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Nampally V, Palnati MK, Baindla N, Varukolu M, Gangadhari S, Tigulla P. Charge Transfer Complex between O-Phenylenediamine and 2, 3-Dichloro-5, 6-Dicyano-1, 4-Benzoquinone: Synthesis, Spectrophotometric, Characterization, Computational Analysis, and its Biological Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:16689-16704. [PMID: 35601332 PMCID: PMC9118382 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
UV-vis electronic absorption spectroscopy was used to investigate the new molecular charge transfer complex (CTC) interaction between electron donor O-phenylenediamine (OPD) and electron acceptor 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ). The CTC solution state analysis was carried out by two different polarities. The stoichiometry of the prepared CTC was determined by using Job's, photometric, and conductometric titration methods and was detemined to be 1:1 in both solvents (at 298 K). The formation constant and molar extinction coefficient were determined by applying the modified (1:1) Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The thermodynamic parameter ΔG° result indicated that the charge transfer reaction was spontaneous.The stability of the synthesized CTC was evaluated by using different spectroscopic parameters like the energy, ionization potential, oscillator strength, resonance energy, dissociation energy, and transition dipole moment. The synthesized solid CTC was characterized by using different analytical methods, including elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, TGA-DTA, and powder X-ray diffraction. The biological evolution of the charge transfer (CT) complex was studied by using DNA binding and antibacterial analysis. The CT complex binding with calf thymus DNA through an intercalative mode was observed from UV-vis spectral study. The CT complex produced a good binding constant value (6.0 × 105 L.mol-1). The antibacterial activity of the CT complex shows notable activity compared to the standard drug, tetracycline. These results reveal that the CT complex may in future be used as a bioactive drug. The hypothetical DFT estimations of the CT complex supported the experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naveen Baindla
- Department
of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Mahipal Varukolu
- Department
of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Suresh Gangadhari
- Department
of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500007, India
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2
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Barrera Y, Anderson JS. Predicting the reactivity of unsaturated molecules to methyl radical addition using a radical two-parameter general-purpose reactivity indicator. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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3
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Levina EO, Khrenova MG, Astakhov AA, Tsirelson VG. Revealing electronic features governing hydrolysis of cephalosporins in the active site of the L1 metallo-β-lactamase. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8664-8676. [PMID: 35496524 PMCID: PMC9050041 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10649a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The QM/MM simulations followed by electron density feature analysis are carried out to deepen the understanding of the reaction mechanism of cephalosporin hydrolysis in the active site of the L1 metallo-β-lactamase. The differences in reactivity of ten similar cephalosporin compounds are explained by using an extended set of bonding descriptors. The limiting step of the reaction is characterized by the proton transfer to the nitrogen atom of the cephalosporin thiazine ring accompanied with formation of the C4
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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C3 double bond in its N–C4–C3 fragment. The temporary N⋯H–Ow hydrogen bond, which is formed in the transition state of the limiting step of the reaction was recognized as a key atomic interaction governing the reactivity of various cephalosporins. Non-local real-space bonding descriptors show that different extent of localization of electron lone pair at N atom in the transition state affect the reactivity of compounds: smaller electron localization is typical for the less reactive species. In particular, the Fermi hole analysis shows how exchange electron correlation in the N⋯H–Ow fragment control electron lone pair localization. Delocalization tensor, linear response kernel and source function indicate that features of electron delocalization in the N–C4–C3 fragment of cephalosporins in the transition state complexes determine the differences in C4–C3 bond for substrates with high and low rate constants. The C4–C3 bond of the N–C4–C3 fragment at the transition state is similar to that of the preceding intermediate for the less reactive species and resembles the features of the enzyme–product complex for more reactive compounds. The power and limitations of the descriptors applied for solving the problem are discussed and the generality of approach is stressed. Combination of QM/MM and modern bonding descriptors explains different reactivity of cephalosporins in the active site of the L1 metallo-β-lactamase.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena O. Levina
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
- Dolgoprudny
| | - Maria G. Khrenova
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow
| | - Andrey A. Astakhov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
- Dubna
| | - Vladimir G. Tsirelson
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
- Moscow
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4
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Effect of external electric field on C–X ··· π halogen bonds. J Mol Model 2019; 25:57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-3938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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5
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Huệ NTM, Thiềm LN. Phương pháp tính hóa học lượng tử và một số ứng dụng của nó trong hóa học hiện đại. VIETNAM JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.15625/vjc.2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lâm Ngọc Thiềm
- Khoa Hoá học, Trường Đại học Khoa học Tự nhiên, Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội
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6
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On the effect of external perturbation on amino acid salt bridge: a DFT study. J CHEM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-017-1266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Bhattacharyya PK. B-Hb⋯π interactions in benzene–borazine sandwich and multidecker complexes: a DFT study. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03545k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multidecker complexes of benzene/borazine can be formed through B-Hb⋯π interactions.
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8
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Deka BC, Purkayastha SK, Bhattacharyya PK. Formation of thiophene sandwiches through cation–π interaction: A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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A DFT study on reactivity, aromaticity and absorption spectra of perylo[1,12-b,c,d] thiophene tetraester doped with B, N, O, Se and BN. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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DEKA BHABESHCHANDRA, BHATTACHARYYA PRADIPKR. Reactivity of chitosan derivatives and their interaction with guanine: A computational study. J CHEM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-016-1064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Deka BC, Bhattacharyya PK. Response of chitosan–nucleobase interaction toward external perturbations: A computational study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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13
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Bhattacharyya PK. Reactivity, aromaticity and absorption spectra of pillar[5]arene conformers: A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Bhattacharyya PK. Effect of external electric field on ground and singlet excited states of phenylalanine: A theoretical study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Dutta BJ, Bhattacharyya PK. Reactivity and Aromaticity of Nucleobases are Sensitive Toward External Electric Field. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:9573-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5047535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Biswa Jyoti Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Arya Vidyapeeth College, Guwahati, Assam 781016, India
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16
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Begum S, Subramanian R. Reaction of chlorine radical with tetrahydrofuran: a theoretical investigation on mechanism and reactivity in gas phase. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2262. [PMID: 24867438 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of chlorine (Cl) radical with heterocyclic saturated ether, tetrahydrofuran has been studied. The detailed reactivity and mechanism of this reaction is analyzed using hybrid density functional theory (DFT), B3LYP and BB1K methods, and aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. To explore the mechanism of the reaction of tetrahydrofuran with Cl radical, four possible sites of hydrogen atom (H) abstraction pathways in tetrahydrofuran were analyzed. The barrier height and rate constants are calculated for the four H-abstraction channels. The BB1K calculated rate constant for α-axial H-abstraction is comparable with the experimentally determined rate constant. It reflects that α-axial H-abstraction is the main degradation pathway of tetrahydrofuran with Cl radical. DFT-based reactivity descriptors are also calculated and these values describe α-axial H-abstraction as the main reaction channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiyara Begum
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Patna, India, 800013
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17
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Oxidative Decomposition of Propylene Carbonate in Lithium Ion Batteries: A DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:7959-69. [DOI: 10.1021/jp403436u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Berger G. Using conceptual density functional theory to rationalize regioselectivity: A case study on the nucleophilic ring-opening of activated aziridines. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Neog B, Sarmah N, Kar R, Bhattacharyya PK. Effect of external electric field on aziridinium ion intermediate: A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Sarmah N, Neog B, Bhattacharyya PK. Affinity of aziridinium ion towards different nucleophiles: A density functional study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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22
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Jogeshwari Devi K, Chandra AK. Kinetics and thermochemistry of the gas-phase reactions of 4-ethylpyridine with OH radical: A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Parveen S, Chandra AK. Theoretical Studies on Kinetics and Reactivity of the Gas-Phase Addition and H-Abstraction Reactions of Pyridine with Atomic Chlorine. J Phys Chem A 2008; 113:177-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jp805356z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salma Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Asit K. Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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24
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Nsouli NH, Mouawad I, Hasanayn F. DFT Study of the Products, Potential Energy Surface, and Substituent Effects for Methyl Radical Addition to [Rh(PMe3)2(CO)X] (X = Halogen or CN). Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om701079m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeen H. Nsouli
- Department of Chemistry, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Issaaf Mouawad
- Department of Chemistry, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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26
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Hasanayn F, Nsouli NH, Al-Ayoubi A, Goldman AS. Addition of Alkyl Radicals to Transition-Metal-Coordinated CO: Calculation of the Reaction of [Ru(CO)5] and Related Complexes and Relevance to Alkane Carbonylation. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 130:511-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ja072704f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, and Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855
| | - Nadeen H. Nsouli
- Department of Chemistry, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, and Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855
| | - Adnan Al-Ayoubi
- Department of Chemistry, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, and Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department of Chemistry, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, and Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855
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27
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Mitra S, Singh TS, Mandal A, Mukherjee S. Experimental and computational study on photophysical properties of substituted o-hydroxy acetophenone derivatives: Intramolecular proton transfer and solvent effect. Chem Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Hemelsoet K, Van Speybroeck V, Waroquier M. How useful are reactivity indicators for the description of hydrogen abstraction reactions on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons? Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Chandra AK, Nguyen MT. Use of DFT-based reactivity descriptors for rationalizing radical addition reactions: applicability and difficulties. Faraday Discuss 2007; 135:191-201; discussion 237-59, 503-6. [PMID: 17328429 DOI: 10.1039/b605667a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of density functional theory-based reactivity descriptors, including global (hardness, electronegativity) and local (Fukui function, local softness) indices in rationalizing the reactivity and regioselectivity of radical addition reactions has been critically analyzed. We demonstrate that there is a severe inherent deficiency in the current way of defining the Fukui functions and local softness for radical attack parameters (f(0) and s(0)), and propose a (preliminary) alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit K Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
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30
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Kar R, Chandrakumar KRS, Pal S. The Influence of Electric Field on the Global and Local Reactivity Descriptors: Reactivity and Stability of Weakly Bonded Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2006; 111:375-83. [PMID: 17214475 DOI: 10.1021/jp065580m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The response of the global and local reactivity density-based descriptors (chemical potential, hardness, softness, Fukui function, and local softness) in the presence of external electric field has been studied for some of the simple prototype molecular systems. In addition to the analysis on the reactivity of these systems, the influence of the electric field on the interaction energy of the complexes formed by these systems has also been studied using the recently proposed semiquantitative model based on the local hard-soft acid-base principle. By using the inverse relationship between the global hardness and softness parameters, a simple relationship is obtained for the variation of hardness in terms of the Fukui function under the external electric field. It is shown that the increase in the hardness values for a particular system in the presence of external field does not necessarily imply that the reactivity of the system would be deactivated or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kar
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Physical Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 400008, India
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31
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Theoretical mechanisms and kinetics of the hydrogen abstraction reaction of acetone by chlorine radical. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Quantum chemical study of hydrogen abstraction reactions of the ethynyl radical with hydrogen compounds (C2H+HX). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2005.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Hemelsoet K, Van Speybroeck V, Marin GB, De Proft F, Geerlings P, Waroquier M. Reactivity Indices for Radical Reactions Involving Polyaromatics. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048743k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hemelsoet
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Laboratorium voor Petrochemische Techniek, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Laboratorium voor Petrochemische Techniek, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Laboratorium voor Petrochemische Techniek, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Laboratorium voor Petrochemische Techniek, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Laboratorium voor Petrochemische Techniek, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Waroquier
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Laboratorium voor Petrochemische Techniek, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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