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Lee S, Lee WS, Enomoto T, Akimoto AM, Yoshida R. Anisotropically self-oscillating gels by spatially patterned interpenetrating polymer network. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:796-803. [PMID: 38168689 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Here we introduce sub-millimeter self-oscillating gels that undergo the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction and can anisotropically oscillate like cardiomyocytes. The anisotropically self-oscillating gels in this study were realized by spatially patterning an acrylic acid-based interpenetrating network (AA-IPN). We found that the patterned AA-IPN regions, locally introduced at both ends of the gels through UV photolithography, can constrain the horizontal gel shape deformation during the BZ reaction. In other words, the two AA-IPN regions could act as a physical barrier to prevent isotropic deformation. Furthermore, we controlled the anisotropic deformation behavior during the BZ reaction by varying the concentration of acrylic acid used in the patterning process of the AA-IPN. As a result, a specific directional deformation behavior (66% horizontal/vertical amplitude ratio) was fulfilled, similar to that of cardiomyocytes. Our study can provide a promising insight to fabricating robust gel systems for cardiomyocyte modeling or designing novel autonomous microscale soft actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Lee
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Won Seok Lee
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Enomoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Aya Mizutani Akimoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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2
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Lee WS, Enomoto T, Akimoto AM, Yoshida R. Capsule self-oscillating gels showing cell-like nonthermal membrane/shape fluctuations. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1332-1341. [PMID: 36722870 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01490d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A primary interest in cell membrane and shape fluctuations is establishing experimental models reflecting only nonthermal active contributions. Here we report a millimeter-scaled capsule self-oscillating gel model mirroring the active contribution effect on cell fluctuations. In the capsule self-oscillating gels, the propagating chemical signals during a Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction induce simultaneous local deformations in the various regions, showing cell-like shape fluctuations. The capsule self-oscillating gels do not fluctuate without the BZ reaction, implying that only the active chemical parameter induces the gel fluctuations. The period and amplitude depend on the gel layer thickness and the concentration of the chemical substrate for the BZ reaction. Our results allow for a solid experimental platform showing actively driven cell-like fluctuations, which can potentially contribute to investigating the active parameter effect on cell fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Seok Lee
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Enomoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Aya Mizutani Akimoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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3
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Lee WS, Enomoto T, Akimoto AM, Yoshida R. Fabrication of submillimeter-sized spherical self-oscillating gels and control of their isotropic volumetric oscillatory behaviors. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:1772-1781. [PMID: 36779908 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01604d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we established a fabrication method and analyzed the volumetric self-oscillatory behaviors of submillimeter-sized spherical self-oscillating gels. We validated that the manufactured submillimeter-sized spherical self-oscillating gels exhibited isotropic volumetric oscillations during the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. In addition, we experimentally elucidated that the volumetric self-oscillatory behaviors (i.e., period and amplitude) and the oscillatory profiles depended on the following parameters: (1) the molar composition of N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide hydrochloride (NAPMAm) in the gels and (2) the concentration of Ru(bpy)3-NHS solution containing an active ester group on conjugation. These clarified relationships imply that controlling the amount of Ru(bpy)3 in the gel network could influence the gel volumetric oscillation during the BZ reaction. These results of submillimeter-sized and spherical self-oscillating gels bridge knowledge gaps in the current field because the gels with corresponding sizes and shapes have not been systematically explored yet. Therefore, our study could be a cornerstone for diverse applications of (self-powered) gels in various scales and shapes, including soft actuators exhibiting life-like functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Seok Lee
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Enomoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Aya Mizutani Akimoto
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Li X, Li J, Zheng Z, Deng J, Pan Y, Ding X. A self-oscillating gel system with complex dynamic behavior based on a time delay between the oscillations. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:482-486. [PMID: 34989746 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01635k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The time delay existing between the chemical oscillation and mechanical oscillation (C-M delay) in a self-oscillating gel (SOG) system is observable in previous experimental studies. However, how the C-M delay affects the dynamic behavior of a large anisotropic SOG has not been quantified or reported systematically. In this study, we observed that the oscillation period increases with a decrease in the cross-linking density of the anisotropic SOG, and this determined whether regular mechanical oscillation occurs. Unlike before, the disrupted mechanical oscillations interestingly tend to be regular and periodic under visible light, which is an inhibitor for the B-Z reaction incorporating the Ru complex as a catalyst (Ru-BZ reaction). Moreover, the study of the C-M delay at different scales has far-reaching implications for intelligent soft actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchen Li
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Li
- Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Zhaohui Zheng
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jinni Deng
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xiaobin Ding
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Mallphanov IL, Vanag VK. Chemical micro-oscillators based on the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The results of studies on the development of micro-oscillators (MOs) based on the Belousov –Zhabotinsky (BZ) oscillatory chemical reaction are integrated and systematized. The mechanisms of the BZ reaction and the methods of immobilization of the catalyst of the BZ reaction in micro-volumes are briefly discussed. Methods for creating BZ MOs based on water microdroplets in the oil phase and organic and inorganic polymer microspheres are considered. Methods of control and management of the dynamics of BZ MO networks are described, including methods of MO synchronization. The prospects for the design of neural networks of MOs with intelligent-like behaviour are outlined. Such networks present a new area of nonlinear chemistry, including, in particular, the creation of a chemical ‘computer’.
The bibliography includes 250 references.
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Ahmed S, Perez-Mercader J. Autonomous Low-Reynolds-Number Soft Robots with Structurally Encoded Motion and Their Thermodynamic Efficiency. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8148-8156. [PMID: 34185996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soft low-Reynolds-number robotics hold the potential to significantly impact numerous fields including drug delivery, sensing, and diagnostics. Realizing this potential is predicated upon the ability to design soft robots tailored to their intended function. In this work, we identify the effect of different geometric and symmetry parameters on the motion of soft, autonomous robots that operate in the low-Reynolds-number regime and use organic fuel. The ability to power low-Reynolds-number soft robots using an organic fuel would provide a new avenue for their potential use in biomedical applications, as is the use of a polymeric biocompatible material as is done here. We introduce a simple and cost-effective 3D-printer-assisted method to fabricate robots of different shapes that is scalable and widely applicable for a variety of materials. The efficiency of chemical energy to mechanical energy conversion is measured in soft low-Reynolds-number robots for the first time, and their mechanism of motion is assessed. Motion is a result of a periodic and oscillatory change in the charge state of the gel. This work lays the groundwork for the structure-function design of soft, chemically operated, and autonomous low-Reynolds-number robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Ahmed
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Juan Perez-Mercader
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, United States
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Geher-Herczegh T, Wang Z, Masuda T, Yoshida R, Vasudevan N, Hayashi Y. Delayed Mechanical Response to Chemical Kinetics in Self-Oscillating Hydrogels Driven by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction. Macromolecules 2021; 54:6430-6439. [PMID: 34483368 PMCID: PMC8411808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We show experimentally
that chemical and mechanical self-oscillations
in Belousov–Zhabotinsky hydrogels are inherently asynchronous,
that is, there is a detectable delay in swelling–deswelling
response after a change in the chemical redox state. This phenomenon
is observable in many previous experimental studies and potentially
has far-reaching implications for the functionality and response time
of the material in future applications; however, so far, it has not
been quantified or reported systematically. Here, we provide a comprehensive
qualitative and quantitative description of the chemical-to-mechanical
delay, and we propose to explain it as a consequence of the slow nonequilibrium
swelling–deswelling dynamics of the polymer material. Specifically,
standard hydrogel pieces are large enough that transport processes,
for example, counterion migration and water diffusion, cannot occur
instantaneously throughout the entire gel piece, as opposed to previous
theoretical considerations. As a result, the volume response of the
polymer to a chemical change may be governed by a characteristic response
time, which leads to the emergence of delay in mechanical oscillation.
This is supported by our theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunde Geher-Herczegh
- Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DH, U.K
| | - Zuowei Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AX, U.K
| | - Tsukuru Masuda
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku 113-8656, Japan
| | - Nandini Vasudevan
- Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DH, U.K
| | - Yoshikatsu Hayashi
- Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DH, U.K
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Mourran A, Jung O, Vinokur R, Möller M. Microgel that swims to the beat of light. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:79. [PMID: 34129113 PMCID: PMC8206062 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Complementary to the quickly advancing understanding of the swimming of microorganisms, we demonstrate rather simple design principles for systems that can mimic swimming by body shape deformation. For this purpose, we developed a microswimmer that could be actuated and controlled by fast temperature changes through pulsed infrared light irradiation. The construction of the microswimmer has the following features: (i) it is a bilayer ribbon with a length of 80 or 120 [Formula: see text]m, consisting of a thermo-responsive hydrogel of poly-N-isopropylamide coated with a 2-nm layer of gold and equipped with homogeneously dispersed gold nanorods; (ii) the width of the ribbon is linearly tapered with a wider end of 5 [Formula: see text]m and a tip of 0.5 [Formula: see text]m; (iii) a thickness of only 1 and 2 [Formula: see text]m that ensures a maximum variation of the cross section of the ribbon along its length from square to rectangular. These wedge-shaped ribbons form conical helices when the hydrogel is swollen in cold water and extend to a filament-like object when the temperature is raised above the volume phase transition of the hydrogel at [Formula: see text]. The two ends of these ribbons undergo different but coupled modes of motion upon fast temperature cycling through plasmonic heating of the gel-objects from inside. Proper choice of the IR-light pulse sequence caused the ribbons to move at a rate of 6 body length/s (500 [Formula: see text]m/s) with the wider end ahead. Within the confinement of rectangular container of 30 [Formula: see text]m height and 300 [Formula: see text]m width, the different modes can be actuated in a way that the movement is directed by the energy input between spinning on the spot and fast forward locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mourran
- DWI - Leibniz-Institut for Interactive Materials, RWTH university, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Jung
- DWI - Leibniz-Institut for Interactive Materials, RWTH university, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rostislav Vinokur
- DWI - Leibniz-Institut for Interactive Materials, RWTH university, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI - Leibniz-Institut for Interactive Materials, RWTH university, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056, Aachen, Germany.
- Institut of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry der RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 50, D-52056, Aachen, Germany.
- 3 Max-Planck School Matter to life, D-69120, Heidelbergy, Germany.
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10
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Xiong Y, Kuksenok O. Mechanical Adaptability of Patterns in Constrained Hydrogel Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4900-4912. [PMID: 33844552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pattern formation and dynamic restructuring play a vital role in a plethora of natural processes. Understanding and controlling pattern formation in soft synthetic materials is important for imparting a range of biomimetic functionalities. Using a three-dimensional gel Lattice spring model, we focus on the dynamics of pattern formation and restructuring in thin thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) membranes under mechanical forcing via stretching and compression. A mechanical instability due to the constrained swelling of a polymer network in response to the temperature quench results in out-of-plane buckling of these membranes. The depth of the temperature quench and applied mechanical forcing affect the onset of buckling and postbuckling dynamics. We characterize formation and restructuring of buckling patterns under the stretching and compression by calculating the wavelength and the amplitude of these patterns. We demonstrate dynamic restructuring of the patterns under mechanical forcing and characterize the hysteresis behavior. Our findings show that in the range of the strain rates probed, the wavelength prescribed during the compression remains constant and independent of the sample widths, while the amplitude is regulated dynamically. We demonstrate that significantly smaller wavelengths can be prescribed and sustained dynamically than those achieved in equilibrium in the same systems. We show that an effective membrane thickness may decrease upon compression due to the out-of-plane deformations and pattern restructuring. Our findings point out that mechanical forcing can be harnessed to control the onset of buckling, postbuckling dynamics, and hysteresis phenomena in gel-based systems, introducing novel means of tailoring the functionality of soft structured surfaces and interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Olga Kuksenok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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11
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Levin I, Deegan R, Sharon E. Self-Oscillating Membranes: Chemomechanical Sheets Show Autonomous Periodic Shape Transformation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:178001. [PMID: 33156660 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.178001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While living organisms have mastered the dynamic control of residual stresses within sheets to induce shape transformation and locomotion, man-made implementations are rudimentary. We present the first autonomously shape-shifting sheets made of a gel that shrinks and swells in response to the phase of an oscillatory chemical (Belousov-Zhabotinsky) reaction. Propagating reaction-diffusion fronts induce localized deformation of the gel. We show that these localized deformations prescribe a spatiotemporal pattern of Gaussian curvature, leading to time-periodic global shape changes. We present the computational tools and experimental protocols needed to control this system, principally the relationship between the Gaussian curvature and the reaction phase, and optical imprinting of the wave pattern. Together, our results demonstrate a route for developing fully autonomous soft machines mimicking some of the locomotive capabilities of living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Levin
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Robert Deegan
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Eran Sharon
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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12
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Johnson JD, Abrams DM. A coupled oscillator model for the origin of bimodality and multimodality. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2019; 29:073120. [PMID: 31370422 DOI: 10.1063/1.5100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perhaps because of the elegance of the central limit theorem, it is often assumed that distributions in nature will approach singly-peaked, unimodal shapes reminiscent of the Gaussian normal distribution. However, many systems behave differently, with variables following apparently bimodal or multimodal distributions. Here, we argue that multimodality may emerge naturally as a result of repulsive or inhibitory coupling dynamics, and we show rigorously how it emerges for a broad class of coupling functions in variants of the paradigmatic Kuramoto model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Johnson
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - D M Abrams
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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13
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Kitagaki BT, Pinto MR, Queiroz AC, Breitkreitz MC, Rossi F, Nagao R. Multivariate statistical analysis of chemical and electrochemical oscillators for an accurate frequency selection. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:16423-16434. [PMID: 31144704 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01998g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of experimental parameters on the frequency of chemical oscillators has been systematically studied since the first observations of clock reactions. The approach is mainly based on univariate changes in one specific parameter while others are kept constant. The frequency is then monitored and the effect of each parameter is discussed separately. This type of analysis, however, does not take into account the multiple interactions among the controllable parameters and the synergic responses on the oscillation frequency. We have carried out a multivariate statistical analysis of chemical (BZ-ferroin catalyzed reaction) and electrochemical (Cu/Cu2O cathodic deposition) oscillators and identified the contributions of the experimental parameters on frequency variations. The BZ reaction presented a strong dependence on the initial concentration of sodium bromate and temperature, resulting in a frequency increase. The concentration of malonic acid, the organic substrate, affects the system but with lower intensity compared with the combination of sodium bromate and temperature. On the other hand, the Cu/Cu2O electrochemical oscillator was shown to be less sensitive to changes in the temperature. The applied current density and pH were the two parameters which most perturbed the system. Interestingly, the frequency behaved nonmonotonically with a quadratic dependence. The multivariate analysis of both oscillators exhibited significant differences - while the homogenous oscillator displayed a linear dependence with the factors, the heterogeneous one revealed a more complex dependence with quadratic terms. Our results may contribute, for instance, in the synthesis of self-organized materials in which an accurate frequency selection is required and, depending on its value, different physicochemical properties are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca T Kitagaki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria R Pinto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Adriana C Queiroz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil. and Center for Innovation on New Energies, University of Campinas, CEP 13083-841, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia C Breitkreitz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Federico Rossi
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences - DEEP Sciences, University of Siena, Pian dei Mantellini 44, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Raphael Nagao
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil. and Center for Innovation on New Energies, University of Campinas, CEP 13083-841, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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14
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Taylor AF. Mechanism and Phenomenology of an Oscillating Chemical Reaction. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/007967402103165414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reactions, which are far from equilibrium, are capable of displaying oscillations in species concentrations and hence in colour, electrode potential, pH and/or temperature. The oscillations arise from the interplay between positive and negative kinetic feedback. Mechanisms for such reactions are presented, along with the rich phenomenology that these systems exhibit, from complex oscillations and chemical waves, to stationary concentration patterns. This review will focus on the Belousov-Zhabotinksy reaction but reference to other reactions will be made where appropriate.
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15
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Toth R, Taylor AF. The Tris(2,2'-Bipyridyl)Ruthenium-Catalysed Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/007967406779946928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Belousov – Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction is the prototypical oscillating chemical reaction. The tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium-catalysed BZ reaction (often simply referred to as the ruthenium-catalysed BZ reaction) displays photosensitivity and has been widely exploited for examination of the effects of illumination on nonlinear reaction kinetics. In this review, we investigate the behaviour of the ruthenium-catalysed BZ reaction. The mechanism of the reaction is analysed and we examine how light sensitivity is incorporated into kinetic models of the reaction. The temporal dynamics of the photosensitive reaction is presented and, finally, we discuss the extraordinary wealth of behaviour that has been observed in the spatially-distributed system when perturbed by visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Toth
- University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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16
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Savchak O, Morrison T, Kornev KG, Kuksenok O. Controlling deformations of gel-based composites by electromagnetic signals within the GHz frequency range. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:8698-8708. [PMID: 30335123 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01207e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Using theoretical and computational modeling, we focus on dynamics of gels filled with uniformly dispersed ferromagnetic nanoparticles subjected to electromagnetic (EM) irradiation within the GHz frequency range. As a polymer matrix, we choose poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gel, which has a low critical solution temperature and shrinks upon heating. When these composites are irradiated with a frequency close to the Ferro-Magnetic Resonance (FMR) frequency, the heating rate increases dramatically. The energy dissipation of EM signals within the magnetic nanoparticles results in the heating of the gel matrix. We show that the EM signal causes volume phase transitions, leading to large deformations of the sample for a range of system parameters. We propose a model that accounts for the dynamic coupling between the elastodynamics of the polymer gel and the FMR heating of magnetic nanoparticles. This coupling is nonlinear: when the system is heated, the gel shrinks during the volume phase transition, and the particle concentration increases, which in turn results in an increase of the heating rates as long as the concentration of nanoparticles does not exceed a critical value. We show that the system exhibits high selectivity to the frequency of the incident EM signal and can result in a large mechanical feedback in response to a small change in the applied signal. These results suggest the design of a new class of soft active gel-based materials remotely controlled by low power EM signals within the GHz frequency range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Savchak
- Materials Sciences and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Kuksenok O, Singh A, Balazs AC. Designing polymer gels and composites that undergo bio-inspired phototactic reconfiguration and motion. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2018; 13:035004. [PMID: 29405128 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aaad1c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the adaptive behavior of photo-responsive biological organisms, we develop analytical and computational models to design polymer gels and composites that can be dynamically reconfigured and driven to move with the application of light. We focus on gels formed from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and functionalized with spirobenzopyran (SP) chromophores, which become hydrophobic under blue light in acidic aqueous solution. Using our modeling approaches, we irradiate the gels through photomasks and demonstrate that the shapes of the samples can be reversibly and remotely 'remolded' by varying the apertures in the masks. By simulating the effect of repeatedly moving the light across the sample, we also show that the gel can undergo directed motion. We then examine gels that contain both SP chromophores and the ruthenium catalysts that drive the oscillatory Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. These dual-functionalized gels undergo spontaneous, self-sustained motion even when the lights are held stationary. We also simulate the behavior of composites formed from SP-functionalized fibers embedded in the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gel. With the SP-functionalization confined to the fibers, light and heat act as orthogonal stimuli and thus the composites display distinctly different modes of movement when the different cues are applied to the samples. Overall, our findings provide guidelines for using light to controllably reconfigure the shape and drive the movement of gel-based materials and thus, tailor the material to display different functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kuksenok
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States of America
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18
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Xiong Y, Dayal P, Balazs AC, Kuksenok O. Phase Transitions and Pattern Formation in Chemo-Responsive Gels and Composites. Isr J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina; 29634 United States
| | - Pratyush Dayal
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar; 382424 India
| | - Anna C. Balazs
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; 15261 United States
| | - Olga Kuksenok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina; 29634 United States
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19
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Fang Y, Yashin VV, Levitan SP, Balazs AC. Designing self-powered materials systems that perform pattern recognition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03119j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the advances in both materials and computer science, we describe efforts to design “materials that compute” where the material and the computer are the same entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
- University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Victor V. Yashin
- Chemical Engineering Department
- University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Steven P. Levitan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
- University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Anna C. Balazs
- Chemical Engineering Department
- University of Pittsburgh
- Pittsburgh
- USA
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20
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Merindol R, Walther A. Materials learning from life: concepts for active, adaptive and autonomous molecular systems. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5588-5619. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00738d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A broad overview of functional aspects in biological and synthetic out-of-equilibrium systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Merindol
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg
- 79106 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg
- 79106 Freiburg
- Germany
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21
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Singh A, Kuksenok O, Balazs AC. Embedding flexible fibers into responsive gels to create composites with controllable dexterity. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:9170-9184. [PMID: 27759145 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02006b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using computational modeling, we design a composite that encompasses a thermo-responsive gel and photo-responsive fibers that extend from the surface of the gel. By simulating the effect of light and heat on the sample, we isolate scenarios where cooperative interactions within the system allow the gel to actuate the "finger-like" motion of the embedded fibers. To achieve this distinctive behavior, we consider a gel formed from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), which shrinks when heated above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The fibers are functionalized with spirobenzopyran (SP) chromophores that extend a finite region into the polymer network. The application of heat causes the entire gel to shrink, while the application of light causes the regions around the functionalized fibers to collapse. With the fibers arranged in a square or circular pattern in the center of the gel, heating the non-illuminated samples drives the fibers to move apart as they bend outward (away from the center). With the application of light, the tips of fibers come together as the fibers bend inward. In this configuration, the fibers could act as grippers that bind objects in the presence of light. With the illumination turned off, the grippers could controllably release the objects. By placing the fibers closer to the edge of the sample, the combination of heat and light could be harnessed to bind and release larger objects. We also show that by illuminating the fibers separately, we can manipulate the motion of the individual finger-like objects, and thus, potentially expand the utility of the system. Overall, our findings provide guidelines for controllably reconfiguring the shape of soft materials and thus, tailoring the material to display different functionalities in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awaneesh Singh
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Olga Kuksenok
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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22
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Buskohl PR, Vaia RA. Belousov-Zhabotinsky autonomic hydrogel composites: Regulating waves via asymmetry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600813. [PMID: 27679818 PMCID: PMC5035124 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) autonomic hydrogel composites contain active nodes of immobilized catalyst (Ru) encased within a nonactive matrix. Designing functional hierarchies of chemical and mechanical communication between these nodes enables applications ranging from encryption, sensors, and mechanochemical actuators to artificial skin. However, robust design rules and verification of computational models are challenged by insufficient understanding of the relative importance of local (molecular) heterogeneities, active node shape, and embedment geometry on transient and steady-state behavior. We demonstrate the predominance of asymmetric embedment and node shape in low-strain, BZ-gelatin composites and correlate behavior with gradients in BZ reactants. Asymmetric embedment of square and rectangular nodes results in directional steady-state waves that initiate at the embedded edge and propagate toward the free edge. In contrast, symmetric embedment does not produce preferential wave propagation because of a lack of diffusion gradient across the catalyzed region. The initiation at the embedded edge is correlated with bromide absorption by the inactive matrix, which locally elevates the bromate concentration required for catalyst oxidation. The competition between embedment asymmetry and node geometry was used to demonstrate a repeatable switch in wave direction that functions as a signal delay. Furthermore, signal propagation in or out of the composite was demonstrated via embedment asymmetry and relative dimensions of a T-shaped active network node. Overall, structural asymmetry provides a robust approach to controlling initiation and orientation of chemical-mechanical communication within composite BZ gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. Buskohl
- Functional Materials Division, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2179 12th Street, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
| | - Richard A. Vaia
- Functional Materials Division, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2179 12th Street, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
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23
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Tamate R, Mizutani Akimoto A, Yoshida R. Recent Advances in Self-Oscillating Polymer Material Systems. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1852-67. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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24
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Yoshii M, Yamamoto H, Sumino Y, Nakata S. Self-oscillating Gel Accelerated while Sensing the Shape of an Aqueous Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3901-3906. [PMID: 27030999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The reciprocating motion of a self-oscillating square gel induced by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction was investigated on an aqueous surface. The chemical wave propagated from the side at which the oxidation of the Ru catalyst in the gel started. As the chemical wave propagated, the gel moved in either the opposite (mode I) or the same (mode II) direction as the chemical wave propagation. The gel then went back as the Ru catalyst in the gel was slowly reduced. We examined the relationship between the modes of motion (mode I or II) and the shape of the aqueous BZ solution surface. The mode selection was discussed in relation to the contact angle around the gel which was changed by the BZ reaction, i.e., the lateral imbalance of surface tension and the capillary interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Yoshii
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sumino
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science , 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakata
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
- Research Center for the Mathematics of Chromatin Live Dynamics, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
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25
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Ito K, Ezaki T, Suzuki S, Kobayashi R, Hara Y, Nakata S. Synchronization of Two Self-Oscillating Gels Based on Chemo-Mechanical Coupling. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:2977-83. [PMID: 26910358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two coupled polymer gels, showing volume oscillation caused by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, were investigated to understand the system composed of mechanically coupled chemical oscillators. The two gels were connected with a movable plastic sheet in between and placed under constant compression. Synchronization between two identical gels occurred in a range of compression ratios. The phase difference between the two oscillating gels was not zero; instead, they showed alternate swelling-deswelling oscillations. Similar phenomena were also observed with gels of different sizes and natural oscillation periods. The experimental results suggest that a physical change in one gel can lead to a chemical change in the other and vice versa. These results were qualitatively reproduced by a mathematical model based on coupled chemical oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ito
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takato Ezaki
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Shogo Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hara
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakata
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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26
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de Lima VMF, Hanke W. Macroscopic Self-Organized Electrochemical Patterns in Excitable Tissue and Irreversible Thermodynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ojbiphy.2016.64011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Buskohl PR, Kramb RC, Vaia RA. Synchronicity in Composite Hydrogels: Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) Active Nodes in Gelatin. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3595-602. [DOI: 10.1021/jp512829h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. Buskohl
- AFRL/RX Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Ryan C. Kramb
- AFRL/RX Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Richard A. Vaia
- AFRL/RX Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
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28
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Liu S, Wang P, Huang G, Wang L, Zhou J, Lu TJ, Xu F, Lin M. Reaction-induced swelling of ionic gels. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:449-455. [PMID: 25409653 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02252a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A chemomechanical theory is proposed to describe the dynamic behavior and response time of ionic gels. The large deformation of these gels accompanied by the migration of mobile ions is driven by a common non-equilibrium chemical reaction. The theoretical model was validated using existing experimental data. Further investigations showed that the dynamic deformation and response time of an ionic gel are dependent on the concentration of reactive and non-reactive ions, the time of exposure to external stimuli, the initial state and the density of ionizable groups on the polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShaoBao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
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29
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Bhalla AS, Siegel RA. Mechanistic studies of an autonomously pulsing hydrogel/enzyme system for rhythmic hormone delivery. J Control Release 2014; 196:261-71. [PMID: 25450402 PMCID: PMC4268432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous hormones are known to be endogenously secreted in a pulsatile manner. In particular, gonadotropin replacing hormone (GnRH) is released in rhythmic pulses, and disruption of this rhythm is associated with pathologies of reproduction and sexual development. In an effort to develop an implantable, rhythmic delivery system, a scheme has been demonstrated involving a negative feedback instability between a pH-sensitive membrane and enzymes that convert endogenous glucose to hydrogen ion. A bench prototype system based on this scheme was previously shown to produce near rhythmic oscillations in internal pH and in GnRH delivery over a period of one week. In the present work, a systematic study of conditions permitting such oscillations is presented, along with a study of factors causing period of oscillations to increase with time and ultimately cease. Membrane composition, glucose concentration, and surface area of marble (CaCO3), which is incorporated as a reactant, were found to affect the capacity of the system to oscillate, and the pH range over which oscillations occur. Accumulation of gluconate- and Ca2+ in the system over time correlated with lengthening of oscillation period, and possibly with cessation of oscillations. Enzyme degradation may also be a factor. These studies provide the groundwork for future improvements in device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amardeep S Bhalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ronald A Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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30
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Tamate R, Ueki T, Shibayama M, Yoshida R. Self-Oscillating Vesicles: Spontaneous Cyclic Structural Changes of Synthetic Diblock Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11248-52. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Tamate R, Ueki T, Shibayama M, Yoshida R. Self-Oscillating Vesicles: Spontaneous Cyclic Structural Changes of Synthetic Diblock Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive gels are vital components in the next generation of smart devices, which can sense and dynamically respond to changes in the local environment and thereby exhibit more autonomous functionality. We describe recently developed computational methods for simulating the properties of such stimuli-responsive gels in the presence of optical, chemical, and thermal gradients. Using these models, we determine how to harness light to drive shape changes and directed motion in spirobenzopyran-containing gels. Focusing on oscillating gels undergoing the Belousov-Zhabotinksy reaction, we demonstrate that these materials can spontaneously form self-rotating assemblies, or pinwheels. Finally, we model temperature-sensitive gels that encompass chemically reactive filaments to optimize the performance of this system as a homeostatic device for regulating temperature. These studies could facilitate the development of soft robots that autonomously interconvert chemical and mechanical energy and thus perform vital functions without the continuous need of external power sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kuksenok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Debabrata Deb
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Pratyush Dayal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Present address: Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar 382424, India
| | - Anna C. Balazs
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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33
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Dayal P, Kuksenok O, Balazs AC. Directing the Behavior of Active, Self-Oscillating Gels with Light. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402430b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratyush Dayal
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Olga Kuksenok
- Chemical
Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Anna C. Balazs
- Chemical
Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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34
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Kramb RC, Buskohl PR, Slone C, Smith ML, Vaia RA. Autonomic composite hydrogels by reactive printing: materials and oscillatory response. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:1329-1336. [PMID: 24651297 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm51650d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Autonomic materials are those that automatically respond to a change in environmental conditions, such as temperature or chemical composition. While such materials hold incredible potential for a wide range of uses, their implementation is limited by the small number of fully-developed material systems. To broaden the number of available systems, we have developed a post-functionalization technique where a reactive Ru catalyst ink is printed onto a non-responsive polymer substrate. Using a succinimide-amine coupling reaction, patterns are printed onto co-polymer or biomacromolecular films containing primary amine functionality, such as polyacrylamide (PAAm) or poly-N-isopropyl acrylamide (PNIPAAm) copolymerized with poly-N-(3-Aminopropyl)methacrylamide (PAPMAAm). When the films are placed in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) solution medium, the reaction takes place only inside the printed nodes. In comparison to alternative BZ systems, where Ru-containing monomers are copolymerized with base monomers, reactive printing provides facile tuning of a range of hydrogel compositions, as well as enabling the formation of mechanically robust composite monoliths. The autonomic response of the printed nodes is similar for all matrices in the BZ solution concentrations examined, where the period of oscillation decreases in response to increasing sodium bromate or nitric acid concentration. A temperature increase reduces the period of oscillations and temperature gradients are shown to function as pace-makers, dictating the direction of the autonomic response (chemical waves).
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Kramb
- AFRL/RX Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA.
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35
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Hara Y, Takenaka Y. Autonomous oscillation of polymer chains induced by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:1497-510. [PMID: 24434841 PMCID: PMC3926622 DOI: 10.3390/s140101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the self-oscillating behaviors of two types of polymer chains induced by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. One consisted of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and the Ru catalyst of the BZ reaction, and the other consisted of NIPAAm, the Ru catalyst, and acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) with a negatively charged domain as a solubility control site. A comparison of the two types of self-oscillation systems showed that the anionic AMPS portion of the polymer chain significantly affected the self-oscillating behavior under strongly acidic condition. The periods of self-oscillation for the two types of self-oscillating polymer chains were investigated by changing the initial concentrations of the three BZ substrates and the temperature. As a result, it was demonstrated that the period of self-oscillation could be controlled by the concentration of the BZ substrates and the temperature. Furthermore, the activation energies of the two types of the self-oscillating polymer chains gave similar values as normal BZ reactions, i.e., not including the self-oscillating polymer system with a Ru moiety. In addition, it was clarified the activation energy was hardly affected by the initial concentration of the three BZ substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hara
- Nanosystem Research Institute, NRI, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, AIST, Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Takenaka
- Nanosystem Research Institute, NRI, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, AIST, Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
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36
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Hara Y, Yamaguchi Y, Mayama H. Switching the BZ Reaction with a Strong-Acid-Free Gel. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:634-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp410915p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hara
- Nanosystem
Research Institute (NRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamaguchi
- Photonics
Advanced Research Center, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mayama
- Department
of Chemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
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37
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Zhou H, Wang Y, Zheng Z, Ding X, Peng Y. Periodic auto-active gels with topologically “polyrotaxane-interlocked” structures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6372-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01169d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Autonomous Oscillation of Nonthermoresponsive Polymers and Gels Induced by the Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction. CHEMOSENSORS 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors1020003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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39
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Guo D, Li Y, Zheng B. A Microreactor and Imaging Platform for Studying Chemical Oscillators. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:6402-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dameng Guo
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuefang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Zheng
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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40
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Shiota T, Ikura YS, Nakata S. Oscillation of a Polymer Gel Entrained with a Periodic Force. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:2215-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp311993z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Shiota
- Graduate
School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526,
Japan
| | - Yumihiko S. Ikura
- Graduate
School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526,
Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakata
- Graduate
School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526,
Japan
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Arai KD, Saito A, Ito K, Uematsu Y, Ueno T, Fujii Y, Nishio I. Isobars, the coexistence curve, and the critical exponent β of N-isopropylacrylamide gels obtained using a simple experimental method. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 87:022603. [PMID: 23496540 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.022603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have obtained "iso-osmobars," which refer to lines with constant osmotic pressures, and coexistence curve of the volume phase transition of N-isopropylacrylamide gel using a very simple method: hanging gels above NaCl solution having a given concentration in a sealed container that was placed in a temperature controlled bath. Since the chemical potential of the water molecules in the gel is equal to that of the water molecules in the NaCl solution, the osmotic pressure of the gel became the same value with that of the NaCl solution. Thus, air that separated the gel and the NaCl solution played a role of infinitely flexible semipermeable membrane. We have succeeded to obtain the coexistence curve and related critical exponent β from the series of the iso-osmobars of the gel. The value of β we obtained was 0.38(1.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei D Arai
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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Grinthal A, Aizenberg J. Adaptive all the way down: Building responsive materials from hierarchies of chemomechanical feedback. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7072-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mitsunaga R, Okeyoshi K, Yoshida R. Design of a comb-type self-oscillating gel. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4935-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42054j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kuksenok O, Dayal P, Bhattacharya A, Yashin VV, Deb D, Chen IC, Van Vliet KJ, Balazs AC. Chemo-responsive, self-oscillating gels that undergo biomimetic communication. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7257-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35497k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yoshida R. Self-oscillating polymer gels as novel biomimetic materials. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2013:318-321. [PMID: 24109688 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6609501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymer gels and their application to smart materials have been widely studied. On the other hand, as a novel biomimetic gel, we developed gels with an autonomous self-oscillating function like a heart muscle, which was firstly reported in 1996. We designed the self-oscillating polymers and gels by utilizing the oscillating reaction, called the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction as a chemical model of the TCA cycle. The self-oscillating polymer is composed of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) network in which the metal catalyst for the BZ reaction is covalently bonded. In a closed solution containing the reactants other than the catalyst, the polymer gel undergoes spontaneous cyclic swelling-deswelling changes without any on-off switching of external stimuli. Their potential applications include several kinds of functional material systems, such as biomimetic actuators and mass transport surface. Here recent progress on the novel polymer gels is introduced.
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Abstract
Using computational modeling, we show that self-oscillating Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) gels can both emit and sense a chemical signal and thus drive neighboring gel pieces to spontaneously self-aggregate, so that the system exhibits autochemotaxis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the closest system to the ultimate self-recombining material, which can be divided into separated parts and the parts move autonomously to assemble into a structure resembling the original, uncut sample. We also show that the gels' coordinated motion can be controlled by light, allowing us to achieve selective self-aggregation and control over the shape of the gel aggregates. By exposing the BZ gels to specific patterns of light and dark, we design a BZ gel "train" that leads the movement of its "cargo." Our findings pave the way for creating reconfigurable materials from self-propelled elements, which autonomously communicate with neighboring units and thereby actively participate in constructing the final structure.
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Yoshida R. Self-oscillating gels beating like a heart muscle. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2012; 8:163-72. [PMID: 27493533 PMCID: PMC4629644 DOI: 10.2142/biophysics.8.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
So far stimuli-responsive polymer gels and their application to smart materials have been widely studied. On the other hand, as a novel biomimetic gel, we developed gels with an autonomous self-oscillating function like a heart muscle, which was firstly reported in 1996. We designed the self-oscillating polymers and gels by utilizing the oscillating reaction, called the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. The self-oscillating polymer is composed of a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) network in which the catalyst for the BZ reaction is covalently immobilized. In the presence of the reactants, the polymer gel undergoes spontaneous cyclic swelling-deswelling changes without any on-off switching of external stimuli. Potential applications of the self-oscillating polymers and gels include several kinds of functional material systems, such as bio-mimetic actuators and mass transport surface. In this review, recent progress on the polymer gels is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Abstract
In this paper, we investigated the activation energies of the aggregation–disaggregation self-oscillation induced by the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction by utilizing the nonthermoresponsive polymer chain in a wide temperature range. This is because the conventional type self-oscillating polymer chain, with thermoresponsive poly(Nisopropylacrylamide) (poly(NIPAAm) main-chain covalently bonded to the ruthenium catalyst (Ru(bpy)3) of the BZ reaction, cannot evaluate the activation energy over the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The nonthermoresponsive self-oscillating polymer chain is composed of a poly-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP) main-chain with the ruthenium catalyst (Ru(bpy)3). As a result, we clarified that the activation energy of the aggregation–disaggregation self-oscillation of the polymer chain is hardly affected by the concentrations of the BZ substrates. In addition, the activation energy of the nonthermoresponsive self-oscillating polymer chain was found to be almost the same value as normal BZ reaction, i.e., not including the self-oscillating polymer system with Ru moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hara
- Nanosystem Research Institute, NRI, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, AIST, Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Maeda
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Shibaura Institute of Technology
| | - Wahei Oda
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Shibaura Institute of Technology
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