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Danielsen SPO, Beech HK, Wang S, El-Zaatari BM, Wang X, Sapir L, Ouchi T, Wang Z, Johnson PN, Hu Y, Lundberg DJ, Stoychev G, Craig SL, Johnson JA, Kalow JA, Olsen BD, Rubinstein M. Molecular Characterization of Polymer Networks. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5042-5092. [PMID: 33792299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks are complex systems consisting of molecular components. Whereas the properties of the individual components are typically well understood by most chemists, translating that chemical insight into polymer networks themselves is limited by the statistical and poorly defined nature of network structures. As a result, it is challenging, if not currently impossible, to extrapolate from the molecular behavior of components to the full range of performance and properties of the entire polymer network. Polymer networks therefore present an unrealized, important, and interdisciplinary opportunity to exert molecular-level, chemical control on material macroscopic properties. A barrier to sophisticated molecular approaches to polymer networks is that the techniques for characterizing the molecular structure of networks are often unfamiliar to many scientists. Here, we present a critical overview of the current characterization techniques available to understand the relation between the molecular properties and the resulting performance and behavior of polymer networks, in the absence of added fillers. We highlight the methods available to characterize the chemistry and molecular-level properties of individual polymer strands and junctions, the gelation process by which strands form networks, the structure of the resulting network, and the dynamics and mechanics of the final material. The purpose is not to serve as a detailed manual for conducting these measurements but rather to unify the underlying principles, point out remaining challenges, and provide a concise overview by which chemists can plan characterization strategies that suit their research objectives. Because polymer networks cannot often be sufficiently characterized with a single method, strategic combinations of multiple techniques are typically required for their molecular characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P O Danielsen
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Haley K Beech
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Bassil M El-Zaatari
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | | | - Zi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Patricia N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Georgi Stoychev
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,World Primer Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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2
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Wojnarowska Z, Musiał M, Cheng S, Drockenmuller E, Paluch M. Fast secondary dynamics for enhanced charge transport in polymerized ionic liquids. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:032606. [PMID: 32289964 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.032606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Segmental dynamics is considered as a major factor governing ionic conductivity of polymerized ionic liquids (PILs), envisioned as potential electrolytes in fuel cells and batteries. Our dielectric studies performed in T-P thermodynamic space on ionene, composed of the positively charged polymer backbone and freely moving anions, indicate that other relaxation modes, completely ignored so far, can affect the charge transport in PILs as well. We found that fast mobility manifested by a secondary β process promotes segmental dynamics and thereby increases ionic conductivity making the studied material a first coupled PIL of superionic properties. The molecular mechanism underlying such a β process has been identified as Johari-Goldstein relaxation giving experimental proof that fast secondary relaxations of intermolecular origin exist also in PILs and thereby reveal a universal character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wojnarowska
- Institute of Physics, the University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - M Musiał
- Institute of Physics, the University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - S Cheng
- Institute of Physics, the University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - E Drockenmuller
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères UMR 5223, F-69003 Lyon, France
| | - M Paluch
- Institute of Physics, the University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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3
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Didden J, Thür R, Volodin A, Vankelecom IFJ. Blending PPO-based molecules with Pebax MH 1657 in membranes for gas separation. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Didden
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Molecular and Microbial Systems; KU Leuven, PO Box 2461; Leuven 3001 Belgium
| | - Raymond Thür
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Molecular and Microbial Systems; KU Leuven, PO Box 2461; Leuven 3001 Belgium
| | - Alexander Volodin
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Leuven 3001 Belgium
| | - Ivo F. J. Vankelecom
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Molecular and Microbial Systems; KU Leuven, PO Box 2461; Leuven 3001 Belgium
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4
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Isfahani AP, Sadeghi M, Wakimoto K, Gibbons AH, Bagheri R, Sivaniah E, Ghalei B. Enhancement of CO2 capture by polyethylene glycol-based polyurethane membranes. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Wojnarowska Z, Feng H, Fu Y, Cheng S, Carroll B, Kumar R, Novikov VN, Kisliuk AM, Saito T, Kang NG, Mays JW, Sokolov AP, Bocharova V. Effect of Chain Rigidity on the Decoupling of Ion Motion from Segmental Relaxation in Polymerized Ionic Liquids: Ambient and Elevated Pressure Studies. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yao Fu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering & Engineering Mechanics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45220, United States
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6
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Yavari M, Maruf S, Ding Y, Lin H. Physical aging of glassy perfluoropolymers in thin film composite membranes. Part II. Glass transition temperature and the free volume model. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Redondo-Foj B, Sanchis MJ, Ortiz-Serna P, Carsí M, García JM, García FC. The effect of cross-linking on the molecular dynamics of the segmental and β Johari-Goldstein processes in polyvinylpyrrolidone-based copolymers. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:7171-7180. [PMID: 26255757 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00714c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the cross-link density on the molecular dynamics of copolymers composed of vinylpyrrolidone (VP) and butyl acrylate (BA) was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). A single glass transition was detected by DSC measurements. The dielectric spectra exhibit conductive processes and three dipolar relaxations labeled as α, β and γ in the decreasing order of temperatures. The cross-linker content affects both α and β processes, but the fastest γ process is relatively unaffected. An increase of cross-linking produces a typical effect on the α process dynamics: (i) the glass transition temperature is increased, (ii) the dispersion is broadened, (iii) its strength is decreased and (iv) the relaxation times are increased. However, the β process, which possesses typical features of a pure Johari-Goldstein relaxation, unexpectedly loses the intermolecular character for the highest cross-linker content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Redondo-Foj
- Instituto Tecnología Eléctrica, Departamento de Termodinámica Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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8
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Redondo-Foj B, Carsí M, Ortiz-Serna P, Sanchis MJ, Vallejos S, García F, García JM. Effect of the Dipole–Dipole Interactions in the Molecular Dynamics of Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-Based Copolymers. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Redondo-Foj
- Instituto
Tecnológico de la Energía, Departamento de Termodinámica
Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí
de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Carsí
- Instituto
Tecnológico de la Energía, Departamento de Termodinámica
Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí
de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - P. Ortiz-Serna
- Instituto
Tecnológico de la Energía, Departamento de Termodinámica
Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí
de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. J. Sanchis
- Instituto
Tecnológico de la Energía, Departamento de Termodinámica
Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí
de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - S. Vallejos
- Departamento
de Quı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - F. García
- Departamento
de Quı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - J. M. García
- Departamento
de Quı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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9
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Madbouly SA, Xia Y, Kessler MR. Broadband Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy of Functionalized Biobased Castor Oil Copolymer Thermosets. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samy A. Madbouly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Orman-Giza Egypt
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - Michael R. Kessler
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
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10
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Madbouly SA. Effects of blending on the molecular dynamics of highly interacting binary polymer blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly[styrene-co
-(maleic anhydride)]. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samy A Madbouly
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry; Cairo University; Orman-Giza 12613 Egypt
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11
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Parisotto D, Marcolin G, Marcolin R, Pellizzer M. Investigation of the mechanical performances of material and structural configuration of telemark ski boots. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2011.639096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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12
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Comer AC, Kalika DS, Kusuma VA, Freeman BD. Glass-transition and gas-transport characteristics of polymer nanocomposites based on crosslinked poly(ethylene oxide). J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Reijerkerk SR, Ijzer AC, Nijmeijer K, Arun A, Gaymans RJ, Wessling M. Subambient temperature CO(2) and light gas permeation through segmented block copolymers with tailored soft phase. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:551-560. [PMID: 20356204 DOI: 10.1021/am900754z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The permeation properties of a series of block copolymers based on poly(ethylene oxide)-ran-poly(propylene oxide) (PEO-ran-PPO) soft segments and monodisperse tetra-amide (T6T6T) hard segments have been studied. The polyether soft segment used in the current study differs from the commonly used pure poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) soft segment by the fact that it contains 25 wt % randomly distributed poly(propylene oxide) (PPO). The presence of the methyl group of PPO suppresses crystallization of the soft segment and strongly improves the permeability of these materials, especially at subambient temperatures. In addition, the unique monodisperse character of the hard segment ensures a very well phase-separated morphology, resulting in a very pure soft phase. The soft segment length of these block copolymers was varied between 1000 and 10000 g/mol (62-89 wt %). High soft segment concentrations and flexibility were obtained resulting in high CO(2) permeabilities (up to 570 Barrer at 50 degrees C). Due to the random distribution of PPO in the predominantly PEO based soft segment crystallization of PEO was not observed at temperatures as low as -10 degrees C. CO(2) permeabilities exceeding 200 Barrer could be obtained at this low temperature. The CO(2)/light gas selectivity in these materials is governed by the solubility selectivity and consequently only slightly lowered because of the introduction of PPO in the soft segment. Comparison with literature revealed that this block copolymer system has exceptionally high CO(2) permeabilities combined with reasonable CO(2)/light gas selectivities. It is very interesting in CO(2) separation processes where subambient conditions are present (e.g., separation of CO(2) from natural gas), as at these low temperatures, one can take maximum advantage of the increased separation ability of the polymer materials while maintaining excellent transport characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander R Reijerkerk
- Membrane Science & Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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14
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Relation between structure and gas transport properties of polyethylene oxide networks based on crosslinked bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate. Chem Eng Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2008.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Kusuma VA, Matteucci S, Freeman BD, Danquah MK, Kalika DS. Influence of phenoxy-terminated short-chain pendant groups on gas transport properties of cross-linked poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Soulintzis A, Kontos G, Karahaliou P, Psarras GC, Georga SN, Krontiras CA. Dielectric relaxation processes in epoxy resin-ZnO composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Kusuma VA, Freeman BD, Borns MA, Kalika DS. Influence of chemical structure of short chain pendant groups on gas transport properties of cross-linked poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Polymeric membranes for the hydrogen economy: Contemporary approaches and prospects for the future. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Dynamic relaxation characteristics of crosslinked poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer networks: Influence of short chain pendant groups. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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