1
|
Phung QM, Nam HN, Saitow M. Unraveling the Spin-State Energetics of FeN 4 Complexes with Ab Initio Methods. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7544-7556. [PMID: 37651105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A systematic analysis was conducted to explore the spin-state energetics of a series of 19 FeN4 complexes. The performance of a large number of multireference methods was assessed, highlighting the significant challenges associated with accurately describing the spin-state energetics of FeN4 complexes. Most multireference methods were found to be susceptible to errors originating from the reference CASSCF wavefunction, leading to an overstabilization of high-spin states. Nonetheless, a few multireference methods, namely, CASPT2/CC, DSRG-MRPT3, and LDSRG(2), demonstrated promising performance compared to the benchmark CCSD(T) method. Furthermore, our study revealed that FeN4 complexes having a quintet ground state are exceedingly rare. Accordingly, only one specific model (Fe(L2)) and one synthesized complex (Fe(OTBP)) have the quintet ground state among the studied complexes. This scarcity of quintet FeN4 complexes highlights the unique nature of these systems and raises intriguing questions regarding the factors influencing spin states, such as the size of the macrocycle cavity, the introduction of substituents, or the induction of out-of-plane deformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Manh Phung
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Ho Ngoc Nam
- Institute of Materials Innovation, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masaaki Saitow
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Toganoh M, Furuta H. Creation from Confusion and Fusion in the Porphyrin World─The Last Three Decades of N-Confused Porphyrinoid Chemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8313-8437. [PMID: 35230807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Confusion is a novel concept of isomerism in porphyrin chemistry, delivering a steady stream of new chemistry since the discovery of N-confused porphyrin, a porphyrin mutant, in 1994. These days, the number of confused porphyrinoids is increasing, and confusion and associated fusion are found in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, materials chemistry, biological chemistry, and catalysts. In this review, the birth and growth of confused porphyrinoids in the last three decades are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Toganoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Neo-Porphyrinoids: New Members of the Porphyrinoid Family. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:26. [PMID: 34009495 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The four pyrrole rings and four meso carbons of tetrapyrrolic porphyrins can be arranged in different ways and the resulting porphyrin isomers exhibit very distinct electronic properties. The extensive research carried out on the porphyrins over the years has revealed that porphyrin can have several possible isomers and some of these have been identified and synthesized. Among the porphyrin isomers synthesized so far, porphycene and N-confused porphyrins have been investigated extensively whereas the other porphyrin isomers such as hemiporphycene, corrphycene and isoporphycene remain underdeveloped because of synthetic difficulties and their inherently unstable nature. Neoporphyrinoids are new members of the porphyrinoid family that were discovered serendipitously in 2011. Neoporphyrinoids are structural analogues of porphyrinoids with a confused pyrrole nitrogen linked to a meso carbon or the adjacent pyrrole carbon. Thus, neoporphyrinoids have an unusual structure in which pyrrole N is a part of a porphyrinoid framework and the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen participate in macrocyclic conjugation. It's been a decade since the discovery and different types of neoporphyrinoids, including regular, contracted and expanded neoporphyrinoids, have been synthesized by rational synthetic methodologies and their spectral, structural, aromatic and coordination properties have been studied. There is huge scope to develop different synthetic routes to produce new types of stable neoporphyrinoids to study their properties and potential applications. This article presents a brief overview of the synthesis, structure and properties of the neoporphyrinoids reported in this decade.
Collapse
|
5
|
Takiguchi A, Kang S, Fukui N, Kim D, Shinokubo H. Dual Emission of a Free‐Base 5‐Oxaporphyrinium Cation from its
cis
‐ and
trans
‐NH Tautomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asahi Takiguchi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-chi, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Seongsoo Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems Yonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-chi, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems Yonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-chi, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Takiguchi A, Kang S, Fukui N, Kim D, Shinokubo H. Dual Emission of a Free‐Base 5‐Oxaporphyrinium Cation from its
cis
‐ and
trans
‐NH Tautomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:2915-2919. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asahi Takiguchi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-chi, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Seongsoo Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems Yonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-chi, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for, Functional π-Electronic Systems Yonsei University Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Furo-chi, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Listkowski A, Kharchenko A, Ciąćka P, Kijak M, Masiera N, Rybakiewicz R, Luboradzki R, Fita P, Waluk J. Fluorinated Porphycenes: Synthesis, Spectroscopy, Photophysics, and Tautomerism. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2197-2206. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Listkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences College of Science Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University Dewajtis 5 01-815 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anastasiia Kharchenko
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Ciąćka
- Institute of Experimental Physics Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Michał Kijak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Natalia Masiera
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Renata Rybakiewicz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences College of Science Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University Dewajtis 5 01-815 Warsaw Poland
| | - Roman Luboradzki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Fita
- Institute of Experimental Physics Faculty of Physics University of Warsaw Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences College of Science Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University Dewajtis 5 01-815 Warsaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Umetani M, Kim G, Tanaka T, Kim D, Osuka A. Rational Synthesis of 5,10-Diazaporphyrins via Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of α,α'-Dibromotripyrrin and Dihydrogenation to Give 5,10-Diazachlorins. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3849-3857. [PMID: 32009400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We report here the first rational synthesis of 5,10-diazaporphyrins via nucleophilic substitution reactions of α,α'-dibromotripyrrin. Uses of 1,3-diiminoisoindoline and 3,4-di(ethylsulfanyl)pyrrole-2,5-diimine as nucleophiles allowed for synthesis of 5,10-diazabenzoporphyrin (2) and 5,10-diaza-7,8-di(ethylsulfanyl)porphyrin (3). 3 was reduced to 5,10-diazaporphyrin (4), 5,10-diaza-2,3-dihydrogenated porphyrin (5), and 5,10-diaza-7,8-dihydrogenated porphyrin (6) with yields that were dependent upon reduction conditions. All the structures of these products were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Their optical and electrochemical properties have been comparatively studied with those of 5,15-diazaporphyrin (7) and 5,15-diazachlorin (8). Furthermore, NH tautomers of 2 and 4 were observed as different species in solution, and the dynamic NH tautomeric behavior was studied in 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Umetani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Gakhyun Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chia WX, Nishijo M, Kang S, Oh J, Nishimura T, Omori H, Longevial JF, Miyake Y, Kim D, Shinokubo H. Site-Selective N-Methylation of 5,15-Diazaporphyrins: Reactive Cationic Porphyrinoids that Provide Isoporphyrin Analogues. Chemistry 2020; 26:2754-2760. [PMID: 31797461 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
N-Alkylation significantly changes the electronic and optical properties, as well as the reactivity of nitrogen-containing π-conjugated molecules. In this study, it is found that treating 5,15-diazaporphyrins with methyl triflate selectively affords the corresponding N-methyl-5,15-diazaporphyrinium cations in good yield. N-Methylation substantially alters the electronic properties and reactivity of diazaporphyrins. The electron-accepting properties of the N-methyl-5,15-diazaporphyrinium cations are enhanced due to their lowered LUMO level. Stabilization of the LUMO energy enables regio- and stereoselective Diels-Alder reactions of the cationic diazaporphyrin with cyclopentadiene. N-Methylation also enhances the acidity of the inner NH protons, and thus, allows facile deprotonation to provide nitrogen-substituted isoporphyrin analogues with only one NH group in the central cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xi Chia
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Mayu Nishijo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Seongsoo Kang
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Tsubasa Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroto Omori
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Jean-François Longevial
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyake
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guberman-Pfeffer MJ, Lalisse RF, Hewage N, Brückner C, Gascón JA. Origins of the Electronic Modulations of Bacterio- and Isobacteriodilactone Regioisomers. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7470-7485. [PMID: 31361130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the utilization of porphyrinoids for photomedicine, catalysis, and artificial photosynthesis require a fundamental understanding of the relationships between their molecular connectivity and resulting electronic structures. Herein, we analyze how the replacement of two pyrrolic Cβ═Cβ bonds of a porphyrin by two lactone (O═C-O) moieties modulates the ground-state thermodynamic stability and electronic structure of the resulting five possible pyrrole-modified porphyrin isomers. We made these determinations based on density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT computations of the optical spectra of all regioisomers. We also analyzed the computed magnetically induced currents of their aromatic π-systems. All regioisomers adopt the tautomeric state that maximizes aromaticity, whether or not transannular steric strains are incurred. In all isomers, the O═Cβ-Oβ bonds were found to support a macrocycle diatropic ring current. We attributed this to the delocalization of nonbonding electrons from the ring oxa- and oxo-atoms into the macrocycle. As a consequence of this delocalization, the dilactone regioisomers are as-or even more-aromatic than their hydroporphyrin congeners. The electronic structures follow different trends for the bacteriochlorin- and isobacteriochlorin-type isomers. The presence of either oxo- or oxa-oxygens conjugated with the macrocyclic π-system was found to be the minimal structural requirement for the regioisomers to exhibit distinct electronic properties. Our computational methods and mechanistic insights provide a basis for the systematic exploration of the physicochemical properties of porphyrinoids as a function of the number, relative orientation, and degree of macrocycle-π-conjugation of β-substituents, in general, and for dilactone-based porphyrinic chromophores, in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Guberman-Pfeffer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Remy F Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Nisansala Hewage
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - José A Gascón
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , Unit 3060 , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Study on the structure, stability and tautomerisms of meta-benziporphodimethene and N-Confused isomers containing γ–lactam ring. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
12
|
Benkyi I, Sundholm D. Aromatic Pathways in Porphycene Derivatives Based on Current-Density Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:284-292. [PMID: 30561203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetically induced current densities have been calculated for porphycenes at the density functional theory level using gauge-including atomic orbitals to ensure gauge-origin independence and a fast basis-set convergence of the current densities. The current densities have been analyzed by using the gauge-including magnetically induced current (GIMIC) method. The porphycenes are aromatic, sustaining strong diatropic ring currents. The ring-current pathways have been determined by integrating the strength of the current density passing selected bonds. The calculations show that the ring current of the porphycenes splits into an outer and inner branch at the pyrrolic rings implying that the ring current involves all 26 π electrons of the porphycenes, which is similar to the ring current of porphyrins. The pyrrolic rings of the aromatic porphycenes do not sustain any significant local ring currents. Dihydroporphycene with four inner hydrogens is antiaromatic with weakly aromatic pyrrolic rings. The annelated benzoic rings in benzoporphycene sustain local paratropic ring currents, whereas the global ring current of dibenzoporphycene splits into an outer and inner branch at the benzoic rings. Comparison of calculated 1H NMR shieldings with ring-current strengths shows that interactions between the inner hydrogen and the neighbor nitrogen is more significant for differences in the 1H NMR shieldings than variations in global ring-current strengths. Calculated excitation energies show that the antiaromatic dihydroporphycene has a smaller optical gap than the aromatic porphycene, even though its HOMO-LUMO gap is larger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Benkyi
- University of Helsinki , Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 55 ( A.I. Virtanens plats 1 ), FIN-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- University of Helsinki , Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 55 ( A.I. Virtanens plats 1 ), FIN-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thorat KG, Ravikanth M. Synthesis of Phlorin Analogues of Dithiacorrphycene and Their Use as Specific Chemodosimetric Sensors for Fe 3+ Ions. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3040-3050. [PMID: 30009561 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of stable phlorin analogues of dithiacorrphycene were synthesized by treating appropriate tetrapyrranes with two equivalents of trifluoroacetic acid in CH2 Cl2 followed by oxidation with p-chloranil. The oxidative coupling of tetrapyrrane resulted in the formation of two unexpected phlorin analogues of dithiacorrphycenes that differed from each other at the meso-sp3 -carbon, and the two macrocycles were easily separated and isolated by column chromatography. The novel macrocycles were confirmed by X-ray crystallography and characterized by HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and time-dependent DFT studies. X-ray structure analysis revealed the highly strained and distorted nature of the macrocycles. The macrocycles showed one ill-defined absorption band at λ≈315 nm and a broad band at λ≈530 nm. Because both macrocycles possess two thiophene and two pyrrole rings with one ionizable inner NH, the cation-sensing properties of the phlorin analogues of dithiacorrphycenes have been investigated. The phlorin analogues of dithiacorrphycenes act as specific chemodosimetric sensors for Fe3+ ions by converting phlorin analogues of dithiacorrphycenes into dithiacorrphycene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kishor G Thorat
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Peukert S, Kijak M, Ostapko J, Sepioł J, Le Bris C, Zehnacker-Rentien A, Gil M, Waluk J. Supersonic jet spectroscopy of parent hemiporphycene: Structural assignment and vibrational analysis for S 0 and S 1 electronic states. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:134307. [PMID: 30292190 DOI: 10.1063/1.5048843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemiporphycene (HPc), a constitutional isomer of porphyrin, is studied under supersonic expansion conditions by means of laser-induced fluorescence, visible-visible hole-burning experiments, single vibronic level fluorescence techniques, and quantum chemical calculations. Only one trans form of jet-cooled HPc is observed, in contrast to solution studies that evidence a mixture of two trans tautomeric forms separated in energy by ∼1 kcal/mol. Reliable structural assignment is provided by simulating absorption and emission patterns at the density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory levels of theory. The vibronic spectra are nicely reproduced for both electronic ground and lowest excited singlet states for the most stable trans form. In contrast to another porphyrin isomer, porphycene (Pc), no tunneling or photo-induced hydrogen transfer is detected. The lower symmetry of HPc compared with Pc and the concomitant non-equivalent positions of the inner-cavity nitrogen atoms result in a non-symmetric double minimum potential for tautomerization, larger energy barrier, and a longer tunneling distance, with the average intramolecular hydrogen bond length larger in HPc than in Pc. HPc readily forms hydrates that show red-shifted absorption relative to the bare molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Peukert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Kijak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Ostapko
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sepioł
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Catherine Le Bris
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Orsay, France
| | | | - Michał Gil
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ostapko J, Kelm A, Kijak M, Leśniewska B, Waluk J. Two Macrocycles in One Shot: Synthesis, Spectroscopy, Photophysics, and Tautomerism of 23-Oxahemiporphycene and 21-Oxacorrole-5-carbaldehyde. Chemistry 2018; 24:9884-9891. [PMID: 29672962 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 23-oxahemiporphycene, the first monooxa analogue of hemiporphycene, a structural isomer of porphyrin, is reported. Its generation under McMurry reaction conditions is surprisingly accompanied by the appearance of a formyl derivative of oxacorrole, 21-oxacorrole-5-carbaldehyde. A mechanism for the formation of the latter is proposed, relying on pinacol rearrangement of titanium pinacolate. The structures of the most stable tautomeric forms are established for both compounds based on IR and NMR spectra combined with DFT calculations. Spectral and photophysical characteristics are compared with those of structurally similar macrocycles. Replacement of one nitrogen by oxygen in hemiporphycene has only a minor impact. In contrast, for corrole it leads to the enhancement of stability and to strongly reduced rates of nonradiative deactivation of the lowest excited singlet state. This is explained by the planarity of oxacorroles, achieved by removing one of the inner hydrogen atoms from the inner cavity. Unusual crystal packing is observed for the protonated form of 23-oxahemiporphycene, which exhibits a π-π stacked columnar alignment of positively charged macrocycle units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Ostapko
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kelm
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Kijak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Tautomerization in porphycenes, constitutional isomers of porphyrins, is strongly entangled with spectral and photophysical parameters. The intramolecular double hydrogen transfer occurring in the ground and electronically excited states leads to uncommon spectroscopic characteristics, such as depolarized emission, viscosity-dependent radiationless depopulation, and vibrational-mode-specific tunneling splittings. This review starts with documentation of the electronic spectra of porphycenes: Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism are discussed, together with their analysis based on the perimeter model. Next, photophysical characteristics are presented, setting the stage for the final part, which discusses the developments in research on tautomerism. Porphycenes have been studied in different experimental regimes: molecules in condensed phases, isolated in supersonic jets and helium nanodroplets, and, recently also on the level of single molecules investigated by optical and scanning probe microscopies. Because of the rich and detailed information obtained from these diverse investigations, porphycenes emerge as very good models for studying the complex, multidimensional phenomena involved in the process of intramolecular double hydrogen transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , 01-224 Warsaw, Kasprzaka 44/52, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University , Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Akhigbe J, Yang M, Luciano M, Brückner C. Quinoline-annulated chlorins and chlorin-analogs. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424616500036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The OsO4-mediated dihydroxylation of quinoline-annulated porphyrin generates a quinoline-annulated dihydroxychlorin in a regioselective fashion. Its dihydroxypyrroline moiety, located at the opposite of the annulated pyrrole, is susceptible to the same functional group interconversions we previously demonstrated for non-annulated dihydroxychlorins: oxidations to the corresponding dione, lactone, and dialkoxymorpholine derivatives. The quinoline-annulated chlorin and derivatives are all characterized by absorption spectra that are much broadened and between 130 and 220 nm red-shifted compared to their non-annulated analogs. Absorbance maxima in the NIR up to well above 800 nm were recorded. We attribute the bathochromic shift to their extended [Formula: see text]-systems and inferred non-planarity, highlighting that quinoline-annulation is a particularly effective and simple strategy to red-shift the absorption spectra of chlorins and chlorin analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, USA
| | - Mengxi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, USA
| | - Michael Luciano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, USA
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Head ML, Zarate G, Brückner C. Pyrazinoporphyrins: Expanding a Pyrrolic Building Block in meso
-Tetraphenylporphyrin by a Nitrogen Atom. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
19
|
Ladenthin JN, Grill L, Gawinkowski S, Liu S, Waluk J, Kumagai T. Hot Carrier-Induced Tautomerization within a Single Porphycene Molecule on Cu(111). ACS NANO 2015; 9:7287-7295. [PMID: 26057840 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the study of tautomerization within a single porphycene molecule adsorbed on a Cu(111) surface using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at 5 K. While molecules are adsorbed on the surface exclusively in the thermodynamically stable trans tautomer after deposition, a voltage pulse from the STM can induce the unidirectional trans → cis and reversible cis ↔ cis tautomerization. From the voltage and current dependence of the tautomerization yield (rate), it is revealed that the process is induced by vibrational excitation via inelastic electron tunneling. However, the metastable cis molecules are thermally switched back to the trans tautomer by heating the surface up to 30 K. Furthermore, we have found that the unidirectional tautomerization can be remotely controlled at a distance from the STM tip. By analyzing the nonlocal process in dependence on various experimental parameters, a hot carrier-mediated mechanism is identified, in which hot electrons (holes) generated by the STM travel along the surface and induce the tautomerization through inelastic scattering with a molecule. The bias voltage and coverage dependent rate of the nonlocal tautomerization clearly show a significant contribution of the Cu(111) surface state to the hot carrier-induced process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina N Ladenthin
- †Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonhard Grill
- †Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- ‡Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sylwester Gawinkowski
- §Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Shuyi Liu
- †Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacek Waluk
- §Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Takashi Kumagai
- †Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang P, Qi D, You G, Shen W, Li M, He R. Influence of Duschinsky and Herzberg-Teller effects on S0 → S1 vibrationally resolved absorption spectra of several porphyrin-like compounds. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:124304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4895958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dan Qi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guojian You
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rongxing He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ciąćka P, Fita P, Listkowski A, Kijak M, Nonell S, Kuzuhara D, Yamada H, Radzewicz C, Waluk J. Tautomerism in Porphycenes: Analysis of Rate-Affecting Factors. J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:2292-301. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506150r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Ciąćka
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Fita
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Listkowski
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Kijak
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Santi Nonell
- Molecular
Engineering Group, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, E-08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daiki Kuzuhara
- Graduate
School of Material Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate
School of Material Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Czesław Radzewicz
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Hoża 69, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kumagai T, Hanke F, Gawinkowski S, Sharp J, Kotsis K, Waluk J, Persson M, Grill L. Thermally and vibrationally induced tautomerization of single porphycene molecules on a Cu(110) surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:246101. [PMID: 24483678 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.246101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the direct observation of intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer reactions (tautomerization) within a single porphycene molecule on a Cu(110) surface by scanning tunneling microscopy. It is found that the tautomerization can be induced via inelastic electron tunneling at 5 K. By measuring the bias-dependent tautomerization rate of isotope-substituted molecules, we can assign the scanning tunneling microscopy-induced tautomerization to the excitation of specific molecular vibrations. Furthermore, these vibrations appear as characteristic features in the dI/dV spectra measured over individual molecules. The vibrational modes that are associated with the tautomerization are identified by density functional theory calculations. At higher temperatures above ∼75 K, tautomerization is induced thermally and an activation barrier of about 168 meV is determined from an Arrhenius plot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kumagai
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Hanke
- Surface Science Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Sylwester Gawinkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - John Sharp
- Surface Science Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Kotsis
- Surface Science Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mats Persson
- Surface Science Research Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom and Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Leonhard Grill
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Controlling intramolecular hydrogen transfer in a porphycene molecule with single atoms or molecules located nearby. Nat Chem 2013; 6:41-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
24
|
Kyrychenko A, Herbich J, Izydorzak M, Gil M, Dobkowski J, Wu F, Thummel RP, Waluk J. Photoinduced Double Proton Transfer: Inter- and Intramolecular Cases. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.199900038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
25
|
Bergendahl LT, Paterson MJ. Influence of electronic effects on one- and two-photon absorption in porphyrin isomers. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40790j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
|
26
|
AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Aromatic character and relative stability of neo-confused porphyrin tautomers and related compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:8306-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
27
|
Czerski I, Listkowski A, Nawrocki J, Urbańska N, Piwoński H, Sokołowski A, Pietraszkiewicz O, Pietraszkiewicz M, Waluk J. The long and winding road to new porphycenes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424612500733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe attempts — not always successful — made over the years to improve the efficiency of porphycene synthesis and to produce novel compounds, custom-designed for specific purposes. New porphycenes are reported, some of them obtained rather unexpectedly as by-products of the planned reactions. Structure and energy computations of possible tautomeric forms in porphycenes substituted by one, two, three, and four tert-butyl groups lead to predictions regarding the kinetics and mechanisms of intramolecular double hydrogen transfer. The occurrence of tautomerization in single molecules of tert-butylsubstituted porphycenes is demonstrated by using fluorescence polarization techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Czerski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Listkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, Warsaw 01-815, Poland
| | - Jan Nawrocki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Natalia Urbańska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Hubert Piwoński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Adam Sokołowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Oksana Pietraszkiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Marek Pietraszkiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, Warsaw 01-815, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
SZTERENBERG LUDMIŁA, LATOS-GRAŻYŃSKI LECHOSŁAW. A transient form of 2-aza-21-carbaporphyrin prearranged for fusion: DFT studies. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jpp.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The formation mechanism of the fused porphyrin (CTPPH-NF) involves a rotation of the N(2) pyrrole ring of 2-aza-21-carba-5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrin (CTPPH2) which is subsequently followed by formation of the C(3)–N(24) bond to yield the macrocycle with the fused pyrrole tripentacyclic ring. To approach the problem of the relative stability of the prearranged transient species theoretical investigations have been performed applying density functional theory (DFT). The molecular structures and electronic energy have been studied for idealized 2-aza-21-carbaporphyrin (CPPH2) and porphyrin (PH2) macrocycles created by a replacement of phenyl or other substituents with hydrogen or methyl groups. The following forms of 2-aza-21-carbaporphyrin and porphyrin were studied: CPH2-I, 2-NH-CPH-I and PH2-I in relation to CPH2-P, 2-NH-CPH-P and PH2-P, respectively (P indicates regular geometry (N(21) or C(21) located in the inner perimeter) and I indicates inverted geometry (N(21) or C(21) located in the outer perimeter). A π delocalization exists through the inverted macrocycles: PH2-I, CPH2-I and 2-NH-CPH-I. The B3LYP/6-31G** optimized bond distances of I macrocycles reproduce the pattern of the P counterparts. The B3LYP/6-31G**//B3LYP/6-31G** calculated energy differences between the P and I structures are very similar for two considered 2-aza-21-carbaporphyrin tautomers: CPH 2-P → CPH 2-I, 18.50 kcal mol-1, 2- NH - CPH -P → 2- NH - CPH -I, 17.55 kcal mol-1; but essentially different for the regular porphyrin PH2-P → PH 2-I, 45.56 kcal mol-1. The methyl substitution at the 21-carbon or 5 and 20 meso positions preserved the order of stability as the calculated energy differences equal 21- CH 3- CPH 2-P → 21- CH 3- CPH 2-I, 13.39 kcal mol-1; 5,20- CH 3- CPH 2-P → 5,20- CH 3- CPH 2-I, 17.87 kcal mol-1.
Collapse
|
29
|
SAǦ ERDEM SAFİYE. A computational study on heterodimerization of charged porphyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jpp.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The structures of the charged porphyrins and their dimers have been investigated with computational methods. Dimers have been formed based on electrostatic attraction of the opposite charges on two different porphyrin monomers, tetra ammonium porphyrin (TAP) and tetra carboxy porphyrin (TCP). Semi-empirical quantum mechanical calculations have been employed to explore the most stable ground-state structures of TCP, TAP and their hetero-dimers. Dimeric structures analyzed are all in face-to-face fashion indicating the strong electrostatic attraction between the two porphyrin rings. Calculations have also predicted that the protons transfer from [Formula: see text]; groups to -COO- groups when the interplanar separation is shorter than 3.7 Å.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SAFİYE SAǦ ERDEM
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, 81040 Goztepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
MAITY DILIPK, TRUONG THANHN. Status of theoretical modeling of tautomerization in free-base porphyrin. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jpp.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We provide a review on the status of theoretical modeling of tautomerization in free-base porphyrin. We focus our discussion on several aspects, namely: (1) potential surfaces for both the stepwise and concerted mechanisms calculated at different levels of theory, (2) solvent effects and (3) kinetics. The importance of quantum mechanical tunneling in this double hydrogen atoms transfer process is analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DILIP K. MAITY
- Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - THANH N. TRUONG
- Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Quantum tautomerization in porphycene and its isotopomers: Path-integral molecular dynamics simulations. Chem Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
32
|
Abstract
Unsubstituted porphycene was prepared in 65% yield from 2,7,12,17-tetra-tert-butylporphycene. Taking into account the yield of the substrate, this represents more than a five-fold improvement compared to the methodology used to date. Enhanced availability of the parent porphycene may be exploited in synthetic procedures based on derivatization of the unsubstituted compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Urbańska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
| | - Marek Pietraszkiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
| | - Jacek Waluk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 01-224, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chaudhuri RK, Freed KF, Chattopadhyay S, Mahapatra US. Application of an efficient multireference approach to free-base porphin and metalloporphyrins: Ground, excited, and positive ion states. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:084118. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3627153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
34
|
Duran-Frigola M, Tejedor-Estrada R, Sánchez-García D, Nonell S. Dual fluorescence in 9-amino-2,7,12,17-tetraphenylporphycene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:10326-32. [PMID: 21523274 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02654a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The absorption spectrum of the asymmetric 9-amino-2,7,12,17-tetraphenylporphycene shows new, strongly red-shifted bands compared to the symmetric parental 2,7,12,17-tetraphenylporphycene and to the also asymmetric 9-acetoxy-2,7,12,17-tetraphenylporphycene. Dual emission is also observed with relative contributions that depend strongly on the excitation wavelength and temperature. The gap between the two fluorescence bands is 84 nm. Tautomerization in both the ground and excited states is shown to account for these observations, the 9-amino group being particularly able to selectively lower the energy of the first excited singlet state of just one of the trans tautomers. Introduction of amino groups in porphycenes may be a convenient way to gain a deeper insight into the tautomerization mechanisms in this macrocyclic core.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Duran-Frigola
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, E-08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Moriuchi-Kawakami T, Kizuki M, Takeuchi H, Shibutani Y. Pulsed NMR analysis of ion-selective electrode membranes. Analyst 2011; 136:897-900. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00687d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
36
|
Chizhik AM, Jäger R, Chizhik AI, Bär S, Mack HG, Sackrow M, Stanciu C, Lyubimtsev A, Hanack M, Meixner AJ. Optical imaging of excited-state tautomerization in single molecules. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:1722-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02228d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
37
|
Senge MO. Extroverted Confusion-Linus Pauling, Melvin Calvin, and Porphyrin Isomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:4272-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
38
|
Senge MO. Extrovertierte Verwirrung - Linus Pauling, Melvin Calvin und Porphyrinisomere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
39
|
Theoretical study on the mechanism of double proton transfer in porphycene by path-integral molecular dynamics simulations. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
40
|
Horníček J, Dvořáková H, Bouř P. Intramolecular Proton Transfer in Calixphyrin Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:3649-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp911598w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Horníček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic, and NMR Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Dvořáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic, and NMR Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bouř
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic, and NMR Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mehta N, Srikant V, Datta SN. Quantum chemical identification of blue and red forms of protonated pheophytin-a dianion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
42
|
Aromaticity and Tautomerism in Porphyrins and Porphyrinoids. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-68343-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
43
|
Młodzianowska A, Latos-Grażyński L, Szterenberg L. Phosphorus Complexes ofN-Fused Porphyrin and Its Reduced Derivatives: New Isomers of Porphyrin Stabilized via Coordination. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:6364-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ic800437y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
44
|
|
45
|
Bremm D, Lex J, Hohlneicher G. E/Z isomerism in isoporphycene and its nickel complex. Strong influence of peripheral substituents on the molecular structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
46
|
Vdovin A, Sepioł J, Urbańska N, Pietraszkiewicz M, Mordziński A, Waluk J. Evidence for Two Forms, Double Hydrogen Tunneling, and Proximity of Excited States in Bridge-Substituted Porphycenes: Supersonic Jet Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:2577-86. [PMID: 16492041 DOI: 10.1021/ja054745m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Laser-induced fluorescence and dispersed fluorescence spectra measured in supersonic jets for 9,10,19,20-tetra-n-methylporphycene and 9,10,19,20-tetra-n-propylporphycene reveal, for both compounds, the presence of two different species which are assigned to trans and cis tautomeric forms. Doublet splitting of lines is observed, disappearing upon deuteration of the inner nitrogen atoms. This finding is interpreted as an indication of double hydrogen tunneling. The values of tunneling splitting are obtained for both ground and lowest singlet excited states. The splitting is similar for cis and trans forms, and the barrier for tautomerization is larger in the excited state. Due to the coupling of hydrogen motion with rotation of alkyl substituents, tautomerization occurs in an asymmetric double minimum potential, with the ordering of energy minima reversed upon excitation. The second singlet excited state is found to lie very close to S(1), thus facilitating an efficient radiationless depopulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vdovin
- Photochemistry and Spectroscopy Department and Laser Centre, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Raczyńska ED, Kosińska W, Ośmiałowski B, Gawinecki R. Tautomeric Equilibria in Relation to Pi-Electron Delocalization. Chem Rev 2005; 105:3561-612. [PMID: 16218561 DOI: 10.1021/cr030087h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
48
|
Punnagai M, Joseph S, Sastry GN. A theoretical study of porphyrin isomers and their core-modified analogues:cis-trans isomerism, tautomerism and relative stabilities. J CHEM SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02708278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
49
|
Pawlicki M, Latos-Grazyński L, Szterenberg L. 5,10,15-Triaryl-21,23-dioxacorrole and its isomer with a protruding furan ring. J Org Chem 2002; 67:5644-53. [PMID: 12153263 DOI: 10.1021/jo025773f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An oxa-analogue of 5,10,15-triarylcorrole, i.e., 5,10,15-triaryl-21,23-dioxacorrole (21,23-O(2)Cor)H, where two pyrrole rings are replaced by furan moieties, has been produced by condensation of 2,5-bis(arylhydroxymethyl)furan, 2-phenylhydroxymethylfuran, and pyrrole. 2-Phenylhydroxymethylfuran serves as the suitable synthone to introduce a furan ring with the ability create a direct pyrrole-furan alpha-alpha bond. The replacement of 2-phenylhydroxymethylfuran by 3-phenylhydroxymethylfuran led to a nonaromatic isomer of (21,23-O(2)Cor)H, i.e., (iso-21,23-O(2)Cor)H, which accommodates two furan rings. The protruding furan is built into the macrocycle via beta and beta' carbon atoms with the oxygen atom pointing outward. Crystal structures of the [(21,23-O(2)Cor)H(2)](2)[ZnCl(4)] and [(iso-21,23-O(2)Cor)H(2)]Cl have been studied by X-ray crystallography. The complex ZnCl(4)(2-) anion is located in a clam-shell-like cavity formed by two 21,23-dioxacorrole cations of the [(21,23-O(2)Cor)H(2)](2)[ZnCl(4)] unit. The 21,23-dioxacorrole cation is only slightly distorted from planarity. In [(iso-21,23-O(2)Cor)H(2)]Cl, the macrocycle is strongly puckered as the internal ring is contracted by two carbon atoms when compared to regular porphyrin. The chloride anion is located over the center of the macrocycle and is involved in two intra (N)H...Cl and two intermolecular (C)H...Cl interactions to be classified as a tetrafurcate system. The (21,23-O(2)Cor)H molecule preserves aromaticity of the parental corrole with characteristic downfield positions of furan and pyrrole resonances in (1)H NMR accompanied the NH resonance at the upfield position (-2.53 ppm). The temperature-dependent features detected in (1)H NMR spectra of (21,23-O(2)Cor)H are consistent with the existence of a tautomeric equilibrium which involves two tautomers alternatively protonated on N(22) or N(24) nitrogen atoms. The density functional theory (DFT) has been applied to model the molecular and electronic structure of two tautomers of 21,23-dioxacorrole [22-N, 24-NH], [22-NH, 24-N]. The total energies calculated using the B3LYP/6-31G**//B3LYP/6-31G* approach demonstrate a very small energy difference (1.4 kcal/mol) between tautomers suggesting their simultaneous presence in equilibrium. Insertion of nickel(II) into (21,23-O(2)Cor)H yields five-coordinate (21,23-O(2)Cor)Ni(II)Cl--the first high-spin nickel(II) in a corrole-like macrocyclic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 50 383 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gorski A, Vogel E, Sessler JL, Waluk J. Magnetic circular dichroism of neutral and ionic forms of octaethylhemiporphycene. Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(02)00617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|