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Abstract
Phosphonodepsipeptides are phosphorus analogues of depsipeptides and phosphonate-linked analogues of naturally occurring peptides. They are more stable than phosphonopeptides and have been widely applied as enzyme inhibitors, haptens for the production of antibodies, biological agents, and prodrugs. The synthetic strategies towards phosphonodepsipeptides are reviewed, including the phosphonylation of hydroxy esters with phosphonochloridates, the condensation of phosphonic monoesters and hydroxy esters, the alkylation of phosphonic monoesters with 1-(alkoxycarbonyl)alkyl halides or sulfonates, multicomponent condensation of amides, aldehydes, and dichlorophosphites followed by alcoholysis with hydroxy esters, the phosphinylation of hydroxy esters with phosphonochloridites followed by oxidation, and the carbene insertion of N-protected amino acids with 1-diazoalkylphosphonates. This review includes the synthesis of α-, β-, and γ-phosphonodepsipeptides and phosphonodepsipeptides with C-1-hydroxyalkylphosphonic acids.
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Yao Q, Yuan C. Stereospecific Transformation of Protected P–H Group into P–O or P–N Group in One-Pot Reaction. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10985-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302140q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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4
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Kuemin M, van der Donk WA. Structure-activity relationships of the phosphonate antibiotic dehydrophos. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:7694-6. [PMID: 20871915 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02958k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic derivatives of the phosphonate antibiotic dehydrophos were tested for antimicrobial activity. Both the phosphonate monomethyl ester and the vinyl phosphonate moiety proved to be important for bacteriocidal activity of the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kuemin
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Gloster TM, Davies GJ. Glycosidase inhibition: assessing mimicry of the transition state. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:305-20. [PMID: 20066263 PMCID: PMC2822703 DOI: 10.1039/b915870g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases, the enzymes responsible for hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond in di-, oligo- and polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates, are ubiquitous in Nature and fundamental to existence. The extreme stability of the glycosidic bond has meant these enzymes have evolved into highly proficient catalysts, with an estimated 10(17) fold rate enhancement over the uncatalysed reaction. Such rate enhancements mean that enzymes bind the substrate at the transition state with extraordinary affinity; the dissociation constant for the transition state is predicted to be 10(-22) M. Inhibition of glycoside hydrolases has widespread application in the treatment of viral infections, such as influenza and HIV, lysosomal storage disorders, cancer and diabetes. If inhibitors are designed to mimic the transition state, it should be possible to harness some of the transition state affinity, resulting in highly potent and specific drugs. Here we examine a number of glycosidase inhibitors which have been developed over the past half century, either by Nature or synthetically by man. A number of criteria have been proposed to ascertain which of these inhibitors are true transition state mimics, but these features have only be critically investigated in a very few cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey M. Gloster
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5YW, UK. ; ; Fax: +44 1904 328266; Tel: +44 1904 328260
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5YW, UK. ; ; Fax: +44 1904 328266; Tel: +44 1904 328260
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Pícha J, Buděšínský M, Hančlová I, Šanda M, Fiedler P, Vaněk V, Jiráček J. Efficient synthesis of phosphonodepsipeptides derived from norleucine. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Manzenrieder F, Frank A, Kessler H. Phosphor-NMR-Spektroskopie als vielseitiges Werkzeug für das Screening von Substanzbibliotheken. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200705256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Manzenrieder F, Frank A, Kessler H. Phosphorus NMR Spectroscopy as a Versatile Tool for Compound Library Screening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:2608-11. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bravo-Altamirano K, Abrunhosa-Thomas I, Montchamp JL. Palladium-Catalyzed Reactions of Hypophosphorous Compounds with Allenes, Dienes, and Allylic Electrophiles: Methodology for the Synthesis of Allylic H-Phosphinates. J Org Chem 2008; 73:2292-301. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702542a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Bravo-Altamirano
- Department of Chemistry, Box 298860, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129
| | | | - Jean-Luc Montchamp
- Department of Chemistry, Box 298860, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129
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Badkar PA, Rath NP, Spilling CD. Asymmetric Synthesis of 2-Alkyl-3-phosphonopropanoic Acids via P−C Bond Formation and Hydrogenation. Org Lett 2007; 9:3619-22. [PMID: 17691799 DOI: 10.1021/ol701500s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Allylic acetates, formed by the acetylation of Baylis Hillman adducts, undergo addition of phosphorus nucleophiles to give stereoselectively the Z-unsaturated esters. TFA cleavage of the tert-butyl ester and asymmetric hydrogenation of the unsaturated acid yields the phosphono alkyl propanoic acid moiety, commonly found in phosphonate- and phosphinate-based enzyme inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi A Badkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
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Whitworth GE, Macauley MS, Stubbs KA, Dennis RJ, Taylor EJ, Davies GJ, Greig IR, Vocadlo DJ. Analysis of PUGNAc and NAG-thiazoline as transition state analogues for human O-GlcNAcase: mechanistic and structural insights into inhibitor selectivity and transition state poise. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:635-44. [PMID: 17227027 DOI: 10.1021/ja065697o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcase catalyzes the cleavage of beta-O-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranoside (O-GlcNAc) from serine and threonine residues of post-translationally modified proteins. Two potent inhibitors of this enzyme are O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosylidene)amino-N-phenylcarbamate (PUGNAc) and 1,2-dideoxy-2'-methyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoso[2,1-d]-Delta2'-thiazoline (NAG-thiazoline). Derivatives of these inhibitors differ in their selectivity for human O-GlcNAcase over the functionally related human lysosomal beta-hexosamindases, with PUGNAc derivatives showing modest selectivities and NAG-thiazoline derivatives showing high selectivities. The molecular basis for this difference in selectivities is addressed as is how well these inhibitors mimic the O-GlcNAcase-stabilized transition state (TS). Using a series of substrates, ground state (GS) inhibitors, and transition state mimics having analogous structural variations, we describe linear free energy relationships of log(KM/kcat) versus log(KI) for PUGNAc and NAG-thiazoline. These relationships suggest that PUGNAc is a poor transition state analogue, while NAG-thiazoline is revealed as a transition state mimic. Comparative X-ray crystallographic analyses of enzyme-inhibitor complexes reveal subtle molecular differences accounting for the differences in selectivities between these two inhibitors and illustrate key molecular interactions. Computational modeling of species along the reaction coordinate, as well as PUGNAc and NAG-thiazoline, provide insight into the features of NAG-thiazoline that resemble the transition state and reveal where PUGNAc fails to capture significant binding energy. These studies also point to late transition state poise for the O-GlcNAcase catalyzed reaction with significant nucleophilic participation and little involvement of the leaving group. The potency of NAG-thiazoline, its transition state mimicry, and its lack of traditional transition state-like design features suggest that potent rationally designed glycosidase inhibitors can be developed that exploit variation in transition state poise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett E Whitworth
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Dolence EK, Mayer G, Kelly BD. Use of optically active cyclic diethyl sulfamidate 2-phosphonates as chiral synthons for the synthesis of β-substituted α-amino phosphonates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Messmore JM, Raines RT. Pentavalent Organo-Vanadates as Transition State Analogues for Phosphoryl Transfer Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2000; 122:9911-9916. [PMID: 21423825 PMCID: PMC3058181 DOI: 10.1021/ja0021058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pentavalent organo-vanadates have been put forth as transition state analogues for a variety of phosphoryl transfer reactions. In particular, uridine 2',3'-cyclic vanadate (U>v) has been proposed to resemble the transition state during catalysis by ribonuclease A (RNase A). Here, this hypothesis is tested. Lys41 of RNase A is known to donate a hydrogen bond to a nonbridging phosphoryl oxygen in the transition state during catalysis. Site-directed mutagenesis and semisynthesis were used to create enzymes with natural and nonnatural amino acid residues at position 41. These variants differ by 10(5)-fold in their k(cat)/K(m) values for catalysis, but <40-fold in their K(i) values for inhibition of catalysis by U>v. Plots of logK(i) vs log(K(m)/k(cat)) for three distinct substrates [poly(cytidylic acid), uridine 3'-(p-nitrophenyl phosphate), and cytidine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate] have slopes that range from 0.25 and 0.36. These plots would have a slope of unity if U>v were a perfect transition state analogue. Values of K(i) for U>v correlate weakly with the equilibrium dissociation constant for the enzymic complexes with substrate or product, indicating that U>v bears some resemblance to the substrate and product as well as the transition state. Thus, U>v is a transition state analogue for RNase A, but only a marginal one. This finding indicates that a pentavalent organo-vanadate cannot necessarily be the basis for a rigorous analysis of the transition state for a phosphoryl transfer reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: (608) 262-8588. Fax: (608) 262-3453.
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Wade H, Scanlan TS. Expression of Binding Energy on an Antibody Reaction Coordinate. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9928879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herschel Wade
- Contribution from the Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0446
| | - Thomas S. Scanlan
- Contribution from the Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0446
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Ploux O, Breyne O, Carillon S, Marquet A. Slow-binding and competitive inhibition of 8-amino-7-oxopelargonate synthase, a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme involved in biotin biosynthesis, by substrate and intermediate analogs. Kinetic and binding studies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 259:63-70. [PMID: 9914476 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
8-Amino-7-oxopelargonate synthase catalyzes the first committed step of biotin biosynthesis in micro-organisms and plants. Because inhibitors of this pathway might lead to antibacterials or herbicides, we have undertaken an inhibition study on 8-amino-7-oxopelargonate synthase using six different compounds. d-Alanine, the enantiomer of the substrate of this pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme was found to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to l-alanine with a Ki of 0.59 mm. The fact that this inhibition constant was four times lower than the Km for l-alanine was interpreted as the consequence of the inversion-retention stereochemistry of the catalyzed reaction. Schiff base formation between l or d-alanine and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, in the active site of the enzyme, was studied using ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy. It was found that l and d-alanine form an external aldimine with equilibrium constants K = 4.1 mm and K = 37.8 mm, respectively. However, the equilibrium constant for d-alanine aldimine formation dramatically decreased to 1.3 mm in the presence of saturating concentration of pimeloyl-CoA, the second substrate. This result strongly suggests that the binding of pimeloyl-CoA induces a conformational change in the active site, and we propose that this new topology is complementary to d-alanine and to the putative reaction intermediate since they both have the same configuration. (+/-)-8-Amino-7-oxo-8-phosphonononaoic acid (1), the phosphonate derivative of the intermediate formed during the reaction, was our most potent inhibitor with a Ki of 7 microm. This compound behaved as a reversible slow-binding inhibitor, competitive with respect to l-alanine. Kinetic investigation showed that this slow process was best described by a one-step mechanism (mechanism A) with the following rate constants: k1 = 0.27 x 103 m-1.s-1, k2 = 1.8 s-1 and half-life for dissociation t1/2 = 6.3 min. The binding of compound 1 to the enzyme was also studied using ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, and the data were consistent with the kinetic data (K = 4.2 microm). Among the other compounds tested, two potential transition state analogs, 4-carboxybutyl(1-amino-1-carboxyethyl)phosphonate (4) and 2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-methylnonadioic acid (5) were found to be competitive inhibitors with respect to l-alanine with Ki of 68 microm and 80 microm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ploux
- Laboratoire de Chimie Ploux, Organique Biologique, UMR CNRS 7613, Université Pierre et Marie Currie, Paris, France.
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Blackburn GM, Datta A, Denham H, Wentworth P. Catalytic Antibodies. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(08)60195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Synthesis and Diels-Alder reactivity of chiral 2-(alk-1-enyl)-1,3,2-diazaphospholidine 2-oxides. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)80044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tsukamoto T, Haile WH, McGuire JJ, Coward JK. Mechanism-based inhibition of human folylpolyglutamate synthetase: design, synthesis, and biochemical characterization of a phosphapeptide mimic of the tetrahedral intermediate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 355:109-18. [PMID: 9647673 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1998.0703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) catalyzes anATP-dependent ligation reaction that results in the synthesis of poly(gamma-glutamate) metabolites of folates and some antifolates. We have synthesized and characterized the prototype of a new class of mechanism-based FPGS inhibitor in which a phosphonate moiety mimics the tetrahedral intermediate formed during the ligation reaction. This phosphonate, 4-amino-4-deoxy-10-methyl-pteroyl-L-glutamyl-gamma-[Psi¿P(O)(OH)-O¿] glutarate (4-NH2-10-CH3-Pte-L-Glu-gamma-[Psi¿P(O)(OH)-O¿]glutarate), is not a substrate for human FPGS, but is a linear, competitive inhibitor (Kis = 46 nM) with respect to methotrexate as the variable substrate. Inhibition is not time-dependent and preincubation of FPGS with this phosphonate does not increase the degree of inhibition, suggesting that it is not a slow, tight-binding inhibitor involving a time-dependent isomerization, EI --> EI*. Substructures containing the phosphonate moiety but lacking the pterin are much less inhibitory to FPGS, indicating that a significant portion of the inhibitor binding energy is derived from the pterin moiety, a feature also observed in substrate binding. 4-NH2-10-CH3-Pte-L-Glu-gamma-[Psi¿P(O)(OH)-O¿]glutarate is also an analog of a proposed tetrahedral intermediate in the reaction catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (gamma-GH), another enzyme of importance in controlling folate homeostasis in cells. This intermediate would arise from direct attack of H2O on the dipeptide, 4-NH2-10-CH3-Pte-L-Glu-gamma-L-Glu. The fact that 4-NH2-10-CH3-Pte-L-Glu-gamma-[Psi¿P(O)(OH)-O¿]glutarate is not an inhibitor of gamma-GH strongly suggests that hydrolysis of poly-gamma-glutamates catalyzed by gamma-GH does not involve the direct attack of water at the scissile amide bond. Methotrexate, its gamma-glutamyl dipeptide metabolite, and 4-NH2-10-CH3-Pte-L-Glu-gamma-[Psi¿P(O)(OH)-O¿]glutarate are equipotent as inhibitors of human dihydrofolate reductase (the primary target of methotrexate), but the phosphonate does not significantly inhibit another important folate-dependent enzyme, thymidylate synthase. Thus, the phosphonate moiety in this analog represents an important new lead in the development of FPGS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsukamoto
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055, USA
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Ding J, Fraser ME, Meyer JH, Bartlett PA, James MNG. Macrocyclic Inhibitors of Penicillopepsin. 2. X-ray Crystallographic Analyses of Penicillopepsin Complexed with a P3−P1 Macrocyclic Peptidyl Inhibitor and with Its Two Acyclic Analogues. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja973714r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Ding
- Contribution from the Medical Research Council of Canada Group in Protein Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Marie E. Fraser
- Contribution from the Medical Research Council of Canada Group in Protein Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - J. Hoyt Meyer
- Contribution from the Medical Research Council of Canada Group in Protein Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Paul A. Bartlett
- Contribution from the Medical Research Council of Canada Group in Protein Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Michael N. G. James
- Contribution from the Medical Research Council of Canada Group in Protein Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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Meyer JH, Bartlett PA. Macrocyclic Inhibitors of Penicillopepsin. 1. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of an Inhibitor Bridged between P1 and P3. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja973715j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Hoyt Meyer
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Paul A. Bartlett
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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Lin CH, Kwon DS, Bollinger JM, Walsh CT. Evidence for a glutathionyl-enzyme intermediate in the amidase activity of the bifunctional glutathionylspermidine synthetase/amidase from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 1997; 36:14930-8. [PMID: 9398217 DOI: 10.1021/bi9714464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutathionylspermidine (Gsp) is a metabolite common to Escherichia coli and protozoal parasites of the Trypanosoma family. Though its role in E. coli is unknown, Gsp is known to be an intermediate in the biosynthesis of N1,N8-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine (trypanothione), a metabolite unique to trypanosomatids that may allow the parasites to overcome oxidative stresses induced by host defense mechanisms. The bifunctional Gsp-synthetase/amidase from E. coli catalyzes both amide bond formation and breakdown between the N1-amine of spermidine [N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane] and the glycine carboxylate of glutathione (gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly), with net hydrolysis of ATP [Bollinger et al. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270 (23), 14031-14041]. Synthetase and amidase activities reside in separate domains of the protein, and liberation of the amidase domain from the synthetase domain activates the amidase activity as much as 70-fold in kcat/K(m) for a chromogenic substrate gamma-Glu-Ala-Gly-pNA [Kwon et al., (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272 (4), 2429-2436]. When substrates for the Gsp-synthetase activity are present (GSH, ATP-Mg2+), Gsp-amidase is highly activated (15-fold). We provide kinetic and mutagenesis evidence suggesting that the amidase operates by a nucleophilic attack mechanism involving cysteine as the catalytic nucleophile. Stopped-flow studies on the 25 kDa Gsp-amidase fragment and the 70 kDa full-length Gsp-synthetase/amidase with gamma-Glu-Ala-Gly-ONp demonstrate burst kinetics characteristic of a covalent acyl-enzyme intermediate. Studies using various group-specific protease inhibitors, such as iodoacetamide, suggest an active-site cysteine or histidine as being relevant to amidase activity, and site-directed mutagenesis indicates that Cys-59 is essential for amidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Chen S, Lin CH, Kwon DS, Walsh CT, Coward JK. Design, synthesis, and biochemical evaluation of phosphonate and phosphonamidate analogs of glutathionylspermidine as inhibitors of glutathionylspermidine synthetase/amidase from Escherichia coli. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3842-50. [PMID: 9371250 DOI: 10.1021/jm970414b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Three phosphapeptides designed to mimic two distinct tetrahedral intermediates formed during either the synthesis or hydrolysis of glutathionylspermidine (Gsp) were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of the bifunctional enzyme Gsp synthetase/amidase. While the polyamine-containing phosphapeptides were determined to be potent and selective inhibitors, they selectively inhibit the synthetase activity over the amidase domain. A phosphonate-containing tetrahedral mimic is a reversible mixed-type inhibitor of Gsp synthetase with an inhibition constant of 6 microM for the inhibitor binding to the free enzyme (Ki) and 14 microM for the inhibitor binding to the enzyme-substrate complex (Ki'). The corresponding phosphonamidate is a slow-binding inhibitor with a Ki of 24 microM and a Ki* (isomerization inhibition constant) of 0.88 microM. A non-polyamine-containing phosphonamidate exhibits no significant inhibition of the synthetase or amidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chen
- Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1055, USA
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Mader MM, Bartlett PA. Binding Energy and Catalysis: The Implications for Transition-State Analogs and Catalytic Antibodies. Chem Rev 1997; 97:1281-1302. [PMID: 11851452 DOI: 10.1021/cr960435y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Mader
- Department of Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa 50112-0806, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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Babine RE, Bender SL. Molecular Recognition of Proteinminus signLigand Complexes: Applications to Drug Design. Chem Rev 1997; 97:1359-1472. [PMID: 11851455 DOI: 10.1021/cr960370z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 712] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Babine
- Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 3565 General Atomics Court, San Diego, California 92121-1122
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Kwon DS, Lin CH, Chen S, Coward JK, Walsh CT, Bollinger JM. Dissection of glutathionylspermidine synthetase/amidase from Escherichia coli into autonomously folding and functional synthetase and amidase domains. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:2429-36. [PMID: 8999955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.4.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The bifunctional glutathionylspermidine synthetase/amidase from Escherichia coli catalyzes both the ATP-dependent formation of an amide bond between N1 of spermidine (N-(3-amino)propyl-1, 4-diaminobutane) and the glycine carboxylate of glutathione (gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly) and the opposing hydrolysis of this amide bond (Bollinger, J. M., Jr., Kwon, D. S., Huisman, G. W., Kolter, R., and Walsh, C. T. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 14031-14041). In our previous work describing its initial characterization, we proposed that the 619-amino acid (70 kDa) protein might possess separate amidase (N-terminal) and synthetase (C-terminal) domains. In the present study, we have confirmed this hypothesis by expression of independently folding and functional amidase and synthetase modules. A fragment containing the C-terminal 431 amino acids (50 kDa) has synthetase activity only, with steady-state kinetic parameters similar to the full-length protein. A fragment containing the N-terminal 225 amino acids (25 kDa) has amidase activity only and is significantly activated relative to the full-length protein for hydrolysis of glutathionylspermidine analogs. This observation suggests that the amidase activity in the full-length protein is negatively autoregulated. The amidase active site catalyzes hydrolysis of amide and ester derivatives of glutathione (e.g. glutathione ethyl ester and glutathione amide) but lacks activity toward acetylspermidine (N1 and N8) and acetylspermine (N1), indicating that glutathione provides the primary recognition determinants for glutathionylspermidine amide bond cleavage. No metal ion is required for the amidase activity. A tetrahedral phosphonate analogue of glutathionylspermidine, designed as a mimic of the proposed tetrahedral intermediate for either reaction, inhibits the synthetase activity (Ki approximately 10 microM) but does not inhibit the amidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kwon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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