative Use of Brønsted Acids and Metal Catalysts in Tandem Isomerization Reactions of Olefins. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Kathe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesEberhard-Karls University Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Ivana Fleischer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesEberhard-Karls University Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
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16
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17
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Chen J, Han X, Lu X. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Tandem Cyclization of 2-Aminoaryl Alkynones: An Approach to Chiral 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-β-carbolines. Org Lett 2018; 20:7470-7473. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiuling Han
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiyan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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18
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Ho G, Judkele L, Bruffaerts J, Marek I. Metal‐Catalyzed Remote Functionalization of ω‐Ene Unsaturated Ethers: Towards Functionalized Vinyl Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8012-8016. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo‐Ming Ho
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Lina Judkele
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Jeffrey Bruffaerts
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Ilan Marek
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
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19
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Ho G, Judkele L, Bruffaerts J, Marek I. Metal‐Catalyzed Remote Functionalization of ω‐Ene Unsaturated Ethers: Towards Functionalized Vinyl Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo‐Ming Ho
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Lina Judkele
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Jeffrey Bruffaerts
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Ilan Marek
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
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20
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Singh S, Simaan M, Marek I. Pd-Catalyzed Selective Remote Ring Opening of Polysubstituted Cyclopropanols. Chemistry 2018; 24:8553-8557. [PMID: 29694690 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The distant functionalization of ω-ene cyclopropanols is induced by a Pd-catalyzed Heck reaction triggering a "metal-walk" and selective ring-opening of the three-membered ring. This approach provides a new class of acyclic aldehydes possessing concomitantly a stereodefined double bond and a quaternary carbon stereocenter α to the carbonyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhdev Singh
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200009, Israel
| | - Marwan Simaan
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200009, Israel
| | - Ilan Marek
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200009, Israel
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21
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Cera G, Lanzi M, Balestri D, Della Ca’ N, Maggi R, Bigi F, Malacria M, Maestri G. Synthesis of Carbolines via Palladium/Carboxylic Acid Joint Catalysis. Org Lett 2018; 20:3220-3224. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Cera
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Lanzi
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Balestri
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Della Ca’
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Raimondo Maggi
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Franca Bigi
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Max Malacria
- UPMC Sorbonne Université, IPCM (UMR CNRS 8232), 4 place Jussieu, C. 229, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Università di Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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22
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Krompiec S, Marcol B, Zych D, Kurpanik A, Danikiewicz W, Matussek M, Kuźnik N. Crown Ether Base: Highly Active, Regioselective and Reusable Catalytic Systems for Double Bond Migration in Allylic Compounds. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Krompiec
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; Szkolna 9 40-007 Katowice Poland
| | - Beata Marcol
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; Szkolna 9 40-007 Katowice Poland
| | - Dawid Zych
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; Szkolna 9 40-007 Katowice Poland
| | - Aneta Kurpanik
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; Szkolna 9 40-007 Katowice Poland
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warszawa Poland
| | - Marek Matussek
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; Szkolna 9 40-007 Katowice Poland
| | - Nikodem Kuźnik
- Faculty of Chemistry; Silesia University of Technology; Krzywoustego 4 44-100 Gliwice Poland
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23
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Parmar D, Sugiono E, Raja S, Rueping M. Addition and Correction to Complete Field Guide to Asymmetric BINOL-Phosphate Derived Brønsted Acid and Metal Catalysis: History and Classification by Mode of Activation; Brønsted Acidity, Hydrogen Bonding, Ion Pairing, and Metal Phosphates. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10608-10620. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Lowe R, Fathy S, Sridharan V. Rhodium catalyzed, one-pot, three component redox-neutral process towards fused ring heterocycles. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
- Center
for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Renal
Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Thomas E. Nielsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
- Singapore
Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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26
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Three-component, four-centered, one-pot synthesis of 1-(arylethynyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1 H -pyrido[3,4- b ]indole derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Rao RN, Maiti B, Chanda K. Application of Pictet-Spengler Reaction to Indole-Based Alkaloids Containing Tetrahydro-β-carboline Scaffold in Combinatorial Chemistry. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2017; 19:199-228. [PMID: 28276678 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Indole-based alkaloids are well-known in the literature for their diverse biological properties. Polysubstituted optically active tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives functionalized on C-1 position are the common structural motif in most of the indole-based alkaloids, as well as highly marketed drugs. The stereoselective Pictet-Spengler reaction is one of the currently most important synthetic techniques used for the preparation of these privileged tetrahydro-β-carboline scaffolds. To date, there are numerous research reports that have been published on the synthesis of the tetrahydro-β-carboline scaffold both on solid phase, as well as in solution phase. Moreover rapid growth has been observed for the enantioselective synthesis of tetrahydro-β-carboline scaffold using chiral organocatalysts. In this Review, efforts have been taken to shed light on the latest information available on different strategies to synthesize tetrahydro-β-carboline both on solid phase and in solution phase during the last 20 years. Furthermore, we believe that the present synthetic methodologies covered in this Review will help to improve the status of this privileged tetrahydro-β-carboline scaffold in its use for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Nishanth Rao
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore-632014, India
| | - Barnali Maiti
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore-632014, India
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore-632014, India
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28
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Sayyad M, Wani IA, Babu R, Nanaji Y, Ghorai MK. A Synthetic Route to Chiral 1,4-Disubstituted Tetrahydro-β-Carbolines via Domino Ring-Opening Cyclization of Activated Aziridines with 2-Vinylindoles. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2364-2374. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masthanvali Sayyad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Imtiyaz Ahmad Wani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Raja Babu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Yerramsetti Nanaji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Manas K. Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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29
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Mao LL, Li CC, Yang Q, Cheng MX, Yang SD. One-pot synthesis of α-aminophosphonates via a cascade sequence of allylamine isomerization/hydrophosphonylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:4473-4476. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Rh/Ni-catalyzed cascade sequence of allylamine isomerization and hydrophosphonylation to synthesize α-aminophosphonates has been disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Liang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Chen-Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Qiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Ming-Xing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
| | - Shang-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
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30
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Bernárdez R, Suárez J, Fañanás-Mastral M, Varela JA, Saá C. Tandem Long Distance Chain-Walking/Cyclization via RuH2(CO)(PPh3)3/Brønsted Acid Catalysis: Entry to Aromatic Oxazaheterocycles. Org Lett 2016; 18:642-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Bernárdez
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Centro Singular de Investigación en Química
Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jaime Suárez
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Centro Singular de Investigación en Química
Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Martín Fañanás-Mastral
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Centro Singular de Investigación en Química
Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús A. Varela
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Centro Singular de Investigación en Química
Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Saá
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Centro Singular de Investigación en Química
Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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31
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Sun X, Han J, Chen J, Deng H, Shao M, Zhang H, Cao W. One-Pot Metal-Free Cascade Synthesis of 2-(Perfluoroalkyl)pyrroles. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Larionov E, Li H, Mazet C. Well-defined transition metal hydrides in catalytic isomerizations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:9816-26. [PMID: 24901411 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02399d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This Feature Article intends to provide an overview of a variety of catalytic isomerization reactions that have been performed using well-defined transition metal hydride precatalysts. A particular emphasis is placed on the underlying mechanistic features of the transformations discussed. These have been categorized depending upon the nature of the substrate and in most cases discussed following a chronological order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Larionov
- Organic Chemistry Department, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 1204-CH, Switzerland.
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33
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Weng J, Chen Y, Yue B, Xu M, Jin H. Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrroles from Activated Alkynes andN-Propargylamines through Base-Catalyzed Cascade Reaction. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Ye Z, Brust TF, Watts VJ, Dai M. Palladium-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective γ-arylation of tertiary allylic amines: identification of potent adenylyl cyclase inhibitors. Org Lett 2015; 17:892-5. [PMID: 25668690 DOI: 10.1021/ol503748t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Substituted allylic amines and their derivatives are key structural motifs of many drug molecules and natural products. A general, mild, and practical palladium-catalyzed γ-arylation of tertiary allylic amines, one of the most challenging Heck arylation substrates, has been developed. The γ-arylation products were obtained in excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. Moreover, novel and potent adenylyl cyclase inhibitors with the potential for treating neuropathic and inflammatory pain have been identified from the γ-arylation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishi Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research and ‡Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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35
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Liu L, Chen D, Zhou H. From Acyliminiums/Amidoallenyliums to Highly Functionalized Allene Intermediates: Stereoselective Preparation ofZ-Amidovinyl-Furans, -Pyrroles, -Thiophenes, -Benzofurans and -Benzothiophenes. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Singh DK, Nath M. Ambient temperature synthesis of β,β′-fused nickel(ii) pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazinoporphyrins via a DBSA-catalyzed Pictet–Spengler approach. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:1836-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02370f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of novel β,β′-fused nickel(ii) pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazinoporphyrins is accomplished for the first time at ambient temperature via a DBSA-catalyzed Pictet–Spengler approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahendra Nath
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi 110 007
- India
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37
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Zhang JW, Liu XW, Gu Q, Shi XX, You SL. Enantioselective synthesis of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindoles via olefin cross-metathesis/intramolecular Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of pyrroles. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00034c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A sequential catalysis involving olefin cross-metathesis/asymmetric intramolecular Friedel–Crafts alkylation of pyrrole derivatives has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Xiao-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Qing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Xiao-Xin Shi
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
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38
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Yang ZP, Zhang W, You SL. Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions by Metal and Chiral Phosphoric Acid Sequential Catalysis. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7785-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501300k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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39
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Ishoey M, Nielsen TE. Synthesis of Heterocycles through Transition Metal-Catalyzed Isomerization Reactions. Chemistry 2014; 20:8832-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Lancianesi S, Palmieri A, Petrini M. Synthetic Approaches to 3-(2-Nitroalkyl) Indoles and Their Use to Access Tryptamines and Related Bioactive Compounds. Chem Rev 2014; 114:7108-49. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400676v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lancianesi
- School
of Science and Technology,
Chemistry Division, Università di Camerino, via S. Agostino,
1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- School
of Science and Technology,
Chemistry Division, Università di Camerino, via S. Agostino,
1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Marino Petrini
- School
of Science and Technology,
Chemistry Division, Università di Camerino, via S. Agostino,
1, I-62032 Camerino, Italy
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