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Wang P, Gao J, Xiao B, Long G, Zheng Q, Shou D. The Fastest Capillary Flow in Root-like Networks under Gravity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:9741-9750. [PMID: 38652825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Capillary flow has garnered significant attention due to its unique dynamic characteristics that require no external force. Creating a quantitative analytical model to evaluate capillary flow behaviors in root-like networks is essential for enhancing fluid control properties in functional textiles. In this study, we explore the capillary dynamics within root-like networks under the influence of gravity and derive the most rapid capillary flow via structural optimization. The flow time in a capillary is dominated by the capillary pressure, viscous pressure loss, and gravity, each of which exhibits diverse sensitivities to the structures of root-like networks. We scrutinize various structural parameters to understand their impact on capillary flow in root-like networks. Subsequently, optimal structural parameters (namely, the mother tube diameter and diameter ratio) are identified to minimize capillary flow time. Moreover, we discovered that the correlation between flow time and distance for capillary flow in root-like networks does not obey the classical Lucas-Washburn equation. These results affirm that root-like networks can enhance capillary flow, providing critical insights for numerous capillary-flow-dependent engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilong Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Equipment Intensification and Intrinsic Safety, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jun Gao
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Boqi Xiao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Equipment Intensification and Intrinsic Safety, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Chemical Equipment, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Gongbo Long
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Equipment Intensification and Intrinsic Safety, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Chemical Equipment, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Dahua Shou
- Future Intelligent Wear Centre, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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2
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Xu Z, Ran X, Zhang Z, Zhong M, Wang D, Li P, Fan Z. Designing a solar interfacial evaporator based on tree structures for great coordination of water transport and salt rejection. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1737-1744. [PMID: 36799081 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01447e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar interfacial evaporation has been receiving increasing attention but it is still a huge challenge to achieve excellent coordination between efficient water transport and salt rejection. Here, unlike the common wood-inspired evaporators with equal-diameter directional pores, we have constructed an integrated structure with highly connected gradient pores that mimic the xylem vessels and phloem sieve tubes found in trees. The bio-inspired structure can reduce the resistance of water transport and salt rejection in the same channel. The average transport speed of the 6.5 cm high (2 cm in diameter) porous structure reached 1.504 g s-1, and water was transported 16 cm after 100 seconds. Using multilayer graphene oxide as the photothermal conversion material, the evaporators with different heights can work for more than 9 hours under the condition of 1 sun illumination and 23 wt% brine without any salt crystallization, and the evaporation rates range from 3.28 to 4.51 kg m-2 h-1, with the highest energy utilization efficiency of about 80%. When used in heavy metal treatment, the rejection was greater than 99.99%. This research provides a simple but innovative design idea for evaporators and is expected to further expand the application of solar interfacial evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xueqin Ran
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Mingfeng Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Da Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Pengping Li
- Key Laboratory of Harbor and Marine Structure Durability Technology Ministry of Communications, Guangzhou, 510230, China
| | - Zhihong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Harbor and Marine Structure Durability Technology Ministry of Communications, Guangzhou, 510230, China
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3
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Liu Z, Yan Y, Liu T, Zhao Y, Huang Q, Huang Z. How to predict emissions of volatile organic compounds from solid building materials? A critical review on mass transfer models. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114054. [PMID: 34872182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitting from solid building materials can cause adverse human health and environmental climate effects. It's more cost effective and powerful for mass-transfer emission models to describe the emission characteristic of VOCs than emission chamber studies. In this review, the existing main physical mechanism-based models for predicting VOCs emissions from dry solid building materials have been discussed, as well as their differences and similarities. Ignoring internal diffusion and porosity of solid materials, single-phase model is generally quite safe for use in actual condition. Conversely, porous media model is good for understanding VOC-transfer principles in porous materials. Additionally, the porous media model and the single-phase model can be transformed mutually because their model parameters are correlative. The availability of emission models is largely determined by the reliable and useful model parameters. Therefore, substantial technologies and novel methods have been developed for parameter estimation, which have also been reviewed in this paper. How to readily and rapidly obtain model parameters is a future development direction. In addition, applying emission models to predict and control VOCs emission from other solid waste materials is another future research prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yusen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Youcai Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Zechun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Postulka N, Meckel T, Biesalski M. Porosity Centrifuge: Determination of Pore Sizes of Swellable Porous Materials under Hypergravity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8746-8752. [PMID: 34269591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Porous materials are ubiquitous and essential for many processes in nature as well as in industry, and the need to produce them from renewable materials will definitely increase. A prominent example for such a fully recyclable and biogenic porous material is paper, a material that contains macropores formed in between the fibers as well as a large distribution of much finer pores on and within the fiber walls. While the determination of pore sizes is of central importance for the characterization of such materials, their determination is usually only possible with complex methodologies. The determination of pore sizes in the context of water has remained largely unsolved to date, in particular, if water-swellable materials are considered. Here, we introduce a completely new way of determining pore sizes of materials even under swelling conditions. Using a centrifugal device and studying the imbibition of water into paper at various centrifugal forces that oppose the capillary forces, we can access the mean pore size of different paper materials in an experimentally simple fashion. In addition, we can show that the pore size values obtained with our "centrifugal porosimetry" are consistent with the values obtained using other methods, usually much more involved methods. For this purpose, we measure well-characterized translucent macroporous materials using water, ranging from simple glass capillaries to standard filters and nitrocellulose membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Postulka
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Alarich-Weiss-Str.8, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Alarich-Weiss-Str.8, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Biesalski
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Alarich-Weiss-Str.8, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Modha S, Castro C, Tsutsui H. Recent developments in flow modeling and fluid control for paper-based microfluidic biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113026. [PMID: 33545552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, researchers have shown that paper is a promising substrate for affordable biosensors. The field of paper-microfluidics has evolved rapidly in that time, with simple colorimetric assays giving way to more complex electrochemical devices that can handle multiple samples at a given time. As paper devices become more complex, the ability to precisely control different fluids simultaneously becomes a challenge. Specifically, automated flow control is a necessary attribute to make paper-based devices more useable in resource-limited settings. Flow control strategies on paper are typically developed experimentally through trial-and-error, with little focus on theory. This is because flow behavior in paper is not well understood and sometimes difficult to predict precisely. Additionally, popular theoretical models are too simplistic, making them unsuitable for complex device designs and application conditions. A better understanding of flow theory would allow devices conceived straight from theoretical models. This could save time and resources by reducing experimental work. In this review, we provide an overview of different theoretical models used to characterize imbibition in paper substrates and document the latest flow control strategies that have been applied to automated fluid control on paper. Additionally, we look at current efforts to commercialize paper-based devices along with challenges facing this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Modha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Carlos Castro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA
| | - Hideaki Tsutsui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA; Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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6
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Wang H, Su Y, Wang W. Investigations on Water Imbibing into Oil-Saturated Nanoporous Media: Coupling Molecular Interactions, the Dynamic Contact Angle, and the Entrance Effect. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Su
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Wendong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, China University of Petroleum (East China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
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7
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Prediction of flow characteristics in fibrous porous medium using a novel modeling algorithm and lattice Boltzmann method. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Effect of Weaving Structures on the Water Wicking-Evaporating Behavior of Woven Fabrics. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020422. [PMID: 32059351 PMCID: PMC7077655 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Water transfer through porous textiles consists of two sequential processes: synchronous wicking–evaporating and evaporating alone. In this work we set out to identify the main structural parameters affecting the water transfer process of cotton fabrics. Eight woven fabrics with different floats were produced. The fabrics were evaluated on a specially designed instrument capable of measuring the water loss through a vertical wicking process. Each test took 120 min, and two phases were defined: Phase I for the first 10 min and Phase II for the last 110 min according to wicking behavior transition. Principal components and multivariate statistical methods were utilized to analyze the data collected. The results showed that Phase I dominated the whole wicking–evaporating process, and the moisture transfer speed in this phase varied with fabric structure, whereas the moisture transfer speeds in Phase II were similar and constant regardless of fabric structure. In addition, fabric with more floats has high water transfer speed in Phase I due to its loosened structure with more macropores.
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10
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Kim T, Kim GW, Jeong H, Kim G, Jang S. Equilibrium structures of water molecules confined within a multiply connected carbon nanotube: a molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 22:252-257. [PMID: 31808474 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Water confinement inside a carbon nanotube (CNT) has been one of the most exciting subjects of both experimental and theoretical interest. Most of the previous studies, however, considered CNT structures with simple cylindrical shapes. In this paper, we report a classical molecular dynamics study of the equilibrium structural arrangement of water molecules confined in a multiply connected carbon nanotube (MCCNT) containing two Y-junctions. We investigate the structural arrangement of the water molecules in the MCCNT in terms of the density of water molecules and the average number of hydrogen bonds per water molecule. Our results show that the structural rearrangement of the H2O molecules takes place several angstroms ahead of the Y-junction, rather than only at the CNT junction itself. This phenomenon arises because it is difficult to match the boundary condition for hydrogen bonding in the region where two different hydrogen-bonded structures are interconnected with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
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11
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Xiao B, Wang W, Zhang X, Long G, Fan J, Chen H, Deng L. A novel fractal solution for permeability and Kozeny-Carman constant of fibrous porous media made up of solid particles and porous fibers. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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12
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Kacimov AR, Obnosov YV, Or D. Evaporation-Induced Capillary Siphoning Through Hydraulically Connected Porous Domains: The Vedernikov–Bouwer Model Revisited. Transp Porous Media 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-019-01285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Xiao J, Cai J, Xu J. Saturated imbibition under the influence of gravity and geometry. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 521:226-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Ebrahimi F, Ramazani F, Sahimi M. Nanojunction Effects on Water Flow in Carbon Nanotubes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7752. [PMID: 29773862 PMCID: PMC5958144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the results of extensive molecular dynamics simulation of water imbibition in carbon nanotubes (CNTs), connected together by converging or diverging nanojunctions in various configurations. The goal of the study is to understand the effect of the nanojunctions on the interface motion, as well as the differences between what we study and water imbibition in microchannels. While the dynamics of water uptake in the entrance CNT is the same as that of imbibition in straight CNTs, with the main source of energy dissipation being the friction at the entrance, water uptake in the exit CNT is more complex due to significant energy loss in the nanojunctions. We derive an approximate but accurate expression for the pressure drop in the nanojunction. A remarkable difference between dynamic wetting of nano- and microjunctions is that, whereas water absorption time in the latter depends only on the ratios of the radii and of the lengths of the channels, the same is not true about the former, which is shown to be strongly dependent upon the size of each segment of the nanojunction. Interface pinning-depinning also occurs at the convex edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ebrahimi
- Physics Department, University of Birjand, Birjand, 97175-615, Iran
| | | | - Muhammad Sahimi
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-1211, USA.
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15
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Shou D, Fan J. Design of Nanofibrous and Microfibrous Channels for Fast Capillary Flow. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1235-1241. [PMID: 29249150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The speed of capillary flow is a key bottleneck in improving the performance of nanofluidic and microfluidic devices for various applications including microfluidic diagnostics, thermal management heat pipes, micromolding devices, functional fabrics, and oil-water separators. Here, we present a novel nanofibrous or microfibrous hollow-wedged channel (named as W-Channel), which can significantly speed up the capillary flow. The capillary flow in the initial 100 s in the nanofibrous W-Channel was shown to be 8 times faster than that in the single-layer strip of the same material when placed vertically and over 20 times faster when placed horizontally. The enhanced flow under gravity is attributed to the adaptive interplay of capillary pressure and flow resistance within the triangular hollow wedge between the fibrous layers. The W-Channel can be fabricated following a simple procedure using inexpensive materials such as electrospun nanofibers or microfibrous filter papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahua Shou
- Department of Fiber Science & Apparel Design, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jintu Fan
- Department of Fiber Science & Apparel Design, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Shtyka O, Przybysz Ł, Błaszczyk M, Sęk J. Kozeny-Carman theory for modeling of porous granular structures saturation with emulsion during imbibition process. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188376. [PMID: 29267274 PMCID: PMC5739397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The issue discussed in the current publication is a process of emulsions penetration in the granular media driven by the capillary force. The research work focuses on the study of rate and height of multiphase liquids penetration in a porous bed. Changes of the medium porosity and saturation level occurring as a result of pores obstruction by the droplets of an inner phase, were considered. The surfactant-stabilized emulsions with the different dispersed phase concentrations were investigated applying a classical wicking test. The modified version of Kozeny-Carman theory was proposed in order to describe the observed imbibition process in porous structures composed of spherical grains. This approach allowed to predict transport of emulsions considering an effect of bed saturation and porosity changes. In practice, the introduced concept can be appropriable in the numerous industries and scientific fields to predict the imbibition process of the multiphase liquids in granular structures regarding variation of the investigated bed permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Shtyka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Łukasz Przybysz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariola Błaszczyk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Sęk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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Liang HQ, Wan LS, Xu ZK. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) separators with dual-asymmetric structure for high-performance lithium ion batteries. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-016-1860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Liu M, Wu J, Gan Y, Hanaor DAH, Chen CQ. Evaporation Limited Radial Capillary Penetration in Porous Media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:9899-904. [PMID: 27583455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The capillary penetration of fluids in thin porous layers is of fundamental interest in nature and various industrial applications. When capillary flows occur in porous media, the extent of penetration is known to increase with the square root of time following the Lucas-Washburn law. In practice, volatile liquid evaporates at the surface of porous media, which restricts penetration to a limited region. In this work, on the basis of Darcy's law and mass conservation, a general theoretical model is developed for the evaporation-limited radial capillary penetration in porous media. The presented model predicts that evaporation decreases the rate of fluid penetration and limits it to a critical radius. Furthermore, we construct a unified phase diagram that describes the limited penetration in an annular porous medium, in which the boundaries of outward and inward liquid are predicted quantitatively. It is expected that the proposed theoretical model will advance the understanding of penetration dynamics in porous media and facilitate the design of engineered porous architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yixiang Gan
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dorian A H Hanaor
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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19
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Sun Y, Kharaghani A, Tsotsas E. Micro-model experiments and pore network simulations of liquid imbibition in porous media. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Kanaparthi S, Badhulika S. Solvent-free fabrication of paper based all-carbon disposable multifunctional sensors and passive electronic circuits. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21457f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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21
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Liu Y, Zhou X, Wang D, Song C, Liu J. A diffusivity model for predicting VOC diffusion in porous building materials based on fractal theory. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 299:685-695. [PMID: 26291782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Most building materials are porous media, and the internal diffusion coefficients of such materials have an important influences on the emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The pore structure of porous building materials has a significant impact on the diffusion coefficient. However, the complex structural characteristics bring great difficulties to the model development. The existing prediction models of the diffusion coefficient are flawed and need to be improved. Using scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests of typical porous building materials, this study developed a new diffusivity model: the multistage series-connection fractal capillary-bundle (MSFC) model. The model considers the variable-diameter capillaries formed by macropores connected in series as the main mass transfer paths, and the diameter distribution of the capillary bundles obeys a fractal power law in the cross section. In addition, the tortuosity of the macrocapillary segments with different diameters is obtained by the fractal theory. Mesopores serve as the connections between the macrocapillary segments rather than as the main mass transfer paths. The theoretical results obtained using the MSFC model yielded a highly accurate prediction of the diffusion coefficients and were in a good agreement with the VOC concentration measurements in the environmental test chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Dengjia Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Cong Song
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Jiaping Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
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22
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23
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Shou D, Fan J. Structural optimization of porous media for fast and controlled capillary flows. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:053021. [PMID: 26066262 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.053021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A general quantitative model of capillary flow in homogeneous porous media with varying cross-sectional sizes is presented. We optimize the porous structure for the minimization of the penetration time under global constraints. Programmable capillary flows with constant volumetric flow rate and linear evolution of flow distance to time are also obtained. The controlled innovative flow behaviors are derived based on a dynamic competition between capillary force and viscous resistance. A comparison of dynamic transport on the basis of the present design with Washburn's equation is presented. The regulation and maximization of flow velocity in porous materials is significant for a variety of applications including biomedical diagnostics, oil recovery, microfluidic transport, and water management of fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahua Shou
- Department of Fiber Science & Apparel Design, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Jintu Fan
- Department of Fiber Science & Apparel Design, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Jang HL, Lee K, Kang CS, Lee HK, Ahn HY, Jeong HY, Park S, Kim SC, Jin K, Park J, Yang TY, Kim JH, Shin SA, Han HN, Oh KH, Lee HY, Lim J, Hong KS, Snead ML, Xu J, Nam KT. Biofunctionalized ceramic with self-assembled networks of nanochannels. ACS NANO 2015; 9:4447-4457. [PMID: 25827409 PMCID: PMC4485927 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nature designs circulatory systems with hierarchically organized networks of gradually tapered channels ranging from micrometer to nanometer in diameter. In most hard tissues in biological systems, fluid, gases, nutrients and wastes are constantly exchanged through such networks. Here, we developed a biologically inspired, hierarchically organized structure in ceramic to achieve effective permeation with minimum void region, using fabrication methods that create a long-range, highly interconnected nanochannel system in a ceramic biomaterial. This design of a synthetic model-material was implemented through a novel pressurized sintering process formulated to induce a gradual tapering in channel diameter based on pressure-dependent polymer agglomeration. The resulting system allows long-range, efficient transport of fluid and nutrients into sites and interfaces that conventional fluid conduction cannot reach without external force. We demonstrate the ability of mammalian bone-forming cells placed at the distal transport termination of the nanochannel system to proliferate in a manner dependent solely upon the supply of media by the self-powering nanochannels. This approach mimics the significant contribution that nanochannel transport plays in maintaining living hard tissues by providing nutrient supply that facilitates cell growth and differentiation, and thereby makes the ceramic composite "alive".
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Lin Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Keunho Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Chan Soon Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Hye Kyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Hyo-Yong Ahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Hui-Yun Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Sunghak Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Seul Cham Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Kyoungsuk Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Jimin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Tae-Youl Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Jin Hong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Seon Ae Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Heung Nam Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Kyu Hwan Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University, Bundang Hospital, 463-707, Korea
| | - Jun Lim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Kug Sun Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
| | - Malcolm L. Snead
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow school of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jimmy Xu
- School of Engineering and Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Ki Tae Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, Korea
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Kim H, Kim HJ, Huh HK, Hwang HJ, Lee SJ. Structural design of a double-layered porous hydrogel for effective mass transport. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:024104. [PMID: 25825619 PMCID: PMC4359172 DOI: 10.1063/1.4914383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mass transport in porous materials is universal in nature, and its worth attracts great attention in many engineering applications. Plant leaves, which work as natural hydraulic pumps for water uptake, have evolved to have the morphological structure for fast water transport to compensate large water loss by leaf transpiration. In this study, we tried to deduce the advantageous structural features of plant leaves for practical applications. Inspired by the tissue organization of the hydraulic pathways in plant leaves, analogous double-layered porous models were fabricated using agarose hydrogel. Solute transport through the hydrogel models with different thickness ratios of the two layers was experimentally observed. In addition, numerical simulation and theoretical analysis were carried out with varying porosity and thickness ratio to investigate the effect of structural factors on mass transport ability. A simple parametric study was also conducted to examine unveiled relations between structural factors. As a result, the porosity and thickness ratio of the two layers are found to govern the mass transport ability in double-layered porous materials. The hydrogel models with widely dispersed pores at a fixed porosity, i.e., close to a homogeneously porous structure, are mostly turned out to exhibit fast mass transport. The present results would provide a new framework for fundamental design of various porous structures for effective mass transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejeong Kim
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Department of Mathematics, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Hyung Kyu Huh
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Hyung Ju Hwang
- Department of Mathematics, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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Cate DM, Adkins JA, Mettakoonpitak J, Henry CS. Recent Developments in Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices. Anal Chem 2014; 87:19-41. [PMID: 25375292 DOI: 10.1021/ac503968p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Cate
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jaclyn A. Adkins
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jaruwan Mettakoonpitak
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Shou D, Ye L, Fan J, Fu K, Mei M, Wang H, Chen Q. Geometry-induced asymmetric capillary flow. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:5448-5454. [PMID: 24762329 DOI: 10.1021/la500479e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
When capillary flow occurs in a uniform porous medium, the depth of penetration is known to increase as the square root of time. However, we demonstrate in this study that the depth of penetration in multi-section porous layers with variation in width and height against the flow time is modified from this diffusive-like response, and liquids can pass through porous systems more readily in one direction than the other. We show here in a model and an experiment that the flow time for a negative gradient of cross-sectional widths is smaller than that for a positive gradient at the given total height of porous layers. The effect of width and height of local layers on capillary flow is quantitatively analyzed, and optimal parameters are obtained to facilitate the fastest flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahua Shou
- Centre for Advanced Materials Technology (CAMT), School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney , NSW 2006, Australia
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Cai J, Perfect E, Cheng CL, Hu X. Generalized modeling of spontaneous imbibition based on Hagen-Poiseuille flow in tortuous capillaries with variably shaped apertures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:5142-5151. [PMID: 24785579 DOI: 10.1021/la5007204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous imbibition of wetting liquids in porous media is a ubiquitous natural phenomenon which has received much attention in a wide variety of fields over several decades. Many traditional and recently presented capillary-driven flow models are derived based on Hagen-Poiseuille (H-P) flow in cylindrical capillaries. However, some limitations of these models have motivated modifications by taking into account different geometrical factors. In this work, a more generalized spontaneous imbibition model is developed by considering the different sizes and shapes of pores, the tortuosity of imbibition streamlines in random porous media, and the initial wetting-phase saturation. The interrelationships of accumulated imbibition weight, imbibition rate and gas recovery and the properties of the porous media, wetting liquids, and their interactions are derived analytically. A theoretical analysis and comparison denote that the presented equations can generalize several traditional and newly developed models from the literature. The proposed model was evaluated using previously published data for spontaneous imbibition measured in various natural and engineered materials including different rock types, fibrous materials, and silica glass. The test results show that the generalized model can be used to characterize the spontaneous imbibition behavior of many different porous media and that pore shape cannot always be assumed to be cylindrical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Cai
- Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences , Wuhan 430074, PR China
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