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Hamidi AS, Hadis MA, Palin WM. Alternative co-initiators for photocurable dental resins: Polymerisation, quantum yield of conversion and cytotoxicity. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1330-1343. [PMID: 35738952 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cyclic acetals such as are naturally occurring compounds capable of acting as co-initiators during free-radical polymerisation, and potentially serve to offer non-allergic and biologically less toxic alternatives to conventional (tertiary) amines. The current study aimed to evaluate the polymerisation efficiency and potential toxicity of cyclic acetals compared with conventional photoinitiator systems in photocurable dental resins. METHODS Both, 1,3 benzodioxole (BZD) and piperonyl alcohol (PA) were used in 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 6.0 mol% concentrations. Whereas, N-phenyl glycine (NPG) was utilised in 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mol% concentrations for photopolymerisation of an unfilled model resin system, BisGMA and TEGDMA (1:1 mass %), involving three separate camphorquinone (CQ) concentrations of 0.5 (Low), 1.0 (Intermediate) and 1.5 (High) mol%. Conventional tertiary amines; ethyl-4-dimethyamino benzoate (EDMAB) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) were utilised for comparison. Real-time degree of conversion (DC, %) was evaluated using Fourier transform near-infra-red spectroscopy and quantum yield of conversion of CQ was calculated using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity of NPG and cyclic acetals were assessed using MTT to determine metabolic activity of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). RESULTS The cyclic acetals were capable of facilitating free radical polymerisation as co-initiators at all three CQ concentrations. Furthermore, the use of NPG as a co-initiator resulted in post-irradiation DC (%) that were comparable to both EDMAB and DMAEMA for all CQ concentrations. Alternative compounds facilitated the hydrogen abstraction process, which provided high conversion of CQ molecules. Quantum yield increased from 0.009 ± 0.0001 (0.5 mol%) to 0.03 ± 0.006 (6.0 mol%), and 0.01 ± 0.0003 (0.5 mol%) to 0.04 ± 0.001 (6.0 mol%), for respective BZD and PA formulations involving 1.0 mol% CQ. The use of NPG led to relatively higher quantum yield values (Up to 0.09 ± 0.007 at 4.0 mol%), though it exhibited competitive effects in absorbing blue light, which might be attributed to the photolytic degradation of NPG and the formation of N-methylaniline. MTT assay indicated alternative co-initiators to be comparatively less cytotoxic than EDMAB and CQ. Relative metablic activity of HDPCs treated with BZD, PA, and NPG eluates were 58.3 ± 15.7, 57.5 ± 17.4 and 64.6 ± 12.2 %, when compared with untreated HDPCs group (Control), respectively. Exposure to DMAEMA-based eluate led to relative metabolic activity (60.0 ± 0.5 %) that was comparable to that of cyclic acetals. Treatment with neat model resin eluate displayed the highest relative reduction in metabolic activity (28.9 ± 22.4) (P < 0.05), suggesting bisGMA and TEGDMA monomers played significant role in the overall cytotoxicity of photocurable systems involving HDPCs. SIGNIFICANCE Cyclic acetals were capable of facilitating photo-induced free radical polymerisation reactions with relatively less cytotoxicity compared with their amine counterparts, which might realise reduced cytotoxicity of photocurable materials used for dentistry and biomaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Hamidi
- Dental and Biomaterials Science, College of Medical and Dental Science, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK
| | - M A Hadis
- Dental and Biomaterials Science, College of Medical and Dental Science, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK
| | - W M Palin
- Dental and Biomaterials Science, College of Medical and Dental Science, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK.
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Lin JT, Lalevee J, Cheng DC. A Critical Review for Synergic Kinetics and Strategies for Enhanced Photopolymerizations for 3D-Printing and Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2325. [PMID: 34301082 PMCID: PMC8309579 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergic features and enhancing strategies for various photopolymerization systems are reviewed by kinetic schemes and the associated measurements. The important topics include (i) photo crosslinking of corneas for the treatment of corneal diseases using UVA-light (365 nm) light and riboflavin as the photosensitizer; (ii) synergic effects by a dual-function enhancer in a three-initiator system; (iii) synergic effects by a three-initiator C/B/A system, with electron-transfer and oxygen-mediated energy-transfer pathways; (iv) copper-complex (G1) photoredox catalyst in G1/Iod/NVK systems for free radical (FRP) and cationic photopolymerization (CP); (v) radical-mediated thiol-ene (TE) photopolymerizations; (vi) superbase photogenerator based-catalyzed thiol-acrylate Michael (TM) addition reaction; and the combined system of TE and TM using dual wavelength; (vii) dual-wavelength (UV and blue) controlled photopolymerization confinement (PC); (viii) dual-wavelength (UV and red) selectively controlled 3D printing; and (ix) three-wavelength selectively controlled in 3D printing and additive manufacturing (AM). With minimum mathematics, we present (for the first time) the synergic features and enhancing strategies for various systems of multi-components, initiators, monomers, and under one-, two-, and three-wavelength light. Therefore, this review provides not only the bridging between modeling and measurements, but also guidance for further experimental studies and new applications in 3D printings and additive manufacturing (AM), based on the innovative concepts (kinetics/schemes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Teng Lin
- New Vision Inc., 10F, No. 55, Sect.3, Xinbei Blvd, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Jacques Lalevee
- CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100 Mulhouse, France;
| | - Da-Chun Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Yang Y, Reichl FX, Ilie N, Shi J, Dhein J, Hickel R, Högg C. Antioxidants as a novel dental resin-composite component: Effect on elution and degree of conversion. Dent Mater 2019; 35:650-661. [PMID: 30799090 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ascorbic acid (Asc) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were reported to reduce genotoxicity induced by dental (co)monomers and their epoxy metabolites. The aim of the present study was to investigate Asc or NAC as novel components in light-curable methacrylate based dental composites regarding their effects on degree of conversion (DC) and elution of composite components. Additionally, the release of Asc or NAC was determined. METHODS Asc or NAC (1, 0.1, 0.01 or 0 wt%) was experimentally incorporated into the composites Venus®, Grandio® and FiltekTM Supreme XTE and polymerized according to the instruction of manufacturers. The samples were elussted in methanol and water. For each composite-antioxidant mixture and elution medium four samples (n = 4) were prepared. The eluates were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolett/diode array detection (HPLC/UV/DAD) and high-performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection (HPLC/FLD). DC of composite-antioxidant mixtures was measured in real-time with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). RESULTS The highest concentrations of eluted Asc were 313.98 μM (Venus®-1 wt% Asc; 1 day; methanol) and 245.34 μM (FiltekTM Supreme XTE-1 wt% Asc; 5 min; water). The highest concentrations of eluted NAC were 42.99 μM (1 day; Filtek™ Supreme XTE-1 wt% NAC; 1 day; methanol) and 108.11 μM (Filtek™ Supreme XTE-1 wt% NAC; 7 day; water). Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) elution was significantly increased in Venus®-1 wt% Asc and Grandio®-1 wt% Asc (1 day and 7 day methanol/water), compared to control. No significant difference was found for TEGDMA elution in Filtek™ Supreme XTE-1 wt% Asc/NAC. DC was significantly decreased compared to control (= composite without antioxidant) in Grandio® and Filtek™ Supreme XTE after 1, 0.1 and 0.01 wt% Asc incorporation and in Venus® after 1 and 0.1 wt% Asc incorporation. For composite-NAC mixtures, only DC of Grandio®-1 wt% NAC was significantly reduced. SIGNIFICANCE Incorporation of NAC (1 wt%), as a novel composite component, into Filtek™ Supreme XTE, had no effect on DC and composite component elution, and supplies sufficient amount of antioxidant which may reduce toxicity. Therefore, it represents a beneficial mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China; Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Franz-Xaver Reichl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Nicoleta Ilie
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Jianwei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China; Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Dhein
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hickel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Högg
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany.
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Lim A, Mahl A, Latta J, Yemam HA, Greife U, Sellinger A. Plastic scintillators with efficient light output and pulse shape discrimination produced via photoinitiated polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Lim
- Materials Science Program; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
| | - Adam Mahl
- Department of Physics; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
| | - Joseph Latta
- Department of Physics; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Program; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
| | - Henok A. Yemam
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
| | - Uwe Greife
- Department of Physics; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Program; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
| | - Alan Sellinger
- Materials Science Program; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado School of Mines; Golden Colorado 80401
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Makvandi P, Jamaledin R, Jabbari M, Nikfarjam N, Borzacchiello A. Antibacterial quaternary ammonium compounds in dental materials: A systematic review. Dent Mater 2018; 34:851-867. [PMID: 29678327 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) represent one of the most effective classes of disinfectant agents in dental materials and resin nanocomposites. This reviews aims to give a wide overview on the research in the field of antibacterial QACs in dental materials and nanocomposites. METHOD An introduction to dental materials components as well as the microorganisms and methods of evaluation for the antimicrobial assays are presented. Then, the properties and synthesis route of QACs, as monomer and filler, are shown. Finally, antimicrobial monomers and fillers, specifically those contain quaternary ammonium salts (QASs), in dental materials are reviewed. RESULTS QACs have been used as monomer and micro/nanofiller in restorative dentistry. They possess one or more methacrylate functional groups to participate in polymerization reactions. QACs with multiple methacrylate groups can also be used as crosslinking agents. Furthermore, QACs with chain length from ∼12 to 16 have higher antimicrobial activity in cured dental resins. In general, increasing the chain length leads to a threshold value (critical point) and then it causes decrease in the antimicrobial activity. SIGNIFICANCE The current state of the art of dental materials and resin nanocomposites includes a wide variety of antimicrobial materials. Among them, QACs presents low cytotoxicity and excellent long-term antimicrobial activity without leaching out over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooyan Makvandi
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy; Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Rezvan Jamaledin
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT@CRIB), Napels, Italy
| | - Mostafa Jabbari
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås SE-50190, Sweden
| | | | - Assunta Borzacchiello
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.
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Ley C, Christmann J, Ibrahim A, Stefano LHD, Allonas X. Tailoring of organic dyes with oxidoreductive compounds to obtain photocyclic radical generator systems exhibiting photocatalytic behavior. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:936-47. [PMID: 24991243 PMCID: PMC4077436 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of a dye which absorbs the photon, an electron acceptor and an electron donor leading to energy conversion through electron transfer, was the basis of the so called three-component systems. In this paper, an experimental work combining Rose bengal dye with a triazine derivative as electron acceptor and ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate as electron donor, will underline the benefit of the photocyclic behavior of three-component systems leading to the dye regeneration. A thermodynamic approach of the photocycle is presented, followed by a mechanistic and computational study of ideal photocycles, in order to outline the specific kinetics occuring in so called photocatalytic systems. The simple kinetic model used is enough to outline the benefit of the cyclic system and to give the basic requirements in term of chemical combination needed to be fulfilled in order to obtain a photocatalytic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ley
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - Julien Christmann
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - Ahmad Ibrahim
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - Luciano H Di Stefano
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France
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Ibrahim A, Stefano LD, Tarzi O, Tar H, Ley C, Allonas X. High-Performance Photoinitiating Systems for Free Radical Photopolymerization. Application to Holographic Recording. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1283-90. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ibrahim
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu; Mulhouse France
| | - Luciano Di Stefano
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu; Mulhouse France
| | - Olga Tarzi
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET; Department of Organic Chemistry; FCEyN-University of Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Haja Tar
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu; Mulhouse France
| | - Christian Ley
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu; Mulhouse France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Photochemistry and Engineering; University of Haute Alsace, ENSCMu; Mulhouse France
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Husár B, Moszner N, Lukáč I. Synthesis and photooxidation of styrene copolymer bearing camphorquinone pendant groups. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:337-43. [PMID: 22509202 PMCID: PMC3326610 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
(±)-10-Methacryloyloxycamphorquinone (MCQ) was synthesized from (±)-10-camphorsulfonic acid either by a known seven-step synthetic route or by a novel, shorter five-step synthetic route. MCQ was copolymerized with styrene (S) and the photochemical behavior of the copolymer MCQ/S was compared with that of a formerly studied copolymer of styrene with monomers containing the benzil (BZ) moiety (another 1,2-dicarbonyl). Irradiation (λ > 380 nm) of aerated films of styrene copolymers with monomers containing the BZ moiety leads to the insertion of two oxygen atoms between the carbonyl groups of BZ and to the formation of benzoyl peroxide (BP) as pendant groups on the polymer backbone. An equivalent irradiation of MCQ/S led mainly to the insertion of only one oxygen atom between the carbonyl groups of camphorquinone (CQ) and to the formation of camphoric anhydride (11) covalently bound to the polymer backbone. While the decomposition of pendant BP groups formed in irradiated films of styrene copolymers with pendant BZ groups leads to crosslinking, only small molecular-weight changes in irradiated MCQ/S were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Husár
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 41 Bratislava 45, Slovakia
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di Nunzio MR, Romani A, Favaro G. Excited-state properties of a photochromic spirooxazine: double pathways for both fluorescence emission and camphorquinone-sensitized reaction. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9424-33. [PMID: 19655808 DOI: 10.1021/jp9047743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report a study on the singlet and triplet excited-state properties of a spirooxazine (1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-1-isobutyl-6'-(2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl)spiro[2H-indole-2,3'-3H-naphtho[2,1-b][1,4]oxazine]). The singlet state of this molecule is photoreactive: upon UV light stimulation, it produces a colored merocyanine that thermally reverts to the starting compound. A double-way radiative relaxation path was found for singlet-state excitation. Experimental observations on the absorption and fluorescence spectra were in excellent agreement with TD-DFT calculations for the singlet state. The triplet state, which could not be directly populated by intersystem crossing from the singlet, when reached by energy transfer from a suitable sensitizer (camphorquinone), yielded the colored merocyanine with quantum yield close to unity. However, the donor/acceptor interaction also originated a new photochromic system as a consequence of the competition of hydrogen abstraction with energy transfer in the interplay of the sensitizer with the substrate. The newly produced photochrome was structurally, spectrally, and photochemically characterized. It exhibited excellent colorability in both directly excited and triplet-sensitized photoreactions by virtue of high photoreaction quantum yield and rather slow bleaching rate of the colored form but also underwent significant degradation in the presence of oxygen that led to the destruction of the photochromic functionality.
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Asmussen S, Vallo C. Light absorbing products during polymerization of methacrylate monomers photoinitiated with phenyl-1,2-propanedione/amine. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Moszner N, Fischer UK, Ganster B, Liska R, Rheinberger V. Benzoyl germanium derivatives as novel visible light photoinitiators for dental materials. Dent Mater 2008; 24:901-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schroeder WF, Cook WD, Vallo CI. Photopolymerization of N,N-dimethylaminobenzyl alcohol as amine co-initiator for light-cured dental resins. Dent Mater 2008; 24:686-93. [PMID: 17804051 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2007.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was carried out in order to assess the suitability of N,N-dimethylaminobenzyl alcohol (DMOH) as co-initiator of camphorquinone (CQ) and 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione (PPD) in light-cured dental resins. METHODS DMOH was synthesized and used as co-initiator for the photopolymerization of a model resin based on {2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxyprop-1-oxy)phenyl]propane} (Bis-GMA)/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA). Experimental formulations containing CQ or PPD in combination with DMOH at different concentrations were studied. The photopolymerization was carried out by means of a commercial light-emitting diode (LED) curing unit. The evolution of double bonds consumption versus irradiation time was followed by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). The photon absorption efficiency (PAE) of the photopolymerization process was calculated from the spectral distribution of the LED unit and the molar absorption coefficient distributions of PPD and CQ. RESULTS DMOH is an efficient photoreducer of CQ and PPD resulting in higher polymerization rate and higher double bond conversion compared with dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate. The PAE for PPD was higher than that for CQ. However, the polymerization initiated by PPD progressed at a lower rate and exhibited lower values of final conversion compared with the resins containing CQ. This observation indicates that the lower polymerization rate of the PPD/amine system should be explained in terms of the mechanism of generating primary radicals by PPD, which is less efficient compared with CQ. SIGNIFICANCE The DMOH/benzoyl peroxide redox system, has recently been proposed as a more biocompatible accelerator for the polymerization of bone cements based on poly(methyl methacrylate), because cytotoxity tests have demonstrated that DMOH possesses better biocompatibility properties compared with traditional tertiary amines. The results obtained in the present study reveal the suitability of the CQ/DMOH initiator system for the polymerization of light-cured dental composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter F Schroeder
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-National Research Council (CONICET), Av. Juan B. Justo 4302, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Sideridou ID, Achilias DS, Kostidou NC. Copolymerization kinetics of dental dimethacrylate resins initiated by a benzoyl peroxide/amine redox system. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Jakubiak J, Wrzyszczyński A, Linden LÅ, Rabek JF. The Role of Amines in the Camphorquinone Photoinitiated Polymerization of Multifunctional Monomer. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10601320601031440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Andrzejewska E, Zych-Tomkowiak D, Andrzejewski M, Hug GL, Marciniak B. Heteroaromatic Thiols as Co-initiators for Type II Photoinitiating Systems Based on Camphorquinone and Isopropylthioxanthone. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma060240k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Andrzejewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Pl. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; and Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Dorota Zych-Tomkowiak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Pl. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; and Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Andrzejewski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Pl. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; and Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Gordon L. Hug
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Pl. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; and Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Bronislaw Marciniak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Pl. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; and Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
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Sideridou ID, Achilias DS, Karava O. Reactivity of Benzoyl Peroxide/Amine System as an Initiator for the Free Radical Polymerization of Dental and Orthopaedic Dimethacrylate Monomers: Effect of the Amine and Monomer Chemical Structure. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0521351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irini D. Sideridou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitris S. Achilias
- Laboratory of Organic Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Karava
- Laboratory of Organic Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Davidenko N, García O, Sastre R. Photopolymerization kinetics of dimethacrylate-based light-cured dental resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Jakubiak J, Allonas X, Fouassier J, Sionkowska A, Andrzejewska E, Linden L, Rabek J. Camphorquinone–amines photoinitating systems for the initiation of free radical polymerization. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bosch P, Fernández-Arizpe A, Mateo J, Catalina F, Peinado C. New fluorescent probes for monitoring the polymerization reaction: p-vinyliden derivatives of N,N-dimethylaminoaryl compounds. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(02)00260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Bibaut-Renauld C, Burget D, Fouassier JP, Varelas CG, Thomatos J, Tsagaropoulos G, Ryrfors LO, Karlsson OJ. Use of ?-diketones as visible photoinitiators for the photocrosslinking of waterborne latex paints. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Ikeda S, Murata S. Photolysis of N-phenylglycines sensitized by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(01)00646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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23
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Mateo JL, Calvo M, Bosch P. Photoinitiated polymerization of methacrylic monomers in a polystyrene matrix: Kinetic, mechanistic, and structural aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The development and continued evolution of photopolymerizable dental materials, particularly dental composite restoratives, represent a significant, practical advance for dentistry. The highly successful integration of the light-activated curing process for dental applications is described in this review. The basic mechanisms by which the photoinitiators efficiently convert monomers into polymers are discussed along with the variety of factors that influence the photopolymerization process. The conventional camphorquinone-amine visible light photoinitiator system used in most dental restorative materials is illustrated in addition to some alternative initiator systems that have been studied for dental materials applications. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Photopolymerization has become an integral component of the practice of dentistry. A better appreciation of the photopolymerization process as well as its potential and limitations may aid the dentist in the delivery of both esthetic and restorative dental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Stansbury
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, School of Dentistry, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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Kucybala Z, Kosobucka A, Paczkowski J. Development of new dyeing photoinitiators for free radical polymerization based on 3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pentaazacyclopenta[b]naphthalene skeleton III. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(00)00332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Chung CM, Kim JG, Choi JH. Synthesis and photopolymerization of dicarboxylic acid dimethacrylates and their application as dental monomers. J Appl Polym Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-4628(20000822)77:8<1802::aid-app17>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kabatc J, J?drzejewska B, P?czkowski J. Kinetic study of free-radical polymerization photoinitiated by cyanine-borate salts. II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0518(20000701)38:13<2365::aid-pola90>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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3-Benzoyl-7-diethylamino-5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-quinoxalin-2-one: an effective dyeing photoinitiator for free radical polymerization. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(99)00158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Kerby RE, Tiba A, Culbertson BM, Schricker S, Knobloch L. EVALUATION OF TERTIARY AMINE CO-INTIATORS USING DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING PHOTOCALORIMETRY. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 1999. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-100101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mateo JL, Calvo M, Serrano J, Bosch P. Photoinitiated Polymerization of Di- and Tetrafunctional Methacrylic Monomers in a SBS Matrix. Kinetic, Mechanistic, and Structural Aspects. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9816721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Mateo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Calvo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Serrano
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Bosch
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Kabatc J, Kucybała Z, Pietrzak M, Ścigalski F, Pa̧czkowski J. Free radical polymerization initiated via photoinduced intermolecular electron transfer process: kinetic study 3. POLYMER 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Mateo JL, Serrano J, Bosch P. Photopolymerization of Di- and Tetrafunctional Methacrylic Monomers in a Polymeric Medium: Kinetics and Evidence of Reaction Diffusion Throughout the Photopolymerization Reaction. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma961028r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Mateo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Serrano
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Bosch
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Kinetic studies of a new photoinitiator hybrid system based on camphorquinone-N-phenylglicyne derivatives for laser polymerization of dental restorative and stereolithographic (3D) formulations. POLYMER 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(96)00302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Pa̧czkowski J, Pietrzak M, Kucybała Z. Generalization of the Kinetic Scheme for Photoinduced Polymerization via an Intermolecular Electron Transfer Process. 2. Application of the Marcus Theory. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960004h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Pa̧czkowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Agriculture, Seminaryjna 3, 85−326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marek Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Agriculture, Seminaryjna 3, 85−326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Kucybała
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Agriculture, Seminaryjna 3, 85−326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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