1
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Helweh W, Kim P, Mast ZJ, Phelan BT, Weingartz NP, Zong R, Chaudhuri S, Thummel RP, Schatz GC, Chen LX. Effects of Structural Constraints on Excited-State Properties in Dimeric Cu(I) Diimine Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:14905-14912. [PMID: 39059019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Copper(I) bis-diimine complexes have played important roles in light-activated processes that can lead to their potential applications in photocatalysis and chemical sensing. Their metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited-state properties are tunable by various structural factors. Dimeric Cu(I) complexes with connecting diimine derivative ligands offer another structural tuning platform for the excited-state properties. Here, we investigate excited-state properties in two covalently connected dimeric Cu(I)'s with varying structural constraints exerted by the number of carbons in the polyethylene bridge (C0 and C4) connecting the two copper(I) diimine moieties. An interesting feature of Cu(I) diimine complexes is their ability to flatten following a photoinduced structural change. Herein, we observe larger structural constraints and more structural rearrangement required upon excitation of the longer bridged complex C4 to achieve a conformation toward a more flattened tetrahedral coordination geometry compared to the shorter bridged C0. Vibrational wavepacket analysis of these complexes further supports the effect of these structural constraints where we observe a more rapid dephasing of the C0 complex, as opposed to the C4 complex, despite similar normal mode vibrations. The experimental results were supplemented by TDDFT calculations. The studies provide insight into using metal-metal interactions through constraints to tune excited-state dynamics and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Helweh
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Pyosang Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zachary J Mast
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nicholas P Weingartz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ruifa Zong
- Department of Chemistry, 112 Fleming Building, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Subhajyoti Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Randolph P Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, 112 Fleming Building, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lin X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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2
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Chen LX, Yano J. Deciphering Photoinduced Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms in Natural and Artificial Photosynthetic Systems on Multiple Temporal and Spatial Scales Using X-ray Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5421-5469. [PMID: 38663009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Utilization of renewable energies for catalytically generating value-added chemicals is highly desirable in this era of rising energy demands and climate change impacts. Artificial photosynthetic systems or photocatalysts utilize light to convert abundant CO2, H2O, and O2 to fuels, such as carbohydrates and hydrogen, thus converting light energy to storable chemical resources. The emergence of intense X-ray pulses from synchrotrons, ultrafast X-ray pulses from X-ray free electron lasers, and table-top laser-driven sources over the past decades opens new frontiers in deciphering photoinduced catalytic reaction mechanisms on the multiple temporal and spatial scales. Operando X-ray spectroscopic methods offer a new set of electronic transitions in probing the oxidation states, coordinating geometry, and spin states of the metal catalytic center and photosensitizers with unprecedented energy and time resolution. Operando X-ray scattering methods enable previously elusive reaction steps to be characterized on different length scales and time scales. The methodological progress and their application examples collected in this review will offer a glimpse into the accomplishments and current state in deciphering reaction mechanisms for both natural and synthetic systems. Looking forward, there are still many challenges and opportunities at the frontier of catalytic research that will require further advancement of the characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin X Chen
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Camacho-Montes H, Aizpuru APL, Dominguez-Garcia R, Guzman-Pando A, Camarillo-Cisneros J. Copper complex molecules as dye-sensitizers: Hybrid MetaGGA and standard + van der Waals functionals. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 128:108724. [PMID: 38340691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
This study focuses on the use of Density Functional Theory calculations with two main approaches: computational chemistry and computational physics. The following three cases were considered for the derivation: (I) computational chemistry using the M06 hybrid functional, (II) computational chemistry using the standard PBE functional including vdW interactions, and (III) computational physics using the standard PBE functional including vdW interactions and periodic boundary conditions. Since the approximation using hybrid functionals M06 has been extensively validated, this method was used as a reference. The second and third methods are less expensive, it is ideal for use to extend large systems. From the sensitized molecules are found in the gas phase and include solvent effects through the integral equation formalism polarizable continuum model. In a systematic analysis of 15 Cu complex molecules, a complete characterization for DSSCs has been carried out and molecular geometry, electronic and optical measurements have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Camacho-Montes
- Instituto de Ingenieria y Tecnologia, Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez, Ciudad Juarez, Mexico
| | - A P Leyva Aizpuru
- Computational Chemistry Physics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Chihuahua, Campus II, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - R Dominguez-Garcia
- Centro de Investigacion en Materiales Avanzados, Av. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra 120, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - A Guzman-Pando
- Computational Chemistry Physics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Chihuahua, Campus II, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - J Camarillo-Cisneros
- Computational Chemistry Physics Laboratory, Universidad Autonoma de Chihuahua, Campus II, Chihuahua, Mexico.
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4
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Phelan BT, Xie ZL, Liu X, Li X, Mulfort KL, Chen LX. Photodriven electron-transfer dynamics in a series of heteroleptic Cu(I)-anthraquinone dyads. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:144905. [PMID: 38619061 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Solar fuels catalysis is a promising route to efficiently harvesting, storing, and utilizing abundant solar energy. To achieve this promise, however, molecular systems must be designed with sustainable components that can balance numerous photophysical and chemical processes. To that end, we report on the structural and photophysical characterization of a series of Cu(I)-anthraquinone-based electron donor-acceptor dyads. The dyads utilized a heteroleptic Cu(I) bis-diimine architecture with a copper(I) bis-phenanthroline chromophore donor and anthraquinone electron acceptor. We characterized the structures of the complexes using x-ray crystallography and density functional theory calculations and the photophysical properties via resonance Raman and optical transient absorption spectroscopy. The calculations and resonance Raman spectroscopy revealed that excitation of the Cu(I) metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) transition transfers the electron to a delocalized ligand orbital. The optical transient absorption spectroscopy demonstrated that each dyad formed the oxidized copper-reduced anthraquinone charge-separated state. Unlike most Cu(I) bis-phenanthroline complexes where increasingly bulky substituents on the phenanthroline ligands lead to longer MLCT excited-state lifetimes, here, we observe a decrease in the long-lived charge-separated state lifetime with increasing steric bulk. The charge-separated state lifetimes were best explained in the context of electron-transfer theory rather than with the energy gap law, which is typical for MLCT excited states, despite the complete conjugation between the phenanthroline and anthraquinone moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Phelan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Zhu-Lin Xie
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Lin X Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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5
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Wang D, Hu W, Liu C, Huang J, Zhang X. Electronic Tuning of Photoexcited Dynamics in Heteroleptic Cu(I) Complex Photosensitizers. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10137-10144. [PMID: 37922426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Photoexcited dynamics of heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes as noble-metal-free photosensitizers are closely intertwined with the nature of their ligands. By utilizing ultrafast optical and X-ray transient absorption spectroscopies, we characterized a new set of heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes [Cu(PPh3)2(BPyR)]+ (R = CH3, H, Br to COOCH3), with an increase in the electron-withdrawing ability of the functional group (R). We found that after the transient photooxidation of Cu(I) to Cu(II), the increasing electron-withdrawing ability of R barely affects the internal conversion (IC) (e.g., Jahn-taller (JT) distortion) between singlet MLCT states. However, it does accelerate the dynamics of intersystem crossing (ISC) between singlet and triplet MLCT states and the subsequent decay from the triplet MLCT state to the ground state. The associated lifetime constants are reduced by up to 300%. Our understanding of the photoexcited dynamics in heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes through ligand electronic tuning provides valuable insight into the rational design of efficient Cu(I) complex photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53201, United States
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53201, United States
| | - Cunming Liu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60349, United States
| | - Jier Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, 53201, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60349, United States
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6
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Kim D, Rosko MC, Dang VQ, Castellano FN, Teets TS. Sterically Encumbered Heteroleptic Copper(I) β-Diketiminate Complexes with Extended Excited-State Lifetimes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16759-16769. [PMID: 37782937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in developing effective copper(I) photosensitizers is their short excited-state lifetimes, usually attributed to structural distortion upon light excitation. We have previously introduced copper(I) charge-transfer chromophores of the general formula Cu(N^N)(ArNacNac), where N^N is a conjugated diimine ligand and ArNacNac is a substituted β-diketiminate ligand. These chromophores were promising regarding their tunable redox potentials and intense visible absorption but were ineffective as photosensitizers, presumably due to short excited-state lifetimes. Here, we introduce sterically crowded analogues of these heteroleptic chromophores with bulky alkyl substituents on the N^N and/or ArNacNac ligand. Structural analysis was combined with electrochemical and photophysical characterization, including ultrafast transient absorption (UFTA) spectroscopy to investigate the effects of the alkyl groups on the excited-state lifetimes of the complexes. The molecular structures determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction display more distortion in the ground state as alkyl substituents are introduced into the phenanthroline or the NacNac ligand, showing smaller τ4 values due to the steric hindrance. UFTA measurements were carried out to determine the excited-state dynamics. Sterically encumbered Cu5 and Cu6 display excited-state lifetimes 15-20 times longer than unsubstituted complex Cu1, likely indicating that the incorporation of bulky alkyl substituents inhibits the pseudo-Jahn-Teller (PJT) flattening distortion in the excited state. This work suggests that the steric properties of these heteroleptic copper(I) charge-transfer chromophores can be readily modified and that the excited-state dynamics are strongly responsive to these modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dooyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Michael C Rosko
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Vinh Q Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Thomas S Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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7
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Katayama T, Choi TK, Khakhulin D, Dohn AO, Milne CJ, Vankó G, Németh Z, Lima FA, Szlachetko J, Sato T, Nozawa S, Adachi SI, Yabashi M, Penfold TJ, Gawelda W, Levi G. Atomic-scale observation of solvent reorganization influencing photoinduced structural dynamics in a copper complex photosensitizer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2572-2584. [PMID: 36908966 PMCID: PMC9993854 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06600a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photochemical reactions in solution are governed by a complex interplay between transient intramolecular electronic and nuclear structural changes and accompanying solvent rearrangements. State-of-the-art time-resolved X-ray solution scattering has emerged in the last decade as a powerful technique to observe solute and solvent motions in real time. However, disentangling solute and solvent dynamics and how they mutually influence each other remains challenging. Here, we simultaneously measure femtosecond X-ray emission and scattering to track both the intramolecular and solvation structural dynamics following photoexcitation of a solvated copper photosensitizer. Quantitative analysis assisted by molecular dynamics simulations reveals a two-step ligand flattening strongly coupled to the solvent reorganization, which conventional optical methods could not discern. First, a ballistic flattening triggers coherent motions of surrounding acetonitrile molecules. In turn, the approach of acetonitrile molecules to the copper atom mediates the decay of intramolecular coherent vibrations and induces a further ligand flattening. These direct structural insights reveal that photoinduced solute and solvent motions can be intimately intertwined, explaining how the key initial steps of light harvesting are affected by the solvent on the atomic time and length scale. Ultimately, this work takes a step forward in understanding the microscopic mechanisms of the bidirectional influence between transient solvent reorganization and photoinduced solute structural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Katayama
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo Hyogo 679-5198 Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo Hyogo 679-5148 Japan
| | - Tae-Kyu Choi
- XFEL Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory Jigok-ro 127-80 Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Asmus O Dohn
- Science Institute, University of Iceland 107 Reykjavík Iceland .,DTU Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | | | - György Vankó
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences H-1525 Budapest Hungary
| | - Zoltán Németh
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences H-1525 Budapest Hungary
| | | | - Jakub Szlachetko
- SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University PL-30392 Kraków Poland
| | - Tokushi Sato
- European XFEL Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld 22869 Germany
| | - Shunsuke Nozawa
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) 1-1 Oho Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan.,Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies 1-1 Oho Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Adachi
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) 1-1 Oho Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan.,Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies 1-1 Oho Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo Hyogo 679-5148 Japan
| | - Thomas J Penfold
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Wojciech Gawelda
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco 28047 Madrid Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus Cantoblanco C/Faraday 9 28049 Madrid Spain.,Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Gianluca Levi
- Science Institute, University of Iceland 107 Reykjavík Iceland
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8
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Cáceres-Vásquez J, Jara DH, Costamagna J, Martínez-Gómez F, Silva CP, Lemus L, Freire E, Baggio R, Vera C, Guerrero J. Effect of non-covalent self-dimerization on the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of mixed Cu(i) complexes. RSC Adv 2023; 13:825-838. [PMID: 36686905 PMCID: PMC9810106 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of six new Cu(i) complexes with ([Cu(N-{4-R}pyridine-2-yl-methanimine)(PPh3)Br]) formulation, where R corresponds to a donor or acceptor p-substituent, have been synthesized and were used to study self-association effects on their structural and electrochemical properties. X-ray diffraction results showed that in all complexes the packing is organized from a dimer generated by supramolecular π stacking and hydrogen bonding. 1H-NMR experiments at several concentrations showed that all complexes undergo a fast-self-association monomer-dimer equilibrium in solution, while changes in resonance frequency towards the high or low field in specific protons of the imine ligand allow establishing that dimers have similar structures to those found in the crystal. The thermodynamic parameters for this self-association process were calculated from dimerization constants determined by VT-1H-NMR experiments for several concentrations at different temperatures. The values for K D (4.0 to 70.0 M-1 range), ΔH (-1.4 to -2.6 kcal mol-1 range), ΔS (-0.2 to 2.1 cal mol-1 K-1 range), and ΔG 298 (-0.8 to -2.0 kcal mol-1 range) are of the same order and indicate that the self-dimerization process is enthalpically driven for all complexes. The electrochemical profile of the complexes shows two redox Cu(ii)/Cu(i) processes whose relative intensities are sensitive to concentration changes, indicating that both species are in chemical equilibrium, with the monomer and the dimer having different electrochemical characteristics. We associate this behaviour with the structural lability of the Cu(i) centre that allows the monomeric molecules to reorder conformationally to achieve a more adequate assembly in the non-covalent dimer. As expected, structural properties in the solid and in solution, as well as their electrochemical properties, are not correlated with the electronic parameters usually used to evaluate R substituent effects. This confirms that the properties of the Cu(i) complexes are usually more influenced by steric effects than by the inductive effects of substituents of the ligands. In fact, the results obtained showed the importance of non-covalent intermolecular interactions in the structuring of the coordination geometry around the Cu centre and in the coordinative stability to avoid dissociative equilibria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Cáceres-Vásquez
- Laboratorio de Compuestos de Coordinación y Química Supramolecular, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileAv. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Casilla 40, Correo 33SantiagoChile
| | - Danilo H. Jara
- Facultad de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo IbáñezAv. Padre Hurtado 750Viña del MarChile
| | - Juan Costamagna
- Laboratorio de Compuestos de Coordinación y Química Supramolecular, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileAv. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Casilla 40, Correo 33SantiagoChile,Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Casilla 40, Correo 33SantiagoChile
| | - Fabián Martínez-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Compuestos de Coordinación y Química Supramolecular, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileAv. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Casilla 40, Correo 33SantiagoChile,Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Casilla 40, Correo 33SantiagoChile
| | - Carlos P. Silva
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Casilla 40, Correo 33SantiagoChile
| | - Luis Lemus
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Casilla 40, Correo 33SantiagoChile
| | - Eleonora Freire
- Gerencia de Investigación y Aplicaciones, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía AtómicaAvenida Gral. Paz 1499, 1650, San MartínBuenos AiresArgentina,Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Argentina and Gerencia de Investigación y Aplicaciones, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía AtómicaBuenos AiresArgentina,Member of CONICETArgentina
| | - Ricardo Baggio
- Gerencia de Investigación y Aplicaciones, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía AtómicaAvenida Gral. Paz 1499, 1650, San MartínBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Cristian Vera
- Laboratorio de Compuestos de Coordinación y Química Supramolecular, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileAv. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Casilla 40, Correo 33SantiagoChile
| | - Juan Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Compuestos de Coordinación y Química Supramolecular, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileAv. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Casilla 40, Correo 33SantiagoChile
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9
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Seidler B, Tran JH, Hniopek J, Traber P, Görls H, Gräfe S, Schmitt M, Popp J, Schulz M, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B. Photophysics of Anionic Bis(4H-imidazolato)Cu I Complexes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202697. [PMID: 36148551 PMCID: PMC10092831 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the photophysical behavior of four panchromatically absorbing, homoleptic bis(4H-imidazolato)CuI complexes, with a systematic variation in the electron-withdrawing properties of the imidazolate ligand, were studied by wavelength-dependent time-resolved femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Excitation at 400, 480, and 630 nm populates metal-to-ligand charge transfer, intraligand charge transfer, and mixed-character singlet states. The pump wavelength-dependent transient absorption data were analyzed by a recently established 2D correlation approach. Data analysis revealed that all excitation conditions yield similar excited-state dynamics. Key to the excited-state relaxation is fast, sub-picosecond pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortion, which is accompanied by the relocalization of electron density onto a single ligand from the initially delocalized state at Franck-Condon geometry. Subsequent intersystem crossing to the triplet manifold is followed by a sub-100 ps decay to the ground state. The fast, nonradiative decay is rationalized by the low triplet-state energy as found by DFT calculations, which suggest perspective treatment at the strong coupling limit of the energy gap law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seidler
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
| | - Jens H. Tran
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Julian Hniopek
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP)Albert-Einstein-Str. 607745JenaGermany
| | - Philipp Traber
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 807743JenaGermany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP)Albert-Einstein-Str. 607745JenaGermany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP)Albert-Einstein-Str. 607745JenaGermany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP)Albert-Einstein-Str. 607745JenaGermany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP)Albert-Einstein-Str. 607745JenaGermany
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC-Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
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10
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Sandoval-Pauker C, Pinter B. Quasi-Restricted Orbital Description of the Copper(I) Photoredox Catalytic Cycle. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:074306. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0094380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this computational study, the electronic structure changes along the oxidative and reductive quenching cycles of a homoleptic and a heteroleptic prototype Cu(I) photoredox catalyst, namely [Cu(dmp)2]+ (dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) and [Cu(phen)(POP)]+ (POP = bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether) are scrutinized and characterized using quasi-restricted orbitals (QRO), electron density differences and spin densities. After validating our density functional theory-based computational protocol, the equilibrium geometries and wavefunctions (using QROs and atom/fragment compositions) of the four states involved in photoredox cycle (S0, T1, Dox and Dred) are systematically and thoroughly described. The formal ground and excited state ligand- and metal-centered redox events are substantiated by the QRO description of the open-shell triplet 3MLCT (d9L-1), Dox (d9L0) and Dred (d10L-1) species and the corresponding structural changes, e.g., flattening distortion, shortening/elongation of Cu-N/Cu-P bonds, are rationalized in terms of the underlying electronic structure transformations. Amongst others, we reveal the molecular-scale delocalization of the ligand-centered radical in the a 3MLCT (d9L-1) and Dred (d9L-1) states of homoleptic [Cu(dmp)2]+ and its localization to the redox-active phenanthroline ligand in the case of heteroleptic [Cu(phen)(POP)]+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sandoval-Pauker
- The University of Texas at El Paso Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, United States of America
| | - Balazs Pinter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, United States of America
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11
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Barilone J, Tůma J, Brochard S, Babková K, Krupička M. Design of Bis(1,10-phenanthroline) Copper(I)-Based Mechanochromic Indicators. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6510-6517. [PMID: 35252647 PMCID: PMC8892851 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the growing field of single-molecule mechanochromism, the potential of transition metal complexes is yet to be examined. In this work, we have synthesized a series of [Cu(phen)2]+ complexes: bis-Cu(I)-phenanthroline, bis-Cu(I)-phenanthroline-2-amine, and bis-Cu(I)-phenanthroline-2-acetamide. After that, we characterized the complexes by UV-vis spectroscopy and employed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the changes in UV-vis upon mechanical pulling via force calculations. The results of our examination of time-dependent (TD)-DFT-calculated UV-vis suggests that the bis-Cu(I)-phenanthroline-2-acetamide complex is predicted to have an observable shift of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer band upon pulling from 0 to 0.6 nN in the visible region. We have demonstrated the ability to synthesize and characterize bis-Cu(I)-phenanthroline-2-acetamide. In addition, the TD-DFT calculations predict an observable shift in the visible region of the UV-vis spectrum. This indicates that transition metal complexes are feasible candidates as mechanophores and are worthy of further exploration as to their potential role in a new subclass of mechanochromic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica
L. Barilone
- University
of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague
6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Tůma
- University
of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague
6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Solène Brochard
- University
of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague
6 166 28, Czech Republic
- UFR
des Sciences et des Techniques, 9 avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870, Dijon Cedex 21078, France
| | - Kateřina Babková
- University
of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague
6 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Krupička
- University
of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague
6 166 28, Czech Republic
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12
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Santander-Nelli M, Cortés-Arriagada D, Sanhueza L, Dreyse P. Dependence between luminescence properties of Cu( i) complexes and electronic/structural parameters derived from steric effects. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00407k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of steric effects induced by bulky N^N ligands and their relationship with the luminescence properties of Cu(i) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya Santander-Nelli
- Advanced Integrated Technologies (AINTECH), Chorrillo Uno, Parcela 21, Lampa, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago 8370854, Chile
| | - Diego Cortés-Arriagada
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación. Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso, 2409, San Joaquín, Santiago 8940577, Chile
| | - Luis Sanhueza
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Casilla 15-D, Temuco, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigación en Bioproductos y Materiales Avanzados (BioMA), Universidad Católica de Temuco, Av. Rudecindo Ortega 02950, Temuco, Chile
| | - Paulina Dreyse
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avda. España 1680, Casilla 2390123, Valparaíso, Chile
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13
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Mara MW, Phelan BT, Xie ZL, Kim TW, Hsu DJ, Liu X, Valentine AJS, Kim P, Li X, Adachi SI, Katayama T, Mulfort KL, Chen LX. Unveiling ultrafast dynamics in bridged bimetallic complexes using optical and X-ray transient absorption spectroscopies. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1715-1724. [PMID: 35282628 PMCID: PMC8827017 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05034f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In photosynthetic systems employing multiple transition metal centers, the properties of charge-transfer states are tuned by the coupling between metal centers. Here, we use ultrafast optical and X-ray spectroscopies to elucidate the effects of metal–metal interactions in a bimetallic tetrapyridophenazine-bridged Os(ii)/Cu(i) complex. Despite having an appropriate driving force for Os-to-Cu hole transfer in the Os(ii) moiety excited state, no such charge transfer was observed. However, excited-state coupling between the metal centers is present, evidenced by variations in the Os MLCT lifetime depending on the identity of the opposite metal center. This coupling results in concerted coherent vibrations appearing in the relaxation kinetics of the MLCT states for both Cu and Os centers. These vibrations are dominated by metal–ligand contraction at the Cu/Os centers, which are in-phase and linked through the conjugated bridging ligand. This study shows how vibronic coupling between transition metal centers affects the ultrafast dynamics in bridged, multi-metallic systems from the earliest times after photoexcitation to excited-state decay, presenting avenues for tuning charge-transfer states through judicious choice of metal/ligand groups. In photosynthetic systems employing multiple transition metal centers, the properties of charge-transfer states are tuned by the coupling between metal centers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Mara
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60437, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Brian T. Phelan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60437, USA
| | - Zhu-Lin Xie
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60437, USA
| | - Tae Wu Kim
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60437, USA
| | - Darren J. Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | | - Pyosang Kim
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60437, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Shin-ichi Adachi
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
- Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Katayama
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Karen L. Mulfort
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60437, USA
| | - Lin X. Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60437, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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14
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Grupe M, Boden P, Di Martino‐Fumo P, Gui X, Bruschi C, Israil R, Schmitt M, Nieger M, Gerhards M, Klopper W, Riehn C, Bizzarri C, Diller R. Time-Resolved Spectroscopy and Electronic Structure of Mono-and Dinuclear Pyridyl-Triazole/DPEPhos-Based Cu(I) Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:15251-15270. [PMID: 34550622 PMCID: PMC8597052 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of the mononuclear photosensitizers [(DPEPhos)Cu(I)(MPyrT)]0/+ (CuL, CuLH) and their dinuclear analogues (Cu2 L', Cu2 L'H2 ), backed by (TD)DFT and high-level GW-Bethe-Salpeter equation calculations, exemplifies the complex influence of charge, nuclearity and structural flexibility on UV-induced photophysical pathways. Ultrafast transient absorption and step-scan FTIR spectroscopy reveal flattening distortion in the triplet state of CuLH as controlled by charge, which also appears to have a large impact on the symmetry of the long-lived triplet states in Cu2 L' and Cu2 L'H2 . Time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy (solid state), supported by transient photodissociation spectroscopy (gas phase), confirm a lifetime of some tens of μs for the respective triplet states, as well as the energetics of thermally activated delayed luminescence, both being essential parameters for application of these materials based on earth-abundant copper in photocatalysis and luminescent devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merten Grupe
- Department of PhysicsTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 4667663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Pit Boden
- Department of ChemistryTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Patrick Di Martino‐Fumo
- Department of ChemistryTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Xin Gui
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Cecilia Bruschi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Roumany Israil
- Department of ChemistryTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Marcel Schmitt
- Department of ChemistryTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiA.I. Virtasen aukio 100014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Department of ChemistryTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
- Research Center OPTIMASErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 4667663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Christoph Riehn
- Department of ChemistryTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
- Research Center OPTIMASErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 4667663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Claudia Bizzarri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Rolf Diller
- Department of PhysicsTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 4667663KaiserslauternGermany
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15
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Seidler B, Sittig M, Zens C, Tran JH, Müller C, Zhang Y, Schneider KRA, Görls H, Schubert A, Gräfe S, Schulz M, Dietzek B. Modulating the Excited-State Decay Pathways of Cu(I) 4 H-Imidazolate Complexes by Excitation Wavelength and Ligand Backbone. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11498-11511. [PMID: 34617757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cu(I) 4H-imidazolato complexes are excellent photosensitizers with broad and intense light absorption properties, based on an earth-abundant metal, and hold great promise as photosensitizers in artificial photosynthesis and for accumulation of redox equivalents. In this study, the excited-state relaxation dynamics of three novel heteroleptic Cu(I) 4H-imidazolato complexes with phenyl, tolyl, and mesityl side groups are systematically investigated by femtosecond and nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical methods, complemented by steady-state absorption spectroscopy and (spectro)electrochemistry. After photoexcitation into the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and intraligand charge transfer absorption band, fast (0.6-1 ps) intersystem crossing occurs into the triplet MLCT manifold. The triplet-state population relaxes via the geometrical planarization of the N-aryl rings on the Cu(I) 4H-imidazolato complexes. Depending on the initial Franck-Condon state, the remaining small singlet state population relaxes into two geometrically distinct minima geometries with similar energy, S1/2,relax and S3/4,relax. Subsequent ground-state recovery from S1/2,relax and internal conversion from S3/4,relax to S1/2,relax take place on a 100 ps time scale. The internal conversion can be understood as hole transfer from a dyz-orbital to a dxz-orbital, which is accompanied with the structural reorganization of the coordination environment. Generally, the photophysical processes are determined by the steric hindrance of the side groups on the ligands. And the excited singlet-state pathways are dependent on the excitation wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Sittig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Clara Zens
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jens H Tran
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kilian R A Schneider
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schubert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (Fraunhofer IOF), Albert-Einstein-Str.7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Centre for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC-Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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16
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Cordones AA, Pemmaraju CD, Lee JH, Zegkinoglou I, Ragoussi ME, Himpsel FJ, de la Torre G, Schoenlein RW. Excited-State Charge Distribution of a Donor-π-Acceptor Zn Porphyrin Probed by N K-Edge Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1182-1188. [PMID: 33480697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Zinc porphyrin solar cell dyes with donor-π-acceptor architectures combine light absorber (π), electron-donor, and electron-acceptor moieties inside a single molecule with atomic precision. The donor-π-acceptor design promotes the separation of charge carriers following optical excitation. Here, we probe the excited-state electronic structure within such molecules by combining time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the N K-edge with first-principles time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. Customized Zn porphyrins with strong-donor triphenylamine groups or weak-donor tri-tert-butylbenzene groups were synthesized. Energetically well-separated N K-edge absorption features simultaneously probe the excited-state electronic structure from the perspectives of the macrocycle and triphenylamine N atoms. New absorption transitions between the macrocycle N atoms and the excited-state HOMO vacancy are observed, and the triphenylamine associated absorption feature blue-shifts, consistent with partial oxidation of the donor groups in the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Cordones
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - C Das Pemmaraju
- SIMES, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ioannis Zegkinoglou
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Maria-Eleni Ragoussi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Franz J Himpsel
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gema de la Torre
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert W Schoenlein
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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17
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Eberhart MS, Phelan BT, Niklas J, Sprague-Klein EA, Kaphan DM, Gosztola DJ, Chen LX, Tiede DM, Poluektov OG, Mulfort KL. Surface immobilized copper(I) diimine photosensitizers as molecular probes for elucidating the effects of confinement at interfaces for solar energy conversion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12130-12133. [PMID: 32960199 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05972b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteroleptic copper(i) bis(phenanthroline) complexes with surface anchoring carboxylate groups have been synthesized and immobilized on nanoporous metal oxide substrates. The species investigated are responsive to the external environment and this work provides a new strategy to control charge transfer processes for efficient solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Eberhart
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Jens Niklas
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Emily A Sprague-Klein
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - David M Kaphan
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - David J Gosztola
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Lin X Chen
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA. and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - David M Tiede
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Oleg G Poluektov
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.
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18
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Gimeno L, Blart E, Rebilly JN, Coupeau M, Allain M, Roisnel T, Quarré de Verneuil A, Gourlaouen C, Daniel C, Pellegrin Y. Non-Symmetrical Sterically Challenged Phenanthroline Ligands and Their Homoleptic Copper(I) Complexes with Improved Excited-State Properties. Chemistry 2020; 26:11887-11899. [PMID: 32492221 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A strategy is presented to improve the excited state reactivity of homoleptic copper-bis(diimine) complexes CuL2 + by increasing the steric bulk around CuI whereas preserving their stability. Substituting the phenanthroline at the 2-position by a phenyl group allows the implementation of stabilizing intramolecular π stacking within the copper complex, whereas tethering a branched alkyl chain at the 9-position provides enough steric bulk to rise the excited state energy E00 . Two novel complexes are studied and compared to symmetrical models. The impact of breaking the symmetry of phenanthroline ligands on the photophysical properties of the complexes is analyzed and rationalized thanks to a combined theoretical and experimental study. The importance of fine-tuning the steric bulk of the N-N chelate in order to stabilize the coordination sphere is demonstrated. Importantly, the excited state reactivity of the newly developed complexes is improved as demonstrated in the frame of a reductive quenching step, evidencing the relevance of our strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Gimeno
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Errol Blart
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, 44000, Nantes, France
| | | | - Marina Coupeau
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Allain
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200, Université Angers, SFR MATRIX, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR6226, Université de Rennes CNRS, 35000, Rennes, France
| | | | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Chantal Daniel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Yann Pellegrin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, 44000, Nantes, France
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19
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Yamazaki Y, Tsukuda T, Furukawa S, Dairiki A, Sawamura S, Tsubomura T. A Series of Mixed-Ligand Cu(I) Complexes Comprising Diphosphine-Disulfide Ligands: Effects of Diphosphine Ligands on Luminescent Properties. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12375-12384. [PMID: 32830956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-ligand Cu(I) complexes have attracted attention as alternatives to the noble- and/or rare-metal complexes, because of their remarkable photofunctions. To develop mixed-ligand Cu(I) complexes with rich photofunctions, an investigation of a suitable combination of ligands has captured more and more research interests. Herein, we report the first examples of emissive heteroleptic diphosphine-disulfide Cu(I) complexes combined with diphosphine ligands. The systematic study using a series of diphosphine ligands revealed that large π-conjugated bridging moieties between the two P atoms in the diphosphine ligands result in higher light-emission performance. When the diphosphine ligand was (R)-BINAP ((R)-BINAP = (R)-(+)-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl), the Cu(I) complex had an emission quantum yield (Φem) of 0.13 and a long emission lifetime (τem = 118 μs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuomi Yamazaki
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tsukuda
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Shota Furukawa
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Ayumi Dairiki
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Shota Sawamura
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Taro Tsubomura
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
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20
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Grupe M, Bäppler F, Theiß M, Busch JM, Dietrich F, Volz D, Gerhards M, Bräse S, Diller R. Real-time observation of molecular flattening and intersystem crossing in [(DPEPhos)Cu(i)(PyrTet)] via ultrafast UV/Vis- and mid-IR spectroscopy on solution and solid samples. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:14187-14200. [PMID: 32609106 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05749h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary photo-induced processes in the mononuclear, heteroleptic Cu(i) complex [(DPEPhos)Cu(PyrTet)] (1), relevant for OLED applications, were investigated in various solvents and in solid state samples via femtosecond (fs) time resolved UV/Vis and fs time resolved mid-IR transient absorption spectroscopy (TA) with MLCT excitation around 340 nm. UV/Vis fs-TA on 1 in solution reveals (i) a severe blue-shift of excited state absorption on the time scale of a few picoseconds (τ2) that is not observed in solids, and (ii), on the time scale of several tens of picoseconds (τ3), a process with very similar dynamics in all samples. Mid-IR fs-TA in solution indicates structural changes with τ2. Transient absorption anisotropy experiments temporally resolve a viscosity-dependent change of the excited state transition dipole moment orientation with τ2, as quantitatively predicted for the relaxed S1-state via TD-DFT. The results strongly suggest flattening distortion (FD) and structural rearrangement of the PyrTet-moiety to occur on the time scale of τ2 in liquid phase, and to be suppressed in solid phase. Moreover, intersystem crossing (ISC) is assigned to the process described by τ3, in line with its direct observation via time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy on 1 by Bergmann et al. (Sci. Adv., 2016, 2, e1500889). Overall, the use of structure-sensitive methods and the direct comparison of different preparations of 1 (i.e. solution vs. solid state), are a unique basis for a clear assignment of spectro-temporal characteristics to fundamental deactivation processes such as FD and ISC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merten Grupe
- Physics Department, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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21
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Katayama T, Northey T, Gawelda W, Milne CJ, Vankó G, Lima FA, Bohinc R, Németh Z, Nozawa S, Sato T, Khakhulin D, Szlachetko J, Togashi T, Owada S, Adachi SI, Bressler C, Yabashi M, Penfold TJ. Tracking multiple components of a nuclear wavepacket in photoexcited Cu(I)-phenanthroline complex using ultrafast X-ray spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3606. [PMID: 31399565 PMCID: PMC6689108 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Disentangling the strong interplay between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom is essential to achieve a full understanding of excited state processes during ultrafast nonadiabatic chemical reactions. However, the complexity of multi-dimensional potential energy surfaces means that this remains challenging. The energy flow during vibrational and electronic relaxation processes can be explored with structural sensitivity by probing a nuclear wavepacket using femtosecond time-resolved X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (TR-XANES). However, it remains unknown to what level of detail vibrational motions are observable in this X-ray technique. Herein we track the wavepacket dynamics of a prototypical [Cu(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)2]+ complex using TR-XANES. We demonstrate that sensitivity to individual wavepacket components can be modulated by the probe energy and that the bond length change associated with molecular breathing mode can be tracked with a sub-Angstrom resolution beyond optical-domain observables. Importantly, our results reveal how state-of-the-art TR-XANES provides deeper insights of ultrafast nonadiabatic chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Katayama
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan. .,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan.
| | - Thomas Northey
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Wojciech Gawelda
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.,Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - György Vankó
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Rok Bohinc
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Németh
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shunsuke Nozawa
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan.,Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Tokushi Sato
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.,Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jakub Szlachetko
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadashi Togashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Shigeki Owada
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan.,RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Adachi
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan.,Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Christian Bressler
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.,Centre for Ultrafast Imaging CUI, University of Hamburg, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Thomas J Penfold
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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22
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Mapley JI, Ross DAW, McAdam CJ, Gordon KC, Crowley JD. Triphenylamine-substituted 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole copper(I) complexes: an experimental and computational investigation. J COORD CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2019.1593388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph I. Mapley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - C. John McAdam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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23
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Nicholls TP, Caporale C, Massi M, Gardiner MG, Bissember AC. Synthesis and characterisation of homoleptic 2,9-diaryl-1,10-phenanthroline copper(i) complexes: influencing selectivity in photoredox-catalysed atom-transfer radical addition reactions. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:7290-7301. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04116d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Novel bis(2,9-diaryl-1,10-phenanthroline)copper(i) complexes were prepared to study a photoredox-catalysed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Nicholls
- School of Natural Sciences – Chemistry
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
| | - Chiara Caporale
- Department of Chemistry and Nanochemistry Research Institute
- Curtin University
- Bentley
- Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- Department of Chemistry and Nanochemistry Research Institute
- Curtin University
- Bentley
- Australia
| | | | - Alex C. Bissember
- School of Natural Sciences – Chemistry
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
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24
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Redox-coupled structural changes in copper chemistry: Implications for atom transfer catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Liu Y, Yiu SC, Ho CL, Wong WY. Recent advances in copper complexes for electrical/light energy conversion. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Hayes D, Kohler L, Chen LX, Mulfort KL. Ligand Mediation of Vectorial Charge Transfer in Cu(I)diimine Chromophore-Acceptor Dyads. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2070-2076. [PMID: 29614231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present the photoinduced charge separation dynamics of four molecular dyads composed of heteroleptic Cu(I)bis(phenanthroline) chromophores linked directly to the common electron acceptor naphthalene diimide. The dyads were designed to allow us to (1) detect any kinetic preference for directionality during photoinduced electron transfer across the heteroleptic complex and (2) probe the influence of excited-state flattening on intramolecular charge separation. Singular value decomposition of ultrafast optical transient absorption spectra demonstrates that charge transfer occurs with strong directional preference, and charge separation occurs up to 35 times faster when the acceptor is linked to the sterically blocking ligand. Further, the charge-separated state in these dyads is stabilized by polar solvents, resulting in dramatically longer lifetimes for dyads with minimal substitution about the Cu(I) center. This unexpected but exciting observation suggests a new approach to the design of Cu(I)bis(phenanthroline) chromophores that can support long-lived vectorial charge separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dugan Hayes
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Lars Kohler
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Lin X Chen
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
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27
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Schulz M, Reichardt C, Müller C, Schneider KRA, Holste J, Dietzek B. Excited State Properties of Heteroleptic Cu(I) 4H-Imidazolate Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 56:12978-12986. [PMID: 29064681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The excited state properties of three heteroleptic copper(I) xantphos 4H-imidazolate complexes are investigated by means of femtosecond and nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy in dichloromethane solution. The subpicosecond spectral changes observed after excitation into the MLCT absorption band are interpreted as intersystem crossing from the singlet to the triplet manifold. This interpretation is corroborated by DFT and TD-DFT results, indicating a comparable molecular geometry in the ground state (and hence the nonrelaxed singlet state) and the excited triplet state. Population of the triplet state is followed by planarization of the N-aryl rings of the 4H-imidazolate ligand on a 10 ps time scale. The planarization strongly depends on the substitution pattern of the N-aryls and correlates with the reduced moment of inertia for the planarization motion. The triplet state subsequently decays to the ground state in about 100 ns. These results demonstrate that the excited state processes of copper(I) complexes depend on the specific ligand(s) and their substitution pattern. Thus, the work presented points to a possibility to design copper(I) complexes with specific photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) , Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Reichardt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) , Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kilian R A Schneider
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) , Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonas Holste
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) , Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Center für Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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28
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29
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Zhang Y, Schulz M, Wächtler M, Karnahl M, Dietzek B. Heteroleptic diimine–diphosphine Cu(I) complexes as an alternative towards noble-metal based photosensitizers: Design strategies, photophysical properties and perspective applications. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Hayes D, Kohler L, Hadt RG, Zhang X, Liu C, Mulfort KL, Chen LX. Excited state electron and energy relays in supramolecular dinuclear complexes revealed by ultrafast optical and X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2018; 9:860-875. [PMID: 29629153 PMCID: PMC5873173 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04055e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of photoinduced electron and energy transfer in a family of tetrapyridophenazine-bridged heteroleptic homo- and heterodinuclear copper(i) bis(phenanthroline)/ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes were studied using ultrafast optical and multi-edge X-ray transient absorption spectroscopies. This work combines the synthesis of heterodinuclear Cu(i)-Ru(ii) analogs of the homodinuclear Cu(i)-Cu(i) targets with spectroscopic analysis and electronic structure calculations to first disentangle the dynamics at individual metal sites by taking advantage of the element and site specificity of X-ray absorption and theoretical methods. The excited state dynamical models developed for the heterodinuclear complexes are then applied to model the more challenging homodinuclear complexes. These results suggest that both intermetallic charge and energy transfer can be observed in an asymmetric dinuclear copper complex in which the ground state redox potentials of the copper sites are offset by only 310 meV. We also demonstrate the ability of several of these complexes to effectively and unidirectionally shuttle energy between different metal centers, a property that could be of great use in the design of broadly absorbing and multifunctional multimetallic photocatalysts. This work provides an important step toward developing both a fundamental conceptual picture and a practical experimental handle with which synthetic chemists, spectroscopists, and theoreticians may collaborate to engineer cheap and efficient photocatalytic materials capable of performing coulombically demanding chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dugan Hayes
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA . ; ;
| | - Lars Kohler
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA . ; ;
| | - Ryan G Hadt
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA . ; ;
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA
| | - Cunming Liu
- X-ray Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA . ; ;
| | - Lin X Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , IL 60439 , USA . ; ;
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
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31
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Kohler L, Hayes D, Hong J, Carter TJ, Shelby ML, Fransted KA, Chen LX, Mulfort KL. Synthesis, structure, ultrafast kinetics, and light-induced dynamics of CuHETPHEN chromophores. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:9871-83. [PMID: 26924711 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00324a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five heteroleptic Cu(i)bis(phenanthroline) chromophores with distinct variation in the steric bulk at the 2,9-phenanthroline position were synthesized using the HETPHEN method, and their ground and excited state properties are described. Analysis of the crystal structures reveals a significant distortion from tetrahedral geometry around the Cu(i) centre which is attributed to favourable aromatic interactions between the two phenanthroline ligands. Ultrafast and nanosecond transient optical spectroscopies reveal that the excited state lifetime can be tuned across two orders of magnitude up to 74 nanoseconds in acetonitrile by changing the 2,9-substituent from hydrogen to sec-butyl. X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy at the Cu K-edge confirmed Cu(i) oxidation to Cu(ii) and revealed a decrease of the Cu-N bond lengths in the excited state. The ground and excited state characterization presented here will guide the integration of CuHETPHEN chromophores into complex electron donor-acceptor architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kohler
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Dugan Hayes
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Jiyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tyler J Carter
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Megan L Shelby
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Kelly A Fransted
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Lin X Chen
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439, USA. and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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32
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Dicke B, Hoffmann A, Stanek J, Rampp MS, Grimm-Lebsanft B, Biebl F, Rukser D, Maerz B, Göries D, Naumova M, Biednov M, Neuber G, Wetzel A, Hofmann SM, Roedig P, Meents A, Bielecki J, Andreasson J, Beyerlein KR, Chapman HN, Bressler C, Zinth W, Rübhausen M, Herres-Pawlis S. Transferring the entatic-state principle to copper photochemistry. Nat Chem 2018; 10:355-362. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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33
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Bergmann L, Braun C, Nieger M, Bräse S. The coordination- and photochemistry of copper(i) complexes: variation of N^N ligands from imidazole to tetrazole. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:608-621. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03682e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Prediction rules for the coordination chemistry of copper(i) with neutral or deprotonated N^N ligands and different phosphines were derived and related to their photoluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolin Braun
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics
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34
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Hassan A, Zhang X, Liu X, Rowland CE, Jawaid AM, Chattopadhyay S, Gulec A, Shamirian A, Zuo X, Klie RF, Schaller RD, Snee PT. Charge Carriers Modulate the Bonding of Semiconductor Nanoparticle Dopants As Revealed by Time-Resolved X-ray Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10070-10076. [PMID: 28846841 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the electronic structure of doped semiconductors is essential to realize advancements in electronics and in the rational design of nanoscale devices. Reported here are the results of time-resolved X-ray absorption studies on copper-doped cadmium sulfide nanoparticles that provide an explicit description of the electronic dynamics of the dopants. The interaction of a dopant ion and an excess charge carrier is unambiguously observed via monitoring the oxidation state. The experimental data combined with DFT calculations demonstrate that dopant bonding to the host matrix is modulated by its interaction with charge carriers. Furthermore, the transient photoluminescence and the kinetics of dopant oxidation reveal the presence of two types of surface-bound ions that create midgap states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Clare E Rowland
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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35
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Kubiček K, Thekku Veedu S, Storozhuk D, Kia R, Techert S. Geometric and electronic properties in a series of phosphorescent heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes: Crystallographic and computational studies. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Garakyaraghi S, Koutnik P, Castellano FN. Photoinduced structural distortions and singlet–triplet intersystem crossing in Cu(i) MLCT excited states monitored by optically gated fluorescence spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03343e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive analysis of the photo-induced structural distortions and singlet–triplet intersystem crossing dynamics of a series of Cu(i) phenanthroline chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petr Koutnik
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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37
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Versatile copper complexes as a convenient springboard for both dyes and redox mediators in dye sensitized solar cells. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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Göries D, Dicke B, Roedig P, Stübe N, Meyer J, Galler A, Gawelda W, Britz A, Geßler P, Sotoudi Namin H, Beckmann A, Schlie M, Warmer M, Naumova M, Bressler C, Rübhausen M, Weckert E, Meents A. Time-resolved pump and probe x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy at beamline P11 at PETRA III. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:053116. [PMID: 27250401 DOI: 10.1063/1.4948596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report about the development and implementation of a new setup for time-resolved X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy at beamline P11 utilizing the outstanding source properties of the low-emittance PETRA III synchrotron storage ring in Hamburg. Using a high intensity micrometer-sized X-ray beam in combination with two positional feedback systems, measurements were performed on the transition metal complex fac-Tris[2-phenylpyridinato-C2,N]iridium(III) also referred to as fac-Ir(ppy)3. This compound is a representative of the phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes, which play an important role in organic light emitting diode (OLED) technology. The experiment could directly prove the anticipated photoinduced charge transfer reaction. Our results further reveal that the temporal resolution of the experiment is limited by the PETRA III X-ray bunch length of ∼103 ps full width at half maximum (FWHM).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Göries
- DESY Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Dicke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Roedig
- DESY Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Stübe
- DESY Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Meyer
- DESY Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Galler
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - W Gawelda
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Britz
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Geßler
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Sotoudi Namin
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Beckmann
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Schlie
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Warmer
- DESY Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Naumova
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Bressler
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Rübhausen
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - E Weckert
- DESY Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Meents
- DESY Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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39
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Metal–Organic and Organic TADF-Materials: Status, Challenges and Characterization. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:22. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Housecroft CE, Constable EC. The emergence of copper(I)-based dye sensitized solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 44:8386-98. [PMID: 26356386 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00215j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of Grätzel-type dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs) in the early 1990s, there has been an exponential growth in the number of publications dealing with their optimization and new design concepts. Conventional Grätzel DSCs use ruthenium(II) complexes as sensitizers, and the highest photon-to-electrical current conversion efficiency for a ruthenium dye is ≈12%. However, ruthenium is both rare and expensive, and replacement by cheaper and more sustainable metals is desirable. In this Tutorial Review, we describe strategies for assembling copper(I) complexes for use as dyes in DSCs, a research area that has been active since ≈2008. We demonstrate design principles for (I) ligands to anchor the complex to a semiconductor surface and promote electron transfer from dye to semiconductor, and (II) ancillary ligands to tune the light absorption properties of the dye and facilitate electron transfer from electrolyte to dye in the DSC. We assess the progress made in terms of light-harvesting and overall photoconversion efficiencies of copper(I)-containing DSCs and highlight areas that remain ripe for development and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. edwin.constable @unibas.ch
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. edwin.constable @unibas.ch
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41
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Mara MW, Bowman DN, Buyukcakir O, Shelby ML, Haldrup K, Huang J, Harpham MR, Stickrath AB, Zhang X, Stoddart JF, Coskun A, Jakubikova E, Chen LX. Electron Injection from Copper Diimine Sensitizers into TiO2: Structural Effects and Their Implications for Solar Energy Conversion Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9670-84. [PMID: 26154849 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Copper(I) diimine complexes have emerged as low cost replacements for ruthenium complexes as light sensitizers and electron donors, but their shorter metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MLCT) states lifetimes and lability of transient Cu(II) species impede their intended functions. Two carboxylated Cu(I) bis-2,9-diphenylphenanthroline (dpp) complexes [Cu(I)(dpp-O(CH2CH2O)5)(dpp-(COOH)2)](+) and [Cu(I)(dpp-O(CH2CH2O)5)(dpp-(Φ-COOH)2)](+) (Φ = tolyl) with different linker lengths were synthesized in which the MLCT-state solvent quenching pathways are effectively blocked, the lifetime of the singlet MLCT state is prolonged, and the transient Cu(II) ligands are stabilized. Aiming at understanding the mechanisms of structural influence to the interfacial charge transfer in the dye-sensitized solar cell mimics, electronic and geometric structures as well as dynamics for the MLCT state of these complexes and their hybrid with TiO2 nanoparticles were investigated using optical transient spectroscopy, X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy, time-dependent density functional theory, and quantum dynamics simulations. The combined results show that these complexes exhibit strong absorption throughout the visible spectrum due to the severely flattened ground state, and a long-lived charge-separated Cu(II) has been achieved via ultrafast electron injection (<300 fs) from the (1)MLCT state into TiO2 nanoparticles. The results also indicate that the TiO2-phen distance in these systems does not have significant effect on the efficiency of the interfacial electron-transfer process. The mechanisms for electron transfer in these systems are discussed and used to develop new strategies in optimizing copper(I) diimine complexes in solar energy conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Mara
- †Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - David N Bowman
- §Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Onur Buyukcakir
- ⊥Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Megan L Shelby
- †Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Kristoffer Haldrup
- ∥Centre for Molecular Movies, Department of Physics, NEXMAP Section, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - J Fraser Stoddart
- †Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Ali Coskun
- ⊥Graduate School of Energy, Environment, Water and Sustainability (EEWS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- §Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Lin X Chen
- †Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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42
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Capano G, Rothlisberger U, Tavernelli I, Penfold TJ. Theoretical Rationalization of the Emission Properties of Prototypical Cu(I)–Phenanthroline Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:7026-37. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Capano
- École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire de spectroscopie
ultrarapide, ISIC, FSB Station
6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire de chimie et
biochimie computationnelles, ISIC, FSB-BCH, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - U. Rothlisberger
- École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire de chimie et
biochimie computationnelles, ISIC, FSB-BCH, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - I. Tavernelli
- École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire de chimie et
biochimie computationnelles, ISIC, FSB-BCH, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T. J. Penfold
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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43
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Huang J, Mara MW, Stickrath AB, Kokhan O, Harpham MR, Haldrup K, Shelby ML, Zhang X, Ruppert R, Sauvage JP, Chen LX. A strong steric hindrance effect on ground state, excited state, and charge separated state properties of a Cu(I)-diimine complex captured by X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy. Dalton Trans 2015; 43:17615-23. [PMID: 25243795 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02046d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photophysical and structural properties of a Cu(I) diimine complex with very strong steric hindrance, [Cu(I)(dppS)2](+) (dppS = 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline disulfonic acid disodium salt), are investigated by optical and X-ray transient absorption (OTA and XTA) spectroscopy. The bulky phenylsulfonic acid groups at 2,9 positions of phenanthroline ligands force the ground state and the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited state to adopt a flattened pseudo-tetrahedral coordination geometry in which the solvent access to the copper center is completely blocked. We analyzed the MLCT state dynamics and structures as well as those of the charge separated state resulting from the interfacial electron injection from the MLCT state to TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). The OTA results show the absence of the sub-picosecond component previously assigned as the time constant for flattening, while the two observed time constants are assigned to a relatively slow intersystem crossing (ISC) rate (∼13.8 ps) and a decay rate (100 ns) of the [Cu(I)(dppS)2](+) MLCT state in water. These results correlate well with the XTA studies that resolved a flattened tetrahedral Cu(i) coordination geometry in the ground state. Probing the (3)MLCT state structure with XTA establishes that the (3)MLCT state has the same oxidation state as the copper center in [Cu(II)(dppS)2](2+) and the Cu-N distance is reduced by 0.06 Å compared to that of the ground state, accompanied by a rotation of phenyl rings located at 2,9 positions of phenanthroline. The structural dynamics of the photoinduced charge transfer process in the [Cu(I)(dppS)2](+)/TiO2 hybrid is also investigated, which suggests a more restricted environment for the complex upon binding to TiO2 NPs. Moreover, the Cu-N bond length of the oxidized state of [Cu(I)(dppS)2](+) after electron injection to TiO2 NPs shortens by 0.05 Å compared to that in the ground state. The interpretation of these observed structural changes associated with excited and charge separated states will be discussed. These results not only set an example for applying XTA in capturing the intermediate structure of metal complex/semiconductor NP hybrids but also provide guidance for designing efficient Cu(I) diimine complexes with optimized structures for application in solar-to-electricity conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
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44
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Volz D, Chen Y, Wallesch M, Liu R, Fléchon C, Zink DM, Friedrichs J, Flügge H, Steininger R, Göttlicher J, Heske C, Weinhardt L, Bräse S, So F, Baumann T. Bridging the efficiency gap: fully bridged dinuclear Cu(I)-complexes for singlet harvesting in high-efficiency OLEDs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:2538-2543. [PMID: 25754022 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The substitution of rare metals such as iridium and platinum in light-emitting materials is a key step to enable low-cost mass-production of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here, it is demonstrated that using a solution-processed, fully bridged dinuclear Cu(I)-complex can yield very high efficiencies. An optimized device gives a maximum external quantum efficiency of 23 ± 1% (73 ± 2 cd A(-1) ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Volz
- cynora GmbH, Werner-von-Siemensstraße 2-6, building 5110, 76646, Bruchsal, Germany
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45
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Garakyaraghi S, Danilov EO, McCusker CE, Castellano FN. Transient absorption dynamics of sterically congested Cu(I) MLCT excited states. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3181-93. [PMID: 25751569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Subpicosecond through supra-nanosecond transient absorption dynamics of the homoleptic Cu(I) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) photosensitizers including the benchmark [Cu(dmp)2](+) (dmp =2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) chromophore, as well as [Cu(dsbp)2](+) (dsbp =2,9-di(sec-butyl)-1,10-phenanthroline and [Cu(dsbtmp)2](+) (dsbtmp =2,9-di(sec-butyl)-3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) were investigated in dichloromethane and tetrahydrofuran solutions. Visible and near-IR spectroelectrochemical measurements of the singly reduced [Cu(dsbp)2](+) and [Cu(dsbtmp)2](+) species were determined in tetrahydrofuran, allowing for the identification of redox-specific phenanthroline-based radical anion spectroscopic signatures prevalent in the respective transient absorption experiments. This study utilized four different excitation wavelengths (418, 470, 500, and 530 nm) to elucidate dynamics on ultrafast times scales spanning probe wavelengths ranging from the UV to the near-IR (350 to 1450 nm). With the current time resolution of ∼150 fs, initial excited state decay in all three compounds was found to be independent of excitation wavelength. Not surprisingly, there was little to no observed influence of solvent in the initial stages of excited state decay in any of these molecules including [Cu(dmp)2](+), consistent with results from previous investigators. The combined experimental data revealed two ranges of time constants observed on short time scales in all three MLCT chromophores and both components lengthen as a function of structure in the following manner: [Cu(dsbtmp)2](+) < [Cu(dsbp)2](+) < [Cu(dmp)2](+). The molecule with the most inhibited potential for distortion, [Cu(dsbtmp)2](+), possessed the fastest ultrafast dynamics as well as the longest excited state lifetimes in both solvents. These results are consistent with a small degree of excited state distortion, rapid intersystem crossing, and weak vibronic coupling to the ground state. The concomitant systematic variation in both initial time constants, assigned to pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortion and intersystem crossing, suggest that both processes are intimately coupled in all molecules in the series. The variability in these time scales illustrate that strongly impeded structural distortion in Cu(I) MLCT excited state enables more rapid surface crossings in the initial deactivation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Garakyaraghi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Evgeny O Danilov
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Catherine E McCusker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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46
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Mara MW, Fransted KA, Chen LX. Interplays of excited state structures and dynamics in copper(I) diimine complexes: Implications and perspectives. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Shelby ML, Mara MW, Chen LX. New insight into metalloporphyrin excited state structures and axial ligand binding from X-ray transient absorption spectroscopic studies. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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48
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Tschierlei S, Karnahl M, Rockstroh N, Junge H, Beller M, Lochbrunner S. Substitution-controlled excited state processes in heteroleptic copper(I) photosensitizers used in hydrogen evolving systems. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:3709-13. [PMID: 25236384 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Four different heteroleptic [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]PF6 complexes, which combine classical bidentate diimine ligands and sterically demanding diphosphine ligands, are studied by a combination of ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. The light-induced excited state processes, accompanied by a structural change, are discussed with respect to the application of these complexes as a new class of noble-metal-free photosensitizers in proton reducing systems. In particular, the influence of different substituents in the ligand backbone on the photophysical properties is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Tschierlei
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics, Universitätsplatz 3, 18055 Rostock (Germany).
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49
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Fransted KA, Jackson NE, Zong R, Mara MW, Huang J, Harpham MR, Shelby ML, Thummel RP, Chen LX. Ultrafast Structural Dynamics of Cu(I)-Bicinchoninic Acid and Their Implications for Solar Energy Applications. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10497-506. [DOI: 10.1021/jp504294j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Fransted
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439-3113, United States
| | - Nicholas E. Jackson
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ruifa Zong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Michael W. Mara
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439-3113, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jier Huang
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Harpham
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439-3113, United States
| | - Megan L. Shelby
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439-3113, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Randolph P. Thummel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Lin X. Chen
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439-3113, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60439, United States
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50
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Volz D, Wallesch M, Grage SL, Göttlicher J, Steininger R, Batchelor D, Vitova T, Ulrich AS, Heske C, Weinhardt L, Baumann T, Bräse S. Labile or Stable: Can Homoleptic and Heteroleptic PyrPHOS–Copper Complexes Be Processed from Solution? Inorg Chem 2014; 53:7837-47. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500135m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Volz
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manuela Wallesch
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephan L. Grage
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jörg Göttlicher
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Steininger
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David Batchelor
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tonya Vitova
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne S. Ulrich
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Baumann
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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