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Boeckers H, Mues MP, Bredehöft JH, Swiderek P. Electron-induced hydroamination of ethane as compared to ethene: implications for the reaction mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:2140-2152. [PMID: 38131607 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04840c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The properties of carbonaceous materials with respect to various applications are enhanced by incorporation of nitrogen-containing moieties like, for instance, amino groups. Therefore, processes that allow the introduction of such functional groups into hydrocarbon compounds are of utmost interest. Previous studies have demonstrated that hydroamination reactions which couple amines to unsaturated sites within hydrocarbon molecules do not only proceed in the presence of suitably tailored catalysts but can also be induced and controlled by electron irradiation. However, studies on electron-induced hydroaminations so far were guided by the hypothesis that unsaturated hydrocarbons are required for the reaction while the reaction would be much less efficient in the case of saturated hydrocarbons. The present work evaluates the validity of this hypothesis by post-irradiation thermal desorption experiments that monitor the electron energy-dependent yield of ethylamine after electron irradiation of mixed C2H4:NH3 and C2H6:NH3 ices with the same composition and thickness. The results reveal that, in contrast to the initial assumption, ethylamine is formed with similar efficiency in both mixed ices. From the dependence of the product yields on the electron energy, we conclude that the reaction in both cases is predominantly driven by electron ionization of NH3. Ethylamine is formed via alternative reaction mechanisms by which the resulting NH2˙ radicals add to C2H4 and C2H6, respectively. The similar efficiency of amine formation in unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons demonstrates that electron irradiation in the presence of NH3 is a more versatile tool for introducing nitrogen into carbonaceous materials than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Boeckers
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry (IAPC), Fachbereich 2 (Chemie/Biologie), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5 (NW2), 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Martin Philipp Mues
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry (IAPC), Fachbereich 2 (Chemie/Biologie), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5 (NW2), 28359 Bremen, Germany.
- Paderborn University, Institute for Photonic Quantum Systems (PhoQS), Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Jan Hendrik Bredehöft
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry (IAPC), Fachbereich 2 (Chemie/Biologie), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5 (NW2), 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Petra Swiderek
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry (IAPC), Fachbereich 2 (Chemie/Biologie), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5 (NW2), 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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2
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Dupuy R, Féraud G, Bertin M, Romanzin C, Philippe L, Putaud T, Michaut X, Cimino R, Baglin V, Fillion JH. Desorption of neutrals, cations, and anions from core-excited amorphous solid water. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:054711. [PMID: 32035460 DOI: 10.1063/1.5133156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Core-excitation of water ice releases many different molecules and ions in the gas phase. Studying these desorbed species and the underlying desorption mechanisms can provide useful information on the effects of x-ray irradiation in ice. We report a detailed study of the x-ray induced desorption of a number of neutral, cationic, and anionic species from amorphous solid water. We discuss the desorption mechanisms and the relative contributions of Auger and secondary electrons (x-ray induced electron stimulated desorption) and initial excitation (direct desorption) as well as the role of photochemistry. Anions are shown to desorb not just through processes linked with secondary electrons but also through direct dissociation of the core-excited molecule. The desorption spectra of oxygen ions (O+, OH+, H2O+, O-, and OH-) give a new perspective on their previously reported very low desorption yields for most types of irradiations of water, showing that they mostly originate from the dissociation of photoproducts such as H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dupuy
- Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, LERMA, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - G Féraud
- Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, LERMA, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - M Bertin
- Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, LERMA, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - C Romanzin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS, univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - L Philippe
- Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, LERMA, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - T Putaud
- Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, LERMA, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - X Michaut
- Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, LERMA, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - R Cimino
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF)-INFN, I-00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - V Baglin
- CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - J-H Fillion
- Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, LERMA, F-75005 Paris, France
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Esmaili S, Bass AD, Cloutier P, Sanche L, Huels MA. Glycine formation in CO 2:CH 4:NH 3 ices induced by 0-70 eV electrons. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:164702. [PMID: 29716196 DOI: 10.1063/1.5021596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine (Gly), the simplest amino-acid building-block of proteins, has been identified on icy dust grains in the interstellar medium, icy comets, and ice covered meteorites. These astrophysical ices contain simple molecules (e.g., CO2, H2O, CH4, HCN, and NH3) and are exposed to complex radiation fields, e.g., UV, γ, or X-rays, stellar/solar wind particles, or cosmic rays. While much current effort is focused on understanding the radiochemistry induced in these ices by high energy radiation, the effects of the abundant secondary low energy electrons (LEEs) it produces have been mostly assumed rather than studied. Here we present the results for the exposure of multilayer CO2:CH4:NH3 ice mixtures to 0-70 eV electrons under simulated astrophysical conditions. Mass selected temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of our electron irradiated films reveals multiple products, most notably intact glycine, which is supported by control measurements of both irradiated or un-irradiated binary mixture films, and un-irradiated CO2:CH4:NH3 ices spiked with Gly. The threshold of Gly formation by LEEs is near 9 eV, while the TPD analysis of Gly film growth allows us to determine the "quantum" yield for 70 eV electrons to be about 0.004 Gly per incident electron. Our results show that simple amino acids can be formed directly from simple molecular ingredients, none of which possess preformed C-C or C-N bonds, by the copious secondary LEEs that are generated by ionizing radiation in astrophysical ices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Esmaili
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Andrew D Bass
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Pierre Cloutier
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Léon Sanche
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Michael A Huels
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H5N4, Canada
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Kundu S, Prabhudesai VS, Krishnakumar E. Electron induced reactions in condensed mixtures of methane and ammonia. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:25723-25733. [PMID: 28913527 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04490a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the efficient formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds starting from CH4 and NH3 on a metal surface at cryogenic temperatures. Electrons in the energy range of 1-90 eV are used to initiate chemical reactions in mixed molecular films of CH4 and NH3 at ∼15 K, and the products are detected by performing temperature programmed desorption (TPD). Extensive dehydrogenation occurs at all energies giving the products CH2NH and HCN in preference to CH3NH2. This is likely to do with the energetics of the reactions and the subsequent stability of these species in the condensed film. Thermal processing of the irradiated mixture favours dehydrogenation as indicated by the results of using different desorption rates. Electron impact excitation and subsequent dissociation into radicals is the reaction-initiating step rather than ionization of CH4 and NH3, as inferred from the yield of products as a function of electron energy. This could give insight into the important catalytic process of the industrial scale synthesis of HCN from CH4 and NH3 over Pt. This may also be a relevant pathway in the astrochemical environment where CN and HCN are abundant and low-energy electrons are found ubiquitously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sramana Kundu
- Department of Nuclear and Atomic Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai-400005, India.
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Hamann T, Böhler E, Swiderek P. Low-Energy-Electron-Induced Hydroamination of an Alkene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4643-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Hamann T, Böhler E, Swiderek P. Hydroaminierung eines Alkens, induziert durch niederenergetische Elektronen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bertin M, Martin I, Duvernay F, Theule P, Bossa JB, Borget F, Illenberger E, Lafosse A, Chiavassa T, Azria R. Chemistry induced by low-energy electrons in condensed multilayers of ammonia and carbon dioxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:1838-45. [DOI: 10.1039/b812796d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chipman DM. Dissociative electron attachment to the hydrogen-bound OH in water dimer through the lowest anionic Feshbach resonance. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:194309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2804868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lafosse A, Bertin M, Domaracka A, Pliszka D, Illenberger E, Azria R. Reactivity induced at 25 K by low-energy electron irradiation of condensed NH3-CH3COOD (1 : 1) mixture. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:5564-8. [PMID: 17136271 DOI: 10.1039/b613479c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactivity is observed following electron irradiation of a binary mixture of ammonia (NH(3)) and acetic acid (CH(3)COOD) at 25 K, without any subsequent thermal activation, as evidenced by vibrational high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Analysis of the HREEL spectra and comparison with infrared and Raman data of different molecules are compatible with glycine formation in its zwitterionic form. The onset for electron induced reaction is found to be at about approximately 13 eV. The mechanisms may involve NH radicals interaction with CH(3)COOD molecules. Then glycine formation does not imply any displacement of reactants, so that it involves only NH(3) and CH(3)COOD neighboring molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lafosse
- Laboratoire des Collisions Atomiques et Moléculaires CNRS-Université Paris-Sud UMR 8625, FR LUMAT, bât. 351, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Pan X, Abdoul-Carime H, Cloutier P, Bass AD, Sanche L. D , O and OD desorption induced by low-energy (0–20 eV) electron impact on amorphous D2O films. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2004.04.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abdoul-Carime H, Sanche L. Mechanism for Anion and Sulfur-Radical Production by 1−18 eV Electron Impact on Dimethyl Disulfide Adsorbed on Ice. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0206525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Abdoul-Carime
- Group of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research in the Radiation Sciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - L. Sanche
- Group of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research in the Radiation Sciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
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Laikhtman A, Le Coat Y, Hamou MH, Azria R, Hoffman A. Mechanism of low-energy electron stimulated desorption of O− from hydrogenated and hydrogen-free diamond surfaces exposed to activated oxygen. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1481377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Hedhili MN, Lachgar M, Le Coat Y, Azria R, Tronc M, Lu QB, Madey TE. Low-energy electron-induced processes in condensed CF2Cl2 films. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1334347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Tronc M, Azria R, Coat Y, Cloutier P, Sanche L. Kinetic energy distributions for O− and metastable CO* produced by electron stimulated desorption from condensed CO2. Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(00)00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Electron-stimulated desorption of O− from O2 adsorbed on CD3CN: substrate-mediated low-energy reaction pathways. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)00347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Le Coat Y, Azria R, Tronc M, Ingólfsson O, Illenberger E. Medium enhanced, electron stimulated desorption of CF3− from condensed CF3I. Chem Phys Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)00996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Simpson WC, Orlando TM, Parenteau L, Nagesha K, Sanche L. Dissociative electron attachment in nanoscale ice films: Thickness and charge trapping effects. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Simpson WC, Sieger MT, Orlando TM, Parenteau L, Nagesha K, Sanche L. Dissociative electron attachment in nanoscale ice films: Temperature and morphology effects. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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