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Rajpal S, Mishra P, Mizaikoff B. Rational In Silico Design of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Current Challenges and Future Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076785. [PMID: 37047758 PMCID: PMC10095314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The rational design of molecularly imprinted polymers has evolved along with state-of-the-art experimental imprinting strategies taking advantage of sophisticated computational tools. In silico methods enable the screening and simulation of innovative polymerization components and conditions superseding conventional formulations. The combined use of quantum mechanics, molecular mechanics, and molecular dynamics strategies allows for macromolecular modelling to study the systematic translation from the pre- to the post-polymerization stage. However, predictive design and high-performance computing to advance MIP development are neither fully explored nor practiced comprehensively on a routine basis to date. In this review, we focus on different steps along the molecular imprinting process and discuss appropriate computational methods that may assist in optimizing the associated experimental strategies. We discuss the potential, challenges, and limitations of computational approaches including ML/AI and present perspectives that may guide next-generation rational MIP design for accelerating the discovery of innovative molecularly templated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Rajpal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Sedanstraße 14, 89077 Ulm, Germany
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2
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Valentino M, Imbriano A, Tricase A, Della Pelle F, Compagnone D, Macchia E, Torsi L, Bollella P, Ditaranto N. Electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polypyrrole film for dimethoate sensing: investigation on template removal after the imprinting process. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1250-1253. [PMID: 36861684 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay02024f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of ultrasensitive analytical detection methods for organophosphorus pesticides such as dimethoate (DMT) plays a key role in healthy food production. DMT is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which can lead to the accumulation of acetylcholine and result in symptoms related to the autonomous and central nervous systems. Herein, we report the first spectroscopic and electrochemical study on template removal after an imprinting process from a polypyrrole-based molecularly imprinted polymer (PPy-MIP) film for the detection of DMT. Several template removal procedures were tested and evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The most effective procedure was achieved in 100 mM NaOH. The proposed DMT PPy-MIP sensor exhibits a limit of detection of (8 ± 2) × 10-12 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Valentino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Anna Imbriano
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Tricase
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Flavio Della Pelle
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ditaranto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Nicholls IA, Golker K, Olsson GD, Suriyanarayanan S, Wiklander JG. The Use of Computational Methods for the Development of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2841. [PMID: 34502881 PMCID: PMC8434026 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the use of theoretical and computational approaches in the study and development of molecular imprinting systems. These tools are being used to either improve understanding of the mechanisms underlying the function of molecular imprinting systems or for the design of new systems. Here, we present an overview of the literature describing the application of theoretical and computational techniques to the different stages of the molecular imprinting process (pre-polymerization mixture, polymerization process and ligand-molecularly imprinted polymer rebinding), along with an analysis of trends within and the current status of this aspect of the molecular imprinting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Nicholls
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Linnaeus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden; (K.G.); (G.D.O.); (S.S.); (J.G.W.)
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4
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Preparation and specific recognition of protein macromolecularly imprinted polyampholyte hydrogel. Talanta 2019; 192:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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5
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Zadok I, Srebnik S. Coarse-Grained Simulation of Protein-Imprinted Hydrogels. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:7091-7101. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b03774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Zadok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Simcha Srebnik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Boroznjak R, Reut J, Tretjakov A, Lomaka A, Öpik A, Syritski V. A computational approach to study functional monomer-protein molecular interactions to optimize protein molecular imprinting. J Mol Recognit 2017; 30. [PMID: 28444792 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imprinting has become a promising approach for synthesis of polymeric materials having binding sites with a predetermined selectivity for a given analyte, the so-called molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), which can be used as artificial receptors in various application fields. Realization of binding sites in a MIP involves the formation of prepolymerization complexes between a template molecule and monomers, their subsequent polymerization, and the removal of the template. It is believed that the strength of the monomer-template interactions in the prepolymerization mixture influences directly on the quality of the binding sites in a MIP and consequently on its performance. In this study, a computational approach allowing the rational selection of an appropriate monomer for building a MIP capable of selectively rebinding macromolecular analytes has been developed. Molecular docking combined with quantum chemical calculations was used for modeling and comparing molecular interactions among a model macromolecular template, immunoglobulin G (IgG), and 1 of 3 electropolymerizable functional monomers: m-phenylenediamine (mPD), dopamine, and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, as well as to predict the probable arrangement of multiple monomers around the protein. It was revealed that mPD was arranged more uniformly around IgG participating in multiple H-bond interactions with its polar residues and, therefore, could be considered as more advantageous for synthesis of a MIP for IgG recognition (IgG-MIP). These theoretical predictions were verified by the experimental results and found to be in good agreement showing higher binding affinity of the mPD-based IgG-MIP toward IgG as compared with the IgG-MIPs generated from the other 2 monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boroznjak
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - J Reut
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - A Tretjakov
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - A Lomaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - A Öpik
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - V Syritski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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El-Aal MAA, Al-Ghobashy MA, Fathalla FAA, El-Saharty YS. Preparation and characterization of pH-responsive polyacrylamide molecularly imprinted polymer: Application to isolation of recombinant and wild type human serum albumin from biological sources. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1046:34-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yankelov R, Yungerman I, Srebnik S. The selectivity of protein-imprinted gels and its relation to protein properties: A computer simulation study. J Mol Recognit 2017; 30. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rami Yankelov
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa Israel 32000
| | - Irena Yungerman
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa Israel 32000
| | - Simcha Srebnik
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa Israel 32000
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9
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Electrochemical bacterial detection using poly(3-aminophenylboronic acid)-based imprinted polymer. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 93:87-93. [PMID: 27751788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors can deliver the rapid bacterial detection that is needed in many fields including food safety, clinical diagnostics, biosafety and biosecurity. Whole-cell imprinted polymers have the potential to be applied as recognition elements in biosensors for selective bacterial detection. In this paper, we report on the use of 3-aminophenylboronic acid (3-APBA) for the electrochemical fabrication of a cell-imprinted polymer (CIP). The use of a monomer bearing a boronic acid group, with its ability to specifically interact with cis-diol, allowed the formation of a polymeric network presenting both morphological and chemical recognition abilities. A particularly beneficial feature of the proposed approach is the reversibility of the cis-diol-boronic group complex, which facilitates easy release of the captured bacterial cells and subsequent regeneration of the CIP. Staphylococcus epidermidis was used as the model target bacteria for the CIP and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was explored for the label-free detection of the target bacteria. The modified electrodes showed a linear response over the range of 103-107cfu/mL. A selectivity study also showed that the CIP could discriminate its target from non-target bacteria having similar shape. The CIPs had high affinity and specificity for bacterial detection and provided a switchable interface for easy removal of bacterial cell.
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Ashley J, Shukor Y, Tothill IE. The use of differential scanning fluorimetry in the rational design of plastic antibodies for protein targets. Analyst 2016; 141:6463-6470. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Predicted interactions between acrylic monomers and proteins, and melting profiles using DSF in the rational design of MIP-NPs for proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ashley
- Cranfield University
- College Road
- Cranfield
- UK
| | - Yunus Shukor
- Dept. of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Selangor
- Malaysia
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Kong Y, Wang N, Ni X, Yu Q, Liu H, Huang W, Xu W. Molecular dynamics simulations of molecularly imprinted polymer approaches to the preparation of selective materials to remove norfloxacin. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kong
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 People's Republic of China
| | - Ningwei Wang
- Zhenjiang Entry-Exit Inspection Quarantine Bureau; Zhenjiang 212008 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoni Ni
- Zhenjiang Institute for Drug Control of Jiangsu Province; Zhenjiang 212003 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyi Yu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Jilin University; Changchun 130023 People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Huang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 People's Republic of China
| | - Wanzhen Xu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 People's Republic of China
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12
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Whitcombe MJ, Kirsch N, Nicholls IA. Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years 2004-2011. J Mol Recognit 2014; 27:297-401. [PMID: 24700625 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a survey of the literature covering the development of molecular imprinting science and technology over the years 2004-2011. In total, 3779 references to the original papers, reviews, edited volumes and monographs from this period are included, along with recently identified uncited materials from prior to 2004, which were omitted in the first instalment of this series covering the years 1930-2003. In the presentation of the assembled references, a section presenting reviews and monographs covering the area is followed by sections describing fundamental aspects of molecular imprinting including the development of novel polymer formats. Thereafter, literature describing efforts to apply these polymeric materials to a range of application areas is presented. Current trends and areas of rapid development are discussed.
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LIU LK, YANG WM, XU WZ, ZHOU ZP, LIU H, YAN YS. Molecular Simulation Assisted Design and Preparation of Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and Their Characteristics. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(13)60711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Yang W, Liu L, Zhou Z, Qiu C, Ma P, Liu H, Xu W. Rational design and preparation for novel denitrogenation adsorbents by computational simulation and improved atom transfer radical polymerization. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00269a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Levi L, Srebnik S. Simulation of Protein-Imprinted Polymers. 3. Imprinting Selectivity. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:14469-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jp206940j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liora Levi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion — Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 32000
| | - Simcha Srebnik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion — Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 32000
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Kryscio DR, Shi Y, Ren P, Peppas NA. Molecular docking simulations for macromolecularly imprinted polymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011; 50:13877-13884. [PMID: 22287827 PMCID: PMC3266373 DOI: 10.1021/ie201858n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers are fully synthetic antibody mimics prepared via the crosslinking of organic monomers in the presence of an analyte. This general procedure is now well developed for small molecule templates; however, attempts to extend the same techniques to the macromolecular regime have achieved limited success to date. We employ molecular docking simulations to investigate the interactions between albumin, a common protein template, and frequently employed ligands used in the literature at the molecular level. Specifically, we determine the most favorable binding sites for these ligands on albumin and determine the types of non-covalent interactions taking place based on the amino acids present nearby this binding pocket. Our results show that hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions occur between amino acids side chains and ligands. Several interactions are also taking place with the polypeptide backbone, potentially disrupting the protein's secondary structure. We show that several of the ligands preferentially bind to the same sites on the protein, which indicates that if multiple monomers are used during synthesis then competition for the same amino acids could lead to non-specific recognition. Both of these results provide rational explanations for the lack of success to date in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Kryscio
- The University of Texas at Austin, Cockrell School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yue Shi
- The University of Texas at Austin, Cockrell School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Pengyu Ren
- The University of Texas at Austin, Cockrell School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- The University of Texas at Austin, Cockrell School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- The University of Texas at Austin, Cockrell School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Levi L, Raim V, Srebnik S. A brief review of coarse-grained and other computational studies of molecularly imprinted polymers. J Mol Recognit 2011; 24:883-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liora Levi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa; Israel; 32000
| | - Vladimir Raim
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa; Israel; 32000
| | - Simcha Srebnik
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa; Israel; 32000
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Lorenzo RA, Carro AM, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Concheiro A. To remove or not to remove? The challenge of extracting the template to make the cavities available in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs). Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:4327-47. [PMID: 21845081 PMCID: PMC3155354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12074327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Template removal is a critical step in the preparation of most molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The polymer network itself and the affinity of the imprinted cavities for the template make its removal hard. If there are remaining template molecules in the MIPs, less cavities will be available for rebinding, which decreases efficiency. Furthermore, if template bleeding occurs during analytical applications, errors will arise. Despite the relevance to the MIPs performance, template removal has received scarce attention and is currently the least cost-effective step of the MIP development. Attempts to reach complete template removal may involve the use of too drastic conditions in conventional extraction techniques, resulting in the damage or the collapse of the imprinted cavities. Advances in the extraction techniques in the last decade may provide optimized tools. The aim of this review is to analyze the available data on the efficiency of diverse extraction techniques for template removal, paying attention not only to the removal yield but also to MIPs performance. Such an analysis is expected to be useful for opening a way to rational approaches for template removal (minimizing the costs of solvents and time) instead of the current trial-and-error methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A. Lorenzo
- Department Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; E-Mails: (R.A.L.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Antonia M. Carro
- Department Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; E-Mails: (R.A.L.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Department Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Department Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain; E-Mail:
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Levi L, Srebnik S. Simulation of Protein-Imprinted Polymers. 2. Imprinting Efficiency. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:16744-51. [DOI: 10.1021/jp108762t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liora Levi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000 Israel
| | - Simcha Srebnik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000 Israel
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